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Yang B, Zhu Y, Li K, Wang F, Liu B, Zhou Q, Tai Y, Liu Z, Yang L, Ba R, Lei C, Ren H, Xu Z, Pang A, Yang X. Machine learning model base on metabolomics and proteomics to predict cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2024; 10:187. [PMID: 39394257 PMCID: PMC11470017 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-024-00795-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 09/05/2024] [Indexed: 10/13/2024] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need to identify predictive biomarkers of Parkinson's disease (PD) with cognitive impairment (PDCI) in order to individualize patient management, ensure timely intervention, and improve prognosis. The aim of this study was to screen for these biomarkers by comparing the plasma proteome and metabolome of PD patients with or without cognitive impairment. Proteomics and metabolomics analyses were performed on a discover cohort. A machine learning model was used to identify candidate protein and metabolite biomarkers of PDCI, which were validated in an independent cohort. The predictive ability of these biomarkers for PDCI was evaluated by plotting receiver operating characteristic curves and calculating the area under the curve (AUC). Moreover, we assessed the predictive ability of these proteins in combination with neuroimaging. In the discover cohort (n = 100), we identified 25 protein features with best results in the machine learning model, including top-ranked PSAP and H3C15. The two-proteins were used for model construction, achieving an Area under the curve (AUC) of 0.951 in the train set and AUC of 0.981 in the test set. Similarly, the model gives a rank list of endogenous metabolite features, Glycocholic Acid and 6-Methylnicotinamide were two top features. Combining these two markers further got the AUC of 0.969 in train set and 0.867 in the test set. To validate the performance of the protein biomarkers, we performed targeted analysis of selected proteins (H3C15 and PSAP) and proteins likely associated with PDCI (NCAM2 and LAMB2) using parallel reaction monitoring in validation cohort (n = 116). The AUC of the classifier built with H3C15 and PSAP is 0.813. Moreover, when combining H3C15, PSAP, NCAM2, and LAMB2, the model achieved AUC of 0.983 in the train set, AUC of 0.981 in the test set, and AUC of 0.839 in the validation set. Furthermore, we verified that these protein markers we discovered can improve the predictive effect of neuroimaging on PDCI: the classifier built with neuroimaging features had AUC of 0.833, which improved to 0.905 when combined with H3C15. Taken together, our integrated proteomics and metabolomics analysis successfully identified potential biomarkers for PDCI. Additionally, H3C15 showed promise in enhancing the predictive performance of neuroimaging for cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baiyuan Yang
- Department of Neurology, Chengdu Seventh People's Hospital (Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Chengdu Medical College), Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yongyun Zhu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Kelu Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Qian Zhou
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yuchao Tai
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhaochao Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Lin Yang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dali University, Dali, Yunnan, China
| | - Ruiqiong Ba
- Department of Neurology, Qujing City First People's Hospital, Qujing, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Chunyan Lei
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Hui Ren
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhong Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
| | - Ailan Pang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
| | - Xinglong Yang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
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Rose EP, Osterberg VR, Gorbunova V, Unni VK. Alpha-synuclein modulates the repair of genomic DNA double-strand breaks in a DNA-PK cs-regulated manner. Neurobiol Dis 2024; 201:106675. [PMID: 39306014 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2024.106675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 08/22/2024] [Accepted: 09/18/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024] Open
Abstract
α-synuclein (αSyn) is a presynaptic and nuclear protein that aggregates in important neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's Disease (PD), Parkinson's Disease Dementia (PDD) and Lewy Body Dementia (LBD). Our past work suggests that nuclear αSyn may regulate forms of DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair in HAP1 cells after DNA damage induction with the chemotherapeutic agent bleomycin1. Here, we report that genetic deletion of αSyn specifically impairs the non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) pathway of DSB repair using an extrachromosomal plasmid-based repair assay in HAP1 cells. Notably, induction of a single DSB at a precise genomic location using a CRISPR/Cas9 lentiviral approach also showed the importance of αSyn in regulating NHEJ in HAP1 cells and primary mouse cortical neuron cultures. This modulation of DSB repair is regulated by the activity of the DNA damage response signaling kinase DNA-PKcs, since the effect of αSyn loss-of-function is reversed by DNA-PKcs inhibition. Together, these findings suggest that αSyn plays an important physiologic role in regulating DSB repair in both a transformed cell line and in primary cortical neurons. Loss of this nuclear function may contribute to the neuronal genomic instability detected in PD, PDD and LBD and points to DNA-PKcs as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth P Rose
- Jungers Center for Neurosciences Research, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States of America; Neuroscience Graduate Program, Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States of America
| | - Valerie R Osterberg
- Jungers Center for Neurosciences Research, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States of America
| | - Vera Gorbunova
- Departments of Biology and Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14620, United States of America
| | - Vivek K Unni
- Jungers Center for Neurosciences Research, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States of America; OHSU Parkinson Center, Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States of America.
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3
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Yao W, Hu X, Wang X. Crossing epigenetic frontiers: the intersection of novel histone modifications and diseases. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:232. [PMID: 39278916 PMCID: PMC11403012 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01918-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Histone post-translational modifications (HPTMs), as one of the core mechanisms of epigenetic regulation, are garnering increasing attention due to their close association with the onset and progression of diseases and their potential as targeted therapeutic agents. Advances in high-throughput molecular tools and the abundance of bioinformatics data have led to the discovery of novel HPTMs which similarly affect gene expression, metabolism, and chromatin structure. Furthermore, a growing body of research has demonstrated that novel histone modifications also play crucial roles in the development and progression of various diseases, including various cancers, cardiovascular diseases, infectious diseases, psychiatric disorders, and reproductive system diseases. This review defines nine novel histone modifications: lactylation, citrullination, crotonylation, succinylation, SUMOylation, propionylation, butyrylation, 2-hydroxyisobutyrylation, and 2-hydroxybutyrylation. It comprehensively introduces the modification processes of these nine novel HPTMs, their roles in transcription, replication, DNA repair and recombination, metabolism, and chromatin structure, as well as their involvement in promoting the occurrence and development of various diseases and their clinical applications as therapeutic targets and potential biomarkers. Moreover, this review provides a detailed overview of novel HPTM inhibitors targeting various targets and their emerging strategies in the treatment of multiple diseases while offering insights into their future development prospects and challenges. Additionally, we briefly introduce novel epigenetic research techniques and their applications in the field of novel HPTM research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyi Yao
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
| | - Xinting Hu
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China.
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China.
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China.
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China.
- Taishan Scholars Program of Shandong Province, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China.
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Fisher RMA, Torrente MP. Histone post-translational modification and heterochromatin alterations in neurodegeneration: revealing novel disease pathways and potential therapeutics. Front Mol Neurosci 2024; 17:1456052. [PMID: 39346681 PMCID: PMC11427407 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2024.1456052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD), and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) are complex and fatal neurodegenerative diseases. While current treatments for these diseases do alleviate some symptoms, there is an imperative need for novel treatments able to stop their progression. For all of these ailments, most cases occur sporadically and have no known genetic cause. Only a small percentage of patients bear known mutations which occur in a multitude of genes. Hence, it is clear that genetic factors alone do not explain disease occurrence. Chromatin, a DNA-histone complex whose basic unit is the nucleosome, is divided into euchromatin, an open form accessible to the transcriptional machinery, and heterochromatin, which is closed and transcriptionally inactive. Protruding out of the nucleosome, histone tails undergo post-translational modifications (PTMs) including methylation, acetylation, and phosphorylation which occur at specific residues and are connected to different chromatin structural states and regulate access to transcriptional machinery. Epigenetic mechanisms, including histone PTMs and changes in chromatin structure, could help explain neurodegenerative disease processes and illuminate novel treatment targets. Recent research has revealed that changes in histone PTMs and heterochromatin loss or gain are connected to neurodegeneration. Here, we review evidence for epigenetic changes occurring in AD, PD, and FTD/ALS. We focus specifically on alterations in the histone PTMs landscape, changes in the expression of histone modifying enzymes and chromatin remodelers as well as the consequences of these changes in heterochromatin structure. We also highlight the potential for epigenetic therapies in neurodegenerative disease treatment. Given their reversibility and pharmacological accessibility, epigenetic mechanisms provide a promising avenue for novel treatments. Altogether, these findings underscore the need for thorough characterization of epigenetic mechanisms and chromatin structure in neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raven M. A. Fisher
- PhD. Program in Biochemistry, City University of New York - The Graduate Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Mariana P. Torrente
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brooklyn College, Brooklyn, NY, United States
- PhD. Programs in Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Biology, City University of New York - The Graduate Center, New York, NY, United States
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5
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Cutler R, Corveleyn L, Ctortecka C, Cantlon J, Jacome Vaca SA, Deforce D, Vijg J, Dhaenens M, Papanastasiou M, Carr SA, Sidoli S. Mass Spectrometry-based Profiling of Single-cell Histone Post-translational Modifications to Dissect Chromatin Heterogeneity. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.05.602213. [PMID: 39211145 PMCID: PMC11361047 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.05.602213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Single-cell proteomics confidently quantifies cellular heterogeneity, yet precise quantification of post-translational modifications, such as those deposited on histone proteins, has remained elusive. Here, we developed a robust mass spectrometry-based method for the unbiased analysis of single-cell histone post-translational modifications (schPTM). schPTM identifies both single and combinatorial histone post-translational modifications (68 peptidoforms in total), which includes nearly all frequently studied histone post-translational modifications with comparable reproducibility to traditional bulk experiments. As a proof of concept, we treated cells with sodium butyrate, a histone deacetylase inhibitor, and demonstrated that our method can i) distinguish between treated and non-treated cells, ii) identify sub-populations of cells with heterogeneous response to the treatment, and iii) reveal differential co-regulation of histone post-translational modifications in the context of drug treatment. The schPTM method enables comprehensive investigation of chromatin heterogeneity at single-cell resolution and provides further understanding of the histone code.
