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Wang Y, Pei P, Yang K, Guo L, Li Y. Copper in colorectal cancer: From copper-related mechanisms to clinical cancer therapies. Clin Transl Med 2024; 14:e1724. [PMID: 38804588 PMCID: PMC11131360 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.1724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Copper, a trace element and vital cofactor, plays a crucial role in the maintenance of biological functions. Recent evidence has established significant correlations between copper levels, cancer development and metastasis. The strong redox-active properties of copper offer both benefits and disadvantages to cancer cells. The intestinal tract, which is primarily responsible for copper uptake and regulation, may suffer from an imbalance in copper homeostasis. Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the most prevalent primary cancer of the intestinal tract and is an aggressive malignant disease with limited therapeutic options. Current research is primarily focused on the relationship between copper and CRC. Innovative concepts, such as cuproplasia and cuproptosis, are being explored to understand copper-related cellular proliferation and death. Cuproplasia is the regulation of cell proliferation that is mediated by both enzymatic and nonenzymatic copper-modulated activities. Whereas, cuproptosis refers to cell death induced by excess copper via promoting the abnormal oligomerisation of lipoylated proteins within the tricarboxylic acid cycle, as well as by diminishing the levels of iron-sulphur cluster proteins. A comprehensive understanding of copper-related cellular proliferation and death mechanisms offers new avenues for CRC treatment. In this review, we summarise the evolving molecular mechanisms, ranging from abnormal intracellular copper concentrations to the copper-related proteins that are being discovered, and discuss the role of copper in the pathogenesis, progression and potential therapies for CRC. Understanding the relationship between copper and CRC will help provide a comprehensive theoretical foundation for innovative treatment strategies in CRC management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhong Wang
- Department of PathologyFudan University Shanghai Cancer CenterShanghaiChina
- Department of OncologyShanghai Medical CollegeFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Department of PathologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Pei Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and ProtectionSchool of Radiation Medicine and Protection & School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD‐X)Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education InstitutionsSoochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsuChina
| | - Kai Yang
- Department of PathologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouChina
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and ProtectionSchool of Radiation Medicine and Protection & School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD‐X)Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education InstitutionsSoochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsuChina
| | - Lingchuan Guo
- Department of PathologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of PathologyFudan University Shanghai Cancer CenterShanghaiChina
- Department of OncologyShanghai Medical CollegeFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
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Povea-Cabello S, Brischigliaro M, Fernández-Vizarra E. Emerging mechanisms in the redox regulation of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase assembly and function. Biochem Soc Trans 2024; 52:873-885. [PMID: 38526156 DOI: 10.1042/bst20231183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
In eukaryotic cells, mitochondria perform cellular respiration through a series of redox reactions ultimately reducing molecular oxygen to water. The system responsible for this process is the respiratory chain or electron transport system (ETS) composed of complexes I-IV. Due to its function, the ETS is the main source of reactive oxygen species (ROS), generating them on both sides of the mitochondrial inner membrane, i.e. the intermembrane space (IMS) and the matrix. A correct balance between ROS generation and scavenging is important for keeping the cellular redox homeostasis and other important aspects of cellular physiology. However, ROS generated in the mitochondria are important signaling molecules regulating mitochondrial biogenesis and function. The IMS contains a large number of redox sensing proteins, containing specific Cys-rich domains, that are involved in ETS complex biogenesis. The large majority of these proteins function as cytochrome c oxidase (COX) assembly factors, mainly for the handling of copper ions necessary for the formation of the redox reactive catalytic centers. A particular case of ROS-regulated COX assembly factor is COA8, whose intramitochondrial levels are increased by oxidative stress, promoting COX assembly and/or protecting the enzyme from oxidative damage. In this review, we will discuss the current knowledge concerning the role played by ROS in regulating mitochondrial activity and biogenesis, focusing on the COX enzyme and with a special emphasis on the functional role exerted by the redox sensitive Cys residues contained in the COX assembly factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suleva Povea-Cabello
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, 35129 Padova, Italy
| | - Michele Brischigliaro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, 35129 Padova, Italy
| | - Erika Fernández-Vizarra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, 35129 Padova, Italy
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Caron-Godon CA, Collington E, Wolf JL, Coletta G, Glerum DM. More than Just Bread and Wine: Using Yeast to Understand Inherited Cytochrome Oxidase Deficiencies in Humans. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3814. [PMID: 38612624 PMCID: PMC11011759 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Inherited defects in cytochrome c oxidase (COX) are associated with a substantial subset of diseases adversely affecting the structure and function of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. This multi-subunit enzyme consists of 14 subunits and numerous cofactors, and it requires the function of some 30 proteins to assemble. COX assembly was first shown to be the primary defect in the majority of COX deficiencies 36 years ago. Over the last three decades, most COX assembly genes have been identified in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and studies in yeast have proven instrumental in testing the impact of mutations identified in patients with a specific COX deficiency. The advent of accessible genome-wide sequencing capabilities has led to more patient mutations being identified, with the subsequent identification of several new COX assembly factors. However, the lack of genotype-phenotype correlations and the large number of genes involved in generating a functional COX mean that functional studies must be undertaken to assign a genetic variant as being causal. In this review, we provide a brief overview of the use of yeast as a model system and briefly compare the COX assembly process in yeast and humans. We focus primarily on the studies in yeast that have allowed us to both identify new COX assembly factors and to demonstrate the pathogenicity of a subset of the mutations that have been identified in patients with inherited defects in COX. We conclude with an overview of the areas in which studies in yeast are likely to continue to contribute to progress in understanding disease arising from inherited COX deficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenelle A. Caron-Godon
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada; (C.A.C.-G.); (E.C.); (J.L.W.); (G.C.)
| | - Emma Collington
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada; (C.A.C.-G.); (E.C.); (J.L.W.); (G.C.)
| | - Jessica L. Wolf
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada; (C.A.C.-G.); (E.C.); (J.L.W.); (G.C.)
| | - Genna Coletta
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada; (C.A.C.-G.); (E.C.); (J.L.W.); (G.C.)
| | - D. Moira Glerum
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada; (C.A.C.-G.); (E.C.); (J.L.W.); (G.C.)
- Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
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Bischoff ME, Shamsaei B, Yang J, Secic D, Vemuri B, Reisz JA, D'Alessandro A, Bartolacci C, Adamczak R, Schmidt L, Wang J, Martines A, Biesiada J, Vest KE, Scaglioni PP, Plas DR, Patra KC, Gulati S, Figueroa JAL, Meller J, Cunningham JT, Czyzyk-Krzeska MF. Copper drives remodeling of metabolic state and progression of clear cell renal cell carcinoma. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.16.575895. [PMID: 38293110 PMCID: PMC10827129 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.16.575895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Copper (Cu) is an essential trace element required for mitochondrial respiration. Late-stage clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) accumulates Cu and allocates it to mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase. We show that Cu drives coordinated metabolic remodeling of bioenergy, biosynthesis and redox homeostasis, promoting tumor growth and progression of ccRCC. Specifically, Cu induces TCA cycle-dependent oxidation of glucose and its utilization for glutathione biosynthesis to protect against H 2 O 2 generated during mitochondrial respiration, therefore coordinating bioenergy production with redox protection. scRNA-seq determined that ccRCC progression involves increased expression of subunits of respiratory complexes, genes in glutathione and Cu metabolism, and NRF2 targets, alongside a decrease in HIF activity, a hallmark of ccRCC. Spatial transcriptomics identified that proliferating cancer cells are embedded in clusters of cells with oxidative metabolism supporting effects of metabolic states on ccRCC progression. Our work establishes novel vulnerabilities with potential for therapeutic interventions in ccRCC. Accumulation of copper is associated with progression and relapse of ccRCC and drives tumor growth.Cu accumulation and allocation to cytochrome c oxidase (CuCOX) remodels metabolism coupling energy production and nucleotide biosynthesis with maintenance of redox homeostasis.Cu induces oxidative phosphorylation via alterations in the mitochondrial proteome and lipidome necessary for the formation of the respiratory supercomplexes. Cu stimulates glutathione biosynthesis and glutathione derived specifically from glucose is necessary for survival of Cu Hi cells. Biosynthesis of glucose-derived glutathione requires activity of glutamyl pyruvate transaminase 2, entry of glucose-derived pyruvate to mitochondria via alanine, and the glutamate exporter, SLC25A22. Glutathione derived from glucose maintains redox homeostasis in Cu-treated cells, reducing Cu-H 2 O 2 Fenton-like reaction mediated cell death. Progression of human ccRCC is associated with gene expression signature characterized by induction of ETC/OxPhos/GSH/Cu-related genes and decrease in HIF/glycolytic genes in subpopulations of cancer cells. Enhanced, concordant expression of genes related to ETC/OxPhos, GSH, and Cu characterizes metabolically active subpopulations of ccRCC cells in regions adjacent to proliferative subpopulations of ccRCC cells, implicating oxidative metabolism in supporting tumor growth.
