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Huang Y, Wang LL, Liu ZB, Chen C, Ren X, Luo AT, Ma JH, Antzelevitch C, Barajas-Martínez H, Hu D. Underlying mechanism of atrial fibrillation-associated Nppa-I137T mutation and cardiac effect of potential drug therapy. Heart Rhythm 2024; 21:184-196. [PMID: 37924963 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2023.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND More than a hundred genetic loci have been associated with atrial fibrillation (AF). But the exact mechanism remains unclear and the treatment needs to be improved. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the mechanism and potential treatment of NPPA mutation-associated AF. METHODS Nppa knock-in (KI, p.I137T) rats were generated, and cardiac function was evaluated. Blood pressure was recorded using a tail-cuff system. The expression levels were measured using real-time polymerase chain reaction, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay or Western blot analysis, and RNA-sequence analysis. Programmed electrical stimulation, patch clamp, and multielectrode array were used to record the electrophysical characteristics. RESULTS Mutant rats displayed downregulated expression of atrial natriuretic peptide but elevated blood pressure and enlarged left atrial end-diastolic diameter. Further, gene topology analysis suggested that the majority of differently expressed genes in Nppa KI rats were related to inflammation, electrical remodeling, and structural remodeling. The expression levels of C-C chemokine ligand 5 and galectin-3 involved in remodeling were higher, while there were declined levels of Nav1.5, Cav1.2, and connexin 40. AF was more easily induced in KI rats. Electrical remodeling included abbreviated action potentials, effective refractory period, increased late sodium current, and reduced calcium current, giving rise to conduction abnormalities. These electrophysiological changes could be reversed by the late sodium current blocker ranolazine and the Nav1.8 blocker A-803467. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that structural remodeling related to inflammation and fibrosis and electrical remodeling involved in late sodium current underly the major effects of the Nppa (p.I137T) variant to induce AF, which can be attenuated by the late sodium current blocker and Nav1.8 blocker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Huang
- Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research Institute, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ling-Ling Wang
- Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research Institute, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhe-Bo Liu
- Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research Institute, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology and Center for Human Genome Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiang Ren
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology and Center for Human Genome Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - An-Tao Luo
- Cardio-Electrophysiological Research Laboratory, Medical College of Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Medical College of Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ji-Hua Ma
- Cardio-Electrophysiological Research Laboratory, Medical College of Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Medical College of Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Charles Antzelevitch
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, Pennsylvania; Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Hector Barajas-Martínez
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, Pennsylvania; Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Dan Hu
- Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research Institute, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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Liantonio A, Bertini M, Mele A, Balla C, Dinoi G, Selvatici R, Mele M, De Luca A, Gualandi F, Imbrici P. Brugada Syndrome: More than a Monogenic Channelopathy. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2297. [PMID: 37626795 PMCID: PMC10452102 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11082297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Brugada syndrome (BrS) is an inherited cardiac channelopathy first diagnosed in 1992 but still considered a challenging disease in terms of diagnosis, arrhythmia risk prediction, pathophysiology and management. Despite about 20% of individuals carrying pathogenic variants in the SCN5A gene, the identification of a polygenic origin for BrS and the potential role of common genetic variants provide the basis for applying polygenic risk scores for individual risk prediction. The pathophysiological mechanisms are still unclear, and the initial thinking of this syndrome as a primary electrical disease is evolving towards a partly structural disease. This review focuses on the main scientific advancements in the identification of biomarkers for diagnosis, risk stratification, pathophysiology and therapy of BrS. A comprehensive model that integrates clinical and genetic factors, comorbidities, age and gender, and perhaps environmental influences may provide the opportunity to enhance patients' quality of life and improve the therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Liantonio
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70125 Bari, Italy; (A.L.); (A.M.); (G.D.); (M.M.); (A.D.L.)
| | - Matteo Bertini
- Cardiological Center, Sant’Anna University Hospital of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.B.); (C.B.)
| | - Antonietta Mele
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70125 Bari, Italy; (A.L.); (A.M.); (G.D.); (M.M.); (A.D.L.)
| | - Cristina Balla
- Cardiological Center, Sant’Anna University Hospital of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.B.); (C.B.)
| | - Giorgia Dinoi
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70125 Bari, Italy; (A.L.); (A.M.); (G.D.); (M.M.); (A.D.L.)
| | - Rita Selvatici
- Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Mother and Child, Sant’Anna University Hospital of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Marco Mele
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70125 Bari, Italy; (A.L.); (A.M.); (G.D.); (M.M.); (A.D.L.)
