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Beauglehole AC, Roche Recinos D, Pegg CL, Lee YY, Turnbull V, Herrmann S, Marcellin E, Howard CB, Schulz BL. Recent advances in the production of recombinant factor IX: bioprocessing and cell engineering. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2022; 43:484-502. [PMID: 35430942 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2022.2036691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Appropriate treatment of Hemophilia B is vital for patients' quality of life. Historically, the treatment used was the administration of coagulation Factor IX derived from human plasma. Advancements in recombinant technologies allowed Factor IX to be produced recombinantly. Successful recombinant production has triggered a gradual shift from the plasma derived origins of Factor IX, as it provides extended half-life and expanded production capacity. However, the complex post-translational modifications of Factor IX have made recombinant production at scale difficult. Considerable research has therefore been invested into understanding and optimizing the recombinant production of Factor IX. Here, we review the evolution of recombinant Factor IX production, focusing on recent developments in bioprocessing and cell engineering to control its post-translational modifications in its expression from Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiden C. Beauglehole
- ARC Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
- CSL Innovation, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dinora Roche Recinos
- ARC Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
- CSL Innovation, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Cassandra L. Pegg
- ARC Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Victor Turnbull
- CSL Innovation, Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Susann Herrmann
- CSL Innovation, Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Esteban Marcellin
- ARC Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Christopher B. Howard
- ARC Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Benjamin L. Schulz
- ARC Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
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2
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Coagulation factor IX analysis in bioreactor cell culture supernatant predicts quality of the purified product. Commun Biol 2021; 4:390. [PMID: 33758337 PMCID: PMC7988164 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01903-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Coagulation factor IX (FIX) is a complex post-translationally modified human serum glycoprotein and high-value biopharmaceutical. The quality of recombinant FIX (rFIX), especially complete γ-carboxylation, is critical for rFIX clinical efficacy. Bioreactor operating conditions can impact rFIX production and post-translational modifications (PTMs). With the goal of optimizing rFIX production, we developed a suite of Data Independent Acquisition Mass Spectrometry (DIA-MS) proteomics methods and used these to investigate rFIX yield, γ-carboxylation, other PTMs, and host cell proteins during bioreactor culture and after purification. We detail the dynamics of site-specific PTM occupancy and structure on rFIX during production, which correlated with the efficiency of purification and the quality of the purified product. We identified new PTMs in rFIX near the GLA domain which could impact rFIX GLA-dependent purification and function. Our workflows are applicable to other biologics and expression systems, and should aid in the optimization and quality control of upstream and downstream bioprocesses.
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Pegg CL, Zacchi LF, Recinos DR, Howard CB, Schulz BL. Identification of novel glycosylation events on human serum-derived factor IX. Glycoconj J 2020; 37:471-483. [PMID: 32378017 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-020-09922-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human Factor IX is a highly post-translationally modified protein that is an important clotting factor in the blood coagulation cascade. Functional deficiencies in Factor IX result in the bleeding disorder haemophilia B, which is treated with plasma-derived or recombinant Factor IX concentrates. Here, we investigated the post-translational modifications of human serum-derived Factor IX and report previously undescribed O-linked monosaccharide compositions at serine 141 and a novel site of glycosylation. At serine 141 we observed two monosaccharide compositions, with HexNAc1Hex1NeuAc2 dominant and a low level of HexNAc1Hex1NeuAc1. This O-linked site lies N-terminal to the first cleavage site for the activation peptide, an important region of the protein that is removed to activate Factor IX. The novel site is an N-linked site in the serine protease domain with low occupancy in a non-canonical consensus motif at asparagine 258, observed with a HexNAc4Hex5NeuAc2 monosaccharide composition attached. This is the first reported instance of a site of modification in the serine protease domain. The description of these glycosylation events provides a basis for future functional studies and contributes to structural characterisation of native Factor IX for the production of effective therapeutic biosimilars and biobetters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra L Pegg
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Lucia F Zacchi
- Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Dinora Roche Recinos
- Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Christopher B Howard
- Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Benjamin L Schulz
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia. .,Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia.