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Wang W, Mo W, Hang Z, Huang Y, Yi H, Sun Z, Lei A. Cuproptosis: Harnessing Transition Metal for Cancer Therapy. ACS NANO 2023; 17:19581-19599. [PMID: 37820312 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c07775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Transition metal elements, such as copper, play diverse and pivotal roles in oncology. They act as constituents of metalloenzymes involved in cellular metabolism, function as signaling molecules to regulate the proliferation and metastasis of tumors, and are integral components of metal-based anticancer drugs. Notably, recent research reveals that excessive copper can also modulate the occurrence of programmed cell death (PCD), known as cuprotosis, in cancer cells. This modulation occurs through the disruption of tumor cell metabolism and the induction of proteotoxic stress. This discovery uncovers a mode of interaction between transition metals and proteins, emphasizing the intricate link between copper homeostasis and tumor metabolism. Moreover, they provide innovative therapeutic strategies for the precise diagnosis and treatment of malignant tumors. At the crossroads of chemistry and oncology, we undertake a comprehensive review of copper homeostasis in tumors, elucidating the molecular mechanisms underpinning cuproptosis. Additionally, we summarize current nanotherapeutic approaches that target cuproptosis and provide an overview of the available laboratory and clinical methods for monitoring this process. In the context of emerging concepts, challenges, and opportunities, we emphasize the significant potential of nanotechnology in the advancement of this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuyin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Wentao Mo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Zishan Hang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Yueying Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Hong Yi
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Zhijun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial-Head Neck Oncology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Aiwen Lei
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
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Wei J, Wang S, Zhu H, Cui W, Gao J, Gao C, Yu B, Liu B, Chen J, Peng J. Hepatic depletion of nucleolar protein mDEF causes excessive mitochondrial copper accumulation associated with p53 and NRF1 activation. iScience 2023; 26:107220. [PMID: 37456842 PMCID: PMC10339200 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Copper is an essential component in the mitochondrial respiratory chain complex IV (cytochrome c oxidases). However, whether any nucleolar factor(s) is(are) involved in regulating the mitochondrial copper homeostasis remains unclear. The nucleolar localized Def-Capn3 protein degradation pathway cleaves target proteins, including p53, in both zebrafish and human nucleoli. Here, we report that hepatic depletion of mDEF in mice causes an excessive copper accumulation in the mitochondria. We find that mDEF-depleted hepatocytes show an exclusion of CAPN3 from the nucleoli and accumulate p53 and NRF1 proteins in the nucleoli. Furthermore, we find that NRF1 is a CAPN3 substrate. Elevated p53 and NRF1 enhances the expression of Sco2 and Cox genes, respectively, to allow more copper acquirement in the mDefloxp/loxp, Alb:Cre mitochondria. Our findings reveal that the mDEF-CAPN3 pathway serves as a novel mechanism for regulating the mitochondrial copper homeostasis through targeting its substrates p53 and NRF1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsong Wei
- MOE Key Laboratory for Molecular Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Molecular Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Haozhe Zhu
- MOE Key Laboratory for Molecular Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wei Cui
- MOE Key Laboratory for Molecular Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jianan Gao
- MOE Key Laboratory for Molecular Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ce Gao
- MOE Key Laboratory for Molecular Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Bo Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Bojing Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory for Molecular Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jun Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jinrong Peng
- MOE Key Laboratory for Molecular Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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7
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Seminotti B, Grings M, Glänzel NM, Vockley J, Leipnitz G. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) agonists as a potential therapy for inherited metabolic disorders. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 209:115433. [PMID: 36709926 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Inherited metabolic disorders (IMDs) are genetic disorders that cause a disruption of a specific metabolic pathway leading to biochemical, clinical and pathophysiological sequelae. While the metabolite abnormalities in body fluids and tissues can usually be defined by directed or broad-spectrum metabolomic analysis, the pathophysiology of these changes is often not obvious. Mounting evidence has revealed that secondary mitochondrial dysfunction, mainly oxidative phosphorylation impairment and elevated reactive oxygen species, plays a pivotal role in many disorders. Peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) consist of a group of nuclear hormone receptors (PPARα, PPARβ/δ, and PPARγ) that regulate multiple cellular functions and processes, including response to oxidative stress, inflammation, lipid metabolism, and mitochondrial bioenergetics and biogenesis. In this context, the activation of PPARs has been shown to stimulate oxidative phosphorylation and reduce reactive species levels. Thus, pharmacological treatment with PPAR activators, such as fibrates, has gained much attention in the last 15 years. This review summarizes preclinical (animal models and patient-derived cells) and clinical data on the effect of PPARs in IMDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Seminotti
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, CEP 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Division of Genetic and Genomic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Mateus Grings
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, CEP 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Nícolas Manzke Glänzel
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, CEP 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Jerry Vockley
- Division of Genetic and Genomic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Guilhian Leipnitz
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, CEP 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Fisiologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Sarmento Leite, 500, CEP 90035-190, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, CEP 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Protein Transduction Domain-Mediated Delivery of Recombinant Proteins and In Vitro Transcribed mRNAs for Protein Replacement Therapy of Human Severe Genetic Mitochondrial Disorders: The Case of Sco2 Deficiency. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15010286. [PMID: 36678915 PMCID: PMC9861957 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15010286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial disorders represent a heterogeneous group of genetic disorders with variations in severity and clinical outcomes, mostly characterized by respiratory chain dysfunction and abnormal mitochondrial function. More specifically, mutations in the human SCO2 gene, encoding the mitochondrial inner membrane Sco2 cytochrome c oxidase (COX) assembly protein, have been implicated in the mitochondrial disorder fatal infantile cardioencephalomyopathy with COX deficiency. Since an effective treatment is still missing, a protein replacement therapy (PRT) was explored using protein transduction domain (PTD) technology. Therefore, the human recombinant full-length mitochondrial protein Sco2, fused to TAT peptide (a common PTD), was produced (fusion Sco2 protein) and successfully transduced into fibroblasts derived from a SCO2/COX-deficient patient. This PRT contributed to effective COX assembly and partial recovery of COX activity. In mice, radiolabeled fusion Sco2 protein was biodistributed in the peripheral tissues of mice and successfully delivered into their mitochondria. Complementary to that, an mRNA-based therapeutic approach has been more recently considered as an innovative treatment option. In particular, a patented, novel PTD-mediated IVT-mRNA delivery platform was developed and applied in recent research efforts. PTD-IVT-mRNA of full-length SCO2 was successfully transduced into the fibroblasts derived from a SCO2/COX-deficient patient, translated in host ribosomes into a nascent chain of human Sco2, imported into mitochondria, and processed to the mature protein. Consequently, the recovery of reduced COX activity was achieved, thus suggesting the potential of this mRNA-based technology for clinical translation as a PRT for metabolic/genetic disorders. In this review, such research efforts will be comprehensibly presented and discussed to elaborate their potential in clinical application and therapeutic usefulness.
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Garza NM, Swaminathan AB, Maremanda KP, Zulkifli M, Gohil VM. Mitochondrial copper in human genetic disorders. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2023; 34:21-33. [PMID: 36435678 PMCID: PMC9780195 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2022.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Copper is an essential micronutrient that serves as a cofactor for enzymes involved in diverse physiological processes, including mitochondrial energy generation. Copper enters cells through a dedicated copper transporter and is distributed to intracellular cuproenzymes by copper chaperones. Mitochondria are critical copper-utilizing organelles that harbor an essential cuproenzyme cytochrome c oxidase, which powers energy production. Mutations in copper transporters and chaperones that perturb mitochondrial copper homeostasis result in fatal genetic disorders. Recent studies have uncovered the therapeutic potential of elesclomol, a copper ionophore, for the treatment of copper deficiency disorders such as Menkes disease. Here we review the role of copper in mitochondrial energy metabolism in the context of human diseases and highlight the recent developments in copper therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie M Garza
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, MS 3474, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Abhinav B Swaminathan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, MS 3474, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Krishna P Maremanda
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, MS 3474, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Mohammad Zulkifli
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, MS 3474, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Vishal M Gohil
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, MS 3474, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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10
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McCann C, Quinteros M, Adelugba I, Morgada MN, Castelblanco AR, Davis EJ, Lanzirotti A, Hainer SJ, Vila AJ, Navea JG, Padilla-Benavides T. The mitochondrial Cu+ transporter PiC2 (SLC25A3) is a target of MTF1 and contributes to the development of skeletal muscle in vitro. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:1037941. [PMID: 36438658 PMCID: PMC9682256 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.1037941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The loading of copper (Cu) into cytochrome c oxidase (COX) in mitochondria is essential for energy production in cells. Extensive studies have been performed to characterize mitochondrial cuproenzymes that contribute to the metallation of COX, such as Sco1, Sco2, and Cox17. However, limited information is available on the upstream mechanism of Cu transport and delivery to mitochondria, especially through Cu-impermeable membranes, in mammalian cells. The mitochondrial phosphate transporter SLC25A3, also known as PiC2, binds Cu+ and transports the ion through these membranes in eukaryotic cells, ultimately aiding in the metallation of COX. We used the well-established differentiation model of primary myoblasts derived from mouse satellite cells, wherein Cu availability is necessary for growth and maturation, and showed that PiC2 is a target of MTF1, and its expression is both induced during myogenesis and favored by Cu supplementation. PiC2 deletion using CRISPR/Cas9 showed that the transporter is required for proliferation and differentiation of primary myoblasts, as both processes are delayed upon PiC2 knock-out. The effects of PiC2 deletion were rescued by the addition of Cu to the growth medium, implying the deleterious effects of PiC2 knockout in myoblasts may be in part due to a failure to deliver sufficient Cu to the mitochondria, which can be compensated by other mitochondrial cuproproteins. Co-localization and co-immunoprecipitation of PiC2 and COX also suggest that PiC2 may participate upstream in the copper delivery chain into COX, as verified by in vitro Cu+-transfer experiments. These data indicate an important role for PiC2 in both the delivery of Cu to the mitochondria and COX, favoring the differentiation of primary myoblasts.