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6
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Schepers J, Löser T, Behl C. Lipids and α-Synuclein: adding further variables to the equation. Front Mol Biosci 2024; 11:1455817. [PMID: 39188788 PMCID: PMC11345258 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2024.1455817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Aggregation of alpha-Synuclein (αSyn) has been connected to several neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease (PD), dementia with Lewy Bodies (DLB), and multiple system atrophy (MSA), that are collected under the umbrella term synucleinopathies. The membrane binding abilities of αSyn to negatively charged phospholipids have been well described and are connected to putative physiological functions of αSyn. Consequently, αSyn-related neurodegeneration has been increasingly connected to changes in lipid metabolism and membrane lipid composition. Indeed, αSyn aggregation has been shown to be triggered by the presence of membranes in vitro, and some genetic risk factors for PD and DLB are associated with genes coding for proteins directly involved in lipid metabolism. At the same time, αSyn aggregation itself can cause alterations of cellular lipid composition and brain samples of patients also show altered lipid compositions. Thus, it is likely that there is a reciprocal influence between cellular lipid composition and αSyn aggregation, which can be further affected by environmental or genetic factors and ageing. Little is known about lipid changes during physiological ageing and regional differences of the lipid composition of the aged brain. In this review, we aim to summarise our current understanding of lipid changes in connection to αSyn and discuss open questions that need to be answered to further our knowledge of αSyn related neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Christian Behl
- The Autophagy Lab, Institute of Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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7
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Wu R, Sun S. Pathological RNA-protein inclusions and dysregulated A-to-I RNA editing in synucleinopathies. Neuron 2024; 112:2459-2461. [PMID: 39116837 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2024.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Aggregation of RNA binding proteins and dysregulation of RNA metabolism drives pathogenesis of multiple neurodegenerative diseases. In this issue of Neuron, Belur et al.1 identified pathological NONO/SFPQ inclusions and aberrant A-to-I-edited RNAs accumulated in nucleus, leading to dysregulation of gene expression and neurodegeneration in synucleinopathy-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Wu
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Brain Science Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Shuying Sun
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Brain Science Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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8
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Ramazi S, Dadzadi M, Darvazi M, Seddigh N, Allahverdi A. Protein modification in neurodegenerative diseases. MedComm (Beijing) 2024; 5:e674. [PMID: 39105197 PMCID: PMC11298556 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Posttranslational modifications play a crucial role in governing cellular functions and protein behavior. Researchers have implicated dysregulated posttranslational modifications in protein misfolding, which results in cytotoxicity, particularly in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease, and Huntington disease. These aberrant posttranslational modifications cause proteins to gather in certain parts of the brain that are linked to the development of the diseases. This leads to neuronal dysfunction and the start of neurodegenerative disease symptoms. Cognitive decline and neurological impairments commonly manifest in neurodegenerative disease patients, underscoring the urgency of comprehending the posttranslational modifications' impact on protein function for targeted therapeutic interventions. This review elucidates the critical link between neurodegenerative diseases and specific posttranslational modifications, focusing on Tau, APP, α-synuclein, Huntingtin protein, Parkin, DJ-1, and Drp1. By delineating the prominent aberrant posttranslational modifications within Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease, and Huntington disease, the review underscores the significance of understanding the interplay among these modifications. Emphasizing 10 key abnormal posttranslational modifications, this study aims to provide a comprehensive framework for investigating neurodegenerative diseases holistically. The insights presented herein shed light on potential therapeutic avenues aimed at modulating posttranslational modifications to mitigate protein aggregation and retard neurodegenerative disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahin Ramazi
- Department of BiophysicsFaculty of Biological SciencesTarbiat Modares UniversityTehranIran
| | - Maedeh Dadzadi
- Department of BiotechnologyFaculty of Advanced Science and TechnologyTehran Medical SciencesIslamic Azad UniversityTehranIran
| | - Mona Darvazi
- Department of BiophysicsFaculty of Biological SciencesTarbiat Modares UniversityTehranIran
| | - Nasrin Seddigh
- Department of BiochemistryFaculty of Advanced Science and TechnologyTehran Medical SciencesIslamic Azad UniversityTehranIran
| | - Abdollah Allahverdi
- Department of BiophysicsFaculty of Biological SciencesTarbiat Modares UniversityTehranIran
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9
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Vieira TCRG, Barros CA, Domingues R, Outeiro TF. PrP meets alpha-synuclein: Molecular mechanisms and implications for disease. J Neurochem 2024; 168:1625-1639. [PMID: 37855859 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of prions has challenged dogmas and has revolutionized our understanding of protein-misfolding diseases. The concept of self-propagation via protein conformational changes, originally discovered for the prion protein (PrP), also applies to other proteins that exhibit similar behavior, such as alpha-synuclein (aSyn), a central player in Parkinson's disease and in other synucleinopathies. aSyn pathology appears to spread from one cell to another during disease progression, and involves the misfolding and aggregation of aSyn. How the transfer of aSyn between cells occurs is still being studied, but one important hypothesis involves receptor-mediated transport. Interestingly, recent studies indicate that the cellular prion protein (PrPC) may play a crucial role in this process. PrPC has been shown to act as a receptor/sensor for protein aggregates in different neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of knowledge regarding the interaction between aSyn and PrPC and discuss its role in synucleinopathies. We examine the properties of PrP and aSyn, including their structure, function, and aggregation. Additionally, we discuss the current understanding of PrPC's role as a receptor/sensor for aSyn aggregates and identify remaining unanswered questions in this area of research. Ultimately, we posit that exploring the interaction between aSyn and PrPC may offer potential treatment options for synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuane C R G Vieira
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis and National Institute of Science and Technology for Structural Biology and Bioimaging, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Caroline A Barros
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis and National Institute of Science and Technology for Structural Biology and Bioimaging, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Renato Domingues
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tiago Fleming Outeiro
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
- Scientific Employee with an Honorary Contract at Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany
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10
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Sharma R, Bisht P, Kesharwani A, Murti K, Kumar N. Epigenetic modifications in Parkinson's disease: A critical review. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 975:176641. [PMID: 38754537 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's Disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder expected to increase by over 50% by 2030 due to increasing life expectancy. The disease's hallmarks include slow movement, tremors, and postural instability. Impaired protein processing is a major factor in the pathophysiology of PD, leading to the buildup of aberrant protein aggregates, particularly misfolded α-synuclein, also known as Lewy bodies. These Lewy bodies lead to inflammation and further death of dopaminergic neurons, leading to imbalances in excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters, causing excessive uncontrollable movements called dyskinesias. It was previously suggested that a complex interplay involving hereditary and environmental variables causes the specific death of neurons in PD; however, the exact mechanism of the association involving the two primary modifiers is yet unknown. An increasing amount of research points to the involvement of epigenetics in the onset and course of several neurological conditions, such as PD. DNA methylation, post-modifications of histones, and non-coding RNAs are the primary examples of epigenetic alterations, that is defined as alterations to the expression of genes and functioning without modifications in DNA sequence. Epigenetic modifications play a significant role in the development of PD, with genes such as Parkin, PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1), DJ1, Leucine-Rich Repeat Kinase 2 (LRRK2), and alpha-synuclein associated with the disease. The aberrant epigenetic changes implicated in the pathophysiology of PD and their impact on the design of novel therapeutic approaches are the primary focus of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravikant Sharma
- Research Unit of Biomedicine and Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Aapistie 5, 90220, Oulu, Finland
| | - Priya Bisht
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institution of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur, Vaishali, 844102, Bihar, India
| | - Anuradha Kesharwani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institution of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur, Vaishali, 844102, Bihar, India
| | - Krishna Murti
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, National Institution of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur, Vaishali, 844102, Bihar, India
| | - Nitesh Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institution of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur, Vaishali, 844102, Bihar, India.
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11
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Zhou C, Zhao D, Wu C, Wu Z, Zhang W, Chen S, Zhao X, Wu S. Role of histone deacetylase inhibitors in non-neoplastic diseases. Heliyon 2024; 10:e33997. [PMID: 39071622 PMCID: PMC11283006 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Epigenetic dysregulation has been implicated in the development and progression of a variety of human diseases, but epigenetic changes are reversible, and epigenetic enzymes and regulatory proteins can be targeted using small molecules. Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACis), as a class of epigenetic drugs, are widely used to treat various cancers and other diseases involving abnormal gene expression. Results Specially, HDACis have emerged as a promising strategy to enhance the therapeutic effect of non-neoplastic conditions, including neurological disorders, cardiovascular diseases, renal diseases, autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases, infectious diseases and rare diseases, along with their related mechanisms. However, their clinical efficacy has been limited by drug resistance and toxicity. Conclusions To date, most clinical trials of HDAC inhibitors have been related to the treatment of cancer rather than the treatment of non-cancer diseases, for which experimental studies are gradually underway. Discussions regarding non-neoplastic diseases often concentrate on specific disease types. Therefore, this review highlights the development of HDACis and their potential therapeutic applications in non-neoplastic diseases, either as monotherapy or in combination with other drugs or therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxiao Zhou
- College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Dengke Zhao
- Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150000, China
| | - Chunyan Wu
- College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Zhimin Wu
- College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Shilv Chen
- College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Xindong Zhao
- College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Shaoling Wu
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China
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12
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Du T, Li G, Zong Q, Luo H, Pan Y, Ma K. Nuclear alpha-synuclein accelerates cell senescence and neurodegeneration. Immun Ageing 2024; 21:47. [PMID: 38997709 PMCID: PMC11242018 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-024-00429-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The progression of Parkinson's disease (PD) is related to ageing. The accumulation of nuclear alpha-synuclein (α-syn) may accelerate the occurrence of neurodegenerative diseases, but its role in PD remains poorly understood. METHODS In the present study, α-syn expression was specifically targeted to the nucleus by constructing an adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector in which a nuclear localization sequence (NLS) was added to the α-syn coding sequence. Virus-mediated gene transfer, behavioural tests, RNA-Seq, immunohistochemistry, western blotting, and quantitative real-time PCR were then performed. RESULTS In vivo experiments using a mouse model showed that nuclear α-syn increased the severity of the PD-like phenotype, including the loss of dopaminergic neurons concomitant with motor impairment and the formation of α-syn inclusions. These nuclear inclusions contained α-syn species of high molecular weights and induced strong transcriptional dysregulation, especially induced high expression of p21 and senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP)-related genes. In addition, the transcriptional alterations induced by nuclear α-syn were associated with gliosis, inflammation, oxidative and DNA damage, and lysosomal dysfunction, and they eventually accelerated neuronal loss and neurodegeneration. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that nuclear α-syn plays a crucial role in PD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingfu Du
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, China
| | - Guoxiang Li
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, China
| | - Qinglan Zong
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, China
| | - Haiyu Luo
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, China
| | - Yue Pan
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, China
| | - Kaili Ma
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, China.
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, 650118, China.
