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Liu Y, Huang W, Wen J, Xiong X, Xu T, Wang Q, Chen X, Zhao X, Li S, Li X, Yang W. Differential distribution of PINK1 and Parkin in the primate brain implies distinct roles. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:1124-1134. [PMID: 38989951 PMCID: PMC11438320 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-23-01140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
JOURNAL/nrgr/04.03/01300535-202504000-00028/figure1/v/2024-07-06T104127Z/r/image-tiff The vast majority of in vitro studies have demonstrated that PINK1 phosphorylates Parkin to work together in mitophagy to protect against neuronal degeneration. However, it remains largely unclear how PINK1 and Parkin are expressed in mammalian brains. This has been difficult to address because of the intrinsically low levels of PINK1 and undetectable levels of phosphorylated Parkin in small animals. Understanding this issue is critical for elucidating the in vivo roles of PINK1 and Parkin. Recently, we showed that the PINK1 kinase is selectively expressed as a truncated form (PINK1-55) in the primate brain. In the present study, we used multiple antibodies, including our recently developed monoclonal anti-PINK1, to validate the selective expression of PINK1 in the primate brain. We found that PINK1 was stably expressed in the monkey brain at postnatal and adulthood stages, which is consistent with the findings that depleting PINK1 can cause neuronal loss in developing and adult monkey brains. PINK1 was enriched in the membrane-bound fractionations, whereas Parkin was soluble with a distinguishable distribution. Immunofluorescent double staining experiments showed that PINK1 and Parkin did not colocalize under physiological conditions in cultured monkey astrocytes, though they did colocalize on mitochondria when the cells were exposed to mitochondrial stress. These findings suggest that PINK1 and Parkin may have distinct roles beyond their well-known function in mitophagy during mitochondrial damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanting Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Non-human Primate Research, Key Laboratory of CNS Regeneration (Ministry of Education), Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau CNS Regeneration Institute of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
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2
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Zhou X, He S, He J, Xiong Y, Hu Z, Xian H, Guo G, Tan S, Ouyang D, Liu R, Gao Z, Zhu X, Abulimiti A, Zheng S, Hu D. HUC-MSC-derived exosomes repaired the damage induced by hydroquinone to 16HBE cells via miR-221/PTEN pathway. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 285:117120. [PMID: 39357375 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.117120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2024] [Revised: 09/13/2024] [Accepted: 09/25/2024] [Indexed: 10/04/2024]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cell - originated exosomes (MSC-exo) are promising non-cellular treatment agents for various diseases. The present study aimed to explore whether human umbilical cord MSC - originated exosomes (HUC-MSC-exo) have the function of protecting human cells (16HBE) against the damage caused by HQ and the related mechanism. HUC-MSC-exo was isolated with differential gradient ultracentrifugation method and characterized by using transmission electron microscope (TEM). 16HBE cells were used as the tool cells and co-cultured with HUC-MSC-exo. Confocal laser scanning microscope was employed to confirm the ingestion of HUC-MSC-exo by 16HBE. Cell proliferation, migration, oxidative stress, DNA and chromosome damages of 16HBE were analyzed under HQ stress, and the role of miR-221/PTEN axis was investigated. Our data showed that under HQ stress, different groups of cells exhibited significantly decreased proliferation and migration abilities, and significant oxidative stress, DNA and chromosome damage effects. HUC-MSC-exo could alleviate the cytotoxic, oxidative stress and genotoxic damage effects of HQ on 16HBE cells. Mechanistically, HQ exposure up-regulated the level of miR-221 and down-regulated PTEN, while HUC-MSC-exo could significantly reduce the level of miR-221 and promote PTEN expression, which was involved in alleviating the toxic effects of HQ on 16HBE cells. Our data indicates that HUC-MSC-exo can alleviate the oxidative stress, cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of HQ on 16HBE cells via miR-221/PTEN pathway, and it may be a promising agent for protecting against the toxicity of HQ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotao Zhou
- Department of Environmental Health, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Road North, Guangzhou 510515, PR China; Public Health Service Centre of Baoan District, Shenzhen City 518000, PR China
| | - Shanshan He
- Department of Environmental Health, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Road North, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Jiayi He
- Department of Environmental Health, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Road North, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Yiren Xiong
- Department of Environmental Health, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Road North, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Zuqing Hu
- Department of Environmental Health, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Road North, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Hongyi Xian
- Department of Environmental Health, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Road North, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Guoqiang Guo
- Department of Environmental Health, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Road North, Guangzhou 510515, PR China; Public Health Service Centre of Baoan District, Shenzhen City 518000, PR China
| | - Suqin Tan
- Department of Environmental Health, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Road North, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Di Ouyang
- Department of Environmental Health, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Road North, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Renyi Liu
- Department of Environmental Health, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Road North, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Zhenjie Gao
- Department of Environmental Health, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Road North, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Xiaoqi Zhu
- Department of Environmental Health, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Road North, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Abudumijiti Abulimiti
- Department of Environmental Health, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Road North, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Sujin Zheng
- Department of Environmental Health, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Road North, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Dalin Hu
- Department of Environmental Health, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Road North, Guangzhou 510515, PR China.
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3
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Pradeepkiran JA, Baig J, Seman A, Reddy PH. Mitochondria in Aging and Alzheimer's Disease: Focus on Mitophagy. Neuroscientist 2024; 30:440-457. [PMID: 36597577 DOI: 10.1177/10738584221139761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by the accumulation of amyloid β and phosphorylated τ protein aggregates in the brain, which leads to the loss of neurons. Under the microscope, the function of mitochondria is uniquely primed to play a pivotal role in neuronal cell survival, energy metabolism, and cell death. Research studies indicate that mitochondrial dysfunction, excessive oxidative damage, and defective mitophagy in neurons are early indicators of AD. This review article summarizes the latest development of mitochondria in AD: 1) disease mechanism pathways, 2) the importance of mitochondria in neuronal functions, 3) metabolic pathways and functions, 4) the link between mitochondrial dysfunction and mitophagy mechanisms in AD, and 5) the development of potential mitochondrial-targeted therapeutics and interventions to treat patients with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Javaria Baig
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Ashley Seman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - P Hemachandra Reddy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Human Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
- Department of Neurology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
- Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
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4
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Cui Y, Zhai Y, Yuan Y, Wang X, Xu Q, Wu X, Xu L, Ren T, Wang Q, Sun H. Inhibition of PTEN-induced kinase 1 autophosphorylation may assist in preventing epileptogenesis induced by pentylenetetrazol. Neurochem Int 2024; 172:105644. [PMID: 38029887 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2023.105644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1) autophosphorylation-triggered mitophagy is the main mitophagic pathway in the nervous system. Moreover, multiple studies have confirmed that mitophagy is closely related to the occurrence and development of epilepsy. Therefore, we speculated that the PINK1 autophosphorylation may be involved in epileptogenesis by mediating mitophagic pathway. This study aimed to explore the contribution of activated PINK1 to epileptogenesis induced by pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) in Sprague‒Dawley rats. During PTZ-induced epileptogenesis, the levels of phosphorylated PINK1 were increased, accompanied by elevated mitophagy, mitochondria oxidative stress and neuronal damage. After microRNA intervention targeting translocase outer mitochondrial membrane 7 (TOM7) or overlapping with the m-AAA protease 1 homolog (OMA1), the levels of PINK1 phosphorylation, mitophagy, mitochondrial oxidative stress, neuronal injury were observed in the rats with induced epileptogenesis. Furthermore, inhibiting of the expression of TOM7, a positive regulator of PINK1 autophosphorylation, reversed the increase in PINK1 phosphorylation and alleviated mitophagy, neuronal injury, thereby preventing epileptogenesis. In contrast, reducing the levels of OMA1, a negative regulator of PINK1 autophosphorylation, led to increased phosphorylation of PINK1, accompanied by aggravated neuronal injury and ultimately, epileptogenesis. This study confirmed the contribution of activated PINK1 to PTZ-induced epileptogenesis and suggested that the inhibition of PINK1 autophosphorylation may assist in preventing epileptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaru Cui
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Yujie Zhai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Yi Yuan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Xiaoqian Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Qianqian Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Xiangdong Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Linlin Xu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250033, China
| | - Tianpu Ren
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Qiaoyun Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China.
| | - Hongliu Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China.
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5
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Jeremic D, Jiménez-Díaz L, Navarro-López JD. Targeting epigenetics: A novel promise for Alzheimer's disease treatment. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 90:102003. [PMID: 37422087 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.102003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
So far, the search for a cure for Alzheimer Disease (AD) has been unsuccessful. The only approved drugs attenuate some symptoms, but do not halt the progress of this disease, which affects 50 million people worldwide and will increase its incidence in the coming decades. Such scenario demands new therapeutic approaches to fight against this devastating dementia. In recent years, multi-omics research and the analysis of differential epigenetic marks in AD subjects have contributed to our understanding of AD; however, the impact of epigenetic research is yet to be seen. This review integrates the most recent data on pathological processes and epigenetic changes relevant for aging and AD, as well as current therapies targeting epigenetic machinery in clinical trials. Evidence shows that epigenetic modifications play a key role in gene expression, which could provide multi-target preventative and therapeutic approaches in AD. Both novel and repurposed drugs are employed in AD clinical trials due to their epigenetic effects, as well as increasing number of natural compounds. Given the reversible nature of epigenetic modifications and the complexity of gene-environment interactions, the combination of epigenetic-based therapies with environmental strategies and drugs with multiple targets might be needed to properly help AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danko Jeremic
- University of Castilla-La Mancha, NeuroPhysiology & Behavior Lab, Biomedical Research Center (CRIB), School of Medicine of Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Lydia Jiménez-Díaz
- University of Castilla-La Mancha, NeuroPhysiology & Behavior Lab, Biomedical Research Center (CRIB), School of Medicine of Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - Juan D Navarro-López
- University of Castilla-La Mancha, NeuroPhysiology & Behavior Lab, Biomedical Research Center (CRIB), School of Medicine of Ciudad Real, Spain.
