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Pettigrew S, Sträuli B, Yusoff A, O'Brien P, Bowden J, Jongenelis M, Brownbill A, Chikritzhs T, Petticrew M, Matheson A, Taylor F, Jones A. "There's just a lot of numbers and I just want to have a drink": The challenge of communicating the energy content of alcohol products. Appetite 2024:107700. [PMID: 39366521 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2024.107700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2024] [Revised: 09/13/2024] [Accepted: 10/01/2024] [Indexed: 10/06/2024]
Abstract
Various governments are considering the implementation of energy labelling on alcohol products as one element of obesity prevention policies. However, little is known about the most effective ways to communicate energy information to consumers. The aim of the present study was to explore consumers' reactions to different energy information provision formats to assist the development of effective energy labels. Nine focus groups (n=83 participants) were conducted with Australian adults who reported drinking alcohol at least twice per month. Participants were exposed to an energy-only information label and labels displaying full nutrition information panels. A thematic analysis approach was used to identify key issues. While few participants were overtly enthusiastic about the mandatory display of energy values on alcohol products, there was general support for the provision of this information to assist those drinkers who could benefit from it. Substantial confusion was apparent as participants attempted to distil meaning from the provided information, particularly where it was expressed in terms of serving sizes and standard drinks. Full nutrition panels were especially problematic in terms of creating a health halo due to the nil or low values for multiple nutrients listed. This was especially notable for information relating to sugar content. Overall, there appears to be inadequate public understanding of the concept of dietary energy in alcoholic beverages and the various terms used to quantify its presence, which is likely to limit the utility of mandatory energy information provision requirements unless they are accompanied by effective community education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Pettigrew
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, L18, Tower 3, International Towers, Barangaroo, Sydney, 2000, Australia.
| | - Bella Sträuli
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, L18, Tower 3, International Towers, Barangaroo, Sydney, 2000, Australia.
| | - Asad Yusoff
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, L18, Tower 3, International Towers, Barangaroo, Sydney, 2000, Australia.
| | - Paula O'Brien
- Melbourne Law School, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Jacqueline Bowden
- National Centre for Education and Training on Addiction, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Michelle Jongenelis
- Melbourne Centre for Behaviour Change, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
| | | | - Tanya Chikritzhs
- National Drug Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia.
| | | | - Angela Matheson
- Centre for Alcohol & Other Drugs, NSW Ministry of Health, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Fraser Taylor
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, L18, Tower 3, International Towers, Barangaroo, Sydney, 2000, Australia.
| | - Alexandra Jones
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, L18, Tower 3, International Towers, Barangaroo, Sydney, 2000, Australia.
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Rostami M, Babashahi M, Ramezani S, Dastgerdizad H. A scoping review of policies related to reducing energy drink consumption in children. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:2308. [PMID: 39187818 PMCID: PMC11346296 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-19724-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Frequent consumption of Energy Drinks (EDs) is associated with numerous health problems, including overweight and obesity, particularly among children and adolescents. The extensive promotion, wide accessibility, and relatively low cost of EDs have significantly increased their popularity among this age group. This paper examines policies/programs that, directly and indirectly, contribute to reducing ED consumption in children and adolescents and shares global experiences to help policymakers adopt evidence-based policies. METHODS A systematic search was performed using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases from January 2000 to June 2024, along with reputable international organization websites, to find literature on policies aimed at reducing ED consumption among children and adolescents. All sources meeting the inclusion criteria were included without restrictions. Titles and abstracts were initially screened, followed by a full-text review. After evaluating the quality of the selected studies, data were extracted and, along with information from the selected documents, compiled into a table, detailing the country, policy type, and the effectiveness and weaknesses of each policy. RESULTS Out of 12166 reviewed studies and documents, 84 studies and 70 documents met the inclusion criteria. 73 countries and territories have implemented policies like taxation, sales bans, school bans, labeling, and marketing restrictions on EDs. Most employ fiscal measures, reducing consumption despite enforcement challenges. Labeling, access restrictions, and marketing bans are common but face issues like black markets. CONCLUSION This scoping review outlines diverse strategies adopted by countries to reduce ED consumption among children and teenagers, such as taxation, school bans, sales restrictions, and labeling requirements. While heightened awareness of ED harms has reinforced policy efforts, many Asian and African nations lack such measures, some policies remain outdated for over a decade, and existing policies face several challenges. These challenges encompass industry resistance, governmental disagreements, public opposition, economic considerations, and the intricacies of policy design. Considering this, countries should tailor policies to their cultural and social contexts, taking into account each policy's strengths and weaknesses to avoid loopholes. Inter-sectoral cooperation, ongoing policy monitoring, updates, and public education campaigns are essential to raise awareness and ensure effective implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadhassan Rostami