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13
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Sharma H, Koirala S, Chew YL, Konopka A. DNA Damage and Chromatin Rearrangement Work Together to Promote Neurodegeneration. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04331-0. [PMID: 38977621 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04331-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases have a complex origin and are composed of genetic and environmental factors. Both DNA damage and chromatin rearrangement are important processes that occur under pathological conditions and in neurons functioning properly. While numerous studies have demonstrated the inseparable relationship between DNA damage and chromatin organization, understanding of this relationship, especially in neurodegenerative diseases, requires further study. Interestingly, recent studies revealed that known hallmark proteins involved in neurodegenerative diseases function in both DNA damage and chromatin reorganization, and this review discusses the current knowledge of this relationship. This review focused on hallmark proteins involved in various neurodegenerative diseases, such as the microtubule-associated protein tau, TAR DNA/RNA binding protein 43 (TDP-43), superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), fused in sarcoma (FUS), huntingtin (HTT), α-synuclein, and β-amyloid precursor protein (APP). Hence, DNA damage and chromatin rearrangement are associated with disease mechanisms in distinct neurodegenerative diseases. Targeting common modulators of DNA repair and chromatin reorganization may lead to promising therapies for treating neurodegeneration.
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14
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Mishra T, Singh S, Singh TG. Therapeutic Implications and Regulations of Protein Post-translational Modifications in Parkinsons Disease. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2024; 44:53. [PMID: 38960968 PMCID: PMC11222187 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-024-01471-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Parkinsons disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by dopaminergic neuron loss and alpha-synuclein aggregation. This comprehensive review examines the intricate role of post-translational modifications (PTMs) in PD pathogenesis, focusing on DNA methylation, histone modifications, phosphorylation, SUMOylation, and ubiquitination. Targeted PTM modulation, particularly in key proteins like Parkin, DJ1, and PINK1, emerges as a promising therapeutic strategy for mitigating dopaminergic degeneration in PD. Dysregulated PTMs significantly contribute to the accumulation of toxic protein aggregates and dopaminergic neuronal dysfunction observed in PD. Targeting PTMs, including epigenetic strategies, addressing aberrant phosphorylation events, and modulating SUMOylation processes, provides potential avenues for intervention. The ubiquitin-proteasome system, governed by enzymes like Parkin and Nedd4, offers potential targets for clearing misfolded proteins and developing disease-modifying interventions. Compounds like ginkgolic acid, SUMO E1 enzyme inhibitors, and natural compounds like Indole-3-carbinol illustrate the feasibility of modulating PTMs for therapeutic purposes in PD. This review underscores the therapeutic potential of PTM-targeted interventions in modulating PD-related pathways, emphasizing the need for further research in this promising area of Parkinsons disease therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Twinkle Mishra
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, 140401, India
| | - Shareen Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, 140401, India
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15
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Sanluca C, Spagnolo P, Mancinelli R, De Bartolo MI, Fava M, Maccarrone M, Carotti S, Gaudio E, Leuti A, Vivacqua G. Interaction between α-Synuclein and Bioactive Lipids: Neurodegeneration, Disease Biomarkers and Emerging Therapies. Metabolites 2024; 14:352. [PMID: 39057675 PMCID: PMC11278689 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14070352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The present review provides a comprehensive examination of the intricate dynamics between α-synuclein, a protein crucially involved in the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease and multiple system atrophy, and endogenously-produced bioactive lipids, which play a pivotal role in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. The interaction of α-synuclein with bioactive lipids is emerging as a critical factor in the development and progression of neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory diseases, offering new insights into disease mechanisms and novel perspectives in the identification of potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets. We delve into the molecular pathways through which α-synuclein interacts with biological membranes and bioactive lipids, influencing the aggregation of α-synuclein and triggering neuroinflammatory responses, highlighting the potential of bioactive lipids as biomarkers for early disease detection and progression monitoring. Moreover, we explore innovative therapeutic strategies aimed at modulating the interaction between α-synuclein and bioactive lipids, including the development of small molecules and nutritional interventions. Finally, the review addresses the significance of the gut-to-brain axis in mediating the effects of bioactive lipids on α-synuclein pathology and discusses the role of altered gut lipid metabolism and microbiota composition in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. The present review aims to underscore the potential of targeting α-synuclein-lipid interactions as a multifaceted approach for the detection and treatment of neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Sanluca
- Department of Medicine, Laboratory of Microscopic and Ultrastructural Anatomy, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy (S.C.)
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Spagnolo
- Department of Medicine, Laboratory of Microscopic and Ultrastructural Anatomy, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy (S.C.)
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Romina Mancinelli
- Department of Anatomic, Histologic, Forensic and Locomotor Apparatus Sciences, Sapienza University of Roma, 00185 Rome, Italy (E.G.)
| | | | - Marina Fava
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy
- European Center for Brain Research/IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143 Rome, Italy;
| | - Mauro Maccarrone
- European Center for Brain Research/IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143 Rome, Italy;
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Simone Carotti
- Department of Medicine, Laboratory of Microscopic and Ultrastructural Anatomy, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy (S.C.)
| | - Eugenio Gaudio
- Department of Anatomic, Histologic, Forensic and Locomotor Apparatus Sciences, Sapienza University of Roma, 00185 Rome, Italy (E.G.)
| | - Alessandro Leuti
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy
- European Center for Brain Research/IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143 Rome, Italy;
| | - Giorgio Vivacqua
- Department of Medicine, Laboratory of Microscopic and Ultrastructural Anatomy, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy (S.C.)
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16
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Donoghue S, Wright J, Voss AK, Lockhart PJ, Amor DJ. The Mendelian disorders of chromatin machinery: Harnessing metabolic pathways and therapies for treatment. Mol Genet Metab 2024; 142:108360. [PMID: 38428378 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2024.108360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
The Mendelian disorders of chromatin machinery (MDCMs) represent a distinct subgroup of disorders that present with neurodevelopmental disability. The chromatin machinery regulates gene expression by a range of mechanisms, including by post-translational modification of histones, responding to histone marks, and remodelling nucleosomes. Some of the MDCMs that impact on histone modification may have potential therapeutic interventions. Two potential treatment strategies are to enhance the intracellular pool of metabolites that can act as substrates for histone modifiers and the use of medications that may inhibit or promote the modification of histone residues to influence gene expression. In this article we discuss the influence and potential treatments of histone modifications involving histone acetylation and histone methylation. Genomic technologies are facilitating earlier diagnosis of many Mendelian disorders, providing potential opportunities for early treatment from infancy. This has parallels with how inborn errors of metabolism have been afforded early treatment with newborn screening. Before this promise can be fulfilled, we require greater understanding of the biochemical fingerprint of these conditions, which may provide opportunities to supplement metabolites that can act as substrates for chromatin modifying enzymes. Importantly, understanding the metabolomic profile of affected individuals may also provide disorder-specific biomarkers that will be critical for demonstrating efficacy of treatment, as treatment response may not be able to be accurately assessed by clinical measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Donoghue
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville 3052, Australia; Department of Biochemical Genetics, Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Parkville 3052, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3052, Australia.
| | - Jordan Wright
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville 3052, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3052, Australia
| | - Anne K Voss
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Melbourne 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3052, Australia
| | - Paul J Lockhart
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville 3052, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3052, Australia
| | - David J Amor
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville 3052, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3052, Australia
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17
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Nakamura T, Sugeno N, Hasegawa T, Ikeda K, Yoshida S, Ishiyama S, Sato K, Takeda A, Aoki M. Alpha-synuclein promotes PRMT5-mediated H4R3me2s histone methylation by interacting with the BAF complex. FEBS J 2024; 291:1892-1908. [PMID: 38105619 DOI: 10.1111/febs.17037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
α-Synuclein (αS) is a key molecule in the pathomechanism of Parkinson's disease. Most studies on αS to date have focused on its function in the neuronal cytosol, but its action in the nucleus has also been postulated. Indeed, several lines of evidence indicate that overexpressed αS leads to epigenomic alterations. To clarify the functional role of αS in the nucleus and its pathological significance, HEK293 cells constitutively expressing αS were used to screen for nuclear proteins that interact with αS by nanoscale liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Interactome analysis of the 229 identified nuclear proteins revealed that αS interacts with the BRG1-associated factor (BAF) complex, a family of multi-subunit chromatin remodelers important for neurodevelopment, and protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5). Subsequent transcriptomic analysis also suggested a functional link between αS and the BAF complex. Based on these results, we analyzed the effect of αS overexpression on the BAF complex in neuronally differentiated SH-SY5Y cells and found that induction of αS disturbed the BAF maturation process, leading to a global increase in symmetric demethylation of histone H4 on arginine 3 (H4R3me2s) via enhanced BAF-PRMT5 interaction. Chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing confirmed accumulated H4R3me2s methylation near the transcription start site of the neuronal cell adhesion molecule (NRCAM) gene, which has roles during neuronal differentiation. Transcriptional analyses confirmed the negative regulation of NRCAM by αS and PRMT5, which was reconfirmed by multiple datasets in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Taken together, these findings suggest that the enhanced binding of αS to the BAF complex and PRMT5 may cooperatively affect the neuronal differentiation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaaki Nakamura
- Division of Neurology, Department of Neuroscience & Sensory Organs, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
- Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization Miyagi National Hospital, Watari, Japan
| | - Naoto Sugeno
- Division of Neurology, Department of Neuroscience & Sensory Organs, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takafumi Hasegawa
- Division of Neurology, Department of Neuroscience & Sensory Organs, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kensho Ikeda
- Division of Neurology, Department of Neuroscience & Sensory Organs, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shun Yoshida
- Division of Neurology, Department of Neuroscience & Sensory Organs, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
- Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization Yonezawa Hospital, Japan
| | - Shun Ishiyama
- Division of Neurology, Department of Neuroscience & Sensory Organs, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kazuki Sato
- Division of Neurology, Department of Neuroscience & Sensory Organs, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Atsushi Takeda
- Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization Sendai-Nishitaga Hospital, Japan
| | - Masashi Aoki
- Division of Neurology, Department of Neuroscience & Sensory Organs, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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18
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Ribarič S. The Contribution of Type 2 Diabetes to Parkinson's Disease Aetiology. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4358. [PMID: 38673943 PMCID: PMC11050090 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) and Parkinson's disease (PD) are chronic disorders that have a significant health impact on a global scale. Epidemiological, preclinical, and clinical research underpins the assumption that insulin resistance and chronic inflammation contribute to the overlapping aetiologies of T2D and PD. This narrative review summarises the recent evidence on the contribution of T2D to the initiation and progression of PD brain pathology. It also briefly discusses the rationale and potential of alternative pharmacological interventions for PD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samo Ribarič
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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19
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Singh R, Rathore AS, Dilnashin H, Keshri PK, Gupta NK, Prakash SAS, Zahra W, Singh S, Singh SP. HAT and HDAC: Enzyme with Contradictory Action in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04115-6. [PMID: 38587698 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04115-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
In view of the increasing risk of neurodegenerative diseases, epigenetics plays a fundamental role in the field of neuroscience. Several modifications have been studied including DNA methylation, histone acetylation, histone phosphorylation, etc. Histone acetylation and deacetylation regulate gene expression, and the regular activity of histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs) provides regulatory stages for gene expression and cell cycle. Imbalanced homeostasis in these enzymes causes a detrimental effect on neurophysiological function. Intriguingly, epigenetic remodelling via histone acetylation in certain brain areas has been found to play a key role in the neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease. It has been demonstrated that a number of HATs have a role in crucial brain processes such regulating neuronal plasticity and memory formation. The most recent therapeutic methods involve the use of small molecules known as histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors that antagonize HDAC activity thereby increase acetylation levels in order to prevent the loss of HAT function in neurodegenerative disorders. The target specificity of the HDAC inhibitors now in use raises concerns about their applicability, despite the fact that this strategy has demonstrated promising therapeutic outcomes. The aim of this review is to summarize the cross-linking between histone modification and its regulation in the pathogenesis of neurological disorders. Furthermore, these findings also support the notion of new pharmacotherapies that target particular areas of the brain using histone deacetylase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005 (U.P.), India
| | - Aaina Singh Rathore
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005 (U.P.), India
| | - Hagera Dilnashin
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005 (U.P.), India
| | - Priyanka Kumari Keshri
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005 (U.P.), India
| | - Nitesh Kumar Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005 (U.P.), India
| | - Singh Ankit Satya Prakash
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005 (U.P.), India
| | - Walia Zahra
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005 (U.P.), India
| | - Shekhar Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005 (U.P.), India
| | - Surya Pratap Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005 (U.P.), India.