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6
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Wang L, Yang Z, He X, Pu S, Yang C, Wu Q, Zhou Z, Cen X, Zhao H. Mitochondrial protein dysfunction in pathogenesis of neurological diseases. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:974480. [PMID: 36157077 PMCID: PMC9489860 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.974480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are essential organelles for neuronal function and cell survival. Besides the well-known bioenergetics, additional mitochondrial roles in calcium signaling, lipid biogenesis, regulation of reactive oxygen species, and apoptosis are pivotal in diverse cellular processes. The mitochondrial proteome encompasses about 1,500 proteins encoded by both the nuclear DNA and the maternally inherited mitochondrial DNA. Mutations in the nuclear or mitochondrial genome, or combinations of both, can result in mitochondrial protein deficiencies and mitochondrial malfunction. Therefore, mitochondrial quality control by proteins involved in various surveillance mechanisms is critical for neuronal integrity and viability. Abnormal proteins involved in mitochondrial bioenergetics, dynamics, mitophagy, import machinery, ion channels, and mitochondrial DNA maintenance have been linked to the pathogenesis of a number of neurological diseases. The goal of this review is to give an overview of these pathways and to summarize the interconnections between mitochondrial protein dysfunction and neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Wang
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ziyun Yang
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- School of Life Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China
- Guangxi Universities, Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Biopharmaceutical Technology, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China
- Research Center for Biomedical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China
| | - Xiumei He
- School of Life Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China
- Guangxi Universities, Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Biopharmaceutical Technology, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China
- Research Center for Biomedical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China
| | - Shiming Pu
- School of Life Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China
- Guangxi Universities, Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Biopharmaceutical Technology, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China
- Research Center for Biomedical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China
| | - Cheng Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China
- Guangxi Universities, Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Biopharmaceutical Technology, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China
- Research Center for Biomedical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China
| | - Qiong Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China
- Guangxi Universities, Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Biopharmaceutical Technology, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China
- Research Center for Biomedical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China
| | - Zuping Zhou
- Guangxi Universities, Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Biopharmaceutical Technology, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China
- Research Center for Biomedical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China
| | - Xiaobo Cen
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongxia Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China
- Guangxi Universities, Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Biopharmaceutical Technology, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China
- Research Center for Biomedical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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7
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Targeting Mitochondria as a Therapeutic Approach for Parkinson's Disease. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2022; 43:1499-1518. [PMID: 35951210 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-022-01265-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegeneration is among the most critical challenges that involve modern societies and annually influences millions of patients worldwide. While the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease (PD) is complicated, the role of mitochondrial is demonstrated. The in vitro and in vivo models and genome-wide association studies in human cases proved that specific genes, including PINK1, Parkin, DJ-1, SNCA, and LRRK2, linked mitochondrial dysfunction with PD. Also, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) plays an essential role in the pathophysiology of PD. Targeting mitochondria as a therapeutic approach to inhibit or slow down PD formation and progression seems to be an exciting issue. The current review summarized known mutations associated with both mitochondrial dysfunction and PD. The significance of mtDNA in Parkinson's disease pathogenesis and potential PD therapeutic approaches targeting mitochondrial dysfunction was then discussed.
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8
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González-Rodríguez P, Klionsky DJ, Joseph B. Autophagy regulation by RNA alternative splicing and implications in human diseases. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2735. [PMID: 35585060 PMCID: PMC9117662 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30433-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy and RNA alternative splicing are two evolutionarily conserved processes involved in overlapping physiological and pathological processes. However, the extent of functional connection is not well defined. Here, we consider the role for alternative splicing and generation of autophagy-related gene isoforms in the regulation of autophagy in recent work. The impact of changes to the RNA alternative splicing machinery and production of alternative spliced isoforms on autophagy are reviewed with particular focus on disease relevance. The use of drugs targeting both alternative splicing and autophagy as well as the selective regulation of single autophagy-related protein isoforms, are considered as therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia González-Rodríguez
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Toxicology Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Daniel J Klionsky
- Life Sciences Institute, Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Bertrand Joseph
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Toxicology Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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9
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Saha A, Dalal Y. A glitch in the snitch: the role of linker histone H1 in shaping the epigenome in normal and diseased cells. Open Biol 2021; 11:210124. [PMID: 34343462 PMCID: PMC8331230 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.210124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone H1s or the linker histones are a family of dynamic chromatin compacting proteins that are essential for higher-order chromatin organization. These highly positively charged proteins were previously thought to function solely as repressors of transcription. However, over the last decade, there is a growing interest in understanding this multi-protein family, finding that not all variants act as repressors. Indeed, the H1 family members appear to have distinct affinities for chromatin and may potentially affect distinct functions. This would suggest a more nuanced contribution of H1 to chromatin organization. The advent of new technologies to probe H1 dynamics in vivo, combined with powerful computational biology, and in vitro imaging tools have greatly enhanced our knowledge of the mechanisms by which H1 interacts with chromatin. This family of proteins can be metaphorically compared to the Golden Snitch from the Harry Potter series, buzzing on and off several regions of the chromatin, in combat with competing transcription factors and chromatin remodellers, thereby critical to the epigenetic endgame on short and long temporal scales in the life of the nucleus. Here, we summarize recent efforts spanning structural, computational, genomic and genetic experiments which examine the linker histone as an unseen architect of chromatin fibre in normal and diseased cells and explore unanswered fundamental questions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Saha
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yamini Dalal
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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10
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Chen Q, Zheng W, Zhu L, Liu H, Song Y, Hu S, Bai Y, Pan Y, Zhang J, Guan J, Shao C. LACTB2 renders radioresistance by activating PINK1/Parkin-dependent mitophagy in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Cancer Lett 2021; 518:127-139. [PMID: 34271102 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Radiotherapy is a standard and conventional treatment strategy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC); however, radioresistance remains refractory to clinical outcomes. Understanding the molecular mechanism of radioresistance is crucial for advancing the efficacy of radiotherapy and improving the prognosis of NPC. In this study, β-lactamase-like-protein 2 (LACTB2) was identified as a potential biomarker for radioresistance using tandem mass tag proteomic analysis of NPC cells, gene chip analysis of NPC tissues, and differential gene analysis between NPC and normal nasopharyngeal tissues from the Gene Expression Omnibus database GSE68799. Meanwhile, LACTB2 levels were elevated in the serum of patients with NPC after radiotherapy. Inhibiting LACTB2 levels and mitophagy can sensitize NPC cells to ionizing radiation. In NPC cells, LACTB2 was augmented at the transcription and protein levels after radiation rather than nucleus-cytoplasm-mitochondria transposition to activate PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1) and mitophagy. In addition, LACTB2 was first authenticated to co-locate with PINK1 by interacting with its N-terminal domain. Together, our findings indicate that overexpressed LACTB2 provoked PINK1-dependent mitophagy to promote radioresistance and thus might serve as a prognostic biomarker for NPC radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianping Chen
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Wang Zheng
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Hongxia Liu
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yimeng Song
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Songling Hu
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yang Bai
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yan Pan
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jianghong Zhang
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Jian Guan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China.
| | - Chunlin Shao
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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11
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Wang C, Liu K, Cao J, Wang L, Zhao Q, Li Z, Zhang H, Chen Q, Zhao T. PINK1-mediated mitophagy maintains pluripotency through optineurin. Cell Prolif 2021; 54:e13034. [PMID: 33931895 PMCID: PMC8088463 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Dysfunction of autophagy results in accumulation of depolarized mitochondria and breakdown of self-renewal and pluripotency in ESCs. However, the regulators that control how mitochondria are degraded by autophagy for pluripotency regulation remains largely unknown. This study aims to dissect the molecular mechanisms that regulate mitochondrial homeostasis for pluripotency regulation in mouse ESCs. MATERIALS AND METHODS Parkin+/+ and parkin-/- ESCs were established from E3.5 blastocysts of parkin+/- x parkin+/- mating mice. The pink1-/- , optn-/- and ndp52-/- ESCs were generated by CRISPR-Cas9. shRNAs were used for function loss assay of target genes. Mito-Keima, ROS and ATP detection were used to investigate the mitophagy and mitochondrial function. Western blot, Q-PCR, AP staining and teratoma formation assay were performed to evaluate the PSC stemness. RESULTS PINK1 or OPTN depletion impairs the degradation of dysfunctional mitochondria during reprogramming, and reduces the reprogramming efficiency and quality. In ESCs, PINK1 or OPTN deficiency leads to accumulation of dysfunctional mitochondria and compromised pluripotency. The defective mitochondrial homeostasis and pluripotency in pink1-/- ESCs can be compensated by gain expression of phosphomimetic Ubiquitin (Ub-S65D) together with WT or a constitutively active phosphomimetic OPTN mutant (S187D, S476D, S517D), rather than constitutively inactive OPTN (S187A, S476A, S517A) or a Ub-binding dead OPTN mutant (D477N). CONCLUSIONS The mitophagy receptor OPTN guards ESC mitochondrial homeostasis and pluripotency by scavenging damaged mitochondria through TBK1-activated OPTN binding of PINK1-phosphorylated Ubiquitin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoqun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive BiologyInstitute for Stem Cell and RegenerationInstitute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- School of Life SciencesQufu Normal UniversityQufuChina
- Savaid Medical SchoolUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Kun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive BiologyInstitute for Stem Cell and RegenerationInstitute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Savaid Medical SchoolUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Jiani Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive BiologyInstitute for Stem Cell and RegenerationInstitute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Liang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive BiologyInstitute for Stem Cell and RegenerationInstitute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Savaid Medical SchoolUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Qian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive BiologyInstitute for Stem Cell and RegenerationInstitute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Savaid Medical SchoolUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Zheng Li
- Department of Digestive SystemBeijing Tiantan HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Honghai Zhang
- School of Life SciencesQufu Normal UniversityQufuChina
| | - Quan Chen
- College of Life SciencesNankai UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Tongbiao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive BiologyInstitute for Stem Cell and RegenerationInstitute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- School of Life SciencesQufu Normal UniversityQufuChina
- Savaid Medical SchoolUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
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12
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Gonçalves FB, Morais VA. PINK1: A Bridge between Mitochondria and Parkinson's Disease. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11050371. [PMID: 33919398 PMCID: PMC8143285 DOI: 10.3390/life11050371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are known as highly dynamic organelles essential for energy production. Intriguingly, in the recent years, mitochondria have revealed the ability to maintain cell homeostasis and ultimately regulate cell fate. This regulation is achieved by evoking mitochondrial quality control pathways that are capable of sensing the overall status of the cellular environment. In a first instance, actions to maintain a robust pool of mitochondria take place; however, if unsuccessful, measures that lead to overall cell death occur. One of the central key players of these mitochondrial quality control pathways is PINK1 (PTEN-induce putative kinase), a mitochondrial targeted kinase. PINK1 is known to interact with several substrates to regulate mitochondrial functions, and not only is responsible for triggering mitochondrial clearance via mitophagy, but also participates in maintenance of mitochondrial functions and homeostasis, under healthy conditions. Moreover, PINK1 has been associated with the familial form of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Growing evidence has strongly linked mitochondrial homeostasis to the central nervous system (CNS), a system that is replenished with high energy demanding long-lasting neuronal cells. Moreover, sporadic cases of PD have also revealed mitochondrial impairments. Thus, one could speculate that mitochondrial homeostasis is the common denominator in these two forms of the disease, and PINK1 may play a central role in maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis. In this review, we will discuss the role of PINK1 in the mitochondrial physiology and scrutinize its role in the cascade of PD pathology.