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11
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Zhou G, Lan C, Yang Q, Zhong W, Gu Z, Xiang X, Mao Y, Liao X. Expression of SCO1 and SCO2 after form-deprivation myopia in Guinea pigs. Eur J Ophthalmol 2022; 32:3050-3057. [PMID: 34962434 DOI: 10.1177/11206721211070305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The retina is a highly energy-consuming tissue associated with visual development, and the reduced quality of retinal imaging can be related to myopia. Synthesis of cytochrome c oxidase 1 (SCO1) and synthesis of cytochrome c oxidase 2 (SCO2) are involved in ATP (adenosine triphosphate) synthesis and energy metabolism. This study aimed to observe the morphologic changes and investigate the expression of SCO1 and SCO2 induced by form-deprivation myopia (FDM) in the retina and sclera of guinea pigs. METHODS Thirty-six 3-week-old male guinea pigs were randomly assigned to one of two groups: (1) the model group (n = 18), in which the right eyes were covered by a thin opaque balloon as FDM group, and the left eyes were uncovered and served as the contralateral control group; (2) the blank control group (n = 18), in which bilateral eye received no manipulation. Eyeballs were enucleated for histological analysis. The retina and sclera of the guinea pigs were separated to determine the protein and mRNA expression levels of SCO1 and SCO2, respectively. RESULTS After four weeks of form deprivation (FD), the refractive degree and axial length increased significantly (P < 0.001). The retinal and scleral tissues were moderately thinner, and the ganglion cells and the cells of inner and outer nuclear layers in the retina became fewer. Compared with the contralateral control group (P < 0.001) and the blank control group (P < 0.001), the collagen content of the sclera became less in the FDM group. The protein and mRNA expression levels of SCO1 and SCO2 in the FDM group were significantly lower than those in the contralateral control group and the blank control group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The morphologies of the retina and sclera were changed, and the expression of SCO1 and SCO2 at the protein and transcription levels was significantly reduced in the FDM group. Given these changes, SCO1 and SCO2 genes may be involved in myopic progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guimei Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, 117913Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
- Department of Ophthalmology & Optometry, 74655North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
- Innovative Platform for Basic Medicine, 74655North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Changjun Lan
- Department of Ophthalmology, 117913Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
- Department of Ophthalmology & Optometry, 74655North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Qin Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, 117913Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
- Department of Ophthalmology & Optometry, 74655North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Weiqi Zhong
- Department of Ophthalmology, 117913Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
- Department of Ophthalmology & Optometry, 74655North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Zhiming Gu
- Department of Ophthalmology, 117913Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
- Department of Ophthalmology & Optometry, 74655North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Xiaoling Xiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, 117913Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
- Department of Ophthalmology & Optometry, 74655North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Yumei Mao
- Department of Ophthalmology, 117913Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
- Department of Ophthalmology & Optometry, 74655North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Xuan Liao
- Department of Ophthalmology, 117913Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
- Department of Ophthalmology & Optometry, 74655North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
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12
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Brischigliaro M, Badocco D, Costa R, Viscomi C, Zeviani M, Pastore P, Fernández-Vizarra E. Mitochondrial Cytochrome c Oxidase Defects Alter Cellular Homeostasis of Transition Metals. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:892069. [PMID: 35663391 PMCID: PMC9160823 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.892069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The redox activity of cytochrome c oxidase (COX), the terminal oxidase of the mitochondrial respiratory chain (MRC), depends on the incorporation of iron and copper into its catalytic centers. Many mitochondrial proteins have specific roles for the synthesis and delivery of metal-containing cofactors during COX biogenesis. In addition, a large set of different factors possess other molecular functions as chaperones or translocators that are also necessary for the correct maturation of these complexes. Pathological variants in genes encoding structural MRC subunits and these different assembly factors produce respiratory chain deficiency and lead to mitochondrial disease. COX deficiency in Drosophila melanogaster, induced by downregulated expression of three different assembly factors and one structural subunit, resulted in decreased copper content in the mitochondria accompanied by different degrees of increase in the cytosol. The disturbances in metal homeostasis were not limited only to copper, as some changes in the levels of cytosolic and/or mitochondrial iron, manganase and, especially, zinc were observed in several of the COX-deficient groups. The altered copper and zinc handling in the COX defective models resulted in a transcriptional response decreasing the expression of copper transporters and increasing the expression of metallothioneins. We conclude that COX deficiency is generally responsible for an altered mitochondrial and cellular homeostasis of transition metals, with variations depending on the origin of COX assembly defect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Brischigliaro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Denis Badocco
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Rodolfo Costa
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council (CNR), Padova, Italy
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Carlo Viscomi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Massimo Zeviani
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy
| | - Paolo Pastore
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Erika Fernández-Vizarra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy
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13
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Sánchez-Arcila JC, Jensen KDC. Forward Genetics in Apicomplexa Biology: The Host Side of the Story. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:878475. [PMID: 35646724 PMCID: PMC9133346 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.878475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Forward genetic approaches have been widely used in parasitology and have proven their power to reveal the complexities of host-parasite interactions in an unbiased fashion. Many aspects of the parasite's biology, including the identification of virulence factors, replication determinants, antibiotic resistance genes, and other factors required for parasitic life, have been discovered using such strategies. Forward genetic approaches have also been employed to understand host resistance mechanisms to parasitic infection. Here, we will introduce and review all forward genetic approaches that have been used to identify host factors involved with Apicomplexa infections, which include classical genetic screens and QTL mapping, GWAS, ENU mutagenesis, overexpression, RNAi and CRISPR-Cas9 library screens. Collectively, these screens have improved our understanding of host resistance mechanisms, immune regulation, vaccine and drug designs for Apicomplexa parasites. We will also discuss how recent advances in molecular genetics give present opportunities to further explore host-parasite relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan C. Sánchez-Arcila
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Merced, Merced, CA, United States
| | - Kirk D. C. Jensen
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Merced, Merced, CA, United States
- Health Science Research Institute, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA, United States
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14
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Mitochondrial COA7 is a heme-binding protein with disulfide reductase activity, which acts in the early stages of complex IV assembly. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:2110357119. [PMID: 35210360 PMCID: PMC8892353 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2110357119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Assembly factors play key roles in the biogenesis of mitochondrial protein complexes, regulating their stabilities, activities, and incorporation of essential cofactors. Cytochrome c oxidase assembly factor 7 (COA7) is a metazoan-specific assembly factor, the absence or mutation of which in humans accompanies complex IV assembly defects and neurological conditions. Here, we report the crystal structure of COA7 to 2.4 Å resolution, revealing a banana-shaped molecule composed of five helix-turn-helix (α/α) repeats. COA7 binds heme with micromolar affinity, even though the protein structure does not resemble previously characterized heme-binding proteins. The heme-bound COA7 can redox cycle between oxidation states Fe(II) and Fe(III) and shows disulfide reductase activity toward copper binding assembly factors. We propose that COA7 functions to facilitate the biogenesis of the binuclear copper site (CuA) of complex IV. Cytochrome c oxidase (COX) assembly factor 7 (COA7) is a metazoan-specific assembly factor, critical for the biogenesis of mitochondrial complex IV (cytochrome c oxidase). Although mutations in COA7 have been linked to complex IV assembly defects and neurological conditions such as peripheral neuropathy, ataxia, and leukoencephalopathy, the precise role COA7 plays in the biogenesis of complex IV is not known. Here, we show that loss of COA7 blocks complex IV assembly after the initial step where the COX1 module is built, progression from which requires the incorporation of copper and addition of the COX2 and COX3 modules. The crystal structure of COA7, determined to 2.4 Å resolution, reveals a banana-shaped molecule composed of five helix-turn-helix (α/α) repeats, tethered by disulfide bonds. COA7 interacts transiently with the copper metallochaperones SCO1 and SCO2 and catalyzes the reduction of disulfide bonds within these proteins, which are crucial for copper relay to COX2. COA7 binds heme with micromolar affinity, through axial ligation to the central iron atom by histidine and methionine residues. We therefore propose that COA7 is a heme-binding disulfide reductase for regenerating the copper relay system that underpins complex IV assembly.
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15
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Gangfuß A, Hentschel A, Rademacher N, Sickmann A, Stüve B, Horvath R, Gross C, Kohlschmidt N, Förster F, Abicht A, Schänzer A, Schara-Schmidt U, Roos A, Della Marina A. Identification of a novel homozygous SCO2 variant in siblings with early-onset axonal Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. Hum Mutat 2022; 43:477-486. [PMID: 35112411 DOI: 10.1002/humu.24338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of cytochrome c oxidase 2 (SCO2) gene encodes for a mitochondrial located metallochaperone essential for the synthesis of the cytochrome c oxidase (COX) subunit 2. Recessive mutations in SCO2 have been reported in several cases with fatal infantile cardioencephalomyopathy with COX deficiency and in only four cases with axonal neuropathy. Here, we identified a homozygous pathogenic variant (c.361G>C; p.(Gly121Arg)) in SCO2 in two brothers with isolated axonal motor neuropathy. To address pathogenicity of the amino acid substitution, biochemical studies were performed and revealed increased level of the mutant SCO2-protein and a dysregulation of COX subunits in leukocytes and moreover unraveled decrease of proteins involved in the manifestation of neuropathies. Hence, our combined data strengthen the concept of SCO2 being causative for a very rare form of axonal neuropathy, expand its molecular genetic spectrum and provide first biochemical insights into the underlying pathophysiology. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Gangfuß
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Centre for Neuromuscular Disorders, Centre for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Andreas Hentschel
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Nina Rademacher
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Centre for Neuromuscular Disorders, Centre for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Albert Sickmann
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Burkhard Stüve
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Centre for Neuromuscular Disorders, Centre for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Rita Horvath
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Claudia Gross
- Institute of Clinical Genetics and Tumor Genetics, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Fabian Förster
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Centre for Neuromuscular Disorders, Centre for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Angela Abicht
- Department of Neurology, Friedrich-Baur Institute, Munich, Germany.,Medical Genetic Center Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anne Schänzer
- Institute of Neuropathology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Ulrike Schara-Schmidt
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Centre for Neuromuscular Disorders, Centre for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Andreas Roos
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Centre for Neuromuscular Disorders, Centre for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Adela Della Marina
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Centre for Neuromuscular Disorders, Centre for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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16
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The Role of COA6 in the Mitochondrial Copper Delivery Pathway to Cytochrome c Oxidase. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12010125. [PMID: 35053273 PMCID: PMC8773535 DOI: 10.3390/biom12010125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Copper is essential for the stability and activity of cytochrome c oxidase (CcO), the terminal enzyme of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Copper is bound to COX1 and COX2, two core subunits of CcO, forming the CuB and CuA sites, respectively. Biogenesis of these two copper sites of CcO occurs separately and requires a number of evolutionarily conserved proteins that form the mitochondrial copper delivery pathway. Pathogenic mutations in some of the proteins of the copper delivery pathway, such as SCO1, SCO2, and COA6, have been shown to cause fatal infantile human disorders, highlighting the biomedical significance of understanding copper delivery mechanisms to CcO. While two decades of studies have provided a clearer picture regarding the biochemical roles of SCO1 and SCO2 proteins, some discrepancy exists regarding the function of COA6, the new member of this pathway. Initial genetic and biochemical studies have linked COA6 with copper delivery to COX2 and follow-up structural and functional studies have shown that it is specifically required for the biogenesis of the CuA site by acting as a disulfide reductase of SCO and COX2 proteins. Its role as a copper metallochaperone has also been proposed. Here, we critically review the recent literature regarding the molecular function of COA6 in CuA biogenesis.
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17
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The function of Scox in glial cells is essential for locomotive ability in Drosophila. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21207. [PMID: 34707123 PMCID: PMC8551190 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00663-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthesis of cytochrome c oxidase (Scox) is a Drosophila homolog of human SCO2 encoding a metallochaperone that transports copper to cytochrome c, and is an essential protein for the assembly of cytochrome c oxidase in the mitochondrial respiratory chain complex. SCO2 is highly conserved in a wide variety of species across prokaryotes and eukaryotes, and mutations in SCO2 are known to cause mitochondrial diseases such as fatal infantile cardioencephalomyopathy, Leigh syndrome, and Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, a neurodegenerative disorder. These diseases have a common symptom of locomotive dysfunction. However, the mechanisms of their pathogenesis remain unknown, and no fundamental medications or therapies have been established for these diseases. In this study, we demonstrated that the glial cell-specific knockdown of Scox perturbs the mitochondrial morphology and function, and locomotive behavior in Drosophila. In addition, the morphology and function of synapses were impaired in the glial cell-specific Scox knockdown. Furthermore, Scox knockdown in ensheathing glia, one type of glial cell in Drosophila, resulted in larval and adult locomotive dysfunction. This study suggests that the impairment of Scox in glial cells in the Drosophila CNS mimics the pathological phenotypes observed by mutations in the SCO2 gene in humans.