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He Z, Lu R, Zhang T, Jiang L, Zhou M, Wu D, Cheng Y. A novel recombinant human plasminogen activator: Efficient expression and hereditary stability in transgenic goats and in vitro thrombolytic bioactivity in the milk of transgenic goats. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201788. [PMID: 30118482 PMCID: PMC6097695 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thromboses is a rapidly growing medical problem worldwide. Low-cost, high-scale production of thrombotic drugs is needed to meet the demand. The production of biomolecules in transgenic animals might help address this issue. To our knowledge, the expression of recombinant human plasminogen activator (rhPA) in goat mammary glands has never been reported before. METHODS We constructed a mammary gland-specific expression vector, BLC14/rhPA, which encodes only the essential K2 fibrin-binding and P domains of wild-type tPA (deletion mutant of tPA lacking the F, E, and K1 domains), along with the goat β-lactoglobulin gene signal peptide-coding sequence. The mammary gland-specific expression vector BLC14/rhPA was transfected into goat fetal fibroblast cells by electroporation. After selection for 3 weeks by G418, stably transfected cell colonies were obtained. PCR analysis results indicated that 24 of the resistant clones were transgenic cell lines; of these, 8 lines were selected as the donor cells. The positive cells were starved for 72 h with DMEM/F12 medium containing 0.5% FBS and were then used as do. Finally, 256 reconstructed oocytes were transferred into 26 recipients, and 7 of them became pregnant (pregnancy rate, 26.9%). Two kids were obtained (BP21 and BP22). PCR analysis confirmed that both were transgenic goats. To analyze the heredity of the rhPA expressed in BP21 F0 and F1 transgenic goats, the F0 transgenic goat BP21 was mated with a normal male goat to generate an F1 transgenic goat. Enucleated metaphase II (MII) oocytes and positive donor cells were used to reconstruct embryos, which were transplanted into the oviducts of the recipients. RESULTS Western blot results showed a specific 39 kDa band. The rhPA expression level in transgenic goat whey was about 78.32 μg/mL by ELISA. Results of ELISA and the in vitro thrombolysis test (FAPA) showed that specific activity of the rhPA in the milk of F0 and F1 transgenic goats was 13.3 times higher than that of the reteplase reference material. CONCLUSION Thus, we demonstrated that BLC14/rhPA was reasonably effective for expression in the mammary glands of transgenic goats, and was stably inherited by the offspring. This study provides the basis for the large-scale production of biological pharmaceuticals in transgenic animals. The expression of biopharmaceuticals by transgenic animals can be used for pharmacological research and bioactive analysis, and transgenic goats were demonstrated to be promising animals for the large-scale production of thrombolytic biopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyi He
- College of Veterinary Medicine/Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rui Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine/Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine/Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lei Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine/Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Minya Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine/Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Daijin Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine/Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yong Cheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine/Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- * E-mail:
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He Z, Jiang L, Zhang T, Zhou M, Wu D, Yuan T, Yuan Y, Cheng Y. Efficient increase of the novel recombinant human plasminogen activator expression level and stability through the use of homozygote transgenic rabbits. Int J Mol Med 2018; 42:2269-2275. [PMID: 30015826 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression efficacy of recombinant protein in current expression systems is generally low. Therefore, the expression levels of recombinant proteins in the breast milk of transgenic animals are typically low. In view of this, the present study aimed to construct homozygous transgenic rabbits with a high expression level of recombinant human plasminogen activator (rhPA) during the entire lactation period. Homozygous transgenic rabbits were obtained using an effective rhPA mammary‑specific expression vector PCL25/rhPA. The expression level and thrombolytic ability of rhPA in the milk of both homozygous and hemizygous rabbits were detected by enzyme‑linked immunosorbent and fibrin agarose plate assays. It was observed that the expression of rhPA was constant during the entire lactation period in homozygous rabbits, while the expression of rhPA declined slowly in hemizygote rhPA transgenic rabbits during the lactation period. In addition, the expression of rhPA in homozygous transgenic rabbit was ~950 µg/ml, which was markedly higher in comparison with that in hemizygote rabbits. Furthermore, increased gene copy number was observed to increase the expression level of rhPA at the same integration vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyi He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, P.R. China
| | - Lei Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, P.R. China
| | - Ting Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, P.R. China
| | - Minya Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, P.R. China
| | - Daijin Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, P.R. China
| | - Tingting Yuan
- Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, P.R. China
| | - Yuguo Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, P.R. China
| | - Yong Cheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, P.R. China
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Ghasemi F, Zomorodipour A, Karkhane AA, Khorramizadeh MR. In silico designing of hyper-glycosylated analogs for the human coagulation factor IX. J Mol Graph Model 2016; 68:39-47. [PMID: 27356208 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2016.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2015] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
N-glycosylation is a process during which a glycan moiety attaches to the asparagine residue in the N-glycosylation consensus sequence (Asn-Xxx-Ser/Thr), where Xxx can be any amino acid except proline. Introduction of a new N-glycosylation site into a protein backbone leads to its hyper-glycosylation, and may improve the protein properties such as solubility, folding, stability, and secretion. Glyco-engineering is an approach to facilitate the hyper-glycosylation of recombinant proteins by application of the site-directed mutagenesis methods. In this regard, selection of a suitable location on the surface of a protein for introduction of a new N-glycosylation site is a main concern. In this work, a computational approach was conducted to select suitable location(s) for introducing new N-glycosylation sites into the human coagulation factor IX (hFIX). With this aim, the first 45 residues of mature hFIX were explored to find out suitable positions for introducing either Asn or Ser/Thr residues, to create new N-glycosylation site(s). Our exploration lead to detection of five potential positions, for hyper-glycosylation. For each suggested position, an analog was defined and subjected for N-glycosylation efficiency prediction. After generation of three-dimensional structures, by homology-based modeling, the five designed analogs were examined by molecular dynamic (MD) simulations, to predict their stability levels and probable structural distortions caused by amino acid substitutions, relative to the native counterpart. Three out of five suggested analogs, namely; E15T, K22N, and R37N, reached equilibration state with relatively constant Root Mean Square Deviation values. Additional analysis on the data obtained during MD simulations, lead us to conclude that, R37N is the only qualified analog with the most similar structure and dynamic behavior to that of the native counterpart, to be considered for further experimental investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahimeh Ghasemi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Alireza Zomorodipour
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Medical Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), P.O. Box: 14965/161, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ali Asghar Karkhane
- Institute of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology (IIEB), National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran.
| | - M Reza Khorramizadeh
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Biosensor Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute (EMRI), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 5th Fl., Dr. Shariati Hospital, North Karegar Ave., Tehran 1411413137, Iran.