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20
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Słowikowski B, Owecki W, Jeske J, Jezierski M, Draguła M, Goutor U, Jagodziński PP, Kozubski W, Dorszewska J. Epigenetics and the neurodegenerative process. Epigenomics 2024; 16:473-491. [PMID: 38511224 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2023-0416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurological diseases are multifactorial, genetic and environmental. Environmental factors such as diet, physical activity and emotional state are epigenetic factors. Environmental markers are responsible for epigenetic modifications. The effect of epigenetic changes is increased inflammation of the nervous system and neuronal damage. In recent years, it has been shown that epigenetic changes may cause an increased risk of neurological disorders but, currently, the relationship between epigenetic modifications and neurodegeneration remains unclear. This review summarizes current knowledge about neurological disorders caused by epigenetic changes in diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, stroke and epilepsy. Advances in epigenetic techniques may be key to understanding the epigenetics of central changes in neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Słowikowski
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, 61-701, Poland
| | - Wojciech Owecki
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, 61-701, Poland
| | - Jan Jeske
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, 61-701, Poland
| | - Michał Jezierski
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, 61-701, Poland
| | - Michał Draguła
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, 61-701, Poland
| | - Ulyana Goutor
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, 61-701, Poland
| | - Paweł P Jagodziński
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, 61-701, Poland
| | - Wojciech Kozubski
- Chair & Department of Neurology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, 61-701, Poland
| | - Jolanta Dorszewska
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, 61-701, Poland
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21
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Mansuri S, Jain A, Singh R, Rawat S, Mondal D, Raychaudhuri S. Widespread nuclear lamina injuries defeat proteostatic purposes of α-synuclein amyloid inclusions. J Cell Sci 2024; 137:jcs261935. [PMID: 38477372 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.261935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Biogenesis of inclusion bodies (IBs) facilitates protein quality control (PQC). Canonical aggresomes execute degradation of misfolded proteins while non-degradable amyloids sequester into insoluble protein deposits. Lewy bodies (LBs) are filamentous amyloid inclusions of α-synuclein, but PQC benefits and drawbacks associated with LB-like IBs remain underexplored. Here, we report that crosstalk between filamentous LB-like IBs and aggresome-like IBs of α-synuclein (Syn-aggresomes) buffer the load, aggregation state, and turnover of the amyloidogenic protein in mouse primary neurons and HEK293T cells. Filamentous LB-like IBs possess unorthodox PQC capacities of self-quarantining α-synuclein amyloids and being degradable upon receding fresh amyloidogenesis. Syn-aggresomes equilibrate biogenesis of filamentous LB-like IBs by facilitating spontaneous degradation of α-synuclein and conditional turnover of disintegrated α-synuclein amyloids. Thus, both types of IB primarily contribute to PQC. Incidentally, the overgrown perinuclear LB-like IBs become degenerative once these are misidentified by BICD2, a cargo-adapter for the cytosolic motor-protein dynein. Microscopy indicates that microtubules surrounding the perinuclear filamentous inclusions are also distorted, misbalancing the cytoskeleton-nucleoskeleton tension leading to widespread lamina injuries. Together, nucleocytoplasmic mixing, DNA damage, and deregulated transcription of stress chaperones defeat the proteostatic purposes of the filamentous amyloids of α-synuclein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shemin Mansuri
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Aanchal Jain
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Richa Singh
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Shivali Rawat
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Debodyuti Mondal
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Swasti Raychaudhuri
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
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22
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Kumar R, Chowdhury S, Ledeen R. Alpha-Synuclein and GM1 Ganglioside Co-Localize in Neuronal Cytosol Leading to Inverse Interaction-Relevance to Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3323. [PMID: 38542297 PMCID: PMC10970170 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25063323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Research on GM1 ganglioside and its neuroprotective role in Parkinson's disease (PD), particularly in mitigating the aggregation of α-Synuclein (aSyn), is well established across various model organisms. This essential molecule, GM1, is intimately linked to preventing aSyn aggregation, and its deficiency is believed to play a key role in the initiation of PD. In our current study, we attempted to shed light on the cytosolic interactions between GM1 and aSyn based on previous reports demonstrating gangliosides and monomeric aSyn to be present in neuronal cytosol. Native-PAGE and Western blot analysis of neuronal cytosol from mouse brains demonstrated the presence of both GM1 and monomeric aSyn in the neuronal cytosol of normal mouse brain. To demonstrate that an adequate level of GM1 prevents the aggregation of aSyn, we used NG108-15 and SH-SY5Y cells with and without treatment of 1-phenyl-2-palmitoyl-3-morpholino-1-propanol (PPMP), which inhibits the synthesis/expression of GM1. Cells treated with PPMP to reduce GM1 expression showed a significant increase in the formation of aggregated aSyn compared to untreated cells. We thus demonstrated that sufficient GM1 prevents the aggregation of aSyn. For this to occur, aSyn and GM1 must show proximity within the neuron. The present study provides evidence for such co-localization in neuronal cytosol, which also facilitates the inverse interaction revealed in studies with the two cell types above. This adds to the explanation of how GM1 prevents the aggregation of aSyn and onset of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Robert Ledeen
- Department of Pharmacology Physiology & Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103, USA; (R.K.); (S.C.)
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23
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Rose EP, Osterberg VR, Banga JS, Gorbunova V, Unni VK. Alpha-synuclein regulates the repair of genomic DNA double-strand breaks in a DNA-PK cs-dependent manner. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.29.582819. [PMID: 38496612 PMCID: PMC10942394 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.29.582819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
α-synuclein (αSyn) is a presynaptic and nuclear protein that aggregates in important neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's Disease (PD), Parkinson's Disease Dementia (PDD) and Lewy Body Dementia (LBD). Our past work suggests that nuclear αSyn may regulate forms of DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair in HAP1 cells after DNA damage induction with the chemotherapeutic agent bleomycin1. Here, we report that genetic deletion of αSyn specifically impairs the non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) pathway of DSB repair using an extrachromosomal plasmid-based repair assay in HAP1 cells. Importantly, induction of a single DSB at a precise genomic location using a CRISPR/Cas9 lentiviral approach also showed the importance of αSyn in regulating NHEJ in HAP1 cells and primary mouse cortical neuron cultures. This modulation of DSB repair is dependent on the activity of the DNA damage response signaling kinase DNA-PKcs, since the effect of αSyn loss-of-function is reversed by DNA-PKcs inhibition. Using in vivo multiphoton imaging in mouse cortex after induction of αSyn pathology, we find an increase in longitudinal cell survival of inclusion-bearing neurons after Polo-like kinase (PLK) inhibition, which is associated with an increase in the amount of aggregated αSyn within inclusions. Together, these findings suggest that αSyn plays an important physiologic role in regulating DSB repair in both a transformed cell line and in primary cortical neurons. Loss of this nuclear function may contribute to the neuronal genomic instability detected in PD, PDD and DLB and points to DNA-PKcs and PLK as potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth P. Rose
- Jungers Center for Neurosciences Research, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Valerie R. Osterberg
- Jungers Center for Neurosciences Research, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Jovin S. Banga
- Jungers Center for Neurosciences Research, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Vera Gorbunova
- Departments of Biology and Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14620
| | - Vivek K. Unni
- Jungers Center for Neurosciences Research, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
- OHSU Parkinson Center, Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
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Basavarajappa BS, Subbanna S. Unlocking the epigenetic symphony: histone acetylation's impact on neurobehavioral change in neurodegenerative disorders. Epigenomics 2024; 16:331-358. [PMID: 38321930 PMCID: PMC10910622 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2023-0428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent genomics and epigenetic advances have empowered the exploration of DNA/RNA methylation and histone modifications crucial for gene expression in response to stress, aging and disease. Interest in understanding neuronal plasticity's epigenetic mechanisms, influencing brain rewiring amid development, aging and neurodegenerative disorders, continues to grow. Histone acetylation dysregulation, a commonality in diverse brain disorders, has become a therapeutic focus. Histone acetyltransferases and histone deacetylases have emerged as promising targets for neurodegenerative disorder treatment. This review delves into histone acetylation regulation, potential therapies and future perspectives for disorders like Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Huntington's. Exploring genetic-environmental interplay through models and studies reveals molecular changes, behavioral insights and early intervention possibilities targeting the epigenome in at-risk individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balapal S Basavarajappa
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
- Molecular Imaging & Neuropathology Area, New York State Psychiatric Institute, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, NY 10016, USA
| | - Shivakumar Subbanna
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
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25
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Nohesara S, Abdolmaleky HM, Thiagalingam S, Zhou JR. Gut microbiota defined epigenomes of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases reveal novel targets for therapy. Epigenomics 2024; 16:57-77. [PMID: 38088063 PMCID: PMC10804213 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2023-0342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The origins of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) involve genetic mutations, epigenetic changes, neurotoxin exposure and gut microbiota dysregulation. The gut microbiota's dynamic composition and its metabolites influence intestinal and blood-brain barrier integrity, contributing to AD and PD development. This review explores protein misfolding, aggregation and epigenetic links in AD and PD pathogenesis. It also highlights the role of a leaky gut and the microbiota-gut-brain axis in promoting these diseases through inflammation-induced epigenetic alterations. In addition, we investigate the potential of diet, probiotics and microbiota transplantation for preventing and treating AD and PD via epigenetic modifications, along with a discussion related to current challenges and future considerations. These approaches offer promise for translating research findings into practical clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabnam Nohesara
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Hamid Mostafavi Abdolmaleky
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Department of Surgery, Nutrition/Metabolism laboratory, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boson, MA 02215, USA
| | - Sam Thiagalingam
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Jin-Rong Zhou
- Department of Surgery, Nutrition/Metabolism laboratory, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boson, MA 02215, USA
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26
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Saramowicz K, Siwecka N, Galita G, Kucharska-Lusina A, Rozpędek-Kamińska W, Majsterek I. Alpha-Synuclein Contribution to Neuronal and Glial Damage in Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:360. [PMID: 38203531 PMCID: PMC10778752 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a complex neurodegenerative disease characterized by the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and the widespread accumulation of alpha-synuclein (αSyn) protein aggregates. αSyn aggregation disrupts critical cellular processes, including synaptic function, mitochondrial integrity, and proteostasis, which culminate in neuronal cell death. Importantly, αSyn pathology extends beyond neurons-it also encompasses spreading throughout the neuronal environment and internalization by microglia and astrocytes. Once internalized, glia can act as neuroprotective scavengers, which limit the spread of αSyn. However, they can also become reactive, thereby contributing to neuroinflammation and the progression of PD. Recent advances in αSyn research have enabled the molecular diagnosis of PD and accelerated the development of targeted therapies. Nevertheless, despite more than two decades of research, the cellular function, aggregation mechanisms, and induction of cellular damage by αSyn remain incompletely understood. Unraveling the interplay between αSyn, neurons, and glia may provide insights into disease initiation and progression, which may bring us closer to exploring new effective therapeutic strategies. Herein, we provide an overview of recent studies emphasizing the multifaceted nature of αSyn and its impact on both neuron and glial cell damage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Ireneusz Majsterek
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 Lodz, Poland; (K.S.); (N.S.); (G.G.); (A.K.-L.); (W.R.-K.)
