1
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Seaberg A, Awotoye W, Qian F, Machado-Paula LA, Dunlay L, Butali A, Murray J, Moreno-Uribe L, Petrin AL. DNA Methylation Effects on Van der Woude Syndrome Phenotypic Variability. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2024:10556656241269495. [PMID: 39109995 DOI: 10.1177/10556656241269495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Van der Woude Syndrome (VWS) presents with combinations of lip pits (LP) and cleft lip and/or cleft palate (CL/P, CPO). VWS phenotypic heterogeneity even amongst relatives, suggests that epigenetic factors may act as modifiers. IRF6, causal for 70% of VWS cases, and TP63 interact in a regulatory loop coordinating epithelial proliferation and differentiation in palatogenesis. We hypothesize that differential DNA methylation within IRF6 and TP63 regulatory regions underlie VWS phenotypic discordance. METHODS DNA methylation of CpG sites in IRF6 and TP63 promoters and in an IRF6 enhancer element was compared amongst blood or saliva DNA samples of 78 unrelated cases. Analyses were done separately for blood and saliva, within each sex and in combination, and to address cleft type (CL/P ± LP vs. CPO ± LP) and phenotypic severity (any cleft + LP vs. any cleft only). RESULTS For cleft type, blood samples showed higher IRF6 and TP63 promoter methylation on males with CPO ± LP compared to CL/P ± LP and on individuals with CPO ± LP compared to those with CL/P ± LP, respectively. Saliva samples showed higher IRF6 enhancer methylation on individuals with CPO ± LP compared to CL/P ± LP and contrary to above, lower TP63 promoter methylation on CPO ± LP compared to CL/P ± LP. For phenotypic severity, blood samples showed no differences; however, saliva samples showed higher IRF6 promoter methylation in individuals with any cleft + LP compared to those without lip pits. CONCLUSION We observed differential methylation in IRF6 and TP63 regulatory regions associated with cleft type and phenotypic severity, indicating that epigenetic changes in IRF6 and TP63 can contribute to phenotypic heterogeneity in VWS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Seaberg
- College of Dentistry and Dental Clinics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Waheed Awotoye
- College of Dentistry and Dental Clinics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Fang Qian
- College of Dentistry and Dental Clinics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | | | - Lindsey Dunlay
- College of Dentistry and Dental Clinics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Azeez Butali
- College of Dentistry and Dental Clinics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Jeff Murray
- Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Lina Moreno-Uribe
- College of Dentistry and Dental Clinics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Aline L Petrin
- College of Dentistry and Dental Clinics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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Rahimov F, Nieminen P, Kumari P, Juuri E, Nikopensius T, Paraiso K, German J, Karvanen A, Kals M, Elnahas AG, Karjalainen J, Kurki M, Palotie A, Heliövaara A, Esko T, Jukarainen S, Palta P, Ganna A, Patni AP, Mar D, Bomsztyk K, Mathieu J, Ruohola-Baker H, Visel A, Fakhouri WD, Schutte BC, Cornell RA, Rice DP. High incidence and geographic distribution of cleft palate cases in Finland are associated with a regulatory variant in IRF6. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.07.09.24310146. [PMID: 39040165 PMCID: PMC11261923 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.09.24310146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
In Finland the frequency of isolated cleft palate (CP) is higher than that of isolated cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P). This trend contrasts to that in other European countries but its genetic underpinnings are unknown. We performed a genome-wide association study for orofacial clefts, which include CL/P and CP, in the Finnish population. We identified rs570516915, a single nucleotide polymorphism that is highly enriched in Finns and Estonians, as being strongly associated with CP ( P = 5.25 × 10 -34 , OR = 8.65, 95% CI 6.11-12.25), but not with CL/P ( P = 7.2 × 10 -5 ), with genome-wide significance. The risk allele frequency of rs570516915 parallels the regional variation of CP prevalence in Finland, and the association was replicated in independent cohorts of CP cases from Finland ( P = 8.82 × 10 -28 ) and Estonia ( P = 1.25 × 10 -5 ). The risk allele of rs570516915 disrupts a conserved binding site for the transcription factor IRF6 within a previously characterized enhancer upstream of the IRF6 gene. Through reporter assay experiments we found that the risk allele of rs570516915 diminishes the enhancer activity. Oral epithelial cells derived from CRISPR-Cas9 edited induced pluripotent stem cells demonstrate that the CP-associated allele of rs570516915 concomitantly decreases the binding of IRF6 and the expression level of IRF6 , suggesting impaired IRF6 autoregulation as a molecular mechanism underlying the risk for CP.