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7
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Mukherjee A, Garrels W, Talluri TR, Tiedemann D, Bősze Z, Ivics Z, Kues WA. Expression of Active Fluorophore Proteins in the Milk of Transgenic Pigs Bypassing the Secretory Pathway. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24464. [PMID: 27086548 PMCID: PMC4834472 DOI: 10.1038/srep24464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe the expression of recombinant fluorescent proteins in the milk of two lines of transgenic pigs generated by Sleeping Beauty transposon-mediated genetic engineering. The Sleeping Beauty transposon consisted of an ubiquitously active CAGGS promoter driving a fluorophore cDNA, encoding either Venus or mCherry. Importantly, the fluorophore cDNAs did not encode for a signal peptide for the secretory pathway, and in previous studies of the transgenic animals a cytoplasmic localization of the fluorophore proteins was found. Unexpectedly, milk samples from lactating sows contained high levels of bioactive Venus or mCherry fluorophores. A detailed analysis suggested that exfoliated cells of the mammary epithelium carried the recombinant proteins passively into the milk. This is the first description of reporter fluorophore expression in the milk of livestock, and the findings may contribute to the development of an alternative concept for the production of bioactive recombinant proteins in the udder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayan Mukherjee
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institut für Nutztiergenetik, Mariensee, Germany
| | - Wiebke Garrels
- Medical School Hannover, Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Daniela Tiedemann
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institut für Nutztiergenetik, Mariensee, Germany
| | - Zsuzsanna Bősze
- NARIC- Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Gödöllö, Hungary
| | | | - Wilfried A. Kues
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institut für Nutztiergenetik, Mariensee, Germany
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Abstract
Hemophilia B is an X-linked genetic deficiency of coagulation factor IX (FIX) activity associated with recurrent deep tissue and joint bleeding that may lead to long-term disability. FIX replacement therapy using plasma-derived protein or recombinant protein has significantly reduced bleeding and disability from hemophilia B, particularly when used in a prophylactic fashion. Although modern factor replacement has excellent efficacy and safety, barriers to the broader use of prophylaxis remain, including the need for intravenous (IV) access, frequent dosing, variability in individual pharmacokinetics, and cost. To overcome the requirement for frequent factor dosing, novel forms of recombinant FIX have been developed that possess extended terminal half-lives. Two of these products (FIXFc and rIX-FP) represent fusion proteins with the immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) Fc domain and albumin, respectively, resulting in proteins that are recycled in vivo by the neonatal Fc receptor. The third product has undergone site-specific PEGylation on the activation peptide of FIX, similarly resulting in a long-lived FIX form. Clinical trials in previously treated hemophilia B patients have demonstrated excellent efficacy and confirmed less-frequent dosing requirements for the extended half-life forms. However, gaps in knowledge remain with regard to the risk of inhibitor formation and allergic reactions in previously untreated patient populations, safety in elderly patients with hemophilia, effects on in vivo FIX distribution, and cost-effectiveness. Additional strategies designed to rebalance hemostasis in hemophilia patients include monoclonal-antibody-mediated inhibition of tissue factor pathway inhibitor activity and siRNA-mediated reduction in antithrombin expression by the liver. Both of these approaches are long acting and potentially involve subcutaneous administration of the drug. In this review, we will discuss the biology of FIX, the evolution of FIX replacement therapy, the emerging FIX products possessing extended half-lives, and novel “rebalancing” approaches to hemophilia therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moniba Nazeef
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA; UW Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - John P Sheehan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA; UW Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
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Monroe DM, Jenny RJ, Van Cott KE, Buhay S, Saward LL. Characterization of IXINITY® (Trenonacog Alfa), a Recombinant Factor IX with Primary Sequence Corresponding to the Threonine-148 Polymorph. Adv Hematol 2016; 2016:7678901. [PMID: 26997955 PMCID: PMC4779506 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7678901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of these studies was to extensively characterize the first recombinant FIX therapeutic corresponding to the threonine-148 (Thr-148) polymorph, IXINITY (trenonacog alfa [coagulation factor IX (recombinant)]). Gel electrophoresis, circular dichroism, and gel filtration were used to determine purity and confirm structure. Chromatographic and mass spectrometry techniques were used to identify and quantify posttranslational modifications. Activity was assessed as the ability to activate factor X (FX) both with and without factor VIIIa (FVIIIa) and in a standard clotting assay. All results were consistent across multiple lots. Trenonacog alfa migrated as a single band on Coomassie-stained gels; activity assays were normal and showed <0.002 IU of activated factor IX (FIXa) per IU of FIX. The molecule has >97% γ-carboxylation and underwent the appropriate structural change upon binding calcium ions. Trenonacog alfa was activated normally with factor XIa (FXIa); once activated it bound to FVIIIa and FXa. When activated to FIXa, it was inhibited efficiently by antithrombin. Glycosylation patterns were similar to plasma-derived FIX with sialic acid content consistent with the literature reports of good pharmacokinetic performance. These studies have shown that trenonacog alfa is a highly pure product with a primary sequence and posttranslational modifications consistent with the common Thr-148 polymorphism of plasma-derived FIX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dougald M. Monroe
