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Silhol R, Maheu-Giroux M, Soni N, Fotso AS, Rouveau N, Vautier A, Doumenc-Aïdara C, Geoffroy O, N’Guessan KN, Sidibé Y, Kabemba OK, Gueye PA, Ndeye PD, Mukandavire C, Vickerman P, Keita A, Ndour CT, Ehui E, Larmarange J, Boily MC. The impact of past HIV interventions and diagnosis gaps on new HIV acquisitions, transmissions, and HIV-related deaths in Côte d'Ivoire, Mali, and Senegal. AIDS 2024; 38:1783-1793. [PMID: 38953898 PMCID: PMC11356671 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000003974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To estimate the epidemiological impact of past HIV interventions and the magnitude and contribution of undiagnosed HIV among different risk groups on new HIV acquisitions in Côte d'Ivoire, Mali and Senegal. DESIGN HIV transmission dynamic models among the overall population and key populations [female sex workers (FSW), their clients, and MSM]. METHODS Models were independently parameterized and calibrated for each set of country-specific demographic, behavioural, and epidemiological data. We estimated the fraction of new HIV infections over 2012-2021 averted by condom use and antiretroviral therapy (ART) uptake among key populations and non-key populations, the direct and indirect contribution of specific groups to new infections [transmission population-attributable fraction (tPAF)] over 2012-2021 due to prevention gaps, and the distribution of undiagnosed people with HIV (PWH) by risk group in January 2022 and their tPAF over 2022-2031. RESULTS Condom use and ART may have averted 81-88% of new HIV infections over 2012-2021 across countries, mostly due to condom use by key population. The tPAF of all key populations combined over 2012-2021 varied between 27% (Côte d'Ivoire) and 79% (Senegal). Male key populations (clients of FSW and MSM) contributed most to new infections (>60% in Mali and Senegal) owing to their higher HIV prevalence and larger prevention gaps. In 2022, men represented 56% of all PWH with an undiagnosed infection in Côte d'Ivoire (male key populations = 15%), 46% in Mali (male key populations = 23%), and 69% in Senegal (male key populations = 55%). If HIV testing and ART initiation rates remain at current levels, 20% of new HIV infections could be due to undiagnosed key populations living with HIV in Côte d'Ivoire over 2022-2031, 53% in Mali, and 65% in Senegal. CONCLUSION Substantial HIV diagnosis gaps remain in Western Africa, especially among male key populations. Addressing these gaps is key to impacting the HIV epidemics in the region and achieving the goal of ending AIDS by 2030.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Silhol
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Mathieu Maheu-Giroux
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Population and Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Nirali Soni
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Arlette Simo Fotso
- Centre Population & Développement, Université Paris Cité, IRD, Inserm, Paris
- Institut National d’Études Démographiques, INED, Aubervilliers
| | - Nicolas Rouveau
- Centre Population & Développement, Université Paris Cité, IRD, Inserm, Paris
| | - Anthony Vautier
- Solidarité Thérapeutique et Initiatives pour la Santé, Solthis, Paris, France
| | | | - Olivier Geoffroy
- Solidarité Thérapeutique et Initiatives pour la Santé, Solthis, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
| | | | - Younoussa Sidibé
- Solidarité Thérapeutique et Initiatives pour la Santé, Solthis, Bamako, Mali
| | - Odé Kanku Kabemba
- Solidarité Thérapeutique et Initiatives pour la Santé, Solthis, Bamako, Mali
| | - Papa Alioune Gueye
- Solidarité Thérapeutique et Initiatives pour la Santé, Solthis, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Pauline Dama Ndeye
- Solidarité Thérapeutique et Initiatives pour la Santé, Solthis, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Christinah Mukandavire
- Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness and Innovations, London, UK
- School of Mathematics and Data Science, Emirates Aviation University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Peter Vickerman
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Abdelaye Keita
- Institut National de Santé Publique (INSP), Bamako, Mali
| | - Cheikh Tidiane Ndour
- Division de Lutte contre le Sida et les IST, Ministère de la Santé et de l’Action Sociale Institut d’Hygiène Sociale, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Eboi Ehui
- Programme National de Lutte contre le Sida, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Joseph Larmarange
- Centre Population & Développement, Université Paris Cité, IRD, Inserm, Paris
- Institut National d’Études Démographiques, INED, Aubervilliers
| | - Marie-Claude Boily
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Grépin KA, Mueller V, Wu N, Rabbani A. Unmasking the truth: Experimental evidence of facemask compliance in Bangladesh, Kenya, and Nigeria during the COVID-19 pandemic. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 3:e0001086. [PMID: 36996015 PMCID: PMC10062667 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0001086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