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18
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Ruiz LM, Libedinsky A, Elorza AA. Role of Copper on Mitochondrial Function and Metabolism. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:711227. [PMID: 34504870 PMCID: PMC8421569 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.711227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Copper is essential for life processes like energy metabolism, reactive oxygen species detoxification, iron uptake, and signaling in eukaryotic organisms. Mitochondria gather copper for the assembly of cuproenzymes such as the respiratory complex IV, cytochrome c oxidase, and the antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase 1. In this regard, copper plays a role in mitochondrial function and signaling involving bioenergetics, dynamics, and mitophagy, which affect cell fate by means of metabolic reprogramming. In mammals, copper homeostasis is tightly regulated by the liver. However, cellular copper levels are tissue specific. Copper imbalances, either overload or deficiency, have been associated with many diseases, including anemia, neutropenia, and thrombocytopenia, as well as tumor development and cancer aggressivity. Consistently, new pharmacological developments have been addressed to reduce or exacerbate copper levels as potential cancer therapies. This review goes over the copper source, distribution, cellular uptake, and its role in mitochondrial function, metabolic reprograming, and cancer biology, linking copper metabolism with the field of regenerative medicine and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina M Ruiz
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Allan Libedinsky
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.,Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alvaro A Elorza
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.,Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
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19
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Geldon S, Fernández-Vizarra E, Tokatlidis K. Redox-Mediated Regulation of Mitochondrial Biogenesis, Dynamics, and Respiratory Chain Assembly in Yeast and Human Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:720656. [PMID: 34557489 PMCID: PMC8452992 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.720656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are double-membrane organelles that contain their own genome, the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), and reminiscent of its endosymbiotic origin. Mitochondria are responsible for cellular respiration via the function of the electron oxidative phosphorylation system (OXPHOS), located in the mitochondrial inner membrane and composed of the four electron transport chain (ETC) enzymes (complexes I-IV), and the ATP synthase (complex V). Even though the mtDNA encodes essential OXPHOS components, the large majority of the structural subunits and additional biogenetical factors (more than seventy proteins) are encoded in the nucleus and translated in the cytoplasm. To incorporate these proteins and the rest of the mitochondrial proteome, mitochondria have evolved varied, and sophisticated import machineries that specifically target proteins to the different compartments defined by the two membranes. The intermembrane space (IMS) contains a high number of cysteine-rich proteins, which are mostly imported via the MIA40 oxidative folding system, dependent on the reduction, and oxidation of key Cys residues. Several of these proteins are structural components or assembly factors necessary for the correct maturation and function of the ETC complexes. Interestingly, many of these proteins are involved in the metalation of the active redox centers of complex IV, the terminal oxidase of the mitochondrial ETC. Due to their function in oxygen reduction, mitochondria are the main generators of reactive oxygen species (ROS), on both sides of the inner membrane, i.e., in the matrix and the IMS. ROS generation is important due to their role as signaling molecules, but an excessive production is detrimental due to unwanted oxidation reactions that impact on the function of different types of biomolecules contained in mitochondria. Therefore, the maintenance of the redox balance in the IMS is essential for mitochondrial function. In this review, we will discuss the role that redox regulation plays in the maintenance of IMS homeostasis as well as how mitochondrial ROS generation may be a key regulatory factor for ETC biogenesis, especially for complex IV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erika Fernández-Vizarra
- Institute of Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Kostas Tokatlidis
- Institute of Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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20
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Maung MT, Carlson A, Olea-Flores M, Elkhadragy L, Schachtschneider KM, Navarro-Tito N, Padilla-Benavides T. The molecular and cellular basis of copper dysregulation and its relationship with human pathologies. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21810. [PMID: 34390520 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100273rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Copper (Cu) is an essential micronutrient required for the activity of redox-active enzymes involved in critical metabolic reactions, signaling pathways, and biological functions. Transporters and chaperones control Cu ion levels and bioavailability to ensure proper subcellular and systemic Cu distribution. Intensive research has focused on understanding how mammalian cells maintain Cu homeostasis, and how molecular signals coordinate Cu acquisition and storage within organs. In humans, mutations of genes that regulate Cu homeostasis or facilitate interactions with Cu ions lead to numerous pathologic conditions. Malfunctions of the Cu+ -transporting ATPases ATP7A and ATP7B cause Menkes disease and Wilson disease, respectively. Additionally, defects in the mitochondrial and cellular distributions and homeostasis of Cu lead to severe neurodegenerative conditions, mitochondrial myopathies, and metabolic diseases. Cu has a dual nature in carcinogenesis as a promotor of tumor growth and an inducer of redox stress in cancer cells. Cu also plays role in cancer treatment as a component of drugs and a regulator of drug sensitivity and uptake. In this review, we provide an overview of the current knowledge of Cu metabolism and transport and its relation to various human pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- May T Maung
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT, USA
| | - Alyssa Carlson
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT, USA
| | - Monserrat Olea-Flores
- Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Guerrero, Mexico
| | - Lobna Elkhadragy
- Department of Radiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kyle M Schachtschneider
- Department of Radiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,National Center for Supercomputing Applications, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Napoleon Navarro-Tito
- Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Guerrero, Mexico
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21
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Redox-Active Metal Ions and Amyloid-Degrading Enzymes in Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147697. [PMID: 34299316 PMCID: PMC8307724 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Redox-active metal ions, Cu(I/II) and Fe(II/III), are essential biological molecules for the normal functioning of the brain, including oxidative metabolism, synaptic plasticity, myelination, and generation of neurotransmitters. Dyshomeostasis of these redox-active metal ions in the brain could cause Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Thus, regulating the levels of Cu(I/II) and Fe(II/III) is necessary for normal brain function. To control the amounts of metal ions in the brain and understand the involvement of Cu(I/II) and Fe(II/III) in the pathogenesis of AD, many chemical agents have been developed. In addition, since toxic aggregates of amyloid-β (Aβ) have been proposed as one of the major causes of the disease, the mechanism of clearing Aβ is also required to be investigated to reveal the etiology of AD clearly. Multiple metalloenzymes (e.g., neprilysin, insulin-degrading enzyme, and ADAM10) have been reported to have an important role in the degradation of Aβ in the brain. These amyloid degrading enzymes (ADE) could interact with redox-active metal ions and affect the pathogenesis of AD. In this review, we introduce and summarize the roles, distributions, and transportations of Cu(I/II) and Fe(II/III), along with previously invented chelators, and the structures and functions of ADE in the brain, as well as their interrelationships.
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22
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Needs HI, Protasoni M, Henley JM, Prudent J, Collinson I, Pereira GC. Interplay between Mitochondrial Protein Import and Respiratory Complexes Assembly in Neuronal Health and Degeneration. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:432. [PMID: 34064758 PMCID: PMC8151517 DOI: 10.3390/life11050432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The fact that >99% of mitochondrial proteins are encoded by the nuclear genome and synthesised in the cytosol renders the process of mitochondrial protein import fundamental for normal organelle physiology. In addition to this, the nuclear genome comprises most of the proteins required for respiratory complex assembly and function. This means that without fully functional protein import, mitochondrial respiration will be defective, and the major cellular ATP source depleted. When mitochondrial protein import is impaired, a number of stress response pathways are activated in order to overcome the dysfunction and restore mitochondrial and cellular proteostasis. However, prolonged impaired mitochondrial protein import and subsequent defective respiratory chain function contributes to a number of diseases including primary mitochondrial diseases and neurodegeneration. This review focuses on how the processes of mitochondrial protein translocation and respiratory complex assembly and function are interlinked, how they are regulated, and their importance in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hope I. Needs
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK; (H.I.N.); (J.M.H.)
| | - Margherita Protasoni
- Medical Research Council-Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK; (M.P.); (J.P.)
| | - Jeremy M. Henley
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK; (H.I.N.); (J.M.H.)
- Centre for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Julien Prudent
- Medical Research Council-Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK; (M.P.); (J.P.)
| | - Ian Collinson
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK; (H.I.N.); (J.M.H.)
| | - Gonçalo C. Pereira
- Medical Research Council-Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK; (M.P.); (J.P.)
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23
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ATP7A-Regulated Enzyme Metalation and Trafficking in the Menkes Disease Puzzle. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9040391. [PMID: 33917579 PMCID: PMC8067471 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9040391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Copper is vital for numerous cellular functions affecting all tissues and organ systems in the body. The copper pump, ATP7A is critical for whole-body, cellular, and subcellular copper homeostasis, and dysfunction due to genetic defects results in Menkes disease. ATP7A dysfunction leads to copper deficiency in nervous tissue, liver, and blood but accumulation in other tissues. Site-specific cellular deficiencies of copper lead to loss of function of copper-dependent enzymes in all tissues, and the range of Menkes disease pathologies observed can now be explained in full by lack of specific copper enzymes. New pathways involving copper activated lysosomal and steroid sulfatases link patient symptoms usually related to other inborn errors of metabolism to Menkes disease. Additionally, new roles for lysyl oxidase in activation of molecules necessary for the innate immune system, and novel adapter molecules that play roles in ERGIC trafficking of brain receptors and other proteins, are emerging. We here summarize the current knowledge of the roles of copper enzyme function in Menkes disease, with a focus on ATP7A-mediated enzyme metalation in the secretory pathway. By establishing mechanistic relationships between copper-dependent cellular processes and Menkes disease symptoms in patients will not only increase understanding of copper biology but will also allow for the identification of an expanding range of copper-dependent enzymes and pathways. This will raise awareness of rare patient symptoms, and thus aid in early diagnosis of Menkes disease patients.
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Garza NM, Griffin AT, Zulkifli M, Qiu C, Kaplan CD, Gohil VM. A genome-wide copper-sensitized screen identifies novel regulators of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase activity. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100485. [PMID: 33662401 PMCID: PMC8027276 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Copper is essential for the activity and stability of cytochrome c oxidase (CcO), the terminal enzyme of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Loss-of-function mutations in genes required for copper transport to CcO result in fatal human disorders. Despite the fundamental importance of copper in mitochondrial and organismal physiology, systematic identification of genes that regulate mitochondrial copper homeostasis is lacking. To discover these genes, we performed a genome-wide screen using a library of DNA-barcoded yeast deletion mutants grown in copper-supplemented media. Our screen recovered a number of genes known to be involved in cellular copper homeostasis as well as genes previously not linked to mitochondrial copper biology. These newly identified genes include the subunits of the adaptor protein 3 complex (AP-3) and components of the cellular pH-sensing pathway Rim20 and Rim21, both of which are known to affect vacuolar function. We find that AP-3 and Rim mutants exhibit decreased vacuolar acidity, which in turn perturbs mitochondrial copper homeostasis and CcO function. CcO activity of these mutants could be rescued by either restoring vacuolar pH or supplementing growth media with additional copper. Consistent with these genetic data, pharmacological inhibition of the vacuolar proton pump leads to decreased mitochondrial copper content and a concomitant decrease in CcO abundance and activity. Taken together, our study uncovered novel genetic regulators of mitochondrial copper homeostasis and provided a mechanism by which vacuolar pH impacts mitochondrial respiration through copper homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie M Garza
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Aaron T Griffin
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Mohammad Zulkifli
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Chenxi Qiu
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Craig D Kaplan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Vishal M Gohil
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA.