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27
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Dow LF, Case AM, Paustian MP, Pinkerton BR, Simeon P, Trippier PC. The evolution of small molecule enzyme activators. RSC Med Chem 2023; 14:2206-2230. [PMID: 37974956 PMCID: PMC10650962 DOI: 10.1039/d3md00399j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a myriad of enzymes within the body responsible for maintaining homeostasis by providing the means to convert substrates to products as and when required. Physiological enzymes are tightly controlled by many signaling pathways and their products subsequently control other pathways. Traditionally, most drug discovery efforts focus on identifying enzyme inhibitors, due to upregulation being prevalent in many diseases and the existence of endogenous substrates that can be modified to afford inhibitor compounds. As enzyme downregulation and reduction of endogenous activators are observed in multiple diseases, the identification of small molecules with the ability to activate enzymes has recently entered the medicinal chemistry toolbox to afford chemical probes and potential therapeutics as an alternative means to intervene in diseases. In this review we highlight the progress made in the identification and advancement of non-kinase enzyme activators and their potential in treating various disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise F Dow
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha NE 68106 USA
| | - Alfie M Case
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha NE 68106 USA
| | - Megan P Paustian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha NE 68106 USA
| | - Braeden R Pinkerton
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha NE 68106 USA
| | - Princess Simeon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha NE 68106 USA
| | - Paul C Trippier
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha NE 68106 USA
- Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha NE 68106 USA
- UNMC Center for Drug Discovery, University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha NE 68106 USA
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28
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Meka ST, Bojja SL, Kumar G, Birangal SR, Rao CM. Novel HDAC inhibitors provide neuroprotection in MPTP-induced Parkinson's disease model of rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 959:176067. [PMID: 37751833 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.176067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's Disease (PD) is the most rapidly growing neurological disorder globally in terms of disability and mortality. While symptomatic treatment is available for PD, there is a critical unmet need for effective disease-modifying therapies. Recently, histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi), an important class of epigenetic modulators grabbed significant attention as drug targets for neurodegenerative diseases including PD. In this regard, novel pan-HDACi, cinnamyl sulphonamide hydroxamate derivatives (NMJ-2 and NMJ-3), synthesized and characterized in our laboratory, were screened for neuroprotective effects in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) rat model of PD. Twenty-four hours after the bilateral intranigral injection of MPTP, rats were administered orally with NMJ-2 or NMJ-3 (150 mg/kg) daily for 30 days. MPTP administration resulted in a marked rise in lipid peroxidation, and interleukin-1β concentration accompanied by reduced tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine levels in the striatum compared to the sham group. These biochemical changes were associated with functional motor and non-motor deficits as revealed by loss of motor coordination (rota rod test), impaired grip strength (beam walk test), enhanced rigidity (catalepsy scores), loss of memory (novel object recognition test) and depressive-like behaviour (forced swim test). However, oral treatment with NMJ-2 or NMJ-3, or valproic acid for 30 days significantly attenuated the PD-induced adverse changes in motor and non-motor functions by ameliorating the oxidative stress as well as inflammation, and restoring the dopamine levels in the striatum comparable to the valproic acid group. These results suggest that targeting HDACi could be a rational therapeutic strategy for the development of disease-modifying therapies for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Teja Meka
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Sree Lalitha Bojja
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Gautam Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India; Department of Pharmacy, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201310, India
| | - Sumit Raosaheb Birangal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - C Mallikarjuna Rao
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India.
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29
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Zhang C, He Y, Sun X, Wei W, Liu Y, Rao Y. PROTACs Targeting Epigenetic Proteins. ACTA MATERIA MEDICA 2023; 2:409-429. [PMID: 39221114 PMCID: PMC11364368 DOI: 10.15212/amm-2023-0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Epigenetics, a field that investigates alterations in gene function that can be inherited without changes in DNA sequence, encompasses molecular pathways such as histone variants, posttranslational modifications of amino acids, and covalent modifications of DNA bases. These pathways modulate the transformation of genotypes into specific phenotypes. Epigenetics plays a substantial role in cell growth, development, and differentiation by dynamically regulating gene transcription and ensuring genomic stability. This regulation is carried out by three key players: writers, readers, and erasers. In recent years, epigenetic proteins have played a crucial role in epigenetic regulation and have gradually become important targets in drug research and development. Targeted therapy is an essential strategy; however, the effectiveness of targeted drugs is often limited by drug resistance, posing a significant dilemma in clinical practice. Targeted protein degradation technologies, including proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs), have great potential in overcoming drug resistance and targeting undruggable targets. These areas of research are gaining increasing attention to various epigenetic related disease. In this review, we have provided a summary of the recently developed degraders targeting epigenetic readers, writers, and erasers. Additionally, we have outlined new applications for epigenetic protein degraders. Finally, we have addressed several unresolved challenges within the PROTAC field and offered potential solutions from our perspective. As the field continues to advance, the integration of these innovative methodologies holds great promise for addressing the challenges associated with PROTAC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- Changping Laboratory, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yuna He
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiuyun Sun
- Changping Laboratory, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Wenyi Wei
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Yanlong Liu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Yu Rao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Changping Laboratory, Beijing 102206, China
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30
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Schaffner SL, Wassouf Z, Hentrich T, Nuesch-Germano M, Kobor MS, Schulze-Hentrich JM. Distinct impacts of alpha-synuclein overexpression on the hippocampal epigenome of mice in standard and enriched environments. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 186:106274. [PMID: 37648037 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Elevated alpha-synuclein (SNCA) gene expression is associated with transcriptional deregulation and increased risk of Parkinson's disease, which may be partially ameliorated by environmental enrichment. At the molecular level, there is emerging evidence that excess alpha-synuclein protein (aSyn) impacts the epigenome through direct and/or indirect mechanisms. However, the extents to which the effects of both aSyn and the environment converge at the epigenome and whether epigenetic alterations underpin the preventive effects of environmental factors on transcription remain to be elucidated. Here, we profiled five DNA and histone modifications in the hippocampus of wild-type and transgenic mice overexpressing human SNCA. Mice of each genotype were housed under either standard conditions or in an enriched environment (EE) for 12 months. SNCA overexpression induced hippocampal CpG hydroxymethylation and histone H3K27 acetylation changes that associated with genotype more than environment. Excess aSyn was also associated with genotype- and environment-dependent changes in non-CpG (CpH) DNA methylation and H3K4 methylation. These H3K4 methylation changes included loci where the EE ameliorated the impacts of the transgene as well as loci resistant to the effects of environmental enrichment in transgenic mice. In addition, select H3K4 monomethylation alterations were associated with changes in mRNA expression. Our results suggested an environment-dependent impact of excess aSyn on some functionally relevant parts of the epigenome, and will ultimately enhance our understanding of the molecular etiology of Parkinson's disease and other synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L Schaffner
- Edwin S. H. Leong Centre for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Medicine, 117-2194 Health Sciences Mall, University of British Columbia, V6T 1Z3 Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, V5Z 4H4 Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | - Zinah Wassouf
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Thomas Hentrich
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Michael S Kobor
- Edwin S. H. Leong Centre for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Medicine, 117-2194 Health Sciences Mall, University of British Columbia, V6T 1Z3 Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, V5Z 4H4 Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | - Julia M Schulze-Hentrich
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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31
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Smolen P, Dash PK, Redell JB. Traumatic brain injury-associated epigenetic changes and the risk for neurodegenerative diseases. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1259405. [PMID: 37795186 PMCID: PMC10546067 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1259405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have shown that traumatic brain injury (TBI) increases the risk for developing neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). However, molecular mechanisms that underlie this risk are largely unidentified. TBI triggers widespread epigenetic modifications. Similarly, NDs such as Alzheimer's or Parkinson's are associated with numerous epigenetic changes. Although epigenetic changes can persist after TBI, it is unresolved if these modifications increase the risk of later ND development and/or dementia. We briefly review TBI-related epigenetic changes, and point out putative feedback loops that might contribute to long-term persistence of some modifications. We then focus on evidence suggesting persistent TBI-associated epigenetic changes may contribute to pathological processes (e.g., neuroinflammation) which may facilitate the development of specific NDs - Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, or chronic traumatic encephalopathy. Finally, we discuss possible directions for TBI therapies that may help prevent or delay development of NDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Smolen
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, United States
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32
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Zhang D, Zhang J, Wang Y, Wang G, Tang P, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Ouyang L. Targeting epigenetic modifications in Parkinson's disease therapy. Med Res Rev 2023; 43:1748-1777. [PMID: 37119043 DOI: 10.1002/med.21962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a multifactorial disease due to a complex interplay between genetic and epigenetic factors. Recent efforts shed new light on the epigenetic mechanisms involved in regulating pathways related to the development of PD, including DNA methylation, posttranslational modifications of histones, and the presence of microRNA (miRNA or miR). Epigenetic regulators are potential therapeutic targets for neurodegenerative disorders. In the review, we aim to summarize mechanisms of epigenetic regulation in PD, and describe how the DNA methyltransferases, histone deacetylases, and histone acetyltransferases that mediate the key processes of PD are attractive therapeutic targets. We discuss the use of inhibitors and/or activators of these regulators in PD models or patients, and how these small molecule epigenetic modulators elicit neuroprotective effects. Further more, given the importance of miRNAs in PD, their contributions to the underlying mechanisms of PD will be discussed as well, together with miRNA-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics,West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, Chengdu, China
| | - Jifa Zhang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics,West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuxi Wang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics,West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, Chengdu, China
- Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Guan Wang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics,West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, Chengdu, China