- School of Medicine, Department of Hematology/Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Richard J. Jenny
- Haematologic Technologies, Incorporated, Essex Junction, VT 05452, USA
| | - Kevin E. Van Cott
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Shelly Buhay
- Biosciences Division, Emergent BioSolutions Incorporated, Winnipeg, MB, Canada R3T 5Y3
| | - Laura L. Saward
- Biosciences Division, Emergent BioSolutions Incorporated, Winnipeg, MB, Canada R3T 5Y3
- University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada R3T 2N2
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10
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Approaches for recombinant human factor IX production in serum-free suspension cultures. Biotechnol Lett 2015; 38:385-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-015-1991-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Zhao J, Xu W, Ross JW, Walters EM, Butler SP, Whyte JJ, Kelso L, Fatemi M, Vanderslice NC, Giroux K, Spate LD, Samuel MS, Murphy CN, Wells KD, Masiello NC, Prather RS, Velander WH. Engineering protein processing of the mammary gland to produce abundant hemophilia B therapy in milk. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14176. [PMID: 26387706 PMCID: PMC4585688 DOI: 10.1038/srep14176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Both the low animal cell density of bioreactors and their ability to post-translationally process recombinant factor IX (rFIX) limit hemophilia B therapy to <20% of the world’s population. We used transgenic pigs to make rFIX in milk at about 3,000-fold higher output than provided by industrial bioreactors. However, this resulted in incomplete γ-carboxylation and propeptide cleavage where both processes are transmembrane mediated. We then bioengineered the co-expression of truncated, soluble human furin (rFurin) with pro-rFIX at a favorable enzyme to substrate ratio. This resulted in the complete conversion of pro-rFIX to rFIX while yielding a normal lactation. Importantly, these high levels of propeptide processing by soluble rFurin did not preempt γ-carboxylation in the ER and therefore was compartmentalized to the Trans-Golgi Network (TGN) and also to milk. The Golgi specific engineering demonstrated here segues the ER targeted enhancement of γ-carboxylation needed to biomanufacture coagulation proteins like rFIX using transgenic livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianguo Zhao
- National Swine Resource and Research Center &Division of Animal Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China, 100101
| | - Weijie Xu
- Protein Purification and Characterization Laboratories, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, 207 Othmer Hall, University of Nebraska, Lincoln 68588, USA
| | - Jason W Ross
- National Swine Resource and Research Center &Division of Animal Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.,Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Eric M Walters
- National Swine Resource and Research Center &Division of Animal Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | | | - Jeff J Whyte
- National Swine Resource and Research Center &Division of Animal Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Lindsey Kelso
- National Swine Resource and Research Center &Division of Animal Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Mostafa Fatemi
- Protein Purification and Characterization Laboratories, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, 207 Othmer Hall, University of Nebraska, Lincoln 68588, USA
| | - Nicholas C Vanderslice
- Protein Purification and Characterization Laboratories, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, 207 Othmer Hall, University of Nebraska, Lincoln 68588, USA
| | - Keith Giroux
- National Swine Resource and Research Center &Division of Animal Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Lee D Spate
- National Swine Resource and Research Center &Division of Animal Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Melissa S Samuel
- National Swine Resource and Research Center &Division of Animal Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Cliff N Murphy
- National Swine Resource and Research Center &Division of Animal Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Kevin D Wells
- National Swine Resource and Research Center &Division of Animal Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | | | - Randall S Prather
- National Swine Resource and Research Center &Division of Animal Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - William H Velander
- Protein Purification and Characterization Laboratories, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, 207 Othmer Hall, University of Nebraska, Lincoln 68588, USA
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Recombinant human factor IX produced from transgenic porcine milk. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:315375. [PMID: 24955355 PMCID: PMC4052152 DOI: 10.1155/2014/315375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Production of biopharmaceuticals from transgenic animal milk is a cost-effective method for highly complex proteins that cannot be efficiently produced using conventional systems such as microorganisms or animal cells. Yields of recombinant human factor IX (rhFIX) produced from transgenic porcine milk under the control of the bovine α-lactalbumin promoter reached 0.25 mg/mL. The rhFIX protein was purified from transgenic porcine milk using a three-column purification scheme after a precipitation step to remove casein. The purified protein had high specific activity and a low ratio of the active form (FIXa). The purified rhFIX had 11.9 γ-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla) residues/mol protein, which approached full occupancy of the 12 potential sites in the Gla domain. The rhFIX was shown to have a higher isoelectric point and lower sialic acid content than plasma-derived FIX (pdFIX). The rhFIX had the same N-glycosylation sites and phosphorylation sites as pdFIX, but had a higher specific activity. These results suggest that rhFIX produced from porcine milk is physiologically active and they support the use of transgenic animals as bioreactors for industrial scale production in milk.