- Student Research Committee, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mina Babashahi
- Nutrition Research Center, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Shaghayegh Ramezani
- Department of Community Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hadis Dastgerdizad
- Department of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Bluffton, SC, 29909, USA
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Sevim F, Akbulut Y. Why Violence Cannot be Prevented in Healthcare Settings in Türkiye?: A Retrospective Policy Analysis. Policy Polit Nurs Pract 2024; 25:110-118. [PMID: 38400508 DOI: 10.1177/15271544241232382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Preventive policies have been devised with the aim of curbing health-related violence, and their efficacy is believed to furnish evidence for their continued implementation, thereby enhancing their effectiveness. This study undertakes a retrospective analysis of these policies in the context of Türkiye. A comprehensive examination involved the review of 26 documents, employing a progressive scanning approach for data collection. This methodology encompassed the utilization of gray literature databases (OECD iLibrary and WHO Iris), extensive Google searches, thorough website scans, and consultations with subject-matter experts. Data analysis was meticulously conducted within the framework of the Health Policy Triangle. The findings reveal active participation from diverse stakeholders, including governmental bodies, political entities, professional organizations, and trade unions, in various preventive initiatives aimed at mitigating health-related violence. Notably, the adoption of legislation for health violence prevention, perceived as a paramount achievement, can be attributed to persistent efforts by both the media and other influential actors and stakeholders. These endeavors have sustained the topic's prominence on the policy agenda, positioning it as a promising source for the development of novel violence prevention and management strategies. This study underscores the necessity for a comprehensive investigation into the working conditions, personal rights, and wage policies of healthcare workers, in light of documented factors that frequently precipitate violence. Concomitantly, it advocates for the development of effective mechanisms to address these issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferit Sevim
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Healthcare Management, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Türkiye
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Department of Healthcare Management, Ankara University, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Yasemin Akbulut
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Healthcare Management, Ankara University, Ankara, Türkiye
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Chandrasekaran P, Weiskirchen R. The Role of Obesity in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus-An Overview. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1882. [PMID: 38339160 PMCID: PMC10855901 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity or excessive weight gain is identified as the most important and significant risk factor in the development and progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) in all age groups. It has reached pandemic dimensions, making the treatment of obesity crucial in the prevention and management of type 2 DM worldwide. Multiple clinical studies have demonstrated that moderate and sustained weight loss can improve blood glucose levels, insulin action and reduce the need for diabetic medications. A combined approach of diet, exercise and lifestyle modifications can successfully reduce obesity and subsequently ameliorate the ill effects and deadly complications of DM. This approach also helps largely in the prevention, control and remission of DM. Obesity and DM are chronic diseases that are increasing globally, requiring new approaches to manage and prevent diabetes in obese individuals. Therefore, it is essential to understand the mechanistic link between the two and design a comprehensive approach to increase life expectancy and improve the quality of life in patients with type 2 DM and obesity. This literature review provides explicit information on the clinical definitions of obesity and type 2 DM, the incidence and prevalence of type 2 DM in obese individuals, the indispensable role of obesity in the pathophysiology of type 2 DM and their mechanistic link. It also discusses clinical studies and outlines the recent management approaches for the treatment of these associated conditions. Additionally, in vivo studies on obesity and type 2 DM are discussed here as they pave the way for more rigorous development of therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preethi Chandrasekaran
- UT Southwestern Medical Center Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd. ND10.504, Dallas, TX 75390-9014, USA
| | - Ralf Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH), University Hospital Aachen, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