| | - Pan Tang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics,West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, Chengdu, China
| | - Yun Liu
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics,West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, Chengdu, China
| | - Yiwen Zhang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics,West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, Chengdu, China
| | - Liang Ouyang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics,West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, Chengdu, China
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33
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Huang P, Zhang P, Du J, Gao C, Liu J, Tan Y, Chen S. Association of fecal short-chain fatty acids with clinical severity and gut microbiota in essential tremor and its difference from Parkinson's disease. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2023; 9:115. [PMID: 37460569 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-023-00554-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Diagnosis of essential tremor (ET) at an early stage can be difficult, especially when distinguishing it from healthy controls (HCs) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Recently, stool sample analysis of gut microbiota and its metabolites provides new ways to detect novel biomarkers for neurodegenerative diseases. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), as the main metabolites of gut microbiota, were reduced in the feces of PD. However, fecal SCFAs in ET have never been investigated. We aimed to investigate the fecal SCFA levels in ET, assess their relationships with clinical symptoms and gut microbiota, and identify their potential diagnostic abilities. Fecal SCFAs and gut microbiota in 37 ET, 37 de novo PD and 35 HC were measured. Constipation, autonomic dysfunction and tremor severity were evaluated by scales. ET had lower fecal propionic, butyric and isobutyric acid levels than HC. Combined propionic, butyric and isobutyric acid distinguished ET from HC with an AUC of 0.751 (95% CI: 0.634-0.867). ET had lower fecal isovaleric and isobutyric acid levels than PD. Isovaleric and isobutyric acid differentiated ET from PD with an AUC of 0.743 (95% CI: 0.629-0.857). Fecal propionic acid was negatively correlated with constipation and autonomic dysfunction. Isobutyric and isovaleric acid were negatively associated with tremor severity. Lowered fecal SCFAs were related to a decreased abundance of Faecalibacterium and Catenibacterium in ET. In conclusion, fecal SCFAs were decreased in ET and correlated with clinical severity and gut microbiota changes. Fecal propionic, butyric, isobutyric and isovaleric acid might be potential diagnostic and differential diagnostic biomarkers for ET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Huang
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025, Shanghai, China
| | - Pingchen Zhang
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025, Shanghai, China
| | - Juanjuan Du
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Gao
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin Liu
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuyan Tan
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025, Shanghai, China.
| | - Shengdi Chen
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025, Shanghai, China.
- Lab for Translational Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies (SIAIS), Shanghai Tech University, 201210, Shanghai, China.
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34
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Ghosh P, Saadat A. Neurodegeneration and epigenetics: A review. Neurologia 2023; 38:e62-e68. [PMID: 37344098 DOI: 10.1016/j.nrleng.2023.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal function and differentiation are tightly regulated by both genome and epigenome. Based on the environmental information the epigenetic changes occur. Neurodegeneration is the consequence of dysregulation of both the genome and epigenome. In this study, we saw different types of alterations of epigenome present in neuronal cells of different model organisms for neurodegenerative disorders. The epigenetic modifications including chromatin modification, DNA methylation, and changes in regulatory RNAs (miRNA) are having a great impact on neurodegenerative disorders as well as memory. The effects of these re-editing in the neuronal cells cause Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease but an unusual form of neuroepigenetics has been seen in Prion Disease. Subsequently, for the development of treatment of these diseases, epigenetic modifications should be kept in mind. Although until now many reports came on drug discovery inhibiting histone deacetylases and DNA methyltransferases to reverse the epigenetic change but they lack targeted delivery and sometimes cause a cytotoxic effect on neuronal cells. In future, advancement in targeted and non-cytotoxic drugs should be the main focus for therapeutic treatment of the neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Ghosh
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Kalapet, Puducherry 605014, India
| | - A Saadat
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Kalapet, Puducherry 605014, India.
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35
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Song H, Chen J, Huang J, Sun P, Liu Y, Xu L, Wei C, Mu X, Lu X, Wang W, Zhang N, Shang M, Mo M, Zhang W, Zhao H, Han F. Epigenetic modification in Parkinson's disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1123621. [PMID: 37351278 PMCID: PMC10283008 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1123621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder caused by genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors. Recent advance in genomics and epigenetics have revealed epigenetic mechanisms in PD. These epigenetic modifications include DNA methylation, post-translational histone modifications, chromatin remodeling, and RNA-based mechanisms, which regulate cellular functions in almost all cells. Epigenetic alterations are involved in multiple aspects of neuronal development and neurodegeneration in PD. In this review, we discuss current understanding of the epigenetic mechanisms that regulate gene expression and neural degeneration and then highlight emerging epigenetic targets and diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers for treating or preventing PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Song
- The Innovation Institute for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
- The Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Liaocheng University/The Liaocheng People’s Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong, China
| | - Juanli Chen
- The Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Liaocheng University/The Liaocheng People’s Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong, China
| | - Jin Huang
- Laboratory of Basic Medical Research, PLA Strategic Support Force Characteristic Medical Centre, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Sun
- The Innovation Institute for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yanming Liu
- The Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Liaocheng University/The Liaocheng People’s Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong, China
| | - Li Xu
- The Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Liaocheng University/The Liaocheng People’s Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong, China
| | - Chuanfei Wei
- The Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Liaocheng University/The Liaocheng People’s Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong, China
| | - Xin Mu
- The Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Liaocheng University/The Liaocheng People’s Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong, China
| | - Xianjie Lu
- The Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Liaocheng University/The Liaocheng People’s Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong, China
| | - Wei Wang
- The Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Liaocheng University/The Liaocheng People’s Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- The Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Liaocheng University/The Liaocheng People’s Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong, China
| | - Miwei Shang
- The Innovation Institute for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Mei Mo
- The Innovation Institute for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Affiliated Yidu Central Hospital, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Zhengzhou Revogene Scientific Co., LTD., Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Fabin Han
- The Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Liaocheng University/The Liaocheng People’s Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong, China
- Zhengzhou Revogene Scientific Co., LTD., Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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Maor G, Dubreuil RR, Feany MB. α-synuclein promotes neuronal dysfunction and death by disrupting the binding of ankyrin to ß-spectrin. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.02.543481. [PMID: 37333277 PMCID: PMC10274672 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.02.543481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
α-synuclein plays a key role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease and related disorders, but critical interacting partners and molecular mechanisms mediating neurotoxicity are incompletely understood. We show that α-synuclein binds directly to ß-spectrin. Using males and females in a Drosophila model of α-synuclein-related disorders we demonstrate that ß-spectrin is critical for α-synuclein neurotoxicity. Further, the ankyrin binding domain of ß-spectrin is required for α-synuclein binding and neurotoxicity. A key plasma membrane target of ankyrin, Na+/K+ ATPase, is mislocalized when human α-synuclein is expressed in Drosophila. Accordingly, membrane potential is depolarized in α-synuclein transgenic fly brains. We examine the same pathway in human neurons and find that Parkinson's disease patient-derived neurons with a triplication of the α-synuclein locus show disruption of the spectrin cytoskeleton, mislocalization of ankyrin and Na+/K+ ATPase, and membrane potential depolarization. Our findings define a specific molecular mechanism by which elevated levels of α-synuclein in Parkinson's disease and related α-synucleinopathies leads to neuronal dysfunction and death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gali Maor
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Ronald R. Dubreuil
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607
| | - Mel B. Feany
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815
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Naren P, Samim KS, Tryphena KP, Vora LK, Srivastava S, Singh SB, Khatri DK. Microtubule acetylation dyshomeostasis in Parkinson's disease. Transl Neurodegener 2023; 12:20. [PMID: 37150812 PMCID: PMC10165769 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-023-00354-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The inter-neuronal communication occurring in extensively branched neuronal cells is achieved primarily through the microtubule (MT)-mediated axonal transport system. This mechanistically regulated system delivers cargos (proteins, mRNAs and organelles such as mitochondria) back and forth from the soma to the synapse. Motor proteins like kinesins and dynein mechanistically regulate polarized anterograde (from the soma to the synapse) and retrograde (from the synapse to the soma) commute of the cargos, respectively. Proficient axonal transport of such cargos is achieved by altering the microtubule stability via post-translational modifications (PTMs) of α- and β-tubulin heterodimers, core components constructing the MTs. Occurring within the lumen of MTs, K40 acetylation of α-tubulin via α-tubulin acetyl transferase and its subsequent deacetylation by HDAC6 and SIRT2 are widely scrutinized PTMs that make the MTs highly flexible, which in turn promotes their lifespan. The movement of various motor proteins, including kinesin-1 (responsible for axonal mitochondrial commute), is enhanced by this PTM, and dyshomeostasis of neuronal MT acetylation has been observed in a variety of neurodegenerative conditions, including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease (PD). PD is the second most common neurodegenerative condition and is closely associated with impaired MT dynamics and deregulated tubulin acetylation levels. Although the relationship between status of MT acetylation and progression of PD pathogenesis has become a chicken-and-egg question, our review aims to provide insights into the MT-mediated axonal commute of mitochondria and dyshomeostasis of MT acetylation in PD. The enzymatic regulators of MT acetylation along with their synthetic modulators have also been briefly explored. Moving towards a tubulin-based therapy that enhances MT acetylation could serve as a disease-modifying treatment in neurological conditions that lack it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padmashri Naren
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Lab, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Khan Sabiya Samim
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Lab, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Kamatham Pushpa Tryphena
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Lab, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Lalitkumar K Vora
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK.
| | - Saurabh Srivastava
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India.
| | - Shashi Bala Singh
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Lab, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Dharmendra Kumar Khatri
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Lab, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India.