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13
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Dai K, Radin DP, Leonardi D. Deciphering the dual role and prognostic potential of PINK1 across cancer types. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:659-665. [PMID: 33063717 PMCID: PMC8067949 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.295314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic rewiring and deregulation of the cell cycle are hallmarks shared by many cancers. Concerted mutations in key tumor suppressor genes, such as PTEN, and oncogenes predispose cancer cells for marked utilization of resources to fuel accelerated cell proliferation and chemotherapeutic resistance. Mounting research has demonstrated that PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1) acts as a pivotal regulator of mitochondrial homeostasis in several cancer types, a function that also extends to the regulation of tumor cell proliferative capacity. In addition, involvement of PINK1 in modulating inflammatory responses has been highlighted by recent studies, further expounding PINK1's multifunctional nature. This review discusses the oncogenic roles of PINK1 in multiple tumor cell types, with an emphasis on maintenance of mitochondrial homeostasis, while also evaluating literature suggesting a dual oncolytic mechanism based on PINK1's modulation of the Warburg effect. From a clinical standpoint, its expression may also dictate the response to genotoxic stressors commonly used to treat multiple malignancies. By detailing the evidence suggesting that PINK1 possesses distinct prognostic value in the clinical setting and reviewing the duality of PINK1 function in a context-dependent manner, we present avenues for future studies of this dynamic protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Dai
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Daniel P. Radin
- Department of Pharmacology, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, USA
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14
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Lin EPY, Huang BT, Lai WY, Tseng YT, Yang SC, Kuo HC, Yang PC. PINK1-Mediated Inhibition of EGFR Dimerization and Activation Impedes EGFR-Driven Lung Tumorigenesis. Cancer Res 2021; 81:1745-1757. [PMID: 33574089 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-2582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
EGFR is established as a driver of lung cancer, yet the regulatory machinery underlying its oncogenic activity is not fully understood. PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1) kinase is a key player in mitochondrial quality control, although its role in lung cancer and EGFR regulation is unclear. In this study, we show that PINK1 physically directly interacts with EGFR via the PINK1 C-terminal domain (PINK1-CTD) and the EGFR tyrosine kinase domain. This interaction constituted an endogenous steric hindrance to receptor dimerization and inhibited EGFR-mediated lung carcinogenesis. Depletion of PINK1 from lung cancer cells promoted EGFR dimerization, receptor activation, EGFR downstream signaling, and tumor growth. In contrast, overexpression of PINK1 or PINK1-CTD suppressed EGFR dimerization, activation, downstream signaling, and tumor growth. These findings identify key elements in the EGFR regulatory cascade and illustrate a new direction for the development of anti-EGFR therapeutics, suggesting translational potential of the PINK1-CTD in lung cancer. SIGNIFICANCE: This study identifies PINK1 as a critical tumor suppressor that impedes EGFR dimerization and highlights PINK1-CTD as a potential therapeutic agent in EGFR-driven lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Pei-Ying Lin
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Departments of Medical Research and Internal Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital and College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Clinical Trial Center, Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Bo-Tsang Huang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Yun Lai
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ting Tseng
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shuenn-Chen Yang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Cheng Kuo
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pan-Chyr Yang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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15
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Trinh D, Israwi AR, Arathoon LR, Gleave JA, Nash JE. The multi-faceted role of mitochondria in the pathology of Parkinson's disease. J Neurochem 2020; 156:715-752. [PMID: 33616931 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are essential for neuronal function. They produce ATP to meet energy demands, regulate homeostasis of ion levels such as calcium and regulate reactive oxygen species that cause oxidative cellular stress. Mitochondria have also been shown to regulate protein synthesis within themselves, as well as within the nucleus, and also influence synaptic plasticity. These roles are especially important for neurons, which have higher energy demands and greater susceptibility to stress. Dysfunction of mitochondria has been associated with several neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, Glaucoma and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. The focus of this review is on how and why mitochondrial function is linked to the pathology of Parkinson's disease (PD). Many of the PD-linked genetic mutations which have been identified result in dysfunctional mitochondria, through a wide-spread number of mechanisms. In this review, we describe how susceptible neurons are predisposed to be vulnerable to the toxic events that occur during the neurodegenerative process of PD, and how mitochondria are central to these pathways. We also discuss ways in which proteins linked with familial PD control mitochondrial function, both physiologically and pathologically, along with their implications in genome-wide association studies and risk assessment. Finally, we review potential strategies for disease modification through mitochondrial enhancement. Ultimately, agents capable of both improving and/or restoring mitochondrial function, either alone, or in conjunction with other disease-modifying agents may halt or slow the progression of neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennison Trinh
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Centre for Neurobiology of Stress, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ahmad R Israwi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Centre for Neurobiology of Stress, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lindsay R Arathoon
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Centre for Neurobiology of Stress, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jacqueline A Gleave
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Centre for Neurobiology of Stress, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Joanne E Nash
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Centre for Neurobiology of Stress, Toronto, ON, Canada
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16
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Identification of distinct blood-based biomarkers in early stage of Parkinson's disease. Neurol Sci 2019; 41:893-901. [PMID: 31828678 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-019-04165-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a slowly progressive geriatric disease, which can be one of the leading causes of serious socioeconomic burden in the aging society. Clinical trials suggest that prompt treatment of early-stage Parkinson's disease (EPD) may slow down the disease progress and have a better response. Therefore, conducting proteomics study to identify biomarkers for the diagnosis and disease-modifying therapies of EPD is vital. We aimed at identifying distinct protein autoantibody biomarkers of EPD by using the database of GSE62283 based on the platform GPL13669 downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus database. Differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) between the EPD group (n = 103) and the normal control (NC) group (n = 111) were identified by protein-specific t test. Cluster analysis of DEPs was conducted by protein-protein interaction network to detect hub proteins. The hub proteins were then evaluated to determine the distinct biomarkers by principal component analysis, as well as functional and pathway enrichment analysis. Their biological functions were confirmed by gene ontology functional (GO) and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes pathway enrichment (KEGG). Two biomarkers, mitochondrial ribosome recycling factor (MRRF) and ribosomal protein S18 (RPS18), distinguished the EPD samples from the NC samples, and they were regarded as high-confidence distinct protein autoantibody biomarkers of EPD. The most significant GO function was protein serine/threonine kinase activity (GO: 0004674) and most of DEPs were enriched in ATP binding in molecular function category (GO: 0005524). These results may help in establishing the prompt and accurate diagnosis of EPD and may also contribute to develop mechanism-based treatments.
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17
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Bayne AN, Trempe JF. Mechanisms of PINK1, ubiquitin and Parkin interactions in mitochondrial quality control and beyond. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:4589-4611. [PMID: 31254044 PMCID: PMC11105328 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03203-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a degenerative movement disorder resulting from the loss of specific neuron types in the midbrain. Early environmental and pathophysiological studies implicated mitochondrial damage and protein aggregation as the main causes of PD. These findings are now vindicated by the characterization of more than 20 genes implicated in rare familial forms of the disease. In particular, two proteins encoded by the Parkin and PINK1 genes, whose mutations cause early-onset autosomal recessive PD, function together in a mitochondrial quality control pathway. In this review, we will describe recent development in our understanding of their mechanisms of action, structure, and function. We explain how PINK1 acts as a mitochondrial damage sensor via the regulated proteolysis of its N-terminus and the phosphorylation of ubiquitin tethered to outer mitochondrial membrane proteins. In turn, phospho-ubiquitin recruits and activates Parkin via conformational changes that increase its ubiquitin ligase activity. We then describe how the formation of polyubiquitin chains on mitochondria triggers the recruitment of the autophagy machinery or the formation of mitochondria-derived vesicles. Finally, we discuss the evidence for the involvement of these mechanisms in physiological processes such as immunity and inflammation, as well as the links to other PD genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew N Bayne
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics and Centre for Structural Biology, McGill University, 3655 Prom Sir William Osler, Montreal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Jean-François Trempe
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics and Centre for Structural Biology, McGill University, 3655 Prom Sir William Osler, Montreal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada.
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18
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Zilocchi M, Fasano M, Alberio T. Mitochondrial Proteins in the Development of Parkinson’s Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1158:17-44. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-8367-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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19
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Akt Phosphorylates NQO1 and Triggers its Degradation, Abolishing Its Antioxidative Activities in Parkinson's Disease. J Neurosci 2019; 39:7291-7305. [PMID: 31358653 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0625-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The oxidative metabolism of dopamine and consequent oxidative stress are implicated in dopaminergic neuronal loss, mediating the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). The inducible detoxifying antioxidative enzyme Quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1) (NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase 1), neuroprotective to counteract reactive oxidative species, is most prominent in the active stage of the disease and virtually absent at the end stage of the disease. However, the molecular mechanism dictating NQO1 expression oscillation remains unclear. Here we show that Akt phosphorylates NQO1 at T128 residues and triggers its polyubiquitination and proteasomal degradation, abrogating its antioxidative effects in PD. Akt binds NQO1 in a phosphorylation-dependent manner. Interestingly, Akt, but not PINK1, provokes NQO1 phosphorylation and polyubiquitination with Parkin as an E3 ligase. Unphosphorylatable NQO1 mutant displays more robust neuroprotective activity than WT NQO1 in suppressing reactive oxidative species and against MPTP-induced dopaminergic cell death, rescuing the motor disorders in both α-synuclein transgenic transgenic male and female mice elicited by the neurotoxin. Thus, our findings demonstrate that blockade of Akt-mediated NQO1 degradation may ameliorate PD pathogenesis.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Dopaminergic neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease (PD) is associated with the imbalance of oxidative metabolism of dopamine. Quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1), a potent antioxidant system, its expression levels are prominently increased in the early and intermediate stages of PD and disappeared in the end-stage PD. The molecular modification behavior of NQO1 after it is upregulated by oxidative stress in the early stage of PD, however, remains unclear. This study shows that Akt binds and phosphorylates NQO1 at T128 residue and promotes its ubiquitination and degradation, and Parkin acts as an E3 ligase in this process, which affects the antioxidant capacity of NQO1. This finding provides a novel molecular mechanism for NQO1 oscillation in PD pathogenesis.
