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Stegnjaić G, Jevtić B, Lazarević M, Ignjatović Đ, Tomić M, Nikolovski N, Bjelobaba I, Momčilović M, Dimitrijević M, Miljković Đ, Stanisavljević S. Brain inflammation in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis induced in Dark Agouti rats with spinal cord homogenate. Immunol Lett 2024; 267:106852. [PMID: 38508497 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2024.106852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
We have recently characterized experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) induced in DA rats with spinal cord homogenate without complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). The main advantage of this multiple sclerosis model is the lack of CFA-related confounding effects which represent the major obstacles in translating findings from EAE to multiple sclerosis. Here, antigen specificity of the cellular and humoral immune response directed against the central nervous system was explored. The reactivity of T and B cells to myelin basic protein, myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein, and β-synuclein was detected. Having in mind that reactivity against β-synuclein was previously associated with autoimmunity against the brain, the infiltration of immune cells into different brain compartments, i.e. pons, cerebellum, hippocampus, and cortex was determined. T cell infiltration was observed in all structures examined. This finding stimulated investigation of the effects of immunization on DA rat behavior using the elevated plus maze and the open field test. Rats recovered from EAE displayed increased anxiety-like behavior. These data support CFA-free EAE in DA rats as a useful model for multiple sclerosis research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goran Stegnjaić
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković" - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Despota Stefana 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Bojan Jevtić
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković" - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Despota Stefana 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milica Lazarević
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković" - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Despota Stefana 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Đurđica Ignjatović
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković" - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Despota Stefana 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Mirko Tomić
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković" - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Despota Stefana 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Neda Nikolovski
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković" - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Despota Stefana 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivana Bjelobaba
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković" - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Despota Stefana 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Miljana Momčilović
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković" - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Despota Stefana 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Mirjana Dimitrijević
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković" - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Despota Stefana 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Đorđe Miljković
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković" - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Despota Stefana 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Suzana Stanisavljević
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković" - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Despota Stefana 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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Marinina KS, Bezprozvanny IB, Egorova PA. Memory decline, anxiety and depression in the mouse model of spinocerebellar ataxia type 3. Hum Mol Genet 2024; 33:299-317. [PMID: 37862125 PMCID: PMC10840381 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddad179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3) is an autosomal dominant hereditary disorder, caused by an expansion of polyglutamine in the ataxin-3 protein. SCA3 symptoms include progressive motor decline caused by an atrophy of the cerebellum and brainstem. However, it was recently reported that SCA3 patients also suffer from the cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome. The majority of SCA3 patients exhibit cognitive decline and approximately half of them suffer from depression and anxiety. The necessity to find a combined therapy for both motor and cognitive deficits in a SCA3 mouse model is required for the development of SCA3 treatment. Here, we demonstrated that the SCA3-84Q transgenic mice exhibited anxiety over the novel brightly illuminated environment in the open field, novelty suppressed feeding, and light-dark place preference tests. Moreover, SCA3-84Q mice also suffered from a decline in recognition memory during the novel object recognition test. SCA3-84Q mice also demonstrated floating behavior during the Morris water maze that can be interpreted as a sign of low mood and aversion to activity, i.e. depressive-like state. SCA3-84Q mice also spent more time immobile during the forced swimming and tail suspension tests which is also evidence for depressive-like behavior. Therefore, the SCA3-84Q mouse model may be used as a model system to test the possible treatments for both ataxia and non-motor symptoms including depression, anxiety, and memory loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ksenia S Marinina
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurodegeneration, Insitute of Biomedical Systems and Biotechnology, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 29 Polytechnicheskaya str., St. Petersburg 195251, Russia
| | - Ilya B Bezprozvanny
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurodegeneration, Insitute of Biomedical Systems and Biotechnology, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 29 Polytechnicheskaya str., St. Petersburg 195251, Russia
- Department of Physiology, ND 12.200AA, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390-9040, United States
| | - Polina A Egorova
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurodegeneration, Insitute of Biomedical Systems and Biotechnology, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 29 Polytechnicheskaya str., St. Petersburg 195251, Russia