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Jin YX, Jeon Y, Lee SH, Kwon MS, Kim T, Cui XS, Hyun SH, Kim NH. Production of pigs expressing a transgene under the control of a tetracycline-inducible system. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86146. [PMID: 24454957 PMCID: PMC3893280 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pigs are anatomically and physiologically closer to humans than other laboratory animals. Transgenic (TG) pigs are widely used as models of human diseases. The aim of this study was to produce pigs expressing a tetracycline (Tet)-inducible transgene. The Tet-on system was first tested in infected donor cells. Porcine fetal fibroblasts were infected with a universal doxycycline-inducible vector containing the target gene enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP). At 1 day after treatment with 1 µg/ml doxycycline, the fluorescence intensity of these cells was increased. Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) was then performed using these donor cells. The Tet-on system was then tested in the generated porcine SCNT-TG embryos. Of 4,951 porcine SCNT-TG embryos generated, 850 were cultured in the presence of 1 µg/ml doxycycline in vitro. All of these embryos expressed eGFP and 15 embryos developed to blastocyst stage. The remaining 4,101 embryos were transferred to thirty three surrogate pigs from which thirty eight cloned TG piglets were obtained. PCR analysis showed that the transgene was inserted into the genome of each of these piglets. Two TG fibroblast cell lines were established from these TG piglets, and these cells were used as donor cells for re-cloning. The re-cloned SCNT embryos expressed the eGFP transgene under the control of doxycycline. These data show that the expression of transgenes in cloned TG pigs can be regulated by the Tet-on/off systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Xun Jin
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yubyeol Jeon
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hyun Lee
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Mo-Sun Kwon
- School of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Teoan Kim
- School of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Xiang-Shun Cui
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hwan Hyun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (NHK); (SHH)
| | - Nam-Hyung Kim
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (NHK); (SHH)
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Chevreux G, Faid V, Scohyers JM, Bihoreau N. N-/O-glycosylation analysis of human FVIIa produced in the milk of transgenic rabbits. Glycobiology 2013; 23:1531-46. [PMID: 24092837 PMCID: PMC3816631 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwt085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human coagulation factor VIIa is a glycoprotein that promotes haemostasis through activation of the coagulation cascade extrinsic pathway. Most haemophilia A/B patients with inhibitors are treated by injection of plasma-derived or recombinant FVIIa. The use of recombinant products raises questions about the ability of the host cell to produce efficiently post-translationally modified proteins. Glycosylation is especially critical considering that it can modulate protein safety and efficacy. The present paper reports the N-/O-glycosylation pattern of a new recombinant human factor VIIa expressed in the mammary glands of transgenic rabbits. Glycosylation was investigated by chromatography and advanced mass spectrometry techniques for glycan identification and quantitation. Mass spectrometry (MS)/MS analyses were performed to confirm the glycan structures as well as the position and branching of specific monosaccharides or substituents. The two N-glycosylation sites were found to be fully occupied mostly by mono- and bi-sialylated biantennary complex-type structures, the major form being A2G2S1. Some oligomannose/hybrid structures were retrieved in lower abundance, the major ones being GlcNAcα1,O-phosphorylated at the C6-position of a Man residue (Man-6-(GlcNAcα1,O-)phosphate motif) as commonly observed on lysosomal proteins. No immunogenic glycotopes such as Galili (Galα1,3Gal) and HD antigens (N-glycolylneuraminic acid (NeuGc)) were detected. Concerning O-glycosylation, the product exhibited O-fucose and O-glucose-(xylose)0, 1, 2 motifs as expected. The N-glycosylation consistency was also investigated by varying production parameters such as the period of lactation, the number of consecutive lactations and rabbit generations. Results show that the transgenesis technology is suitable for the long-term production of rhFVIIa with a reproducible glycosylation pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Chevreux
- Analytical Department, LFB Biotechnologies, 3 Avenue des Tropiques, Les Ulis, 91942 Courtaboeuf, France
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15