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20
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NQO1 Is Regulated by PTEN in Glioblastoma, Mediating Cell Proliferation and Oxidative Stress. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:9146528. [PMID: 30595797 PMCID: PMC6286748 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9146528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a highly aggressive brain tumor with a dismal prognosis, and the patients carrying EGFR-driven tumors with PTEN mutation do not respond to anti-EGFR therapy. The molecular mechanisms for this resistance remain unknown. Here, we show that PTEN induces the expression of NQO1, a flavoenzyme with dual roles in pro- and antitumorigenesis that decreases the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which mediates the oxidative stress and GBM cell proliferation. NQO1 is reduced in EGFRvIII-overexpressed U87MG cells associated with low ROS, whereas NQO1 is highly escalated in PTEN stably expressed U87MG/EGFRvIII cells with high ROS. Interestingly, knockdown of NQO1 augments ROS and diminishes cell proliferation. Conversely, overexpression of NQO1 attenuates ROS and increases cell proliferation. By contrast, overexpression of PINK1, a PTEN-induced kinase 1, represses ROS and inhibits GBM cell proliferation. Therefore, our findings support that NQO1 displays a paradoxical role in mediating GBM growth in response to tumor suppressor PTEN.
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21
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Rasool S, Trempe JF. New insights into the structure of PINK1 and the mechanism of ubiquitin phosphorylation. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 53:515-534. [PMID: 30238821 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2018.1491525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in PINK1 cause early-onset recessive Parkinson's disease. This gene encodes a protein kinase implicated in mitochondrial quality control via ubiquitin phosphorylation and activation of the E3 ubiquitin ligase Parkin. Here, we review and analyze functional features emerging from recent crystallographic, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectrometry studies of PINK1. We compare the apo and ubiquitin-bound PINK1 structures and reveal an allosteric switch, regulated by autophosphorylation, which modulates substrate recognition. We critically assess the conformational changes taking place in ubiquitin and the Parkin ubiquitin-like domain in relation to its binding to PINK1. Finally, we discuss the implications of these biophysical findings in our understanding of the role of PINK1 in mitochondrial function, and analyze the potential for structure-based drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shafqat Rasool
- a Department of Biochemistry , McGill University , Montréal , Canada.,b Groupe de Recherche Axé sur la Structure des Protéines (GRASP) , Montréal , Canada
| | - Jean-François Trempe
- b Groupe de Recherche Axé sur la Structure des Protéines (GRASP) , Montréal , Canada.,c Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics , McGill University , Montréal , Canada
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22
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Oh CK, Sultan A, Platzer J, Dolatabadi N, Soldner F, McClatchy DB, Diedrich JK, Yates JR, Ambasudhan R, Nakamura T, Jaenisch R, Lipton SA. S-Nitrosylation of PINK1 Attenuates PINK1/Parkin-Dependent Mitophagy in hiPSC-Based Parkinson's Disease Models. Cell Rep 2018; 21:2171-2182. [PMID: 29166608 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.10.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in PARK6 (PINK1) and PARK2 (Parkin) are linked to rare familial cases of Parkinson's disease (PD). Mutations in these genes result in pathological dysregulation of mitophagy, contributing to neurodegeneration. Here, we report that environmental factors causing a specific posttranslational modification on PINK1 can mimic these genetic mutations. We describe a molecular mechanism for impairment of mitophagy via formation of S-nitrosylated PINK1 (SNO-PINK1). Mitochondrial insults simulating age- or environmental-related stress lead to increased SNO-PINK1, inhibiting its kinase activity. SNO-PINK1 decreases Parkin translocation to mitochondrial membranes, disrupting mitophagy in cell lines and human-iPSC-derived neurons. We find levels of SNO-PINK1 in brains of α-synuclein transgenic PD mice similar to those in cell-based models, indicating the pathophysiological relevance of our findings. Importantly, SNO-PINK1-mediated deficits in mitophagy contribute to neuronal cell death. These results reveal a direct molecular link between nitrosative stress, SNO-PINK1 formation, and mitophagic dysfunction that contributes to the pathogenesis of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Ki Oh
- Departments of Molecular Medicine and Neuroscience and Neuroscience Translational Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Neurodegenerative Disease Center, Scintillon Institute, San Diego, CA 92121, USA; Neuroscience and Aging Research Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Abdullah Sultan
- Neurodegenerative Disease Center, Scintillon Institute, San Diego, CA 92121, USA; Neuroscience and Aging Research Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Joseph Platzer
- Neuroscience and Aging Research Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Nima Dolatabadi
- Departments of Molecular Medicine and Neuroscience and Neuroscience Translational Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Neurodegenerative Disease Center, Scintillon Institute, San Diego, CA 92121, USA; Neuroscience and Aging Research Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Frank Soldner
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Daniel B McClatchy
- Departments of Molecular Medicine and Neuroscience and Neuroscience Translational Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jolene K Diedrich
- Departments of Molecular Medicine and Neuroscience and Neuroscience Translational Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - John R Yates
- Departments of Molecular Medicine and Neuroscience and Neuroscience Translational Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Rajesh Ambasudhan
- Neurodegenerative Disease Center, Scintillon Institute, San Diego, CA 92121, USA; Neuroscience and Aging Research Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Tomohiro Nakamura
- Departments of Molecular Medicine and Neuroscience and Neuroscience Translational Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Neurodegenerative Disease Center, Scintillon Institute, San Diego, CA 92121, USA; Neuroscience and Aging Research Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Rudolf Jaenisch
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Stuart A Lipton
- Departments of Molecular Medicine and Neuroscience and Neuroscience Translational Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Neurodegenerative Disease Center, Scintillon Institute, San Diego, CA 92121, USA; Neuroscience and Aging Research Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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23
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Wang P, Guo Y, Song C, Liu Y, Deng H. PINK1 p.K520RfsX3 mutation identified in a Chinese family with early-onset Parkinson's disease. Neurosci Lett 2018; 676:98-102. [PMID: 29655942 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) features selective loss of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta accompanied by the accumulation and aggregation of alpha-synuclein in Lewy bodies. PTEN induced putative kinase 1 gene (PINK1) mutations are the second most common genetic cause of autosomal recessive early-onset Parkinson's disease (EOPD). A single nucleotide deletion in PINK1 exon 8 (c.1557delG) was identified in a consanguineous Chinese family with EOPD. The homozygous deletion was co-segregated with disease in the family and resulted in a frameshift after codon 520 with a premature termination at codon 522 (p.K520RfsX3). These findings have significant implications on genetic counseling for the family and may be helpful in considering potential pathogenesis-targeted and disease-modifying strategies which should further improve patient quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- Center for Experimental Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yi Guo
- Center for Experimental Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Department of Neurology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Information Security and Big Data Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chengyuan Song
- Department of Neurology, The Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yiming Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
| | - Hao Deng
- Center for Experimental Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Department of Neurology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
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24
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Rasool S, Soya N, Truong L, Croteau N, Lukacs GL, Trempe JF. PINK1 autophosphorylation is required for ubiquitin recognition. EMBO Rep 2018; 19:embr.201744981. [PMID: 29475881 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201744981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in PINK1 cause autosomal recessive Parkinson's disease (PD), a neurodegenerative movement disorder. PINK1 is a kinase that acts as a sensor of mitochondrial damage and initiates Parkin-mediated clearance of the damaged organelle. PINK1 phosphorylates Ser65 in both ubiquitin and the ubiquitin-like (Ubl) domain of Parkin, which stimulates its E3 ligase activity. Autophosphorylation of PINK1 is required for Parkin activation, but how this modulates the ubiquitin kinase activity is unclear. Here, we show that autophosphorylation of Tribolium castaneum PINK1 is required for substrate recognition. Using enzyme kinetics and NMR spectroscopy, we reveal that PINK1 binds the Parkin Ubl with a 10-fold higher affinity than ubiquitin via a conserved interface that is also implicated in RING1 and SH3 binding. The interaction requires phosphorylation at Ser205, an invariant PINK1 residue (Ser228 in human). Using mass spectrometry, we demonstrate that PINK1 rapidly autophosphorylates in trans at Ser205. Small-angle X-ray scattering and hydrogen-deuterium exchange experiments provide insights into the structure of the PINK1 catalytic domain. Our findings suggest that multiple PINK1 molecules autophosphorylate first prior to binding and phosphorylating ubiquitin and Parkin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shafqat Rasool
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics and Groupe de Recherche Axé sur la Structure des Protéines, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Naoto Soya
- Department of Physiology and Groupe de Recherche Axé sur la Structure des Protéines, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Luc Truong
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics and Groupe de Recherche Axé sur la Structure des Protéines, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Nathalie Croteau
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics and Groupe de Recherche Axé sur la Structure des Protéines, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Gergely L Lukacs
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Groupe de Recherche Axé sur la Structure des Protéines, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Jean-François Trempe
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics and Groupe de Recherche Axé sur la Structure des Protéines, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
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25
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Identification of Ser465 as a novel PINK1 autophosphorylation site. Transl Neurodegener 2017; 6:34. [PMID: 29255601 PMCID: PMC5729251 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-017-0103-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background PINK1 (PTEN-induced putative kinase 1) gene is the causal gene for recessive familial type 6 of Parkinson’s disease (PARK6), which is an early-onset autosomal recessive inherited neurodegenerative disease. PINK1 has been reported to exert both autophosphorylation and phosphorylation activity, affecting cell damage under stress and other physiological responses. However, there has been no report on the identification of PINK1 autophosphorylation sites and their physiological functions. Methods (1) We adopted mass spectrometry assay to identify the autophosphorylation site of PINK1, and autoradiography assay was further conducted to confirm this result. (2) Kinase activity assay was used to compare the kinase activity of both Ser465 mutant PINK1 and disease-causing mutant PINK1. (3) We use Pulse-chase analysis to measure whether Ser465 may affect PINK1 degradation. (4) Immunocytochemistry staining was used to study the PINK1 subcellular localization and Parkin transition in subcellular level. Result In our study, we identified the 465th serine residue (Ser465) as one of the autophosphorylation sites in PINK1 protein. The inactivation of Ser465 can decrease the kinase activity of PINK1. Either dissipated or excessive Ser465 site phosphorylation of PINK1 can slow down its degradation. PINK1 autophosphorylation contributes to the transit of Parkin to mitochondria, and has no effect on its subcellular localization. PARK6 causal mutations, T313 M and R492X, display the same characteristics as Ser465A mutation PINK1 protein, such as decreasing PINK1 kinase activity and affecting its interaction with Parkin. Conclusion Ser465 was identified as one of the autophosphorylation sites of PINK1, which affected PINK1 kinase activity. In addition, Ser465 is involved in the degradation of PINK1 and the transit of Parkin to mitochondria. T313 M and R492X, two novel PARK6 mutations on Thr313 and Arg492, were similar to Ser465 mutation, including decreasing PINK1 phosphorylation activity and Parkin subcellular localization.