- Cardiothoracic Department, Policlinico Riuniti Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Annamaria De Luca
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70125 Bari, Italy; (A.L.); (A.M.); (G.D.); (M.M.); (A.D.L.)
| | - Francesca Gualandi
- Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Mother and Child, Sant’Anna University Hospital of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Paola Imbrici
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70125 Bari, Italy; (A.L.); (A.M.); (G.D.); (M.M.); (A.D.L.)
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Isaacs A, Barysenka A, Ter Bekke RMA, Helderman-van den Enden ATJM, van den Wijngaard A, Volders PGA, Stoll M. Standing genetic variation affects phenotypic heterogeneity in an SCN5A-mutation founder population with excess sudden cardiac death. Heart Rhythm 2023; 20:720-727. [PMID: 36764349 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2023.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Worm Study, ascertained from a multigeneration pedigree segregating a single amino acid deletion in SCN5A (c.4850_4852delTCT, p.(Phe1617del), rs749697698), is characterized by substantial phenotypic heterogeneity and overlap of sudden cardiac death, long-QT syndrome, cardiac conduction disease, Brugada syndrome, and isorhythmic atrioventricular dissociation. Linkage analysis for a synthetic trait derived from these phenotypes identified a single peak (logarithm of the odds [LOD] = 4.52) at the SCN5A/SCN10A/SCN11A locus on chromosome 3. OBJECTIVE This study explored the role of additional genetic variation in the chromosome 3 locus as a source of phenotypic heterogeneity in the Worm Study population. METHODS Genotypes underlying the linkage peak (n = 70) were characterized using microarrays. Haplotypes were determined using family-aware phasing and a population-specific reference panel. Variants with minor allele frequencies >0.10 were tested for association with cardiac conduction disease and isorhythmic dissociation using LAMP and logistic regression. RESULTS Only 1 haplotype carried the p.Phe1617del/rs749697698 deletion, suggesting relatively recent development (∼18 generations); this haplotype contained 5 other missense variants spanning SCN5A/SCN10A/SCN11A. Noncarrier haplotypes (n = 74) ranged in frequency from 0.5% to 5%. Although no variants were associated with cardiac conduction disease, a homozygous missense variant in SCN10A was associated with isorhythmic dissociation after correction for multiple comparisons (odds ratio 11.23; 95% confidence interval 2.76-23.39; P = 1.2 × 10-4). This variant (rs12632942) was previously associated with PR interval. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that other variants, alongside a pathogenic mutation, are associated with phenotypic heterogeneity. Single-mutation screening may be insufficient to predict electrical heart disease in patients and family members. In the Worm Study population, segregating a pathogenic SCN5A mutation, compound variation in the SCN5A/SCN10A/SCN11A locus determines arrhythmic outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Isaacs
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Maastricht Centre for Systems Biology (MaCSBio), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Physiology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Andrei Barysenka
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Rachel M A Ter Bekke
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Cardiology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Arthur van den Wijngaard
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Paul G A Volders
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Cardiology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Monika Stoll
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Maastricht Centre for Systems Biology (MaCSBio), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Münster, Münster, Germany; Department of Biochemistry, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