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Garibay KK, Burke NJ, Ramírez AS, Payán DD. Examining the Role and Strategies of Advocacy Coalitions in California's Statewide Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Tax Debate (2001-2018). Am J Health Promot 2024; 38:101-111. [PMID: 37728321 PMCID: PMC10748447 DOI: 10.1177/08901171231201007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE California's failed attempts to enact a statewide sugary beverage tax presents an opportunity to advance understanding of advocacy coalition behavior. We investigate the participation of advocacy coalitions in California's statewide sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) tax policy debate. DESIGN Document analysis of legislative bills and newspaper articles collected in 2019. SETTING California. METHOD A total of 11 SSB tax-related bills were introduced in California's legislature between 2001-2018 according to the state's legislative website. Data sources include legislative bill documents (n = 94) and newspaper articles (n = 138). Guided by the Advocacy Coalition Framework (ACF), we identify advocacy coalitions involved in California's SSB tax debate and explore strategies and arguments used to advance each coalitions' position. RESULTS Two coalitions (public health, food/beverage industry) were involved in California's statewide SSB tax policy debate. The public health coalition had higher member participation and referred to scientific research evidence while the industry coalition used preemption and financial resources as primary advocacy strategies. The public health coalition frequently presented messaging on the health consequences and financial benefits of SSB taxes. The industry coalition responded by focusing on the potential negative economic impact of a tax. CONCLUSION Multiple attempts to enact a statewide SSB tax in California have failed. Our findings add insight into the challenges of enacting an SSB tax considering industry interference. Results can inform future efforts to pass evidence-based nutrition policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kesia K. Garibay
- Department of Public Health, School of Social Sciences, Humanities and Arts, University of California Merced, Merced, CA, USA
| | - Nancy J. Burke
- Department of Public Health, School of Social Sciences, Humanities and Arts, University of California Merced, Merced, CA, USA
| | - A. Susana Ramírez
- Department of Public Health, School of Social Sciences, Humanities and Arts, University of California Merced, Merced, CA, USA
| | - Denise D. Payán
- Department of Health, Society, and Behavior, Program in Public Health, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
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Zuleta M, Perez-Leon S, Mialon M, Delgado-Zegarra J. Political and socioeconomic factors that shaped health taxes implementation in Peru. BMJ Glob Health 2023; 8:e012024. [PMID: 37813443 PMCID: PMC10565308 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2023-012024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In 2016 and 2018, the Peruvian Ministry of Economy and Finance (MoEF) significantly reformulated taxes on tobacco products, alcohol and sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs). During these processes, different actors advanced arguments supporting or opposing the taxes. This study examines Peru's political and socioeconomic factors, the role of other actors and framing strategies, shaping health taxes introduction. METHODS We conducted qualitative analysis by collecting information from three sources, such as: (1) media material (n=343 documents), (2) government documents (n=34) and (3) semistructured interviews (n=11). That data allowed us to identify and characterise the actors involved in implementing health taxes in Peru. We combined the data from these sources, synthesised our findings and conducted a stakeholder analysis. RESULTS Key actors supporting taxes were the MoEF and civil society organisations, while trade associations and the alcohol, SSBs and tobacco industries opposed them using economic, trade-related arguments and criticised the policy process. The supporting group used arguments related to the economy and health to legitimate its narrative. The framing strategies employed by these stakeholders shaped and determined the outcome of the policy process. CONCLUSION Peruvian stakeholders against health taxes demonstrated a strong capacity to convey their messages to the media and high-level policy-makers. Despite these efforts, attempts to interfere with health taxes were unsuccessful in 2016 and 2018 and failed to overcome state institutions, particularly the MoEF. Strong institutions and individual decision-makers in Peru also contributed to the successful implementation of health taxes in Peru in 2016 and 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Zuleta
- Centre for Food Policy, City University, London, UK
| | - Silvana Perez-Leon
- CRONICAS Center of Excellence in Chronic Disease, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Melissa Mialon
- Trinity Business School, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Alvarado M, Marten R, Garcia L, Kwamie A, White M, Adams J. Using systems thinking to generate novel research questions for the evaluation of sugar-sweetened beverage taxation policies. BMJ Glob Health 2023; 8:e012060. [PMID: 37813450 PMCID: PMC10565209 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2023-012060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Alvarado
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- George Alleyne Chronic Disease Research Centre, The University of the West Indies, Bridgetown, Barbados
| | - Robert Marten
- Alliance For Health Policy and System Research, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Leandro Garcia
- Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Aku Kwamie
- Alliance For Health Policy and System Research, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Martin White
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jean Adams