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Schubert AF, Gladkova C, Pardon E, Wagstaff JL, Freund SM, Steyaert J, Maslen SL, Komander D. Structure of PINK1 in complex with its substrate ubiquitin. Nature 2017; 552:51-56. [PMID: 29160309 PMCID: PMC6020998 DOI: 10.1038/nature24645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Autosomal-recessive juvenile Parkinsonism (AR-JP) is caused by mutations in a number of PARK genes, in particular the genes encoding the E3 ubiquitin ligase Parkin (PARK2, also known as PRKN) and its upstream protein kinase PINK1 (also known as PARK6). PINK1 phosphorylates both ubiquitin and the ubiquitin-like domain of Parkin on structurally protected Ser65 residues, triggering mitophagy. Here we report a crystal structure of a nanobody-stabilized complex containing Pediculus humanus corporis (Ph)PINK1 bound to ubiquitin in the 'C-terminally retracted' (Ub-CR) conformation. The structure reveals many peculiarities of PINK1, including the architecture of the C-terminal region, and reveals how the N lobe of PINK1 binds ubiquitin via a unique insertion. The flexible Ser65 loop in the Ub-CR conformation contacts the activation segment, facilitating placement of Ser65 in a phosphate-accepting position. The structure also explains how autophosphorylation in the N lobe stabilizes structurally and functionally important insertions, and reveals the molecular basis of AR-JP-causing mutations, some of which disrupt ubiquitin binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander F. Schubert
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Christina Gladkova
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Els Pardon
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, VIB, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jane L. Wagstaff
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Stefan M.V. Freund
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Jan Steyaert
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, VIB, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sarah L. Maslen
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
| | - David Komander
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
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Sheng XJ, Tu HJ, Chien WL, Kang KH, Lu DH, Liou HH, Lee MJ, Fu WM. Antagonism of proteasome inhibitor-induced heme oxygenase-1 expression by PINK1 mutation. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183076. [PMID: 28806787 PMCID: PMC5555616 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1) is an integral protein in the mitochondrial membrane and maintains mitochondrial fidelity. Pathogenic mutations in PINK1 have been identified as a cause of early-onset autosomal recessive familial Parkinson’s disease (PD). The ubiquitin proteasome pathway is associated with neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, we investigated whether mutations of PINK1 affects the cellular stress response following proteasome inhibition. Administration of MG132, a peptide aldehyde proteasome inhibitor, significantly increased the expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in rat dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and in the SH-SY5Y neuronal cell line. The induction of HO-1 expression by proteasome inhibition was reduced in PINK1 G309D mutant cells. MG132 increased the levels of HO-1 through the Akt, p38, and Nrf2 signaling pathways. Compared with the cells expressing WT-PINK1, the phosphorylation of Akt and p38 was lower in those cells expressing the PINK1 G309D mutant, which resulted in the inhibition of the nuclear translocation of Nrf2. Furthermore, MG132-induced neuronal death was enhanced by the PINK1 G309D mutation. In this study, we demonstrated that the G309D mutation impairs the neuroprotective function of PINK1 following proteasome inhibition, which may be related to the pathogenesis of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Jun Sheng
- Pharmacological Institute, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hunag-Ju Tu
- Pharmacological Institute, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Lin Chien
- Pharmacological Institute, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Hsiang Kang
- Pharmacological Institute, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Dai-Hua Lu
- Pharmacological Institute, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Horng-Huei Liou
- Pharmacological Institute, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Jen Lee
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (WF); (ML)
| | - Wen-Mei Fu
- Pharmacological Institute, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (WF); (ML)
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Shiau MY, Lee PS, Huang YJ, Yang CP, Hsiao CW, Chang KY, Chen HW, Chang YH. Role of PARL-PINK1-Parkin pathway in adipocyte differentiation. Metabolism 2017. [PMID: 28641777 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2017.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Adipogenesis determines the number of adipocytes which is increased when individuals become obese. Mitochondria undergo remarkable morphological and functional changes during adipogenesis. PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1) is pivotal to maintain mitochondrial homeostasis in neural cells. The present study aimed at investigating effects of PINK1 on adipogenesis and energy metabolism. METHODS Expression of presenilin associated rhomboid-like protein (PARL), PINK1 and Parkin, as well as the interaction among these proteins was temporally examined during adipogenesis. In addition, the alterations of mitochondrial mass and the energy metabolism were also analyzed. RESULTS Adipogenic process can be dissected into 3 stages according to the participation of PARL-PINK1-Parkin system. (1) When pre-adipocytes are switched to differentiation, f-PINK1 is subjected to PARL cleavage to generate s-PINK1 at the early stage of differentiation (0-4day). Mitochondrial mass is increased for generating ambient energy to meet the demands for cellular remodeling. (2) At the second stage (5-6day), s-PINK1 persistently accumulates in mitochondria and translocates into cytoplasm to mediate Parkin degradation. Mitochondria are fragmented to reduce their mass. (3) At the late stage (7-8day), only residual autophagy activity is remained when excess mitochondria have been eliminated. This mitochondria clearance maintains energy consumption of mature adipocytes at the minimal levels for storing energy. PARL silencing aborts adipogenesis by inhibiting PPARγ expression and the finely-orchestrated events. CONCLUSIONS Our findings reveal the sequential adipogenic events directed by PARL-PINK1-Parkin system, add more evidence supporting the convergence of pathogenesis leading to neurodegenerative and metabolic diseases, and provide substantial information for developing novel therapeutic strategies by manipulating adipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Yuh Shiau
- Department of Nursing, College of Medicine & Nursing, Hungkuang University, Taichung 433, Taiwan
| | - Pin-Shen Lee
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Jyun Huang
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Ping Yang
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Chiao-Wan Hsiao
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Yun Chang
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Huan-Wen Chen
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Yih-Hsin Chang
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan.