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Ittiwut C, Mahasirimongkol S, Srisont S, Ittiwut R, Chockjamsai M, Durongkadech P, Sawaengdee W, Khunphon A, Larpadisorn K, Wattanapokayakit S, Wetchaphanphesat S, Arunotong S, Srimahachota S, Pittayawonganon C, Thammawijaya P, Sutdan D, Doungngern P, Khongphatthanayothin A, Kerr SJ, Shotelersuk V. Genetic basis of sudden death after COVID-19 vaccination in Thailand. Heart Rhythm 2022; 19:1874-1879. [PMID: 35934244 PMCID: PMC9352648 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2022.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 vaccination reduces morbidity and mortality associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19); unfortunately, it is associated with serious adverse events, including sudden unexplained death (SUD). OBJECTIVE We aimed to study the genetic basis of SUD after COVID-19 vaccination in Thailand. METHODS From April to December 2021, cases with natural but unexplained death within 7 days of COVID-19 vaccination were enrolled for whole exome sequencing. RESULTS Thirteen were recruited, aged between 23 and 72 years; 10 (77%) were men, 12 were Thai; and 1 was Australian. Eight (61%) died after receiving the first dose of vaccine, and 7 (54%) died after receiving ChAdOx1 nCoV-19; however, there were no significant correlations between SUD and either the number or the type of vaccine. Fever was self-reported in 3 cases. Ten (77%) and 11 (85%) died within 24 hours and 3 days of vaccination, respectively. Whole exome sequencing analysis revealed that 5 cases harbored SCN5A variants that had previously been identified in patients with Brugada syndrome, giving an SCN5A variant frequency of 38% (5 of 13). This is a significantly higher rate than that observed in Thai SUD cases occurring 8-30 days after COVID-19 vaccination during the same period (10% [1 of 10]), in a Thai SUD cohort studied before the COVID-19 pandemic (12% [3 of 25]), and in our in-house exome database (12% [386 of 3231]). CONCLUSION These findings suggest that SCN5A variants may be associated with SUD within 7 days of COVID-19 vaccination, regardless of vaccine type, number of vaccine dose, and presence of underlying diseases or postvaccine fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chupong Ittiwut
- Center of Excellence for Medical Genomics, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Excellence Center for Genomics and Precision Medicine, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, The Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Surakameth Mahasirimongkol
- Medical Life Sciences Institute, Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Smith Srisont
- Forensic Division, Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Rungnapa Ittiwut
- Center of Excellence for Medical Genomics, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Excellence Center for Genomics and Precision Medicine, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, The Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Manoch Chockjamsai
- Forensic Department, Faculty of Medicine, Chiangmai University, Chiangmai, Thailand
| | | | - Waritta Sawaengdee
- Division of Genomic Medicine and Innovation Support, Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Athiwat Khunphon
- Division of Genomic Medicine and Innovation Support, Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Kanidsorn Larpadisorn
- Medical Life Sciences Institute, Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Sukanya Wattanapokayakit
- Division of Genomic Medicine and Innovation Support, Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Suppachok Wetchaphanphesat
- Strategy and Planning Division, Office of the Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Surachet Arunotong
- Office of Disease Prevention and Control Region 1 Chiang Mai, Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | | | - Chakrarat Pittayawonganon
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Panithee Thammawijaya
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Derek Sutdan
- Strategy and Planning Division, Office of the Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Pawinee Doungngern
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Apichai Khongphatthanayothin
- Center of Excellence in Arrhythmia Research, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Stephen J Kerr
- Center of Excellence for Biostatistics, Research Affairs, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Vorasuk Shotelersuk
- Center of Excellence for Medical Genomics, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Excellence Center for Genomics and Precision Medicine, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, The Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand.