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Carroll SH, Schafer S, Dalessandro E, Ho TV, Chai Y, Liao EC. Neural crest and periderm-specific requirements of Irf6 during neural tube and craniofacial development. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.11.598425. [PMID: 38915513 PMCID: PMC11195129 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.11.598425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
IRF6 is a key genetic determinant of syndromic and non-syndromic cleft lip and palate. The ability to interrogate post-embryonic requirements of Irf6 has been hindered, as global Irf6 ablation in the mouse causes neonatal lethality. Prior work analyzing Irf6 in mouse models defined its role in the embryonic surface epithelium and periderm where it is required to regulate cell proliferation and differentiation. Several reports have also described Irf6 gene expression in other cell types, such as muscle, and neuroectoderm. However, analysis of a functional role in non-epithelial cell lineages has been incomplete due to the severity and lethality of the Irf6 knockout model and the paucity of work with a conditional Irf6 allele. Here we describe the generation and characterization of a new Irf6 floxed mouse model and analysis of Irf6 ablation in periderm and neural crest lineages. This work found that loss of Irf6 in periderm recapitulates a mild Irf6 null phenotype, suggesting that Irf6-mediated signaling in periderm plays a crucial role in regulating embryonic development. Further, conditional ablation of Irf6 in neural crest cells resulted in an anterior neural tube defect of variable penetrance. The generation of this conditional Irf6 allele allows for new insights into craniofacial development and new exploration into the post-natal role of Irf6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon H Carroll
- Center for Craniofacial Innovation, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sogand Schafer
- Center for Craniofacial Innovation, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Eileen Dalessandro
- Center for Craniofacial Innovation, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Thach-Vu Ho
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Yang Chai
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Eric C Liao
- Center for Craniofacial Innovation, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Shriners Hospital for Children, Tampa, FL 33607, USA
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4
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Seaberg A, Awotoye W, Qian F, Dunlay L, Butali A, Murray J, Moreno-Uribe L, Petrin A. DNA methylation effects on Van der Woude Syndrome phenotypic variability. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.11.04.23298094. [PMID: 37961322 PMCID: PMC10635279 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.04.23298094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Van der Woude Syndrome (VWS) classically presents with combinations of lip pits (LP) and orofacial clefts, with marked phenotypic discordance even amongst individuals carrying the same mutation. Such discordance suggests a possible role for epigenetic factors as phenotypic modifiers. Both IRF6 , causal for 70% of VWS cases, and TP63 interact in a regulatory loop to coordinate epithelial proliferation and differentiation for palatogenesis. We hypothesize that differential DNA methylation (DNAm) in CpG sites within regulatory regions of IRF6 and TP63 are associated with VWS phenotypic discordance. METHODS We measured DNAm levels of CpG sites located in the promoter regions of IRF6 and TP63 and in an IRF6 enhancer element (MCS9.7) in 83 individuals with VWS grouped within 5 phenotypes for primary analysis: 1=CL+/-P+LP, 2=CL+/-P, 3=CP+LP, 4=CP, 5=LP and 2 phenotypes for secondary analysis: 1=any cleft and LP, 2= any cleft without LP. DNA samples were bisulfite converted and pyrosequenced with target-specific primers. Methylation levels were compared amongst phenotypes. RESULTS CpG sites in the IRF6 promoter showed statistically significant differences in methylation among phenotypic groups in both analyses (P<0.05). Individuals with any form of cleft (Groups 1-4) had significantly higher methylation levels than individuals with lip pits only (Group 5). In the secondary analysis, individuals in Group 1 (cleft+LP) had significantly higher methylation than Group 2 (cleft only). CONCLUSION Results indicated that hypermethylation of the IRF6 promoter is associated with more severe phenotypes (any cleft +/- lip pits); thus, possibly impacting an already genetically weakened IRF6 protein and leading to a more severe phenotype.