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Gladyck S, Aras S, Hüttemann M, Grossman LI. Regulation of COX Assembly and Function by Twin CX 9C Proteins-Implications for Human Disease. Cells 2021; 10:197. [PMID: 33498264 PMCID: PMC7909247 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative phosphorylation is a tightly regulated process in mammals that takes place in and across the inner mitochondrial membrane and consists of the electron transport chain and ATP synthase. Complex IV, or cytochrome c oxidase (COX), is the terminal enzyme of the electron transport chain, responsible for accepting electrons from cytochrome c, pumping protons to contribute to the gradient utilized by ATP synthase to produce ATP, and reducing oxygen to water. As such, COX is tightly regulated through numerous mechanisms including protein-protein interactions. The twin CX9C family of proteins has recently been shown to be involved in COX regulation by assisting with complex assembly, biogenesis, and activity. The twin CX9C motif allows for the import of these proteins into the intermembrane space of the mitochondria using the redox import machinery of Mia40/CHCHD4. Studies have shown that knockdown of the proteins discussed in this review results in decreased or completely deficient aerobic respiration in experimental models ranging from yeast to human cells, as the proteins are conserved across species. This article highlights and discusses the importance of COX regulation by twin CX9C proteins in the mitochondria via COX assembly and control of its activity through protein-protein interactions, which is further modulated by cell signaling pathways. Interestingly, select members of the CX9C protein family, including MNRR1 and CHCHD10, show a novel feature in that they not only localize to the mitochondria but also to the nucleus, where they mediate oxygen- and stress-induced transcriptional regulation, opening a new view of mitochondrial-nuclear crosstalk and its involvement in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Gladyck
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (S.G.); (S.A.); (M.H.)
| | - Siddhesh Aras
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (S.G.); (S.A.); (M.H.)
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland and Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Maik Hüttemann
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (S.G.); (S.A.); (M.H.)
| | - Lawrence I. Grossman
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (S.G.); (S.A.); (M.H.)
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland and Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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26
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Mitochondrial Structure and Bioenergetics in Normal and Disease Conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020586. [PMID: 33435522 PMCID: PMC7827222 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are ubiquitous intracellular organelles found in almost all eukaryotes and involved in various aspects of cellular life, with a primary role in energy production. The interest in this organelle has grown stronger with the discovery of their link to various pathologies, including cancer, aging and neurodegenerative diseases. Indeed, dysfunctional mitochondria cannot provide the required energy to tissues with a high-energy demand, such as heart, brain and muscles, leading to a large spectrum of clinical phenotypes. Mitochondrial defects are at the origin of a group of clinically heterogeneous pathologies, called mitochondrial diseases, with an incidence of 1 in 5000 live births. Primary mitochondrial diseases are associated with genetic mutations both in nuclear and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), affecting genes involved in every aspect of the organelle function. As a consequence, it is difficult to find a common cause for mitochondrial diseases and, subsequently, to offer a precise clinical definition of the pathology. Moreover, the complexity of this condition makes it challenging to identify possible therapies or drug targets.
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27
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Cytochrome c oxidase deficiency. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2020; 1862:148335. [PMID: 33171185 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2020.148335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome c oxidase (COX) deficiency is characterized by a high degree of genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity, partly reflecting the extreme structural complexity, multiple post-translational modification, variable, tissue-specific composition, and the high number of and intricate connections among the assembly factors of this enzyme. In fact, decreased COX specific activity can manifest with different degrees of severity, affect the whole organism or specific tissues, and develop a wide spectrum of disease natural history, including disease onsets ranging from birth to late adulthood. More than 30 genes have been linked to COX deficiency, but the list is still incomplete and in fact constantly updated. We here discuss the current knowledge about COX in health and disease, focusing on genetic aetiology and link to clinical manifestations. In addition, information concerning either fundamental biological features of the enzymes or biochemical signatures of its defects have been provided by experimental in vivo models, including yeast, fly, mouse and fish, which expanded our knowledge on the functional features and the phenotypical consequences of different forms of COX deficiency.
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Ekim Kocabey A, Rödel G, Gey U. The antioxidant function of Sco proteins depends on a critical surface-exposed residue. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2020; 1865:129781. [PMID: 33171213 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2020.129781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Besides their role in copper metabolism, Sco proteins from different organisms have been shown to play a defensive role against oxidative stress. In the present study, we set out to identify crucial amino acid residues for the antioxidant activity. METHODS Native and mutated Sco proteins from human, Arabidopsis thaliana and the yeast Kluyveromyces lactis were expressed in the model organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The oxidative stress resistance of the respective transformants was determined by growth and lipid peroxidation assays. RESULTS A functionally important site, located 15 amino acids downstream of the well-conserved copper binding CxxxC motif, was identified. Mutational analysis revealed that a positive charge at this position has a detrimental effect on the antioxidant capacity. Bioinformatic analysis predicts that this site is surface-exposed, and according to Co-IP data it is required for binding of proteins that are connected to known antioxidant pathways. CONCLUSION This study shows that the antioxidant capacity of eukaryotic Sco proteins is conserved and depends on the presence of functional site(s) rather than the extent of overall sequence homology. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE These findings provide an insight into the conserved functional sites of eukaryotic Sco proteins that are crucial for combating oxidative stress. This capacity is probably not due to an enzymatic activity but rather is indirectly mediated by interaction with other proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gerhard Rödel
- Institute of Genetics, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Uta Gey
- Institute of Genetics, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany.
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29
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Cobine PA, Moore SA, Leary SC. Getting out what you put in: Copper in mitochondria and its impacts on human disease. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2020; 1868:118867. [PMID: 32979421 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2020.118867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria accumulate copper in their matrix for the eventual maturation of the cuproenzymes cytochrome c oxidase and superoxide dismutase. Transport into the matrix is achieved by mitochondrial carrier family (MCF) proteins. The major copper transporting MCF described to date in yeast is Pic2, which imports the metal ion into the matrix. Pic2 is one of ~30 MCFs that move numerous metabolites, nucleotides and co-factors across the inner membrane for use in the matrix. Genetic and biochemical experiments showed that Pic2 is required for cytochrome c oxidase activity under copper stress, and that it is capable of transporting ionic and complexed forms of copper. The Pic2 ortholog SLC25A3, one of 53 mammalian MCFs, functions as both a copper and a phosphate transporter. Depletion of SLC25A3 results in decreased accumulation of copper in the matrix, a cytochrome c oxidase defect and a modulation of cytosolic superoxide dismutase abundance. The regulatory roles for copper and cuproproteins resident to the mitochondrion continue to expand beyond the organelle. Mitochondrial copper chaperones have been linked to the modulation of cellular copper uptake and export and the facilitation of inter-organ communication. Recently, a role for matrix copper has also been proposed in a novel cell death pathway termed cuproptosis. This review will detail our understanding of the maturation of mitochondrial copper enzymes, the roles of mitochondrial signals in regulating cellular copper content, the proposed mechanisms of copper transport into the organelle and explore the evolutionary origins of copper homeostasis pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Cobine
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA.
| | - Stanley A Moore
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Scot C Leary
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
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30
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Soma S, Morgada MN, Naik MT, Boulet A, Roesler AA, Dziuba N, Ghosh A, Yu Q, Lindahl PA, Ames JB, Leary SC, Vila AJ, Gohil VM. COA6 Is Structurally Tuned to Function as a Thiol-Disulfide Oxidoreductase in Copper Delivery to Mitochondrial Cytochrome c Oxidase. Cell Rep 2020; 29:4114-4126.e5. [PMID: 31851937 PMCID: PMC6946597 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.11.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In eukaryotes, cellular respiration is driven by mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase (CcO), an enzyme complex that requires copper cofactors for its catalytic activity. Insertion of copper into its catalytically active subunits, including COX2, is a complex process that requires metallochaperones and redox proteins including SCO1, SCO2, and COA6, a recently discovered protein whose molecular function is unknown. To uncover the molecular mechanism by which COA6 and SCO proteins mediate copper delivery to COX2, we have solved the solution structure of COA6, which reveals a coiled-coil-helix-coiled-coil-helix domain typical of redox-active proteins found in the mitochondrial inter-membrane space. Accordingly, we demonstrate that COA6 can reduce the copper-coordinating disulfides of its client proteins, SCO1 and COX2, allowing for copper binding. Finally, our determination of the interaction surfaces and reduction potentials of COA6 and its client proteins provides a mechanism of how metallochaperone and disulfide reductase activities are coordinated to deliver copper to CcO. Soma et al. reports the solution structure of cytochrome c oxidase assembly factor COA6 and establishes that it functions as a thiol-disulfide oxidoreductase in a relay system that delivers copper to COX2, a copper-containing subunit of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivatheja Soma
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, MS 3474, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Marcos N Morgada
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR-CONICET), Área Biofísica, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario (2000), Argentina
| | - Mandar T Naik
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, MS 3474, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Aren Boulet
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Anna A Roesler
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Nathaniel Dziuba
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, MS 3474, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Alok Ghosh
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, MS 3474, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Qinhong Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Paul A Lindahl
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, MS 3474, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - James B Ames
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Scot C Leary
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Alejandro J Vila
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR-CONICET), Área Biofísica, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario (2000), Argentina
| | - Vishal M Gohil
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, MS 3474, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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31
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Recurrent sequence evolution after independent gene duplication. BMC Evol Biol 2020; 20:98. [PMID: 32770961 PMCID: PMC7414715 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-020-01660-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Convergent and parallel evolution provide unique insights into the mechanisms of natural selection. Some of the most striking convergent and parallel (collectively recurrent) amino acid substitutions in proteins are adaptive, but there are also many that are selectively neutral. Accordingly, genome-wide assessment has shown that recurrent sequence evolution in orthologs is chiefly explained by nearly neutral evolution. For paralogs, more frequent functional change is expected because additional copies are generally not retained if they do not acquire their own niche. Yet, it is unknown to what extent recurrent sequence differentiation is discernible after independent gene duplications in different eukaryotic taxa. Results We develop a framework that detects patterns of recurrent sequence evolution in duplicated genes. This is used to analyze the genomes of 90 diverse eukaryotes. We find a remarkable number of families with a potentially predictable functional differentiation following gene duplication. In some protein families, more than ten independent duplications show a similar sequence-level differentiation between paralogs. Based on further analysis, the sequence divergence is found to be generally asymmetric. Moreover, about 6% of the recurrent sequence evolution between paralog pairs can be attributed to recurrent differentiation of subcellular localization. Finally, we reveal the specific recurrent patterns for the gene families Hint1/Hint2, Sco1/Sco2 and vma11/vma3. Conclusions The presented methodology provides a means to study the biochemical underpinning of functional differentiation between paralogs. For instance, two abundantly repeated substitutions are identified between independently derived Sco1 and Sco2 paralogs. Such identified substitutions allow direct experimental testing of the biological role of these residues for the repeated functional differentiation. We also uncover a diverse set of families with recurrent sequence evolution and reveal trends in the functional and evolutionary trajectories of this hitherto understudied phenomenon.