High levels of compliance with public health measures are critical to ensure a successful response to the COVID-19 pandemic and other public health emergencies. However, most data on compliance are self-reported and the tendency to overreport due to social desirability could yield biased estimates of actual compliance. A list experiment is a widely used method to estimate social desirability bias in self-reported estimates of sensitive behaviours. We estimate rates of compliance with facemask mandates in Kenya, Nigeria, and Bangladesh using data from phone surveys conducted in March-April 2021. Data on compliance were collected from two different survey modules: a self-reported compliance module (stated) and a list experiment (elicited). We find large gaps between stated and elicited rates of facemask wearing for different groups depending on specific country contexts and high levels of overreporting of facemask compliance in self-reported surveys: there was an almost 40 percentage point gap in Kenya, 30 percentage points in Nigeria, and 20 percentage points in Bangladesh. We also observe differences in rates of self-reported facemask wearing among key groups but not using the elicited responses from the list experiment, which suggest that social desirability bias may vary by demographics. Data collected from self-reported surveys may not be reliable to monitor ongoing compliance with public health measures. Moreover, elicited compliance rates indicate levels of mask wearing are likely much lower than those estimated using self-reported data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen A. Grépin
- School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Valerie Mueller
- School of Politics and Global Studies, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Nicole Wu
- School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Atonu Rabbani
- Department of Economics, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- James P. Grant School of Public Health, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Kavuma D, Ndibazza J, Kirwana VB, Mukasa Kafeero H, Katongole SP, Baluku JB. Factors Associated with Condom Use Among Out-of-School Young People on Anti-Retroviral Therapy in Central Uganda. HIV AIDS (Auckl) 2022; 14:217-230. [PMID: 35502347 PMCID: PMC9056096 DOI: 10.2147/hiv.s357535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Methods Results Conclusion
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kavuma
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Uganda Martyrs University-Nkozi, Kampala, Uganda
- Directorate of Medical Services, Mildmay Uganda, Kampala, Uganda
- Correspondence: David Kavuma, Tel +2560772839416, Email
| | - Juliet Ndibazza
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Uganda Martyrs University-Nkozi, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Venantius Bbaale Kirwana
- Monitoring, Evaluation and Learning, Sexual Reproductive Health and Rights Alliance, Kampala, Uganda
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Bitty-Anderson AM, Gbeasor-Komlanvi FA, Tchankoni MK, Sadio A, Salou M, Coffie PA, Dagnra CA, Ekouevi DK. HIV prevalence and risk behaviors among female sex workers in Togo in 2017: a cross-sectional national study. Arch Public Health 2022; 80:92. [PMID: 35331303 PMCID: PMC8943989 DOI: 10.1186/s13690-022-00851-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The HIV epidemic remains an important public health challenge for the sub-Saharan region. Female Sex Workers (FSW) in this region are among the most vulnerable of the key population groups with HIV prevalence as high as twice that of the general population. The aim of this study was to estimate HIV prevalence and explore sexual risk behaviors among FSW in Togo. METHODS A cross-sectional study using a Respondent Driven Sampling method was conducted across the six regions of country among FSW in 2017. A comprehensive questionnaire was used to explore socio-demographic characteristics, sexual history, HIV knowledge, and sexual behaviors. HIV rapid tests were used to assess HIV infection. RESULTS A total of 1,036 FSW, with a median age of 26 years old [interquartile range (IQR): 22-33], participated in the study, with 49.2% (n = 510) of them having reached secondary school. Median age at first sexual intercourse was 20 years old [IQR: 17-25] and estimated number of clients per week was of 5 [IQR: 3-10]. A total of 936 (95.6%) reported the use of a condom during last sexual intercourse with a client and 493 (47.6%) reported the use of a condom during their last sexual intercourse with a partner or husband. HIV prevalence was 13.2% [95% CI: 11.2 - 15.4], and was associated with age (being between 26 and 32 years old; aOR = 4.5; 95% CI: [2.4 - 9.1], p < 0.0001) and ≥ 33 years old; aOR = 6.4; 95% CI [3.5 - 12.7], p < 0.0001), education level (being in primary school or less; aOR = 1.7; 95% CI: [1.1-2.6]; p = 0.012) and the number of partners per week (more than 2 and 3 partners; aOR = 2.5; 95% CI [1.2-5.2]; p = 0.014). CONCLUSIONS HIV prevalence and sexual risk behaviors remain high among FSW in Togo, despite prevention efforts aimed at curbing this trend. Other factors, such as access and availability of condoms, the social and legal environment in which FSW operate, should be considered for HIV prevention strategies in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra M Bitty-Anderson