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Orlova NA, Kovnir SV, Vorobiev II, Gabibov AG, Vorobiev AI. Blood Clotting Factor VIII: From Evolution to Therapy. Acta Naturae 2013; 5:19-39. [PMID: 23819034 PMCID: PMC3695351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant blood clotting factor VIII is one of the most complex proteins for industrial manufacturing due to the low efficiency of its gene transcription, massive intracellular loss of its proprotein during post-translational processing, and the instability of the secreted protein. Improvement in hemophilia A therapy requires a steady increase in the production of factor VIII drugs despite tightening standards of product quality and viral safety. More efficient systems for heterologous expression of factor VIII can be created on the basis of the discovered properties of its gene transcription, post-translational processing, and behavior in the bloodstream. The present review describes the deletion variants of factor VIII protein with increased secretion efficiency and the prospects for the pharmaceutical development of longer acting variants and derivatives of factor VIII.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. A. Orlova
- 1Center “Bioengineering”, Russian Academy of Sciences, 60-letija Oktyabrja av., 7/1, Moscow, Russia, 117312
- 2Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya Str., 16/10, Moscow, Russia, 117997
| | - S. V. Kovnir
- 1Center “Bioengineering”, Russian Academy of Sciences, 60-letija Oktyabrja av., 7/1, Moscow, Russia, 117312
- 2Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya Str., 16/10, Moscow, Russia, 117997
| | - I. I. Vorobiev
- 1Center “Bioengineering”, Russian Academy of Sciences, 60-letija Oktyabrja av., 7/1, Moscow, Russia, 117312
- 2Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya Str., 16/10, Moscow, Russia, 117997
| | - A. G. Gabibov
- 1Center “Bioengineering”, Russian Academy of Sciences, 60-letija Oktyabrja av., 7/1, Moscow, Russia, 117312
- 2Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya Str., 16/10, Moscow, Russia, 117997
| | - A. I. Vorobiev
- 3Research Center for Hematology, Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation, Novij Zykovsky proezd, 4, Moscow, Russia, 125167
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16
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Maksimenko OG, Deykin A, Khodarovich YM, Georgiev PG. Use of transgenic animals in biotechnology: prospects and problems. Acta Naturae 2013; 5:33-46. [PMID: 23556129 PMCID: PMC3612824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
During the past two decades, there have been numerous attempts at using animals in order to produce recombinant human proteins and monoclonal antibodies. However, it is only recently that the first two therapeutic agents isolated from the milk of transgenic animals, C1 inhibitor (Ruconest) and antithrombin (ATryn), appeared on the market. This inspires hope that a considerable number of new recombinant proteins created using such technology could become available for practical use in the near future. In this review, the methods applied to produce transgenic animals are described and the advantages and drawbacks related to their use for producing recombinant human proteins and monoclonal antibodies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- O. G. Maksimenko
- Institute of Gene Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov St., 34/5, Moscow, Russia, 119334
| | - A.V. Deykin
- Institute of Gene Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov St., 34/5, Moscow, Russia, 119334
| | - Yu. M. Khodarovich
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklucho-Maklai St., 16/10, Moscow, Russia, 117997
| | - P. G. Georgiev
- Institute of Gene Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov St., 34/5, Moscow, Russia, 119334
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Affiliation(s)
- P L F Giangrande
- Oxford Haemophilia & Thrombosis Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
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18
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Abstract
Producing complex recombinant proteins in the milk of transgenic animals offers several advantages: large amounts of proteins can be obtained, and in most cases, these proteins are properly folded, assembled, cleaved, and glycosylated. The level of expression of foreign genes in the mammalian gland cannot be predicted in all cases, and appropriate vectors must be used. The main elements of these vectors are as follows: a well-characterized specific promoter, the coding region of the gene of interest, preferably with a homologous or heterologous intron, to improve transcription efficiency, and an insulator or boundary element to counteract the chromosomal position effects at the integration site. Once high expression levels are achieved, and the recombinant protein is purified, an essential step in the analysis of the final product is determining its degree of glycosylation. This is an important readout because it can affect among other parameters the stability and immunogenicity of the recombinant protein.