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32
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Mitochondrial OXPHOS Biogenesis: Co-Regulation of Protein Synthesis, Import, and Assembly Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21113820. [PMID: 32481479 PMCID: PMC7312649 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21113820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The assembly of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) complexes is an intricate process, which—given their dual-genetic control—requires tight co-regulation of two evolutionarily distinct gene expression machineries. Moreover, fine-tuning protein synthesis to the nascent assembly of OXPHOS complexes requires regulatory mechanisms such as translational plasticity and translational activators that can coordinate mitochondrial translation with the import of nuclear-encoded mitochondrial proteins. The intricacy of OXPHOS complex biogenesis is further evidenced by the requirement of many tightly orchestrated steps and ancillary factors. Early-stage ancillary chaperones have essential roles in coordinating OXPHOS assembly, whilst late-stage assembly factors—also known as the LYRM (leucine–tyrosine–arginine motif) proteins—together with the mitochondrial acyl carrier protein (ACP)—regulate the incorporation and activation of late-incorporating OXPHOS subunits and/or co-factors. In this review, we describe recent discoveries providing insights into the mechanisms required for optimal OXPHOS biogenesis, including the coordination of mitochondrial gene expression with the availability of nuclear-encoded factors entering via mitochondrial protein import systems.
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Mukherjee S, Ghosh A. Molecular mechanism of mitochondrial respiratory chain assembly and its relation to mitochondrial diseases. Mitochondrion 2020; 53:1-20. [PMID: 32304865 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2020.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The mitochondrial respiratory chain (MRC) is comprised of ~92 nuclear and mitochondrial DNA-encoded protein subunits that are organized into five different multi-subunit respiratory complexes. These complexes produce 90% of the ATP required for cell sustenance. Specific sets of subunits are assembled in a modular or non-modular fashion to construct the MRC complexes. The complete assembly process is gradually chaperoned by a myriad of assembly factors that must coordinate with several other prosthetic groups to reach maturity, makingthe entire processextensively complicated. Further, the individual respiratory complexes can be integrated intovarious giant super-complexes whose functional roles have yet to be explored. Mutations in the MRC subunits and in the related assembly factors often give rise to defects in the proper assembly of the respiratory chain, which then manifests as a group of disorders called mitochondrial diseases, the most common inborn errors of metabolism. This review summarizes the current understanding of the biogenesis of individual MRC complexes and super-complexes, and explores how mutations in the different subunits and assembly factors contribute to mitochondrial disease pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumyajit Mukherjee
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700019, India
| | - Alok Ghosh
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700019, India.
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Pacheu-Grau D, Wasilewski M, Oeljeklaus S, Gibhardt CS, Aich A, Chudenkova M, Dennerlein S, Deckers M, Bogeski I, Warscheid B, Chacinska A, Rehling P. COA6 Facilitates Cytochrome c Oxidase Biogenesis as Thiol-reductase for Copper Metallochaperones in Mitochondria. J Mol Biol 2020; 432:2067-2079. [PMID: 32061935 PMCID: PMC7254062 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2020.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase, the terminal enzyme of the respiratory chain, contains heme and copper centers for electron transfer. The conserved COX2 subunit contains the CuA site, a binuclear copper center. The copper chaperones SCO1, SCO2, and COA6, are required for CuA center formation. Loss of function of these chaperones and the concomitant cytochrome c oxidase deficiency cause severe human disorders. Here we analyzed the molecular function of COA6 and the consequences of COA6 deficiency for mitochondria. Our analyses show that loss of COA6 causes combined complex I and complex IV deficiency and impacts membrane potential-driven protein transport across the inner membrane. We demonstrate that COA6 acts as a thiol-reductase to reduce disulfide bridges of critical cysteine residues in SCO1 and SCO2. Cysteines within the CX3CXNH domain of SCO2 mediate its interaction with COA6 but are dispensable for SCO2-SCO1 interaction. Our analyses define COA6 as thiol-reductase, which is essential for CuA biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Pacheu-Grau
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, University Medical Center Göttingen, D-37073 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Michał Wasilewski
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Biogenesis, Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland; ReMedy International Research Agenda Unit, Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Poland
| | - Silke Oeljeklaus
- Biochemistry and Functional Proteomics, Institute of Biology II, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany; Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christine Silvia Gibhardt
- Molecular Physiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Abhishek Aich
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, University Medical Center Göttingen, D-37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Margarita Chudenkova
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, University Medical Center Göttingen, D-37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sven Dennerlein
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, University Medical Center Göttingen, D-37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Markus Deckers
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, University Medical Center Göttingen, D-37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ivan Bogeski
- Molecular Physiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Bettina Warscheid
- Biochemistry and Functional Proteomics, Institute of Biology II, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany; Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Agnieszka Chacinska
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Biogenesis, Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland; ReMedy International Research Agenda Unit, Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Poland
| | - Peter Rehling
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, University Medical Center Göttingen, D-37073 Göttingen, Germany; Max-Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany.
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35
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Battersby BJ, Richter U, Safronov O. Mitochondrial Nascent Chain Quality Control Determines Organelle Form and Function. ACS Chem Biol 2019; 14:2396-2405. [PMID: 31498990 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.9b00518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Proteotoxicity has long been considered a key factor in mitochondrial dysfunction and human disease. The origin of the endogenous offending toxic substrates and the regulatory pathways to deal with these insults, however, have remained unclear. Mitochondria maintain a compartmentalized gene expression system that in animals is only responsible for synthesis of 1% of the organelle proteome. Because of the relatively small contribution of the mitochondrial genome to the overall proteome, the synthesis and quality control of these nascent chains to maintain organelle proteostasis has long been overlooked. However, recent research has uncovered mechanisms by which defects to the quality control of mitochondrial gene expression are linked to a novel cellular stress response that impinges upon organelle form and function and cell fitness. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms for a key event in the response: activation of the metalloprotease OMA1. This severs the membrane tether of the dynamin-related GTPase OPA1, which is a critical determinant for mitochondrial morphology and function. We also highlight the evolutionary conservation from bacteria of these quality-control mechanisms to maintain membrane integrity, gene expression, and cell fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Uwe Richter
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Omid Safronov
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
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36
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Barcia G, Assouline Z, Pennisi A, Gitiaux C, Schiff M, Boddaert N, Munnich A, Bonnefont JP, Rötig A. Cytochrome c oxidase deficiency caused by biallelic SCO2 mutations in two sibs with cerebellar ataxia and progressive peripheral axonal neuropathy. Mol Genet Metab Rep 2019; 21:100528. [PMID: 31844624 PMCID: PMC6895674 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2019.100528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Barcia
- Fédération de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France.,UMR1163, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut IMAGINE, Paris, France
| | - Zahra Assouline
- Fédération de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France.,UMR1163, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut IMAGINE, Paris, France
| | - Alessandra Pennisi
- Fédération de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France.,UMR1163, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut IMAGINE, Paris, France
| | - Cyril Gitiaux
- Fédération de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France.,UMR1163, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut IMAGINE, Paris, France
| | - Manuel Schiff
- Fédération de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France.,UMR1163, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut IMAGINE, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Boddaert
- Fédération de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France.,UMR1163, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut IMAGINE, Paris, France
| | - Arnold Munnich
- Fédération de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France.,UMR1163, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut IMAGINE, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Paul Bonnefont
- Fédération de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France.,UMR1163, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut IMAGINE, Paris, France
| | - Agnès Rötig
- Fédération de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France.,UMR1163, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut IMAGINE, Paris, France
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37
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Barros MH, McStay GP. Modular biogenesis of mitochondrial respiratory complexes. Mitochondrion 2019; 50:94-114. [PMID: 31669617 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2019.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial function relies on the activity of oxidative phosphorylation to synthesise ATP and generate an electrochemical gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane. These coupled processes are mediated by five multi-subunit complexes that reside in this inner membrane. These complexes are the product of both nuclear and mitochondrial gene products. Defects in the function or assembly of these complexes can lead to mitochondrial diseases due to deficits in energy production and mitochondrial functions. Appropriate biogenesis and function are mediated by a complex number of assembly factors that promote maturation of specific complex subunits to form the active oxidative phosphorylation complex. The understanding of the biogenesis of each complex has been informed by studies in both simple eukaryotes such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae and human patients with mitochondrial diseases. These studies reveal each complex assembles through a pathway using specific subunits and assembly factors to form kinetically distinct but related assembly modules. The current understanding of these complexes has embraced the revolutions in genomics and proteomics to further our knowledge on the impact of mitochondrial biology in genetics, medicine, and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario H Barros
- Departamento de Microbiologia - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Gavin P McStay
- Department of Biological Sciences, Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent, United Kingdom.