- Centre Africain de Recherches en Epidémiologie et en Santé Publique (CARESP), Lomé, Togo
- INSERM U1219, Bordeaux Population Health Research, ISPED, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- Programme PACCI - Site ANRS Côte d'Ivoire, CHU de Treichville, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Fifonsi A Gbeasor-Komlanvi
- Centre Africain de Recherches en Epidémiologie et en Santé Publique (CARESP), Lomé, Togo
- Département de santé Publique, Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Lomé, Lomé, Togo
| | - Martin Kouame Tchankoni
- Centre Africain de Recherches en Epidémiologie et en Santé Publique (CARESP), Lomé, Togo
- Département de santé Publique, Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Lomé, Lomé, Togo
| | - Arnold Sadio
- Centre Africain de Recherches en Epidémiologie et en Santé Publique (CARESP), Lomé, Togo
- Département de santé Publique, Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Lomé, Lomé, Togo
| | - Mounerou Salou
- Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire, Université de Lomé, Lomé, Togo
| | - Patrick A Coffie
- Programme PACCI - Site ANRS Côte d'Ivoire, CHU de Treichville, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
- Département de Dermatologie et d'Infectiologie, Université Félix Houphouët Boigny, UFR des Sciences Médicales, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
- CHU de Treichville, Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Claver A Dagnra
- Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire, Université de Lomé, Lomé, Togo
- Programme National de Lutte contre le VIH/Sida, les Hépatites virales et les Infections Sexuellement Transmissibles (PNLS/HV/IST), Lomé, Togo
| | - Didier K Ekouevi
- Centre Africain de Recherches en Epidémiologie et en Santé Publique (CARESP), Lomé, Togo.
- INSERM U1219, Bordeaux Population Health Research, ISPED, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.
- Département de santé Publique, Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Lomé, Lomé, Togo.
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Tan X, Lee R, Ruppanner L. Profiling racial prejudice during COVID-19: Who exhibits anti-Asian sentiment in Australia and the United States? THE AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL ISSUES 2021; 56:464-484. [PMID: 34898754 PMCID: PMC8653057 DOI: 10.1002/ajs4.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Following the COVID-19 outbreak, anti-Asian racism increased around the world, as exhibited through greater instances of abuse and hate crimes. To better understand the scale of anti-Asian racism and the characteristics of people who may be expressing racial prejudice, we sampled respondents in Australia and the United States over 31 August-9 September 2020 (1375 Australians and 1060 Americans aged 18 or above; source YouGov). To address potential social desirability bias, we use both direct and indirect (list experiment) questions to measure anti-Asian sentiment and link these variables to key socioeconomic factors. We find that, instead of being universal among general populations, anti-Asian sentiment is patterned differently across both country contexts and socioeconomic groups. In the United States, the most significant predictor of anti-Asian bias is political affiliation. By contrast, in Australia, anti-Asian bias is closely linked to a wide range of socioeconomic factors including political affiliation, age, gender, employment status and income.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Tan
- University of MelbourneParkvilleVICAustralia
| | - Rennie Lee
- University of Queensland, Institute for Social Science ResearchIndooroopillyQLDAustralia
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Porter C, Favara M, Sánchez A, Scott D. The impact of COVID-19 lockdowns on physical domestic violence: Evidence from a list randomization experiment. SSM Popul Health 2021; 14:100792. [PMID: 33948480 PMCID: PMC8080075 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2021.100792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We quantify the increase in physical domestic violence (family or intimate partner violence) experienced by young people aged 18-26 during the 2020 COVID-19 lockdowns in Peru. To do this we use an indirect methodology, the double list randomization experiment. The list experiment was embedded in a telephone survey to participants of the Young Lives study, a long-standing cohort survey. We find that 8.3% of the sample experienced an increase in physical violence within their households during the lockdown period. Those who had already reported experiencing domestic violence in the last round of (in-person) data collection in 2016 are more likely to have experienced increased physical violence during the COVID-19 lockdown, with 23.6% reporting an increase during this time. The reported increase in violence does not differ significantly by gender. List experiments, if carefully conducted, may be a relatively cheap and feasible way to elicit information about sensitive issues during a phone survey.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alan Sánchez