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Orlova NA, Kovnir SV, Vorobiev II, Gabibov A. Coagulation Factor IX for Hemophilia B Therapy. Acta Naturae 2012; 4:62-73. [PMID: 22872812 PMCID: PMC3408704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Factor IX is a zymogen enzyme of the blood coagulation cascade. Inherited absence or deficit of the IX functional factor causes bleeding disorder hemophilia B, which requires constant protein replacement therapy. Reviewed herein are the current state in the manufacturing of FIX, improved variants of the recombinant protein for therapy, transgenic organisms for obtaining FIX, and the advances in the gene therapy of hemophilia B.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. A. Orlova
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian
Academy of Sciences
- Hematology Research Centre, Ministry of Healthcare and Social Development
of the Russian Federation
| | - S. V. Kovnir
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian
Academy of Sciences
- Hematology Research Centre, Ministry of Healthcare and Social Development
of the Russian Federation
| | - I. I. Vorobiev
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian
Academy of Sciences
- Hematology Research Centre, Ministry of Healthcare and Social Development
of the Russian Federation
| | - A.G. Gabibov
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian
Academy of Sciences
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20
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Pipe SW, Miao H, Butler SP, Calcaterra J, Velander WH. Functional factor VIII made with von Willebrand factor at high levels in transgenic milk. J Thromb Haemost 2011; 9:2235-42. [PMID: 21920013 PMCID: PMC3444248 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2011.04505.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current manufacturing methods for recombinant human factor VIII (rFVIII) within mammalian cell cultures are inefficient, hampering the production of sufficient amounts for affordable, worldwide treatment of hemophilia A. However, rFVIII has been expressed at very high levels by the transgenic mammary glands of mice, rabbits, sheep, and pigs. Unfortunately, it is secreted into milk with low specific activity, owing in part to the labile, heterodimeric structure that results from furin processing of its B domain. OBJECTIVES To express biologically active rFVIII in the milk of transgenic mice through targeted bioengineering. METHODS Transgenic mice were made with a mammary-specific FVIII gene (226/N6) bioengineered for efficient expression and stability, encoding a protein containing a B domain with no furin cleavage sites. 226/N6 was expressed with and without von Willebrand factor (VWF). 226/N6 was evaluated by ELISA, SDS-PAGE, western blot, and one-stage and two-stage clotting assays. The hemostatic activity of immunoaffinity-enriched 226/N6 was studied in vivo by infusion into hemophilia A knockout mice. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS With or without coexpression of VWF, 226/N6 was secreted into milk as a biologically active single-chain molecule that retained high specific activity, similar to therapeutic-grade FVIII. 226/N6 had > 450-fold higher IU mL(-1) than previously reported in cell culture for rFVIII. 226/N6 exhibited similar binding to plasma-derived VWF as therapeutic-grade rFVIII, and intravenous infusion of transgenic 226/N6 corrected the bleeding phenotype of hemophilia A mice. This provides proof-of-principle for the study of expression of 226/N6 and perhaps other single-chain bioengineered rFVIIIs in the milk of transgenic livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven W. Pipe
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Hongzhi Miao
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Stephen P. Butler
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA
| | - Jennifer Calcaterra
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE
| | - William H. Velander
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE
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Transgenic mammalian species, generated by somatic cell cloning, in biomedicine, biopharmaceutical industry and human nutrition/dietetics--recent achievements. Pol J Vet Sci 2011; 14:317-28. [PMID: 21721422 DOI: 10.2478/v10181-011-0050-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Somatic cell cloning technology in mammals promotes the multiplication of productively-valuable genetically engineered individuals, and consequently allows also for standardization of transgenic farm animal-derived products, which, in the context of market requirements, will have growing significance. Gene farming is one of the most promising areas in modern biotechnology. The use of live bioreactors for the expression of human genes in the lactating mammary gland of transgenic animals seems to be the most cost-effective method for the production/processing of valuable recombinant therapeutic proteins. Among the transgenic farm livestock species used so far, cattle, goats, sheep, pigs and rabbits are useful candidates for the expression of tens to hundreds of grams of genetically-engineered proteins or xenogeneic biopreparations in the milk. At the beginning of the new millennium, a revolution in the treatment of disease is taking shape due to the emergence of new therapies based on recombinant human proteins. The ever-growing demand for such pharmaceutical or nutriceutical proteins is an important driving force for the development of safe and large-scale production platforms. The aim of this paper is to present an overall survey of the state of the art in investigations which provide the current knowledge for deciphering the possibilities of practical application of the transgenic mammalian species generated by somatic cell cloning in biomedicine, the biopharmaceutical industry, human nutrition/dietetics and agriculture.
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22
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Site-specific enzymatic polysialylation of therapeutic proteins using bacterial enzymes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:7397-402. [PMID: 21502532 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1019266108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The posttranslational modification of therapeutic proteins with terminal sialic acids is one means of improving their circulating half-life, thereby improving their efficiency. We have developed a two-step in vitro enzymatic modification of glycoproteins, which has previously only been achieved by chemical means [Gregoriadis G, Jain S, Papaioannou I, Laing P (2005) Int J Pharm 300:125-130). This two-step procedure uses the Campylobacter jejuni Cst-II α2,8-sialyltransferase to provide a primer on N-linked glycans, followed by polysialylation using the Neisseria meningitidis α2,8-polysialyltransferase. Here, we have demonstrated the ability of this system to modify three glycoproteins with varying N-linked glycan compositions: the human therapeutic proteins alpha-1-antitrypsin (A1AT) and factor IX, as well as bovine fetuin. The chain length of the polysialic acid addition was optimized by controlling reaction conditions. After demonstrating the ability of this system to modify a variety of proteins, the effect of polysialylation on the activity and serum half-life of A1AT was examined. The polysialylation of A1AT did not adversely affect its in vitro inhibition activity against human neutrophil elastase. The polysialylation of A1AT resulted in a significantly improved pharmacokinetic profile when the modified proteins were injected into CD-1 mice. Together, these results suggest that polysialylated A1AT may be useful for improved augmentation therapy for patients with a deficiency in this protein and that this modification may be applied to other therapeutic proteins.