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38
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Canonica F, Klose D, Ledermann R, Sauer MM, Abicht HK, Quade N, Gossert AD, Chesnov S, Fischer HM, Jeschke G, Hennecke H, Glockshuber R. Structural basis and mechanism for metallochaperone-assisted assembly of the Cu A center in cytochrome oxidase. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaaw8478. [PMID: 31392273 PMCID: PMC6669012 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaw8478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying the biogenesis of the structurally unique, binuclear Cu1.5+•Cu1.5+ redox center (CuA) on subunit II (CoxB) of cytochrome oxidases have been a long-standing mystery. Here, we reconstituted the CoxB•CuA center in vitro from apo-CoxB and the holo-forms of the copper transfer chaperones ScoI and PcuC. A previously unknown, highly stable ScoI•Cu2+•CoxB complex was shown to be rapidly formed as the first intermediate in the pathway. Moreover, our structural data revealed that PcuC has two copper-binding sites, one each for Cu1+ and Cu2+, and that only PcuC•Cu1+•Cu2+ can release CoxB•Cu2+ from the ScoI•Cu2+•CoxB complex. The CoxB•CuA center was then formed quantitatively by transfer of Cu1+ from a second equivalent of PcuC•Cu1+•Cu2+ to CoxB•Cu2+. This metalation pathway is consistent with all available in vivo data and identifies the sources of the Cu ions required for CuA center formation and the order of their delivery to CoxB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabia Canonica
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Klose
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Maximilian M. Sauer
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Helge K. Abicht
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nick Quade
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alvar D. Gossert
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Serge Chesnov
- Functional Genomics Center Zurich, University of Zurich/ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Gunnar Jeschke
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hauke Hennecke
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rudi Glockshuber
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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39
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Signes A, Cerutti R, Dickson AS, Benincá C, Hinchy EC, Ghezzi D, Carrozzo R, Bertini E, Murphy MP, Nathan JA, Viscomi C, Fernandez-Vizarra E, Zeviani M. APOPT1/COA8 assists COX assembly and is oppositely regulated by UPS and ROS. EMBO Mol Med 2019; 11:e9582. [PMID: 30552096 PMCID: PMC6328941 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201809582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss-of-function mutations in APOPT1, a gene exclusively found in higher eukaryotes, cause a characteristic type of cavitating leukoencephalopathy associated with mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase (COX) deficiency. Although the genetic association of APOPT1 pathogenic variants with isolated COX defects is now clear, the biochemical link between APOPT1 function and COX has remained elusive. We investigated the molecular role of APOPT1 using different approaches. First, we generated an Apopt1 knockout mouse model which shows impaired motor skills, e.g., decreased motor coordination and endurance, associated with reduced COX activity and levels in multiple tissues. In addition, by achieving stable expression of wild-type APOPT1 in control and patient-derived cultured cells we ruled out a role of this protein in apoptosis and established instead that this protein is necessary for proper COX assembly and function. On the other hand, APOPT1 steady-state levels were shown to be controlled by the ubiquitination-proteasome system (UPS). Conversely, in conditions of increased oxidative stress, APOPT1 is stabilized, increasing its mature intramitochondrial form and thereby protecting COX from oxidatively induced degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Signes
- MRC-Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Raffaele Cerutti
- MRC-Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Anna S Dickson
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Cristiane Benincá
- MRC-Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Daniele Ghezzi
- Unit of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta", Milan, Italy
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Rosalba Carrozzo
- Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Bambino Gesù Children's Research Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Enrico Bertini
- Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Bambino Gesù Children's Research Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Michael P Murphy
- MRC-Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - James A Nathan
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Carlo Viscomi
- MRC-Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Massimo Zeviani
- MRC-Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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40
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Ekim Kocabey A, Kost L, Gehlhar M, Rödel G, Gey U. Mitochondrial Sco proteins are involved in oxidative stress defense. Redox Biol 2018; 21:101079. [PMID: 30593977 PMCID: PMC6307045 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2018.101079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the evolutionary conserved Sco protein family have been intensively studied regarding their role in the assembly of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase. However, experimental and structural data, specifically the presence of a thioredoxin-like fold, suggest that Sco proteins may also play a role in redox homeostasis. In our study, we addressed this putative function of Sco proteins using Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model system. Like many eukaryotes, this yeast possesses two SCO homologs (SCO1 and SCO2). Mutants bearing a deletion of either of the two genes are not affected in their growth under oxidative stress. However, the concomitant deletion of the SOD1 gene encoding the superoxide dismutase 1 resulted in a distinct phenotype: double deletion strains lacking SCO1 or SCO2 and SOD1 are highly sensitive to oxidative stress and show dramatically increased ROS levels. The respiratory competent double deletion strain Δsco2Δsod1 paved the way to investigate the putative antioxidant function of SCO homologs apart from their role in respiration by complementation analysis. Sco homologs from Drosophila, Arabidopsis, human and two other yeast species were integrated into the genome of the double deletion mutant and the transformants were analyzed for their growth under oxidative stress. Interestingly, all homologs except for Kluyveromyces lactis K07152 and Arabidopsis thaliana HCC1 were able to complement the phenotype, indicating their role in oxidative stress defense. We further applied this complementation-based system to investigate whether pathogenic point mutations affect the putative antioxidant role of hSco2. Surprisingly, all of the mutant alleles failed to restore the ROS-sensitivity of the Δsco2Δsod1 strain. In conclusion, our data not only provide clear evidence for the function of Sco proteins in oxidative stress defense but also offer a valuable tool to investigate this role for other homologous proteins. Concomitant deletion of SCO and SOD1 leads to a high ROS sensitivity. SCO homologs from higher organisms can rescue the oxidative stress sensitive phenotype of the double deletion mutant. Pathogenic human Sco2 mutations affect the antioxidant function of the protein. The role of the Sco proteins in oxidative stress defense is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luise Kost
- Institute of Genetics, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Maria Gehlhar
- Institute of Genetics, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Gerhard Rödel
- Institute of Genetics, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Uta Gey
- Institute of Genetics, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany.
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41
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Naletova I, Satriano C, Curci A, Margiotta N, Natile G, Arena G, La Mendola D, Nicoletti VG, Rizzarelli E. Cytotoxic phenanthroline derivatives alter metallostasis and redox homeostasis in neuroblastoma cells. Oncotarget 2018; 9:36289-36316. [PMID: 30555630 PMCID: PMC6284747 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Copper homeostasis is generally investigated focusing on a single component of the metallostasis network. Here we address several of the factors controlling the metallostasis for neuroblastoma cells (SH-SY5Y) upon treatment with 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline-5,6-dione (phendione) and 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline (cuproindione). These compounds bind and transport copper inside cells, exert their cytotoxic activity through the induction of oxidative stress, causing apoptosis and alteration of the cellular redox and copper homeostasis network. The intracellular pathway ensured by copper transporters (Ctr1, ATP7A), chaperones (CCS, ATOX, COX 17, Sco1, Sco2), small molecules (GSH) and transcription factors (p53) is scrutinised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Naletova
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario di Ricerca in Chimica dei Metalli nei Sistemi Biologici (CIRCMSB), Bari, Italy
| | - Cristina Satriano
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario di Ricerca in Chimica dei Metalli nei Sistemi Biologici (CIRCMSB), Bari, Italy
| | - Alessandra Curci
- Consorzio Interuniversitario di Ricerca in Chimica dei Metalli nei Sistemi Biologici (CIRCMSB), Bari, Italy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, Bari, Italy
| | - Nicola Margiotta
- Consorzio Interuniversitario di Ricerca in Chimica dei Metalli nei Sistemi Biologici (CIRCMSB), Bari, Italy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, Bari, Italy
| | - Giovanni Natile
- Consorzio Interuniversitario di Ricerca in Chimica dei Metalli nei Sistemi Biologici (CIRCMSB), Bari, Italy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Arena
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario di Ricerca in Chimica dei Metalli nei Sistemi Biologici (CIRCMSB), Bari, Italy
| | - Diego La Mendola
- Consorzio Interuniversitario di Ricerca in Chimica dei Metalli nei Sistemi Biologici (CIRCMSB), Bari, Italy
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Giuseppe Nicoletti
- Consorzio Interuniversitario di Ricerca in Chimica dei Metalli nei Sistemi Biologici (CIRCMSB), Bari, Italy
- Section of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences (BIOMETEC), University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Enrico Rizzarelli
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario di Ricerca in Chimica dei Metalli nei Sistemi Biologici (CIRCMSB), Bari, Italy
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42
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Lopez LC, Mukhitov N, Handley LD, Hamme CS, Hofman CR, Euers L, McKinney JR, Piers AD, Wadler E, Hunsicker-Wang LM. Characterization and effect of metal ions on the formation of the Thermus thermophilus Sco mixed disulfide intermediate. Protein Sci 2018; 27:1942-1954. [PMID: 30168216 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The Sco protein from Thermus thermophilus has previously been shown to perform a disulfide bond reduction in the CuA protein from T. thermophilus, which is a soluble protein engineered from subunit II of cytochrome ba 3 oxidase that lacks the transmembrane helix. The native cysteines on TtSco and TtCuA were mutated to serine residues to probe the reactivities of the individual cysteines. Conjugation of TNB to the remaining cysteine in TtCuA and subsequent release upon incubation with the complementary TtSco protein demonstrated the formation of the mixed disulfide intermediate. The cysteine of TtSco that attacks the disulfide bond in the target TtCuA protein was determined to be TtSco Cysteine 49. This cysteine is likely more reactive than Cysteine 53 due to a higher degree of solvent exposure. Removal of the metal binding histidine, His 139, does not change MDI formation. However, altering the arginine adjacent to the reactive cysteine in Sco (Arginine 48) does alter the formation of the MDI. Binding of Cu2+ or Cu+ to TtSco prior to reaction with TtCuA was found to preclude formation of the mixed disulfide intermediate. These results shed light on a mechanism of disulfide bond reduction by the TtSco protein and may point to a possible role of metal binding in regulating the activity. IMPORTANCE: The function of Sco is at the center of many studies. The disulfide bond reduction in CuA by Sco is investigated herein and the effect of metal ions on the ability to reduce and form a mixed disulfide intermediate are also probed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liezelle C Lopez
- Department of Chemistry, Trinity University, One Trinity Place, San Antonio, Texas, 78212-7200.,Baylor School of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas, 77030
| | - Nikita Mukhitov
- Department of Chemistry, Trinity University, One Trinity Place, San Antonio, Texas, 78212-7200.,Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139
| | - Lindsey D Handley
- Department of Chemistry, Trinity University, One Trinity Place, San Antonio, Texas, 78212-7200.,ThoughtSTEM, San Diego, California, 92108
| | - Cristina S Hamme
- Department of Chemistry, Trinity University, One Trinity Place, San Antonio, Texas, 78212-7200.,Lone Star Family Health Center, Conroe, Texas, 77034
| | - Cristina R Hofman
- Department of Chemistry, Trinity University, One Trinity Place, San Antonio, Texas, 78212-7200
| | - Lindsay Euers
- Department of Chemistry, Trinity University, One Trinity Place, San Antonio, Texas, 78212-7200.,Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, 77303
| | - Jennifer R McKinney
- Department of Chemistry, Trinity University, One Trinity Place, San Antonio, Texas, 78212-7200.,Department of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas, 77004
| | - Amani D Piers
- Department of Chemistry, Trinity University, One Trinity Place, San Antonio, Texas, 78212-7200.,Department of Psychology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104
| | - Ellen Wadler
- Department of Chemistry, Trinity University, One Trinity Place, San Antonio, Texas, 78212-7200.,University of Texas Health Science Center Houston School of Public Health, Houston, Texas, 77030
| | - Laura M Hunsicker-Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Trinity University, One Trinity Place, San Antonio, Texas, 78212-7200
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43
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Signes A, Fernandez-Vizarra E. Assembly of mammalian oxidative phosphorylation complexes I-V and supercomplexes. Essays Biochem 2018; 62:255-270. [PMID: 30030361 PMCID: PMC6056720 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20170098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The assembly of the five oxidative phosphorylation system (OXPHOS) complexes in the inner mitochondrial membrane is an intricate process. The human enzymes comprise core proteins, performing the catalytic activities, and a large number of 'supernumerary' subunits that play essential roles in assembly, regulation and stability. The correct addition of prosthetic groups as well as chaperoning and incorporation of the structural components require a large number of factors, many of which have been found mutated in cases of mitochondrial disease. Nowadays, the mechanisms of assembly for each of the individual complexes are almost completely understood and the knowledge about the assembly factors involved is constantly increasing. On the other hand, it is now well established that complexes I, III and IV interact with each other, forming the so-called respiratory supercomplexes or 'respirasomes', although the pathways that lead to their formation are still not completely clear. This review is a summary of our current knowledge concerning the assembly of complexes I-V and of the supercomplexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Signes
- MRC-Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, U.K
| | - Erika Fernandez-Vizarra
- MRC-Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, U.K.