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Batsikadze G, Pakusch J, Klein M, Ernst TM, Thieme A, Nicksirat SA, Steiner KM, Nio E, Genc E, Maderwald S, Deuschl C, Merz CJ, Quick HH, Mark MD, Timmann D. Mild Deficits in Fear Learning: Evidence from Humans and Mice with Cerebellar Cortical Degeneration. eNeuro 2024; 11:ENEURO.0365-23.2023. [PMID: 38176906 PMCID: PMC10897646 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0365-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Functional brain imaging studies in humans suggest involvement of the cerebellum in fear conditioning but do not allow conclusions about the functional significance. The main aim of the present study was to examine whether patients with cerebellar degeneration show impaired fear conditioning and whether this is accompanied by alterations in cerebellar cortical activations. To this end, a 2 d differential fear conditioning study was conducted in 20 cerebellar patients and 21 control subjects using a 7 tesla (7 T) MRI system. Fear acquisition and extinction training were performed on day 1, followed by recall on day 2. Cerebellar patients learned to differentiate between the CS+ and CS-. Acquisition and consolidation of learned fear, however, was slowed. Additionally, extinction learning appeared to be delayed. The fMRI signal was reduced in relation to the prediction of the aversive stimulus and altered in relation to its unexpected omission. Similarly, mice with cerebellar cortical degeneration (spinocerebellar ataxia type 6, SCA6) were able to learn the fear association, but retrieval of fear memory was reduced. In sum, cerebellar cortical degeneration led to mild abnormalities in the acquisition of learned fear responses in both humans and mice, particularly manifesting postacquisition training. Future research is warranted to investigate the basis of altered fMRI signals related to fear learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgi Batsikadze
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), Essen University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
- Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Johanna Pakusch
- Behavioral Neuroscience, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Michael Klein
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), Essen University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Thomas Michael Ernst
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), Essen University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
- Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Andreas Thieme
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), Essen University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Seyed Ali Nicksirat
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), Essen University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Katharina Marie Steiner
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), Essen University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
- LVR-Hospital Essen, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Enzo Nio
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), Essen University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
- Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Erhan Genc
- Department of Psychology and Neurosciences, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Technical University of Dortmund (IfADo), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Stefan Maderwald
- Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Cornelius Deuschl
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology and C-TNBS, Essen University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Christian Josef Merz
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Harald H Quick
- Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45141 Essen, Germany
- High-Field and Hybrid MR Imaging, Essen University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Melanie D Mark
- Behavioral Neuroscience, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Dagmar Timmann
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), Essen University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
- Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45141 Essen, Germany
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da Silva GN, Seiffert N, Tovote P. Cerebellar contribution to the regulation of defensive states. Front Syst Neurosci 2023; 17:1160083. [PMID: 37064160 PMCID: PMC10102664 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2023.1160083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite fine tuning voluntary movement as the most prominently studied function of the cerebellum, early human studies suggested cerebellar involvement emotion regulation. Since, the cerebellum has been associated with various mood and anxiety-related conditions. Research in animals provided evidence for cerebellar contributions to fear memory formation and extinction. Fear and anxiety can broadly be referred to as defensive states triggered by threat and characterized by multimodal adaptations such as behavioral and cardiac responses integrated into an intricately orchestrated defense reaction. This is mediated by an evolutionary conserved, highly interconnected network of defense-related structures with functional connections to the cerebellum. Projections from the deep cerebellar nucleus interpositus to the central amygdala interfere with retention of fear memory. Several studies uncovered tight functional connections between cerebellar deep nuclei and pyramis and the midbrain periaqueductal grey. Specifically, the fastigial nucleus sends direct projections to the ventrolateral PAG to mediate fear-evoked innate and learned freezing behavior. The cerebellum also regulates cardiovascular responses such as blood pressure and heart rate-effects dependent on connections with medullary cardiac regulatory structures. Because of the integrated, multimodal nature of defensive states, their adaptive regulation has to be highly dynamic to enable responding to a moving threatening stimulus. In this, predicting threat occurrence are crucial functions of calculating adequate responses. Based on its role in prediction error generation, its connectivity to limbic regions, and previous results on a role in fear learning, this review presents the cerebellum as a regulator of integrated cardio-behavioral defensive states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Neubert da Silva
- Defense Circuits Lab, Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Nina Seiffert
- Defense Circuits Lab, Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Philip Tovote
- Defense Circuits Lab, Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Center for Mental Health, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Philip Tovote,
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Chin PW, Augustine GJ. The cerebellum and anxiety. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1130505. [PMID: 36909285 PMCID: PMC9992220 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1130505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the cerebellum is traditionally known for its role in motor functions, recent evidence points toward the additional involvement of the cerebellum in an array of non-motor functions. One such non-motor function is anxiety behavior: a series of recent studies now implicate the cerebellum in anxiety. Here, we review evidence regarding the possible role of the cerebellum in anxiety-ranging from clinical studies to experimental manipulation of neural activity-that collectively points toward a role for the cerebellum, and possibly a specific topographical locus within the cerebellum, as one of the orchestrators of anxiety responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Wern Chin
- Program in Neuroscience & Mental Health, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - George J Augustine
- Program in Neuroscience & Mental Health, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
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