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Khare P, Edgecomb SX, Hamadani CM, E L Tanner E, Manickam DS. Lipid nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery to the brain. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 197:114861. [PMID: 37150326 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.114861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) have revolutionized the field of drug delivery through their applications in siRNA delivery to the liver (Onpattro) and their use in the Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna COVID-19 mRNA vaccines. While LNPs have been extensively studied for the delivery of RNA drugs to muscle and liver targets, their potential to deliver drugs to challenging tissue targets such as the brain remains underexplored. Multiple brain disorders currently lack safe and effective therapies and therefore repurposing LNPs could potentially be a game changer for improving drug delivery to cellular targets both at and across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). In this review, we will discuss (1) the rationale and factors involved in optimizing LNPs for brain delivery, (2) ionic liquid-coated LNPs as a potential approach for increasing LNP accumulation in the brain tissue and (3) considerations, open questions and potential opportunities in the development of LNPs for delivery to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purva Khare
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Sara X Edgecomb
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Mississippi, MS
| | | | - Eden E L Tanner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Mississippi, MS.
| | - Devika S Manickam
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA.
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Zhang JN, Li Q, Yang F. Role of epigenetic modifications in Parkinson's disease. Epigenomics 2023; 15:573-576. [PMID: 37431571 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2023-0211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Nan Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Qian Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration & Repair, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion & Metastasis Research, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Fei Yang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration & Repair, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
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40
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Stefanova N, Wenning GK. Multiple system atrophy: at the crossroads of cellular, molecular and genetic mechanisms. Nat Rev Neurosci 2023; 24:334-346. [PMID: 37085728 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-023-00697-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a rare oligodendroglial α-synucleinopathy characterized by neurodegeneration in striatonigral and olivopontocerebellar regions and autonomic brain centres. It causes complex cumulative motor and non-motor disability with fast progression and effective therapy is currently lacking. The difficulties in the diagnosis and treatment of MSA are largely related to the incomplete understanding of the pathogenesis of the disease. The MSA pathogenic landscape is complex, and converging findings from genetic and neuropathological studies as well as studies in experimental models of MSA have indicated the involvement of genetic and epigenetic changes; α-synuclein misfolding, aggregation and spreading; and α-synuclein strain specificity. These studies also indicate the involvement of myelin and iron dyshomeostasis, neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction and other cell-specific aspects that are relevant to the fast progression of MSA. In this Review, we discuss these findings and emphasize the implications of the complexity of the multifactorial pathogenic cascade for future translational research and its impact on biomarker discovery and treatment target definitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Stefanova
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Gregor K Wenning
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Sugeno N, Hasegawa T. Unraveling the Complex Interplay between Alpha-Synuclein and Epigenetic Modification. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076645. [PMID: 37047616 PMCID: PMC10094812 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Alpha-synuclein (αS) is a small, presynaptic neuronal protein encoded by the SNCA gene. Point mutations and gene multiplication of SNCA cause rare familial forms of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Misfolded αS is cytotoxic and is a component of Lewy bodies, which are a pathological hallmark of PD. Because SNCA multiplication is sufficient to cause full-blown PD, gene dosage likely has a strong impact on pathogenesis. In sporadic PD, increased SNCA expression resulting from a minor genetic background and various environmental factors may contribute to pathogenesis in a complementary manner. With respect to genetic background, several risk loci neighboring the SNCA gene have been identified, and epigenetic alterations, such as CpG methylation and regulatory histone marks, are considered important factors. These alterations synergistically upregulate αS expression and some post-translational modifications of αS facilitate its translocation to the nucleus. Nuclear αS interacts with DNA, histones, and their modifiers to alter epigenetic status; thereby, influencing the stability of neuronal function. Epigenetic changes do not affect the gene itself but can provide an appropriate transcriptional response for neuronal survival through DNA methylation or histone modifications. As a new approach, publicly available RNA sequencing datasets from human midbrain-like organoids may be used to compare transcriptional responses through epigenetic alterations. This informatic approach combined with the vast amount of transcriptomics data will lead to the discovery of novel pathways for the development of disease-modifying therapies for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Sugeno
- Division of Neurology, Department of Neuroscience & Sensory Organs, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
| | - Takafumi Hasegawa
- Division of Neurology, Department of Neuroscience & Sensory Organs, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
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Kakoty V, Kc S, Kumari S, Yang CH, Dubey SK, Sahebkar A, Kesharwani P, Taliyan R. Brain insulin resistance linked Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease pathology: An undying implication of epigenetic and autophagy modulation. Inflammopharmacology 2023; 31:699-716. [PMID: 36952096 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-023-01187-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
In metabolic syndrome, dysregulated signalling activity of the insulin receptor pathway in the brain due to persistent insulin resistance (IR) condition in the periphery may lead to brain IR (BIR) development. BIR causes an upsurge in the activity of glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta, increased amyloid beta (Aβ) accumulation, hyperphosphorylation of tau, aggravated formation of Aβ oligomers and simultaneously neurofibrillary tangle formation, all of which are believed to be direct contributors in Alzheimer's Disease (AD) pathology. Likewise, for Parkinson's Disease (PD), BIR is associated with alpha-synuclein alterations, dopamine loss in brain areas which ultimately succumbs towards the appearance of classical motor symptoms corresponding to the typical PD phenotype. Modulation of the autophagy process for clearing misfolded proteins and alteration in histone proteins to alleviate disease progression in BIR-linked AD and PD have recently evolved as a research hotspot, as the majority of the autophagy-related proteins are believed to be regulated by histone posttranslational modifications. Hence, this review will provide a timely update on the possible mechanism(s) converging towards BIR induce AD and PD. Further, emphasis on the potential epigenetic regulation of autophagy that can be effectively targeted for devising a complete therapeutic cure for BIR-induced AD and PD will also be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violina Kakoty
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, India, Jalandhar-Delhi G.T Road, Phagwara
- Neuropsychopharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science-Pilani, Pilani Campus, Pilani, Rajasthan, India
| | - Sarathlal Kc
- Neuropsychopharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science-Pilani, Pilani Campus, Pilani, Rajasthan, India
- Department of Non-Communicable Disease, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | - Shobha Kumari
- Neuropsychopharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science-Pilani, Pilani Campus, Pilani, Rajasthan, India
| | - Chih-Hao Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sunil Kumar Dubey
- Medical Research, R&D Healthcare Division, Emami Ltd, 13, BT Road, Belgharia, Kolkata, India
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Prashant Kesharwani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India.
- Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Science, Chennai, India.
- University Institute of Pharma Sciences, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab, India.
| | - Rajeev Taliyan
- Neuropsychopharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science-Pilani, Pilani Campus, Pilani, Rajasthan, India.
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43
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Lee RMQ, Koh TW. Genetic modifiers of synucleinopathies-lessons from experimental models. OXFORD OPEN NEUROSCIENCE 2023; 2:kvad001. [PMID: 38596238 PMCID: PMC10913850 DOI: 10.1093/oons/kvad001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
α-Synuclein is a pleiotropic protein underlying a group of progressive neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies. Together, these are known as synucleinopathies. Like all neurological diseases, understanding of disease mechanisms is hampered by the lack of access to biopsy tissues, precluding a real-time view of disease progression in the human body. This has driven researchers to devise various experimental models ranging from yeast to flies to human brain organoids, aiming to recapitulate aspects of synucleinopathies. Studies of these models have uncovered numerous genetic modifiers of α-synuclein, most of which are evolutionarily conserved. This review discusses what we have learned about disease mechanisms from these modifiers, and ways in which the study of modifiers have supported ongoing efforts to engineer disease-modifying interventions for synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Min Qi Lee
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, Singapore, 117604, Singapore
| | - Tong-Wey Koh
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, Singapore, 117604, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Block S3 #05-01, 16 Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117558, Singapore
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44
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Yu J, Yang X, Zheng J, Sgobio C, Sun L, Cai H. Deficiency of Perry syndrome-associated p150 Glued in midbrain dopaminergic neurons leads to progressive neurodegeneration and endoplasmic reticulum abnormalities. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2023; 9:35. [PMID: 36879021 PMCID: PMC9988887 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-023-00478-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple missense mutations in p150Glued are linked to Perry syndrome (PS), a rare neurodegenerative disease pathologically characterized by loss of nigral dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons. Here we generated p150Glued conditional knockout (cKO) mice by deleting p150Glued in midbrain DAergic neurons. The young cKO mice displayed impaired motor coordination, dystrophic DAergic dendrites, swollen axon terminals, reduced striatal dopamine transporter (DAT), and dysregulated dopamine transmission. The aged cKO mice showed loss of DAergic neurons and axons, somatic accumulation of α-synuclein, and astrogliosis. Further mechanistic studies revealed that p150Glued deficiency in DAergic neurons led to the reorganization of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in dystrophic dendrites, upregulation of ER tubule-shaping protein reticulon 3, accumulation of DAT in reorganized ERs, dysfunction of COPII-mediated ER export, activation of unfolded protein response, and exacerbation of ER stress-induced cell death. Our findings demonstrate the importance of p150Glued in controlling the structure and function of ER, which is critical for the survival and function of midbrain DAergic neurons in PS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Yu
- Basic Research Center, Institute for Geriatrics and Rehabilitation, Beijing Geriatric Hospital, Beijing, 100095, China.