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44
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Zischka H, Einer C. Mitochondrial copper homeostasis and its derailment in Wilson disease. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2018; 102:71-75. [PMID: 29997057 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In mitochondria, copper is a Janus-faced trace element. While it is the essential cofactor of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase, a surplus of copper can be highly detrimental to these organelles. On the one hand, mitochondria are strictly dependent on adequate copper supply for proper respiratory function, and the molecular mechanisms for metalation of the cytochrome c oxidase have been largely characterized. On the other hand, copper overload impairs mitochondria and uncertainties exist concerning the molecular mechanisms for mitochondrial metal uptake, storage and release. The latter issue is of fundamental importance in Wilson disease, a genetic disease characterized by dysfunctional copper excretion from the liver. Prime consequences of the progressive copper accumulation in hepatocytes are increasing mitochondrial biophysical and biochemical deficits. Focusing on this two-sided aspect of mitochondrial copper, we review mitochondrial copper homeostasis but also the impact of excessive mitochondrial copper in Wilson disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Zischka
- Institute of Molecular Toxicology and Pharmacology, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Toxicology and Environmental Hygiene, Technical University of Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany.
| | - Claudia Einer
- Institute of Molecular Toxicology and Pharmacology, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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45
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Bhattacharjee A, Chakraborty K, Shukla A. Cellular copper homeostasis: current concepts on its interplay with glutathione homeostasis and its implication in physiology and human diseases. Metallomics 2018; 9:1376-1388. [PMID: 28675215 DOI: 10.1039/c7mt00066a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Copper is a trace element essential for almost all living organisms. But the level of intracellular copper needs to be tightly regulated. Dysregulation of cellular copper homeostasis leading to various diseases demonstrates the importance of this tight regulation. Copper homeostasis is regulated not only within the cell but also within individual intracellular compartments. Inactivation of export machinery results in excess copper being redistributed into various intracellular organelles. Recent evidence suggests the involvement of glutathione in playing an important role in regulating copper entry and intracellular copper homeostasis. Therefore interplay of both homeostases might play an important role within the cell. Similar to copper, glutathione balance is tightly regulated within individual cellular compartments. This review explores the existing literature on the role of glutathione in regulating cellular copper homeostasis. On the one hand, interplay of glutathione and copper homeostasis performs an important role in normal physiological processes, for example neuronal differentiation. On the other hand, perturbation of the interplay might play a key role in the pathogenesis of copper homeostasis disorders.
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46
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Mansilla N, Racca S, Gras DE, Gonzalez DH, Welchen E. The Complexity of Mitochondrial Complex IV: An Update of Cytochrome c Oxidase Biogenesis in Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19030662. [PMID: 29495437 PMCID: PMC5877523 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19030662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial respiration is an energy producing process that involves the coordinated action of several protein complexes embedded in the inner membrane to finally produce ATP. Complex IV or Cytochrome c Oxidase (COX) is the last electron acceptor of the respiratory chain, involved in the reduction of O2 to H2O. COX is a multimeric complex formed by multiple structural subunits encoded in two different genomes, prosthetic groups (heme a and heme a3), and metallic centers (CuA and CuB). Tens of accessory proteins are required for mitochondrial RNA processing, synthesis and delivery of prosthetic groups and metallic centers, and for the final assembly of subunits to build a functional complex. In this review, we perform a comparative analysis of COX composition and biogenesis factors in yeast, mammals and plants. We also describe possible external and internal factors controlling the expression of structural proteins and assembly factors at the transcriptional and post-translational levels, and the effect of deficiencies in different steps of COX biogenesis to infer the role of COX in different aspects of plant development. We conclude that COX assembly in plants has conserved and specific features, probably due to the incorporation of a different set of subunits during evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natanael Mansilla
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (CONICET-UNL), Cátedra de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina.
| | - Sofia Racca
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (CONICET-UNL), Cátedra de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina.
| | - Diana E Gras
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (CONICET-UNL), Cátedra de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina.
| | - Daniel H Gonzalez
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (CONICET-UNL), Cátedra de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina.
| | - Elina Welchen
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (CONICET-UNL), Cátedra de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina.
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47
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Kolli R, Soll J, Carrie C. Plant Mitochondrial Inner Membrane Protein Insertion. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E641. [PMID: 29495281 PMCID: PMC5855863 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
During the biogenesis of the mitochondrial inner membrane, most nuclear-encoded inner membrane proteins are laterally released into the membrane by the TIM23 and the TIM22 machinery during their import into mitochondria. A subset of nuclear-encoded mitochondrial inner membrane proteins and all the mitochondrial-encoded inner membrane proteins use the Oxa machinery-which is evolutionarily conserved from the endosymbiotic bacterial ancestor of mitochondria-for membrane insertion. Compared to the mitochondria from other eukaryotes, plant mitochondria have several unique features, such as a larger genome and a branched electron transport pathway, and are also involved in additional cellular functions such as photorespiration and stress perception. This review focuses on the unique aspects of plant mitochondrial inner membrane protein insertion machinery, which differs from that in yeast and humans, and includes a case study on the biogenesis of Cox2 in yeast, humans, two plant species, and an algal species to highlight lineage-specific similarities and differences. Interestingly, unlike mitochondria of other eukaryotes but similar to bacteria and chloroplasts, plant mitochondria appear to use the Tat machinery for membrane insertion of the Rieske Fe/S protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renuka Kolli
- Department of Biology I, Botany, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Großhaderner Strasse 2-4, D-82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.
| | - Jürgen Soll
- Department of Biology I, Botany, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Großhaderner Strasse 2-4, D-82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.
- Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science, CiPSM, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 25, D-81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Chris Carrie
- Department of Biology I, Botany, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Großhaderner Strasse 2-4, D-82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.
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Lorenzi I, Oeljeklaus S, Aich A, Ronsör C, Callegari S, Dudek J, Warscheid B, Dennerlein S, Rehling P. The mitochondrial TMEM177 associates with COX20 during COX2 biogenesis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2018; 1865:323-333. [PMID: 29154948 PMCID: PMC5764226 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2017.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The three mitochondrial-encoded proteins, COX1, COX2, and COX3, form the core of the cytochrome c oxidase. Upon synthesis, COX2 engages with COX20 in the inner mitochondrial membrane, a scaffold protein that recruits metallochaperones for copper delivery to the CuA-Site of COX2. Here we identified the human protein, TMEM177 as a constituent of the COX20 interaction network. Loss or increase in the amount of TMEM177 affects COX20 abundance leading to reduced or increased COX20 levels respectively. TMEM177 associates with newly synthesized COX2 and SCO2 in a COX20-dependent manner. Our data shows that by unbalancing the amount of TMEM177, newly synthesized COX2 accumulates in a COX20-associated state. We conclude that TMEM177 promotes assembly of COX2 at the level of CuA-site formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isotta Lorenzi
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, University Medical Centre Göttingen, GZMB, D-37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Silke Oeljeklaus
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Functional Proteomics, University Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany; BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Abhishek Aich
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, University Medical Centre Göttingen, GZMB, D-37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christin Ronsör
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, University Medical Centre Göttingen, GZMB, D-37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sylvie Callegari
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, University Medical Centre Göttingen, GZMB, D-37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jan Dudek
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, University Medical Centre Göttingen, GZMB, D-37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Bettina Warscheid
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Functional Proteomics, University Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany; BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sven Dennerlein
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, University Medical Centre Göttingen, GZMB, D-37073 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Peter Rehling
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, University Medical Centre Göttingen, GZMB, D-37073 Göttingen, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany.
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49
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Aich A, Wang C, Chowdhury A, Ronsör C, Pacheu-Grau D, Richter-Dennerlein R, Dennerlein S, Rehling P. COX16 promotes COX2 metallation and assembly during respiratory complex IV biogenesis. eLife 2018; 7:32572. [PMID: 29381136 PMCID: PMC5809144 DOI: 10.7554/elife.32572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome c oxidase of the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation system reduces molecular oxygen with redox equivalent-derived electrons. The conserved mitochondrial-encoded COX1- and COX2-subunits are the heme- and copper-center containing core subunits that catalyze water formation. COX1 and COX2 initially follow independent biogenesis pathways creating assembly modules with subunit-specific, chaperone-like assembly factors that assist in redox centers formation. Here, we find that COX16, a protein required for cytochrome c oxidase assembly, interacts specifically with newly synthesized COX2 and its copper center-forming metallochaperones SCO1, SCO2, and COA6. The recruitment of SCO1 to the COX2-module is COX16- dependent and patient-mimicking mutations in SCO1 affect interaction with COX16. These findings implicate COX16 in CuA-site formation. Surprisingly, COX16 is also found in COX1-containing assembly intermediates and COX2 recruitment to COX1. We conclude that COX16 participates in merging the COX1 and COX2 assembly lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Aich
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Cong Wang
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Arpita Chowdhury
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christin Ronsör
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - David Pacheu-Grau
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Sven Dennerlein
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Peter Rehling
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
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50
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Boulet A, Vest KE, Maynard MK, Gammon MG, Russell AC, Mathews AT, Cole SE, Zhu X, Phillips CB, Kwong JQ, Dodani SC, Leary SC, Cobine PA. The mammalian phosphate carrier SLC25A3 is a mitochondrial copper transporter required for cytochrome c oxidase biogenesis. J Biol Chem 2017; 293:1887-1896. [PMID: 29237729 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.000265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 12/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Copper is required for the activity of cytochrome c oxidase (COX), the terminal electron-accepting complex of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. The likely source of copper used for COX biogenesis is a labile pool found in the mitochondrial matrix. In mammals, the proteins that transport copper across the inner mitochondrial membrane remain unknown. We previously reported that the mitochondrial carrier family protein Pic2 in budding yeast is a copper importer. The closest Pic2 ortholog in mammalian cells is the mitochondrial phosphate carrier SLC25A3. Here, to investigate whether SLC25A3 also transports copper, we manipulated its expression in several murine and human cell lines. SLC25A3 knockdown or deletion consistently resulted in an isolated COX deficiency in these cells, and copper addition to the culture medium suppressed these biochemical defects. Consistent with a conserved role for SLC25A3 in copper transport, its heterologous expression in yeast complemented copper-specific defects observed upon deletion of PIC2 Additionally, assays in Lactococcus lactis and in reconstituted liposomes directly demonstrated that SLC25A3 functions as a copper transporter. Taken together, these data indicate that SLC25A3 can transport copper both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aren Boulet
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan 7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Katherine E Vest
- the Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849
| | - Margaret K Maynard
- the Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849
| | - Micah G Gammon
- the Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849
| | | | - Alexander T Mathews
- the Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849
| | - Shelbie E Cole
- the Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849
| | - Xinyu Zhu
- the Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849
| | - Casey B Phillips
- the Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849
| | - Jennifer Q Kwong
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, and
| | - Sheel C Dodani
- the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75080
| | - Scot C Leary
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan 7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Paul A Cobine
- the Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849,
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