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Kitagishi Y, Nakano N, Ogino M, Ichimura M, Minami A, Matsuda S. PINK1 signaling in mitochondrial homeostasis and in aging (Review). Int J Mol Med 2016; 39:3-8. [PMID: 27959386 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2016.2827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is involved in the pathology of Parkinson's disease, an age-associated neurodegenerative disorder. Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN)-induced putative kinase protein 1 (PINK1) is responsible for the most common form of recessive Parkinson's disease. PINK1 is a mitochondrial kinase that is involved in mitrochondrial quality control and promotes cell survival. PINK1 has been shown to protect against neuronal cell death induced by oxidative stress. Accordingly, PINK1 deficiency is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction as well as increased oxidative cellular stress and subsequent neuronal cell death. In addition, several mitochondrial chaperone proteins have been shown to be substrates of the PINK1 kinase. In this review, we discuss recent studies concerning the signaling cascades and molecular mechanisms involved in the process of mitophagy, which is implicated in neurodegeneration and in related aging associated with oxidative stress. Particular attention will be given to the molecular mechanisms proposed to explain the effects of natural compounds and/or food ingredients against oxidative stress. Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms involved in this cellular protection could be critical for developing treatments to prevent and control excessive progression of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuko Kitagishi
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women's University, Kita-Uoya, Nishimachi, Nara 630-8506, Japan
| | - Noriko Nakano
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women's University, Kita-Uoya, Nishimachi, Nara 630-8506, Japan
| | - Mako Ogino
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women's University, Kita-Uoya, Nishimachi, Nara 630-8506, Japan
| | - Mayuko Ichimura
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women's University, Kita-Uoya, Nishimachi, Nara 630-8506, Japan
| | - Akari Minami
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women's University, Kita-Uoya, Nishimachi, Nara 630-8506, Japan
| | - Satoru Matsuda
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women's University, Kita-Uoya, Nishimachi, Nara 630-8506, Japan
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Zhuang N, Li L, Chen S, Wang T. PINK1-dependent phosphorylation of PINK1 and Parkin is essential for mitochondrial quality control. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2501. [PMID: 27906179 PMCID: PMC5261015 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 10/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction has been linked to the pathogenesis of a large number of inherited diseases in humans, including Parkinson's disease, the second most common neurodegenerative disorder. The Parkinson's disease genes pink1 and parkin, which encode a mitochondrially targeted protein kinase, and an E3 ubiquitin ligase, respectively, participate in a key mitochondrial quality-control pathway that eliminates damaged mitochondria. In the current study, we established an in vivo PINK1/Parkin-induced photoreceptor neuron degeneration model in Drosophila with the aim of dissecting the PINK1/Parkin pathway in detail. Using LC-MS/MS analysis, we identified Serine 346 as the sole autophosphorylation site of Drosophila PINK1 and found that substitution of Serine 346 to Alanine completely abolished the PINK1 autophosphorylation. Disruption of either PINK1 or Parkin phosphorylation impaired the PINK1/Parkin pathway, and the degeneration phenotype of photoreceptor neurons was obviously alleviated. Phosphorylation of PINK1 is not only required for the PINK1-mediated mitochondrial recruitment of Parkin but also induces its kinase activity toward Parkin. In contrast, phosphorylation of Parkin by PINK1 is dispensable for its translocation but required for its activation. Moreover, substitution with autophosphorylation-deficient PINK1 failed to rescue pink1 null mutant phenotypes. Taken together, our findings suggest that autophosphorylation of PINK1 is essential for the mitochondrial translocation of Parkin and for subsequent phosphorylation and activation of Parkin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Zhuang
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Li
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - She Chen
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Wang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
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32
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Expression and purification of the kinase domain of PINK1 in Pichia pastoris. Protein Expr Purif 2016; 128:67-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2016.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Ben El Haj R, Regragui W, Tazi-Ahnini R, Skalli A, Bouslam N, Benomar A, Yahyaoui M, Bouhouche A. A Novel Homozygous p.L539F Mutation Identified in PINK1 Gene in a Moroccan Patient with Parkinsonism. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:3460234. [PMID: 27413743 PMCID: PMC4931068 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3460234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer's disease. Ten of fifteen causative genes linked to familial forms of PD have been reported to cause autosomal recessive forms. Among them, mutations in the PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1) gene were shown to be responsible for a phenotype characterized by early onset, good response to levodopa, and a benign course. Using chromosomal microarray analysis and Sanger sequencing, we identified a homozygous G/C substitution in a 58-year-old Moroccan man diagnosed with recessive inherited Parkinson's disease. This G-to-C transition occurred at position 1617 leading to an amino acid change L/F at position 539 located in highly conserved motif in the C terminal sequence of PINK1. Interestingly, the c.1617G>C substitution is absent in 192 ethnically matched control chromosomes. Our findings have shown that the p.L539F is a novel mutation located in the C terminal sequence of the PINK1 protein that could be pathogenic and responsible for a clinical phenotype resembling idiopathic Parkinson's disease with rapid progression and early cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafiqua Ben El Haj
- Research Team on Neurodegenerative Diseases, Medical School and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University, 10100 Rabat, Morocco
| | - Wafaa Regragui
- Research Team on Neurodegenerative Diseases, Medical School and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University, 10100 Rabat, Morocco
- Department of Neurology and Neurogenetics, Specialties Hospital, CHU Ibn Sina, 10100 Rabat, Morocco
| | - Rachid Tazi-Ahnini
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Medical School and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University, 10100 Rabat, Morocco
| | - Asmae Skalli
- Research Team on Neurodegenerative Diseases, Medical School and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University, 10100 Rabat, Morocco
| | - Naima Bouslam
- Department of Neurology and Neurogenetics, Specialties Hospital, CHU Ibn Sina, 10100 Rabat, Morocco
| | - Ali Benomar
- Research Team on Neurodegenerative Diseases, Medical School and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University, 10100 Rabat, Morocco
- Department of Neurology and Neurogenetics, Specialties Hospital, CHU Ibn Sina, 10100 Rabat, Morocco
| | - Mohamed Yahyaoui
- Research Team on Neurodegenerative Diseases, Medical School and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University, 10100 Rabat, Morocco
- Department of Neurology and Neurogenetics, Specialties Hospital, CHU Ibn Sina, 10100 Rabat, Morocco
| | - Ahmed Bouhouche
- Research Team on Neurodegenerative Diseases, Medical School and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University, 10100 Rabat, Morocco
- Department of Neurology and Neurogenetics, Specialties Hospital, CHU Ibn Sina, 10100 Rabat, Morocco
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Regulation of mitochondrial functions by protein phosphorylation and dephosphorylation. Cell Biosci 2016; 6:25. [PMID: 27087918 PMCID: PMC4832502 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-016-0089-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitochondria are double membrane-bound organelles found in most eukaryotic cells. They generate most of the cell’s energy supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Protein phosphorylation and dephosphorylation are critical mechanisms in the regulation of cell signaling networks and are essential for almost all the cellular functions. For many decades, mitochondria were considered autonomous organelles merely functioning to generate energy for cells to survive and proliferate, and were thought to be independent of the cellular signaling networks. Consequently, phosphorylation and dephosphorylation processes of mitochondrial kinases and phosphatases were largely neglected. However, evidence accumulated in recent years on mitochondria-localized kinases/phosphatases has changed this longstanding view. Mitochondria are increasingly recognized as a hub for cell signaling, and many kinases and phosphatases have been reported to localize in mitochondria and play important functions. However, the strength of the evidence on mitochondrial localization and the activities of the reported kinases and phosphatases vary greatly, and the detailed mechanisms on how these kinases/phosphatases translocate to mitochondria, their subsequent function, and the physiological and pathological implications of their localization are still poorly understood. Here, we provide an updated perspective on the recent advancement in this area, with an emphasis on the implications of mitochondrial kinases/phosphatases in cancer and several other diseases.
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35
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Choi I, Woo JH, Jou I, Joe EH. PINK1 Deficiency Decreases Expression Levels of mir-326, mir-330, and mir-3099 during Brain Development and Neural Stem Cell Differentiation. Exp Neurobiol 2016; 25:14-23. [PMID: 26924929 PMCID: PMC4766110 DOI: 10.5607/en.2016.25.1.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1) is a Parkinson's disease (PD) gene. We examined miRNAs regulated by PINK1 during brain development and neural stem cell (NSC) differentiation, and found that lvels of miRNAs related to tumors and inflammation were different between 1-day-old-wild type (WT) and PINK1-knockout (KO) mouse brains. Notably, levels of miR-326, miR-330 and miR-3099, which are related to astroglioma, increased during brain development and NSC differentiation, and were significantly reduced in the absence of PINK1. Interestingly, in the presence of ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), which pushes differentiation of NSCs into astrocytes, miR-326, miR-330, and miR-3099 levels in KO NSCs were also lower than those in WT NSCs. Furthermore, mimics of all three miRNAs increased expression of the astrocytic marker glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) during differentiation of KO NSCs, but inhibitors of these miRNAs decreased GFAP expression in WT NSCs. Moreover, these miRNAs increased the translational efficacy of GFAP through the 3'-UTR of GFAP mRNA. Taken together, these results suggest that PINK1 deficiency reduce expression levels of miR-326, miR-330 and miR-3099, which may regulate GFAP expression during NSC differentiation and brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Insup Choi
- Neuroscience Graduate Program Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea.; Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Joo Hong Woo
- Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Ilo Jou
- Neuroscience Graduate Program Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea.; Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea.; Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Eun-Hye Joe
- Neuroscience Graduate Program Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea.; Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea.; Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea.; Department of Brain Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea.; Brain Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea
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36
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In Vitro Comparison of the Activity Requirements and Substrate Specificity of Human and Triboleum castaneum PINK1 Orthologues. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146083. [PMID: 26784449 PMCID: PMC4718624 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the gene encoding the mitochondrial kinase PINK1 cause early-onset familial Parkinson's disease. To understand the biological function of PINK1 and its role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease, it is useful to study its kinase activity towards substrates both in vivo and in vitro. For in vitro kinase assays, a purified Triboleum castaneum PINK1 insect orthologue is often employed, because it displays higher levels of activity when compared to human PINK1. We show, however, that the activity requirements, and more importantly the substrate specificity, differ between both orthologues. While Triboleum castaneum PINK1 readily phosphorylates the PINKtide peptide and Histone H1 in vitro, neither of these non-physiological substrates is phosphorylated by human PINK1. Nonetheless, both Tc and human PINK1 phosphorylate Parkin and Ubiquitin, two physiological substrates of PINK1. Our results show that the substrate selectivity differs among PINK1 orthologues, an important consideration that should be taken into account when extrapolating findings back to human PINK1.
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37
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Choi I, Choi DJ, Yang H, Woo JH, Chang MY, Kim JY, Sun W, Park SM, Jou I, Lee SH, Lee SH, Joe EH. PINK1 expression increases during brain development and stem cell differentiation, and affects the development of GFAP-positive astrocytes. Mol Brain 2016; 9:5. [PMID: 26746235 PMCID: PMC4706723 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-016-0186-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mutation of PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1) causes autosomal recessive early-onset Parkinson’s disease (PD). Despite of its ubiquitous expression in brain, its roles in non-neuronal cells such as neural stem cells (NSCs) and astrocytes were poorly unknown. Results We show that PINK1 expression increases from embryonic day 12 to postnatal day 1 in mice, which represents the main period of brain development. PINK1 expression also increases during neural stem cell (NSC) differentiation. Interestingly, expression of GFAP (a marker of astrocytes) was lower in PINK1 knockout (KO) mouse brain lysates compared to wild-type (WT) lysates at postnatal days 1-8, whereas there was little difference in the expression of markers for other brain cell types (e.g., neurons and oligodendrocytes). Further experiments showed that PINK1-KO NSCs were defective in their differentiation to astrocytes, producing fewer GFAP-positive cells compared to WT NSCs. However, the KO and WT NSCs did not differ in their self-renewal capabilities or ability to differentiate to neurons and oligodendrocytes. Interestingly, during differentiation of KO NSCs there were no defects in mitochondrial function, and there were not changes in signaling molecules such as SMAD1/5/8, STAT3, and HES1 involved in differentiation of NSCs into astrocytes. In brain sections, GFAP-positive astrocytes were more sparsely distributed in the corpus callosum and substantia nigra of KO animals compared with WT. Conclusion Our study suggests that PINK1 deficiency causes defects in GFAP-positive astrogliogenesis during brain development and NSC differentiation, which may be a factor to increase risk for PD. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13041-016-0186-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Insup Choi
- Neuroscience Graduate Program Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea. .,Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.
| | - Dong-Joo Choi
- Neuroscience Graduate Program Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.
| | - Haijie Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine san-5, Woncheon-dong, Youngtong-gu, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, 442-721, Korea.
| | - Joo Hong Woo
- Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.
| | - Mi-Yoon Chang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Joo Yeon Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Division of Brain Korea 21 Plus Biomedical Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, 136-705, Korea.
| | - Woong Sun
- Department of Anatomy and Division of Brain Korea 21 Plus Biomedical Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, 136-705, Korea.
| | - Sang-Myun Park
- Neuroscience Graduate Program Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea. .,Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea. .,Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine san-5, Woncheon-dong, Youngtong-gu, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, 442-721, Korea.
| | - Ilo Jou
- Neuroscience Graduate Program Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea. .,Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea. .,Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine san-5, Woncheon-dong, Youngtong-gu, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, 442-721, Korea.
| | - Sang-Hun Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Sang Hoon Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Eun-Hye Joe
- Neuroscience Graduate Program Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea. .,Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea. .,Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine san-5, Woncheon-dong, Youngtong-gu, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, 442-721, Korea. .,Department of Brain Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea. .,Brain Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.