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Leung J, Lee S, Zhou J, Jeevaratnam K, Lakhani I, Radford D, Coakley-Youngs E, Pay L, Çinier G, Altinsoy M, Behnoush AH, Mahmoudi E, Matusik PT, Bazoukis G, Garcia-Zamora S, Zeng S, Chen Z, Xia Y, Liu T, Tse G. Clinical Characteristics, Genetic Findings and Arrhythmic Outcomes of Patients with Catecholaminergic Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia from China: A Systematic Review. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12081104. [PMID: 35892906 PMCID: PMC9330865 DOI: 10.3390/life12081104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT) is a rare inherited cardiac ion channelopathy. The present study aims to examine the clinical characteristics, genetic basis, and arrhythmic outcomes of CPVT patients from China to elucidate the difference between CPVT patients in Asia and Western countries. METHODS PubMed and Embase were systematically searched for case reports or series reporting on CPVT patients from China until 19 February 2022 using the keyword: "Catecholaminergic Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia" or "CPVT", with the location limited to: "China" or "Hong Kong" or "Macau" in Embase, with no language or publication-type restriction. Articles that did not state a definite diagnosis of CPVT and articles with duplicate cases found in larger cohorts were excluded. All the included publications in this review were critically appraised based on the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist. Clinical characteristics, genetic findings, and the primary outcome of spontaneous ventricular tachycardia/ventricular fibrillation (VT/VF) were analyzed. RESULTS A total of 58 unique cases from 15 studies (median presentation age: 8 (5.0-11.8) years old) were included. All patients, except one, presented at or before 19 years of age. There were 56 patients (96.6%) who were initially symptomatic. Premature ventricular complexes (PVCs) were present in 44 out of 51 patients (86.3%) and VT in 52 out of 58 patients (89.7%). Genetic tests were performed on 54 patients (93.1%) with a yield of 87%. RyR2, CASQ2, TERCL, and SCN10A mutations were found in 35 (71.4%), 12 (24.5%), 1 (0.02%) patient, and 1 patient (0.02%), respectively. There were 54 patients who were treated with beta-blockers, 8 received flecainide, 5 received amiodarone, 2 received verapamil and 2 received propafenone. Sympathectomy (n = 10), implantable cardioverter-defibrillator implantation (n = 8) and ablation (n = 1) were performed. On follow-up, 13 patients developed VT/VF. CONCLUSION This was the first systematic review of CPVT patients from China. Most patients had symptoms on initial presentation, with syncope as the presenting complaint. RyR2 mutation accounts for more than half of the CPVT cases, followed by CASQ2, TERCL and SCN10A mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Leung
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Cardiovascular Analytics Group, China-UK Collaboration, Hong Kong, China; (J.L.); (S.L.); (I.L.)
| | - Sharen Lee
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Cardiovascular Analytics Group, China-UK Collaboration, Hong Kong, China; (J.L.); (S.L.); (I.L.)
| | - Jiandong Zhou
- School of Data Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China;
| | - Kamalan Jeevaratnam
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK;
| | - Ishan Lakhani
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Cardiovascular Analytics Group, China-UK Collaboration, Hong Kong, China; (J.L.); (S.L.); (I.L.)
| | - Danny Radford
- Kent and Medway Medical School, Canterbury CT2 7FS, UK; (D.R.); (E.C.-Y.)
| | | | - Levent Pay
- Department of Cardiology, Dr Siyami Ersek Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul 34147, Turkey; (L.P.); (G.Ç.)
| | - Göksel Çinier
- Department of Cardiology, Dr Siyami Ersek Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul 34147, Turkey; (L.P.); (G.Ç.)
| | - Meltem Altinsoy
- Department of Cardiology, University of Health Sciences, Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Training and Research Hospital, Ankara 06145, Turkey;
| | - Amir Hossein Behnoush
- Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1416643931, Iran; (A.H.B.); (E.M.)
| | - Elham Mahmoudi
- Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1416643931, Iran; (A.H.B.); (E.M.)
| | - Paweł T. Matusik
- Department of Electrocardiology, Institute of Cardiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, John Paul II Hospital, 31-202 Kraków, Poland;
| | - George Bazoukis
- Department of Cardiology, Larnaca General Hospital, Larnaca 6301, Cyprus;
- Medical School, University of Nicosia, Nicosia 2408, Cyprus
| | - Sebastian Garcia-Zamora
- Cardiac Intensive Care Unit, Department of Cardiology, Delta Clinic, Rosario S2000, Argentina;
| | - Shaoying Zeng
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of South China Structural Heart Disease, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China;
| | - Ziliang Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ionic-Molecular Function of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Institute of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, China;
| | - Yunlong Xia
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116014, China;
| | - Tong Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ionic-Molecular Function of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Institute of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, China;
- Correspondence: (T.L.); or or (G.T.)
| | - Gary Tse
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Cardiovascular Analytics Group, China-UK Collaboration, Hong Kong, China; (J.L.); (S.L.); (I.L.)
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK;
- Kent and Medway Medical School, Canterbury CT2 7FS, UK; (D.R.); (E.C.-Y.)
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ionic-Molecular Function of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Institute of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, China;
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116014, China;
- Correspondence: (T.L.); or or (G.T.)
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Cheng J, Wei W, Fang Y, Zhou N, Wu Q, Zhao Q. Sudden cardiac death and cardiac sodium channel diseases. JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCE AND MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/jfsm.jfsm_123_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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