- Transgenics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Xuan Yang
- Basic Research Center, Institute for Geriatrics and Rehabilitation, Beijing Geriatric Hospital, Beijing, 100095, China
| | - Jiayin Zheng
- Basic Research Center, Institute for Geriatrics and Rehabilitation, Beijing Geriatric Hospital, Beijing, 100095, China
| | - Carmelo Sgobio
- Transgenics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, 81377, Germany
| | - Lixin Sun
- Transgenics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Huaibin Cai
- Transgenics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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45
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Maor G, Dubreuil RR, Feany MB. α-Synuclein Promotes Neuronal Dysfunction and Death by Disrupting the Binding of Ankyrin to β-Spectrin. J Neurosci 2023; 43:1614-1626. [PMID: 36653193 PMCID: PMC10008058 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1922-22.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
α-Synuclein plays a key role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease and related disorders, but critical interacting partners and molecular mechanisms mediating neurotoxicity are incompletely understood. We show that α-synuclein binds directly to β-spectrin. Using males and females in a Drosophila model of α-synuclein-related disorders, we demonstrate that β-spectrin is critical for α-synuclein neurotoxicity. Further, the ankyrin binding domain of β-spectrin is required for α-synuclein binding and neurotoxicity. A key plasma membrane target of ankyrin, Na+/K+ ATPase, is mislocalized when human α-synuclein is expressed in Drosophila Accordingly, membrane potential is depolarized in α-synuclein transgenic fly brains. We examine the same pathway in human neurons and find that Parkinson's disease patient-derived neurons with a triplication of the α-synuclein locus show disruption of the spectrin cytoskeleton, mislocalization of ankyrin and Na+/K+ ATPase, and membrane potential depolarization. Our findings define a specific molecular mechanism by which elevated levels of α-synuclein in Parkinson's disease and related α-synucleinopathies lead to neuronal dysfunction and death.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The small synaptic vesicle associate protein α-synuclein plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease and related disorders, but the disease-relevant binding partners of α-synuclein and proximate pathways critical for neurotoxicity require further definition. We show that α-synuclein binds directly to β-spectrin, a key cytoskeletal protein required for localization of plasma membrane proteins and maintenance of neuronal viability. Binding of α-synuclein to β-spectrin alters the organization of the spectrin-ankyrin complex, which is critical for localization and function of integral membrane proteins, including Na+/K+ ATPase. These finding outline a previously undescribed mechanism of α-synuclein neurotoxicity and thus suggest potential new therapeutic approaches in Parkinson's disease and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gali Maor
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Ronald R Dubreuil
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607
| | - Mel B Feany
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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46
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Canever JB, Soares ES, de Avelar NCP, Cimarosti HI. Targeting α-synuclein post-translational modifications in Parkinson's disease. Behav Brain Res 2023; 439:114204. [PMID: 36372243 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.114204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the nigrostriatal pathway. Although the exact mechanisms underlying PD are still not completely understood, it is well accepted that α-synuclein plays key pathophysiological roles as the main constituent of the cytoplasmic inclusions known as Lewy bodies. Several post-translational modifications (PTMs), such as the best-known phosphorylation, target α-synuclein and are thus implicated in its physiological and pathological functions. In this review, we present (1) an overview of the pathophysiological roles of α-synuclein, (2) a descriptive analysis of α-synuclein PTMs, including phosphorylation, ubiquitination, SUMOylation, acetylation, glycation, truncation, and O-GlcNAcylation, as well as (3) a brief summary on α-synuclein PTMs as potential biomarkers for PD. A better understanding of α-synuclein PTMs is of paramount importance for elucidating the mechanisms underlying PD and can thus be expected to improve early detection and monitoring disease progression, as well as identify promising new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaquelini B Canever
- Post-Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil; Laboratory of Aging, Resources and Rheumatology, UFSC, Araranguá, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Ericks Sousa Soares
- Post-Graduate Program in Pharmacology, UFSC, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Núbia C P de Avelar
- Laboratory of Aging, Resources and Rheumatology, UFSC, Araranguá, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Helena I Cimarosti
- Post-Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil; Post-Graduate Program in Pharmacology, UFSC, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
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47
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Kakoty V, Kc S, Yang CH, Dubey SK, Taliyan R. Exploring the Epigenetic Regulated Modulation of Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 Involvement in High-Fat Diet Associated Parkinson's Disease in Rats. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023; 14:725-740. [PMID: 36694924 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Imbalance in brain glucose metabolism and epigenetic modulation during the disease course of insulin resistance (IR) associated with Parkinson's disease (PD) risk remains a prime concern. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), the metabolic hormone, improves insulin sensitivity and elicits anti-diabetic properties. Chronic stress during brain IR may modulate the FGF21 expression and its dynamic release via epigenetic modifications. Metformin regulates and increases the expression of FGF21 which can be modulating in obesity, diabetes, and IR. Hence, this study was designed to investigate the FGF21 expression modulation via an epigenetic mechanism in PD and whether metformin (MF), an autophagy activator, and sodium butyrate (NaB), a pan histone deacetylase inhibitor, alone and in combination, exert any therapeutic benefit in PD pathology exacerbated by high-fat diet (HFD). Our results portray that the combination treatment with MF and NaB potentially attenuated the abnormal lipid profile and increased motor performance for the rats fed with HFD for 8 weeks followed by intrastriatal 6-hydroxy dopamine administration. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) estimations of C-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1 beta and 6, and FGF21 exhibited extensive downregulation after treatment with the combination. Lastly, mRNA, western blot, histological, and cresyl violet staining depicted that the combination treatment can restore degenerated neuronal density and increase the protein level compared to the disease group. The findings from the study effectively conclude that the epigenetic mechanism involved in FGF21 mediated functional abnormalities in IR-linked PD pathology. Hence, combined treatment with MF and NaB may prove to be a novel combination in ameliorating IR-associated PD in rats, probably via the upregulation of FGF21 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violina Kakoty
- Pharmacology Division, Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India.,Neuropsychopharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Rajasthan 333031, India
| | - Sarathlal Kc
- Department of Non-Communicable Disease, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana 121001, India.,Neuropsychopharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Rajasthan 333031, India
| | - Chih-Hao Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | | | - Rajeev Taliyan
- Neuropsychopharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Rajasthan 333031, India
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48
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PPARs and Their Neuroprotective Effects in Parkinson's Disease: A Novel Therapeutic Approach in α-Synucleinopathy? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043264. [PMID: 36834679 PMCID: PMC9963164 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common α-synucleinopathy worldwide. The pathognomonic hallmark of PD is the misfolding and propagation of the α-synuclein (α-syn) protein, observed in post-mortem histopathology. It has been hypothesized that α-synucleinopathy triggers oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, neuroinflammation, and synaptic dysfunction, leading to neurodegeneration. To this date, there are no disease-modifying drugs that generate neuroprotection against these neuropathological events and especially against α-synucleinopathy. Growing evidence suggests that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) agonists confer neuroprotective effects in PD, however, whether they also confer an anti-α-synucleinopathy effect is unknown. Here we analyze the reported therapeutic effects of PPARs, specifically the gamma isoform (PPARγ), in preclinical PD animal models and clinical trials for PD, and we suggest possible anti-α-synucleinopathy mechanisms acting downstream from these receptors. Elucidating the neuroprotective mechanisms of PPARs through preclinical models that mimic PD as closely as possible will facilitate the execution of better clinical trials for disease-modifying drugs in PD.
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49
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Martínez-Iglesias O, Naidoo V, Carrera I, Corzo L, Cacabelos R. Natural Bioactive Products as Epigenetic Modulators for Treating Neurodegenerative Disorders. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:216. [PMID: 37259364 PMCID: PMC9967112 DOI: 10.3390/ph16020216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders (NDDs) are major health issues in Western countries. Despite significant efforts, no effective therapeutics for NDDs exist. Several drugs that target epigenetic mechanisms (epidrugs) have been recently developed for the treatment of NDDs, and several of these are currently being tested in clinical trials. Furthermore, various bioproducts have shown important biological effects for the potential prevention and treatment of these disorders. Here, we review the use of natural products as epidrugs to treat NDDs in order to explore the epigenetic effects and benefits of functional foods and natural bioproducts on neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaia Martínez-Iglesias
- EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, International Center of Neuroscience and Genomic Medicine, 15165 Bergondo, Corunna, Spain
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50
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Di Leva F, Filosi M, Oyston L, Silvestri E, Picard A, Lavdas AA, Lobbestael E, Baekelandt V, Neely GG, Pramstaller PP, Hicks AA, Corti C. Increased Levels of the Parkinson's Disease-Associated Gene ITPKB Correlate with Higher Expression Levels of α-Synuclein, Independent of Mutation Status. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:1984. [PMID: 36768321 PMCID: PMC9916293 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24031984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Autosomal dominant mutations in the gene encoding α-synuclein (SNCA) were the first to be linked with hereditary Parkinson's disease (PD). Duplication and triplication of SNCA has been observed in PD patients, together with mutations at the N-terminal of the protein, among which A30P and A53T influence the formation of fibrils. By overexpressing human α-synuclein in the neuronal system of Drosophila, we functionally validated the ability of IP3K2, an ortholog of the GWAS identified risk gene, Inositol-trisphosphate 3-kinase B (ITPKB), to modulate α-synuclein toxicity in vivo. ITPKB mRNA and protein levels were also increased in SK-N-SH cells overexpressing wild-type α-synuclein, A53T or A30P mutants. Kinase overexpression was detected in the cytoplasmatic and in the nuclear compartments in all α-synuclein cell types. By quantifying mRNAs in the cortex of PD patients, we observed higher levels of ITPKB mRNA when SNCA was expressed more (p < 0.05), compared to controls. A positive correlation was also observed between SNCA and ITPKB expression in the cortex of patients, which was not seen in the controls. We replicated this observation in a public dataset. Our data, generated in SK-N-SH cells and in cortex from PD patients, show that the expression of α-synuclein and ITPKB is correlated in pathological situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Di Leva
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Michele Filosi
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Lisa Oyston
- Charles Perkins Centre and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Erica Silvestri
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Anne Picard
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Alexandros A. Lavdas
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Evy Lobbestael
- Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Veerle Baekelandt
- Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - G. Gregory Neely
- Charles Perkins Centre and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Peter P. Pramstaller
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Andrew A. Hicks
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Corrado Corti
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
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