- Grupo de Análisis para El Desarrollo (GRADE), Peru
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Treleaven E, Pham TN, Nguyen AD, Diamond-Smith N. The list experiment: An approach to measuring stigmatized behaviours related to sex-selective abortion. Population Studies 2021; 75:363-380. [PMID: 33792524 DOI: 10.1080/00324728.2021.1900589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Vietnam reports one of the highest levels of abortion globally and an increasingly skewed sex ratio at birth. Abortion and related stigmatized behaviours are notoriously difficult to measure, yet understanding women's ability and willingness to engage in sex selection is of interest to demographers and policymakers alike. We piloted the list experiment, an indirect questioning method, to estimate the prevalence of prenatal sex determination and sex-selective abortion. Respondents reported the total number of items they had engaged in from a list, reducing non-response and incentives to under-report. Among 900 women sampled at two hospitals in Hanoi, we estimated a high prevalence of prenatal sex determination. We found a low prevalence of sex-selective abortion, but higher prevalence among specific parity and children's sex composition subgroups. Responses to knowledge and attitudinal questions underscored women's perceived stigma around sex-selective abortion, suggesting the list experiment is a potentially useful tool for studying son preference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Treleaven
- University of Michigan.,University of California, San Francisco
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Farahmand M, Moghoofei M, Dorost A, Abbasi S, Monavari SH, Kiani SJ, Tavakoli A. Prevalence and genotype distribution of genital human papillomavirus infection in female sex workers in the world: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health 2020; 20:1455. [PMID: 32977797 PMCID: PMC7519561 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-09570-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Female sex workers (FSWs) are amongst the most susceptible groups to acquire human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and consequently, to develop cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and cervical cancer. This is the first systematic review and meta-analysis to provide estimates of the pooled prevalence of HPV infection and the distribution of HPV types among FSWs across the world. METHODS Five computerized databases were searched for relevant studies published since the inception date of databases to September 2019. The pooled HPV prevalence was calculated by the random effect model described by DerSimonian-Laird. Subgroup analysis was performed to identify the probable sources of heterogeneity. The meta-analysis was performed using the "Metaprop" function in the R package Meta. RESULTS Sixty-two studies involving 21,402 FSWs from 33 countries were included in this meta-analysis, and the pooled HPV prevalence was 42.6% (95% confidence interval (CI): 38.5-46.7%). HPV-16 (10.1, 95% CI: 8.2-12.5%), HPV-52 (7.9, 95% CI: 5.9-10.7%), and HPV-53 (6.0, 95% CI: 4.4-8.1%) were the most common high-risk HPV types identified among FSWs. The pooled estimated prevalence of HPV infection among FSWs before and after 2010 were slightly different, 43.6% (95% CI: 36.1-51.4%) and 41.9% (95% CI: 37.2-46.8%), respectively. CONCLUSION Due to the high prevalence of HPV infection, particularly with high-risk types, FSWs have a great susceptibility to the development of cervical and vaginal cancers. Furthermore, they can transmit their infection to their clients, which may result in a high prevalence of HPV and the incidence of HPV-associated malignancies among the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Farahmand
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Moghoofei
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Dorost
- Department of Health Economics and Management, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeedeh Abbasi
- Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Hamidreza Monavari
- Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Jalal Kiani
- Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Tavakoli
- Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Research Center of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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