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38
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de Oliveira MR. Phloretin-induced cytoprotective effects on mammalian cells: A mechanistic view and future directions. Biofactors 2016; 42:13-40. [PMID: 26826024 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Phloretin (C15 H14 O5 ), a dihydrochalcone flavonoid, is mainly found in fruit, leaves, and roots of apple tree. Phloretin exerts antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumor activities in mammalian cells through mechanisms that have been partially elucidated throughout the years. Phloretin bioavailability is well known in humans, but still remains to be better studied in experimental animals, such as mouse and rat. The focus of the present review is to gather information regarding the mechanisms involved in the phloretin-elicited effects in different in vitro and in vivo experimental models. Several manuscripts were analyzed and data raised by authors were described and discussed here in a mechanistic manner. Comparisons between the effects elicited by phloretin and phloridzin were made whenever possible, as well as with other polyphenols, clarifying questions about the use of phloretin as a potential therapeutic agent. Toxicological aspects associated to phloretin exposure were also discussed here. Furthermore, a special section containing future directions was created as a suggestive guide towards the elucidation of phloretin-related actions in mammalian cells and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Roberto de Oliveira
- Department of Chemistry/ICET, Postgraduate Program in Chemistry (PPGQ), Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), CEP, Cuiaba, MT, Brazil
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Le Grand JN, Gonzalez-Cano L, Pavlou MA, Schwamborn JC. Neural stem cells in Parkinson's disease: a role for neurogenesis defects in onset and progression. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:773-97. [PMID: 25403878 PMCID: PMC11113294 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1774-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, leading to a variety of motor and non-motor symptoms. Interestingly, non-motor symptoms often appear a decade or more before the first signs of motor symptoms. Some of these non-motor symptoms are remarkably similar to those observed in cases of impaired neurogenesis and several PD-related genes have been shown to play a role in embryonic or adult neurogenesis. Indeed, animal models deficient in Nurr1, Pitx3, SNCA and PINK1 display deregulated embryonic neurogenesis and LRRK2 and VPS35 have been implicated in neuronal development-related processes such as Wnt/β-catenin signaling and neurite outgrowth. Moreover, adult neurogenesis is affected in both PD patients and PD animal models and is regulated by dopamine and dopaminergic (DA) receptors, by chronic neuroinflammation, such as that observed in PD, and by differential expression of wild-type or mutant forms of PD-related genes. Indeed, an increasing number of in vivo studies demonstrate a role for SNCA and LRRK2 in adult neurogenesis and in the generation and maintenance of DA neurons. Finally, the roles of PD-related genes, SNCA, LRRK2, VPS35, Parkin, PINK1 and DJ-1 have been studied in NSCs, progenitor cells and induced pluripotent stem cells, demonstrating a role for some of these genes in stem/progenitor cell proliferation and maintenance. Together, these studies strongly suggest a link between deregulated neurogenesis and the onset and progression of PD and present strong evidence that, in addition to a neurodegenerative disorder, PD can also be regarded as a developmental disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaclyn Nicole Le Grand
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, 4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Laura Gonzalez-Cano
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, 4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Maria Angeliki Pavlou
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, 4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Jens C. Schwamborn
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, 4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
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40
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Aerts L, Craessaerts K, De Strooper B, Morais VA. PINK1 kinase catalytic activity is regulated by phosphorylation on serines 228 and 402. J Biol Chem 2014; 290:2798-811. [PMID: 25527497 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.620906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the PINK1 gene cause early-onset recessive Parkinson disease. PINK1 is a mitochondrially targeted kinase that regulates multiple aspects of mitochondrial biology, from oxidative phosphorylation to mitochondrial clearance. PINK1 itself is also phosphorylated, and this might be linked to the regulation of its multiple activities. Here we systematically analyze four previously identified phosphorylation sites in PINK1 for their role in autophosphorylation, substrate phosphorylation, and mitophagy. Our data indicate that two of these sites, Ser-228 and Ser-402, are autophosphorylated on truncated PINK1 but not on full-length PINK1, suggesting that the N terminus has an inhibitory effect on phosphorylation. We furthermore establish that phosphorylation of these PINK1 residues regulates the phosphorylation of the substrates Parkin and Ubiquitin. Especially Ser-402 phosphorylation appears to be important for PINK1 function because it is involved in Parkin recruitment and the induction of mitophagy. Finally, we identify Thr-313 as a residue that is critical for PINK1 catalytic activity, but, in contrast to previous reports, we find no evidence that this activity is regulated by phosphorylation. These data clarify the regulation of PINK1 through multisite phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liesbeth Aerts
- From the Center for the Biology of Disease, Flemish Institute for Biotechnology (VIB) and Center for Human Genetics, Leuven Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders and University Hospitals Leuven, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium and
| | - Katleen Craessaerts
- From the Center for the Biology of Disease, Flemish Institute for Biotechnology (VIB) and Center for Human Genetics, Leuven Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders and University Hospitals Leuven, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium and
| | - Bart De Strooper
- From the Center for the Biology of Disease, Flemish Institute for Biotechnology (VIB) and Center for Human Genetics, Leuven Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders and University Hospitals Leuven, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium and the University College London, Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
| | - Vanessa A Morais
- From the Center for the Biology of Disease, Flemish Institute for Biotechnology (VIB) and Center for Human Genetics, Leuven Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders and University Hospitals Leuven, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium and
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Shiba-Fukushima K, Inoshita T, Hattori N, Imai Y. Lysine 63-linked polyubiquitination is dispensable for Parkin-mediated mitophagy. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:33131-6. [PMID: 25336644 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.c114.580944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy is thought to ensure mitochondrial quality control in neurons as well as other cells. Upon the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), Lys-63-linked polyubiquitin chains accumulate on the mitochondrial outer membrane in a Parkin-dependent manner. However, the physiological significance of Lys-63-linked polyubiquitination during mitophagy is not fully understood. Here, we report that the suppression of Lys-63-linked polyubiquitination through the removal of Ubc13 activity essentially affects neither PINK1 activation nor the degradation of depolarized mitochondria. Moreover, the inactivation of Ubc13 did not modulate the mitochondrial phenotypes of PINK1 knockdown Drosophila. Our data indicate that the formation of Lys-63-linked polyubiquitin chains on depolarized mitochondria is not a key factor for the PINK1-Parkin pathway as was once thought.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tsuyoshi Inoshita
- Research for Parkinson's Disease, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Hattori
- From the Departments of Neurology and Research for Parkinson's Disease, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Yuzuru Imai
- Research for Parkinson's Disease, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
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Mills RD, Mulhern TD, Liu F, Culvenor JG, Cheng HC. Prediction of the Repeat Domain Structures and Impact of Parkinsonism-Associated Variations on Structure and Function of all Functional Domains of Leucine-Rich Repeat Kinase 2 (LRRK2). Hum Mutat 2014; 35:395-412. [DOI: 10.1002/humu.22515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan D. Mills
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute; University of Melbourne; Parkville Victoria Australia
| | - Terrence D. Mulhern
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute; University of Melbourne; Parkville Victoria Australia
| | - Fei Liu
- Department of Chemistry & Biomolecular Sciences; Macquarie University; NSW Australia
| | - Janetta G. Culvenor
- Department of Pathology; University of Melbourne; Parkville Victoria Australia
| | - Heung-Chin Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute; University of Melbourne; Parkville Victoria Australia
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Wang X, Guo J, Fei E, Mu Y, He S, Che X, Tan J, Xia K, Zhang Z, Wang G, Tang B. BAG5 protects against mitochondrial oxidative damage through regulating PINK1 degradation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86276. [PMID: 24475098 PMCID: PMC3901670 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1) gene cause PARK6 familial Parkinsonism, and loss of the stability of PINK1 may also contribute to sporadic Parkinson's disease (PD). Degradation of PINK1 occurs predominantly through the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS), however, to date, few of the proteins have been found to regulate the degradation of PINK1. Using the yeast two-hybrid system and pull-down methods, we identified bcl-2-associated athanogene 5 (BAG5), a BAG family member, directly interacted with PINK1. We showed that BAG5 stabilized PINK1 by decreasing the ubiquitination of PINK1. Interestingly, BAG5 rescued MPP(+)- and rotenone-induced mitochondria dysfunction by up-regulating PINK1 in vitro. In PINK1-null mice and MPTP-treated mice, BAG5 significantly increased in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) although PINK1 was decreased. Our findings indicated that BAG5, as a key protein to stabilize PINK1, is a promising therapeutic tool for preventing mitochondrial dysfunction following oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejing Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jifeng Guo
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- Human Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- Neurodegenerative Disorders Research Center, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Erkang Fei
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropathology, National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingfeng Mu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang He
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangqian Che
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jieqiong Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuohua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Guanghui Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropathology, National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (BT); (GW)
| | - Beisha Tang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- Human Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- Neurodegenerative Disorders Research Center, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (BT); (GW)
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Bornhorst J, Chakraborty S, Meyer S, Lohren H, Brinkhaus SG, Knight AL, Caldwell KA, Caldwell GA, Karst U, Schwerdtle T, Bowman A, Aschner M. The effects of pdr1, djr1.1 and pink1 loss in manganese-induced toxicity and the role of α-synuclein in C. elegans. Metallomics 2014; 6:476-90. [PMID: 24452053 DOI: 10.1039/c3mt00325f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative brain disorder characterized by selective dopaminergic (DAergic) cell loss that results in overt motor and cognitive deficits. Current treatment options exist to combat PD symptomatology, but are unable to directly target its pathogenesis due to a lack of knowledge concerning its etiology. Several genes have been linked to PD, including three genes associated with an early-onset familial form: parkin, pink1 and dj1. All three genes are implicated in regulating oxidative stress pathways. Another hallmark of PD pathophysiology is Lewy body deposition, associated with the gain-of-function genetic risk factor α-synuclein. The function of α-synuclein is poorly understood, as it shows both neurotoxic and neuroprotective activities in PD. Using the genetically tractable invertebrate Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) model system, the neurotoxic or neuroprotective role of α-synuclein upon acute Mn exposure in the background of mutated pdr1, pink1 or djr1.1 was examined. The pdr1 and djr1.1 mutants showed enhanced Mn accumulation and oxidative stress that was reduced by α-synuclein. Moreover, DAergic neurodegeneration, while unchanged with Mn exposure, returned to wild-type (WT) levels for pdr1, but not djr1.1 mutants expressing α-synuclein. Taken together, this study uncovers a novel, neuroprotective role for WT human α-synuclein in attenuating Mn-induced toxicity in the background of PD-associated genes, and further supports the role of extracellular dopamine in exacerbating Mn neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Bornhorst