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23
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Piedrahita JA, Olby N. Perspectives on transgenic livestock in agriculture and biomedicine: an update. Reprod Fertil Dev 2011; 23:56-63. [PMID: 21366981 DOI: 10.1071/rd10246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been 30 years since the first transgenic mouse was generated and 26 years since the first example of transferring the technology to livestock was published. While there was tremendous optimism in those initial years, with most convinced that genetically modified animals would play a significant role in agricultural production, that has not come to be. So at first sight one could conclude that this technology has, to a large extent, failed. On the contrary, it is believed that it has succeeded beyond our original expectations, and we are now at what is perhaps the most exciting time in the development and implementation of these technologies. The original goals, however, have drastically changed and it is now biomedical applications that are playing a central role in pushing both technical and scientific developments. The combination of advances in somatic cell nuclear transfer, the development of induced pluripotent stem cells and the completion of the sequencing of most livestock genomes ensures a bright and exciting future for this field, not only in livestock but also in companion animal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge A Piedrahita
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA.
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Abstract
Abstract
Therapeutic advances for patients with hemophilia have resulted in reduced mortality, improved joint outcomes, safety from blood-transmitted pathogens, improved quality of life, and a normalized life span in the developed world. The production of recombinant coagulation factors has increased the worldwide capacity for replacement therapy and facilitated aggressive prophylactic therapy. However, this has come at significant cost, and barriers remain to broad application of prophylaxis. Recombinant DNA technology remains a promising platform to develop novel hemophilia therapeutics with improved functional properties to try to overcome some of these remaining barriers. Bioengineering strategies have produced novel therapeutics with increased production efficiency, increased potency and resistance to inactivation, prolonged plasma half-lives, and reduced immunogenicity. Alternative nonbiologic therapies may lead to new treatment paradigms. The current pipeline of new technologies and products is promising and growing with several agents already advancing from preclinical to clinical trials.
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Gil GC, Iliff B, Cerny R, Velander WH, Van Cott KE. High throughput quantification of N-glycans using one-pot sialic acid modification and matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2010; 82:6613-20. [PMID: 20586471 DOI: 10.1021/ac1011377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Appropriate glycosylation of recombinant therapeutic glycoproteins has been emphasized in biopharmaceutical industries because the carbohydrate component can affect safety, efficacy, and consistency of the glycoproteins. Reliable quantification methods are essential to ensure consistency of their products with respect to glycosylation, particularly sialylation. Mass spectrometry (MS) has become a popular tool to analyze glycan profiles and structures, showing high resolution and sensitivity with structure identification ability. However, quantification of sialylated glycans using MS is not as reliable because of the different ionization efficiency between neutral and acidic glycans. We report here that amidation in mild acidic conditions can be used to neutralize acidic N-glycans still attached to the protein. The resulting amidated N-glycans can then be released from the protein using PNGase F, and labeled with permanent charges on the reducing end to avoid any modification and the formation of metal adducts during MS analysis. The N-glycan modification, digestion, and desalting steps were performed using a single-pot method that can be done in microcentrifuge tubes or 96-well microfilter plates, enabling high throughput glycan analysis. Using this method we were able to perform quantitative MALDI-TOF MS of a recombinant human glycoprotein to determine changes in fucosylation and changes in sialylation that were in very good agreement with a normal phase HPLC oligosaccharide mapping method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geun-Cheol Gil
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, USA
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Montesino R, Gil J, González LJ, Zamora Y, Royle L, Rudd PM, Dwek RA, Harvey DJ, Cremata JA. The N-glycosylation of classical swine fever virus E2 glycoprotein extracellular domain expressed in the milk of goat. Arch Biochem Biophys 2010; 500:169-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2010.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2010] [Revised: 05/05/2010] [Accepted: 05/05/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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27
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Gil GC, Velander WH, Van Cott KE. N-glycosylation microheterogeneity and site occupancy of an Asn-X-Cys sequon in plasma-derived and recombinant protein C. Proteomics 2009; 9:2555-67. [PMID: 19343721 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200800775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Human protein C (hPC) is glycosylated at three Asn-X-Ser/Thr and one atypical Asn-X-Cys sequons. We have characterized the micro- and macro-heterogeneity of plasma-derived hPC and compared the glycosylation features with recombinant protein C (tg-PC) produced in a transgenic pig bioreactor from two animals having approximately tenfold different expression levels. The N-glycans of hPC are complex di- and tri-sialylated structures, and we measured 78% site occupancy at Asn-329 (the Asn-X-Cys sequon). The N-glycans of tg-PC are complex sialylated structures, but less branched and partially sialylated. The porcine mammary epithelial cells glycosylate the Asn-X-Cys sequon with a similar efficiency as human hepatocytes even at these high expression levels, and site occupancy at this sequon was not affected by expression level. A distinct bias for particular structures was present at each of the four glycosylation sites for both hPC and tg-PC. Interestingly, glycans with GalNAc in the antennae were predominant at the Asn-329 site. The N-glycan structures found for tg-PC are very similar to those reported for a recombinant Factor IX produced in transgenic pig milk, and similar to the endogenous milk protein lactoferrin, which may indicate that N-glycan processing in the porcine mammary epithelial cells is more uniform than in other tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geun-Cheol Gil
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
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