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Hornung J, Sager F. The non-use of evidence in the adoption of a sugar-sweetened beverage tax in OECD countries. Eur J Public Health 2023:ckad098. [PMID: 37328449 PMCID: PMC10393501 DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckad098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies confirm the positive effect of sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) taxation on public health. However, only a few countries in Europe adopt SSB taxes. From a public policy perspective, we investigate the conditions under which countries do or do not follow this evidence. METHODS Crisp-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) of 26 European Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development countries with and without an SSB tax. We test which configurations of conditions (problem pressure, governmental composition, strategic planning, health care system, public health policies, inclusion of expert advice in policymaking) emerge as relevant in determining adoption and non-adoption between the years 1981 and 2021. Pathways that lead to the presence and absence of SSB taxes are identified separately. RESULTS At least one of the following configurations of conditions is present in countries that introduced taxation: (i) high financial problem pressure, low regulatory impact assessment activity; (ii) high public health problem pressure, a contribution-financed health care system, no holistic strategy for combatting non-communicable diseases (NCDs); (iii) a tax-financed health care system, a holistic NCD strategy, high strategic and executive planning capacity. In countries that did not adopt SSB taxes, we find (i) high regulatory impact assessment activity, high levels of sugar export; (ii) no holistic NCD strategy, high spending on preventive care; (iii and iv) a lack of strategic planning capacity and either a high share of spending on preventive care or inclusion of expert advice. DISCUSSION Evidence inclusion requires clear policy priorities in terms of strategy and resources to promote public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Hornung
- KPM Center for Public Management and Multidisciplinary Center for Infectious Diseases (MCID), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Fritz Sager
- KPM Center for Public Management and Multidisciplinary Center for Infectious Diseases (MCID), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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BEHZADIFAR MASOUD, GHANBARI MAHBOUBEHKHATON, RAVAGHI HAMID, BAKHTIARI AHAD, SHAHABI SAEED, DOSHMANGIR LEILA, ALIDOOST SAEIDE, AZARI SAMAD, MARTINI MARIANO, EHSANZADEH SEYEDJAFAR, BRAGAZZI NICOLALUIGI. Health policy analysis in Eastern Mediterranean region using a health policy triangle framework: Historical and ethical insights from a systematic review. JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE AND HYGIENE 2022; 63:E351-E373. [PMID: 35968073 PMCID: PMC9351417 DOI: 10.15167/2421-4248/jpmh2022.63.2.2450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Health policy can be defined as an agreement and consensus on a health-related program and set of actions taken to achieve the goals expected by programs in the area of policy. Policy analysis involves a wide range of methods, techniques, and tools in a way to reach awareness of the impacts of the developed and implemented policies. Whereas policy analysis in developed countries has a long history, in developing countries, it is instead in its first developing stages. Our paper aimed to collect systematically the studies using health policy triangle framework in doing analysis in one of the health policy issues in the Eastern Mediterranean region organization. Methods To conduct our literature search, ISI/Web of Science, PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, The Cochrane Library, Global Health Database, Scopus, as well as Google Scholar from 2003 up to June 2020 were systematically mined. To evaluate the methodological quality of the included studies, the Critical Appraisal Skills Program checklist was used. Results We selected 30 studies, conducted between 2011 and 2020. According to the findings of these studies, in the Eastern Mediterranean region, organization region, and the role of evidence-based research in policy-making has been repeatedly emphasized, but its use in health program decision-making has been limited, and health research systems in Eastern Mediterranean region organization are still under scrutiny. There is still a gap between evidence-based research in health systems and its use in policy-making. Discussion Based on the present systematic review, studies based on policy analysis should focus on all the elements of health policies and provide evidence to inform decisions that can strengthen health systems, improve health and improve existing inequalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- MASOUD BEHZADIFAR
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | | | - HAMID RAVAGHI
- School of Health Management & Information Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- World Health Organization Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, Cairo, Egypt
| | - AHAD BAKHTIARI
- Health Equity Research Center (HERC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - SAEED SHAHABI
- Health Policy Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - LEILA DOSHMANGIR
- Tabriz Health Services Management Research Center, Iranian Center of Excellence in Health Management, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - SAEIDE ALIDOOST
- School of Health Management & Information Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - SAMAD AZARI
- Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - MARIANO MARTINI
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - SEYED JAFAR EHSANZADEH
- English Language Department, School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - NICOLA LUIGI BRAGAZZI
- Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (LIAM), Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
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