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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45
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Greggio E, Singleton A. Kinase signaling pathways as potential targets in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. Expert Rev Proteomics 2014; 4:783-92. [DOI: 10.1586/14789450.4.6.783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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46
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Chakraborty S, Bornhorst J, Nguyen TT, Aschner M. Oxidative stress mechanisms underlying Parkinson's disease-associated neurodegeneration in C. elegans. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:23103-28. [PMID: 24284401 PMCID: PMC3856108 DOI: 10.3390/ijms141123103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is thought to play a significant role in the development and progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Although it is currently considered a hallmark of such processes, the interweaving of a multitude of signaling cascades hinders complete understanding of the direct role of oxidative stress in neurodegeneration. In addition to its extensive use as an aging model, some researchers have turned to the invertebrate model Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) in order to further investigate molecular mediators that either exacerbate or protect against reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated neurodegeneration. Due to their fully characterized genome and short life cycle, rapid generation of C. elegans genetic models can be useful to study upstream markers of oxidative stress within interconnected signaling pathways. This report will focus on the roles of C. elegans homologs for the oxidative stress-associated transcription factor Nrf2, as well as the autosomal recessive, early-onset Parkinson’s disease (PD)-associated proteins Parkin, DJ-1, and PINK1, in neurodegenerative processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudipta Chakraborty
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; E-Mail:
- Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Julia Bornhorst
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Thuy T. Nguyen
- Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; E-Mail:
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Michael Aschner
- Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; E-Mail:
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; E-Mail:
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-718-430-2317
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47
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Gómez-Sánchez R, Gegg ME, Bravo-San Pedro JM, Niso-Santano M, Alvarez-Erviti L, Pizarro-Estrella E, Gutiérrez-Martín Y, Alvarez-Barrientos A, Fuentes JM, González-Polo RA, Schapira AHV. Mitochondrial impairment increases FL-PINK1 levels by calcium-dependent gene expression. Neurobiol Dis 2013; 62:426-40. [PMID: 24184327 PMCID: PMC3898697 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2013.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Revised: 10/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations of the PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1) gene are a cause of autosomal recessive Parkinson's disease (PD). This gene encodes a mitochondrial serine/threonine kinase, which is partly localized to mitochondria, and has been shown to play a role in protecting neuronal cells from oxidative stress and cell death, perhaps related to its role in mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy. In this study, we report that increased mitochondrial PINK1 levels observed in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells after carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophelyhydrazone (CCCP) treatment were due to de novo protein synthesis, and not just increased stabilization of full length PINK1 (FL-PINK1). PINK1 mRNA levels were significantly increased by 4-fold after 24h. FL-PINK1 protein levels at this time point were significantly higher than vehicle-treated, or cells treated with CCCP for 3h, despite mitochondrial content being decreased by 29%. We have also shown that CCCP dissipated the mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) and induced entry of extracellular calcium through L/N-type calcium channels. The calcium chelating agent BAPTA-AM impaired the CCCP-induced PINK1 mRNA and protein expression. Furthermore, CCCP treatment activated the transcription factor c-Fos in a calcium-dependent manner. These data indicate that PINK1 expression is significantly increased upon CCCP-induced mitophagy in a calcium-dependent manner. This increase in expression continues after peak Parkin mitochondrial translocation, suggesting a role for PINK1 in mitophagy that is downstream of ubiquitination of mitochondrial substrates. This sensitivity to intracellular calcium levels supports the hypothesis that PINK1 may also play a role in cellular calcium homeostasis and neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Gómez-Sánchez
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Genética, Universidad de Extremadura, F. Enfermería y Terapia Ocupacional, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| | - Matthew E Gegg
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London NW3 2PF, UK
| | - José M Bravo-San Pedro
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Genética, Universidad de Extremadura, F. Enfermería y Terapia Ocupacional, 10003 Cáceres, Spain; INSERM, U848, Institut Gustave Roussy, Université Paris Sud, Paris 11, F-94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Mireia Niso-Santano
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Genética, Universidad de Extremadura, F. Enfermería y Terapia Ocupacional, 10003 Cáceres, Spain; INSERM, U848, Institut Gustave Roussy, Université Paris Sud, Paris 11, F-94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Lydia Alvarez-Erviti
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Elisa Pizarro-Estrella
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Genética, Universidad de Extremadura, F. Enfermería y Terapia Ocupacional, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| | - Yolanda Gutiérrez-Martín
- Servicio de Técnicas Aplicadas a las Biociencias, Universidad de Extremadura, 06071 Badajoz, Spain
| | | | - José M Fuentes
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Genética, Universidad de Extremadura, F. Enfermería y Terapia Ocupacional, 10003 Cáceres, Spain.
| | - Rosa Ana González-Polo
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Genética, Universidad de Extremadura, F. Enfermería y Terapia Ocupacional, 10003 Cáceres, Spain.
| | - Anthony H V Schapira
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London NW3 2PF, UK
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48
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Xue L, Geahlen RL, Tao WA. Identification of direct tyrosine kinase substrates based on protein kinase assay-linked phosphoproteomics. Mol Cell Proteomics 2013; 12:2969-80. [PMID: 23793017 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.o113.027722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein kinases are implicated in multiple diseases such as cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and central nervous system disorders. Identification of kinase substrates is critical to dissecting signaling pathways and to understanding disease pathologies. However, methods and techniques used to identify bona fide kinase substrates have remained elusive. Here we describe a proteomic strategy suitable for identifying kinase specificity and direct substrates in high throughput. This approach includes an in vitro kinase assay-based substrate screening and an endogenous kinase dependent phosphorylation profiling. In the in vitro kinase reaction route, a pool of formerly phosphorylated proteins is directly extracted from whole cell extracts, dephosphorylated by phosphatase treatment, after which the kinase of interest is added. Quantitative proteomics identifies the rephosphorylated proteins as direct substrates in vitro. In parallel, the in vivo quantitative phosphoproteomics is performed in which cells are treated with or without the kinase inhibitor. Together, proteins phosphorylated in vitro overlapping with the kinase-dependent phosphoproteome in vivo represents the physiological direct substrates in high confidence. The protein kinase assay-linked phosphoproteomics was applied to identify 25 candidate substrates of the protein-tyrosine kinase SYK, including a number of known substrates and many novel substrates in human B cells. These shed light on possible new roles for SYK in multiple important signaling pathways. The results demonstrate that this integrated proteomic approach can provide an efficient strategy to screen direct substrates for protein tyrosine kinases.
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49
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Trempe JF, Fon EA. Structure and Function of Parkin, PINK1, and DJ-1, the Three Musketeers of Neuroprotection. Front Neurol 2013; 4:38. [PMID: 23626584 PMCID: PMC3630392 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2013.00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal recessive forms of Parkinson’s disease are caused by mutations in three genes: Parkin, PINK1, and DJ-1. These genes encode for proteins with distinct enzymatic activities that may work together to confer neuroprotection. Parkin is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that has been shown to ubiquitinate substrates and to trigger proteasome-dependent degradation or autophagy, two crucial homeostatic processes in neurons. PINK1 is a mitochondrial protein kinase whose activity is required for Parkin-dependent mitophagy, a process that has been linked to neurodegeneration. Finally, DJ-1 is a protein homologous to a broad class of bacterial enzymes that may function as a sensor and modulator of reactive oxygen species, which have been implicated in neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we review the literature on the structure and biochemical functions of these three proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Trempe
- McGill Parkinson Program, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada
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50
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Choi I, Kim J, Jeong HK, Kim B, Jou I, Park SM, Chen L, Kang UJ, Zhuang X, Joe EH. PINK1 deficiency attenuates astrocyte proliferation through mitochondrial dysfunction, reduced AKT and increased p38 MAPK activation, and downregulation of EGFR. Glia 2013; 61:800-12. [PMID: 23440919 PMCID: PMC3657120 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PINK1 (PTEN induced putative kinase 1), a familial Parkinson's disease (PD)-related gene, is expressed in astrocytes, but little is known about its role in this cell type. Here, we found that astrocytes cultured from PINK1-knockout (KO) mice exhibit defective proliferative responses to epidermal growth factor (EGF) and fetal bovine serum. In PINK1-KO astrocytes, basal and EGF-induced p38 activation (phosphorylation) were increased whereas EGF receptor (EGFR) expression and AKT activation were decreased. p38 inhibition (SB203580) or knockdown with small interfering RNA (siRNA) rescued EGFR expression and AKT activation in PINK1-KO astrocytes. Proliferation defects in PINK1-KO astrocytes appeared to be linked to mitochondrial defects, manifesting as decreased mitochondrial mass and membrane potential, increased intracellular reactive oxygen species level, decreased glucose-uptake capacity, and decreased ATP production. Mitochondrial toxin (oligomycin) and a glucose-uptake inhibitor (phloretin) mimicked the PINK1-deficiency phenotype, decreasing astrocyte proliferation, EGFR expression and AKT activation, and increasing p38 activation. In addition, the proliferation defect in PINK1-KO astrocytes resulted in a delay in the wound healing process. Taken together, these results suggest that PINK1 deficiency causes astrocytes dysfunction, which may contribute to the development of PD due to delayed astrocytes-mediated repair of microenvironment in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Insup Choi
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
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