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5
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Wang X, Liu W, Luo X, Zheng Q, Shi B, Liu R, Li C. Mesenchymal β-catenin signaling affects palatogenesis by regulating α-actinin-4 and F-actin. Oral Dis 2023; 29:3493-3502. [PMID: 36251469 DOI: 10.1111/odi.14408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our previous research have found that mesenchymal β-catenin may be involved in palatal shelf (PS) elevation by regulating F-actin. Here, we further investigated the exact mechanism of β-catenin/F-actin in the PS mesenchyme to regulate palatal reorientation. MATERIALS AND METHODS (1) Firstly, Ctnnb1ex3f (β-catenin) mice were conditionally overexpressed in the palatal mesenchyme by crossing with the Sox9-creERT2 mice (induced by Tamoxifen injections); (2) Subsequently, histology and immunohistochemistry were used to characterize the variations of PS morphology and expression of key molecules associated with developmental process; (3) Finally, experiments in vivo and ex vivo were employed to identify the critical mechanisms in β-catenin silenced and overexpressed models. RESULTS We found that the Sox9CreER; Ctnnb1ex3f mice exhibited failed palatal elevation and visible cleft palate, and overexpression of β-catenin disturbed the F-actin responsible for cytoskeletal remodeling in palatal mesenchymal cells. qRT-PCR results showed mRNA levels of α-actinin4, a gene involved in F-actin cross-linking, were associated with knockdown or overexpression of β-catenin in ex vivo, respectively. Experiments in vivo revealed that mesenchymal specific inactivation or overexpression of β-catenin exhibited decreased or increased α-actinin-4 expression. CONCLUSIONS Mesenchymal β-catenin/F-actin plays an essential role in PS reorientation, which mediate α-actinin-4 to regulate F-actin cytoskeleton reorganization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Cleft Lip and Palate Surgery, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Weilong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Cleft Lip and Palate Surgery, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiao Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Cleft Lip and Palate Surgery, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qian Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Cleft Lip and Palate Surgery, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bing Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Cleft Lip and Palate Surgery, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Renkai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Cleft Lip and Palate Surgery, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chenghao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Cleft Lip and Palate Surgery, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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6
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Won HJ, Kim JW, Won HS, Shin JO. Gene Regulatory Networks and Signaling Pathways in Palatogenesis and Cleft Palate: A Comprehensive Review. Cells 2023; 12:1954. [PMID: 37566033 PMCID: PMC10416829 DOI: 10.3390/cells12151954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Palatogenesis is a complex and intricate process involving the formation of the palate through various morphogenetic events highly dependent on the surrounding context. These events comprise outgrowth of palatal shelves from embryonic maxillary prominences, their elevation from a vertical to a horizontal position above the tongue, and their subsequent adhesion and fusion at the midline to separate oral and nasal cavities. Disruptions in any of these processes can result in cleft palate, a common congenital abnormality that significantly affects patient's quality of life, despite surgical intervention. Although many genes involved in palatogenesis have been identified through studies on genetically modified mice and human genetics, the precise roles of these genes and their products in signaling networks that regulate palatogenesis remain elusive. Recent investigations have revealed that palatal shelf growth, patterning, adhesion, and fusion are intricately regulated by numerous transcription factors and signaling pathways, including Sonic hedgehog (Shh), bone morphogenetic protein (Bmp), fibroblast growth factor (Fgf), transforming growth factor beta (Tgf-β), Wnt signaling, and others. These studies have also identified a significant number of genes that are essential for palate development. Integrated information from these studies offers novel insights into gene regulatory networks and dynamic cellular processes underlying palatal shelf elevation, contact, and fusion, deepening our understanding of palatogenesis, and facilitating the development of more efficacious treatments for cleft palate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung-Jin Won
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
- BIT Medical Convergence Graduate Program, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Woo Kim
- Graduate School of Clinical Dentistry, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Sun Won
- Department of Anatomy, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea
- Jesaeng-Euise Clinical Anatomy Center, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Oh Shin
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 33151, Republic of Korea
- BK21 FOUR Project, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 33151, Republic of Korea
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7
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Saroya G, Hu J, Hu M, Panaretos C, Mann J, Kim S, Bush J, Kaartinen V. Periderm Fate during Palatogenesis: TGF-β and Periderm Dedifferentiation. J Dent Res 2023; 102:459-466. [PMID: 36751050 PMCID: PMC10041600 DOI: 10.1177/00220345221146454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Failure of palatogenesis results in cleft palate, one of the most common congenital disabilities in humans. During the final phases of palatogenesis, the protective function of the peridermal cell layer must be eliminated for the medial edge epithelia to adhere properly, which is a prerequisite for the successful fusion of the secondary palate. However, a deeper understanding of the role and fate of the periderm in palatal adherence and fusion has been hampered due to a lack of appropriate periderm-specific genetic tools to examine this cell type in vivo. Here we used the cytokeratin-6A (Krt-6a) locus to develop both constitutive (Krt6ai-Cre) and inducible (Krt6ai-CreERT2) periderm-specific Cre driver mouse lines. These novel lines allowed us to achieve both the spatial and temporal control needed to dissect the periderm fate on a cellular resolution during palatogenesis. Our studies suggest that, already before the opposing palatal shelves contact each other, at least some palatal periderm cells start to gradually lose their squamous periderm-like phenotype and dedifferentiate into cuboidal cells, reminiscent of the basal epithelial cells seen in the palatal midline seam. Moreover, we show that transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling plays a critical periderm-specific role in palatogenesis. Thirty-three percent of embryos lacking a gene encoding the TGF-β type I receptor (Tgfbr1) in the periderm display a complete cleft of the secondary palate. Our subsequent experiments demonstrated that Tgfbr1-deficient periderm fails to undergo appropriate dedifferentiation. These studies define the periderm cell fate during palatogenesis and reveal a novel, critical role for TGF-β signaling in periderm dedifferentiation, which is a prerequisite for appropriate palatal epithelial adhesion and fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Saroya
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - J. Hu
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- College of Literature, Sciences, and the Arts, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - M. Hu
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- College of Literature, Sciences, and the Arts, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - C. Panaretos
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - J. Mann
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - S. Kim
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - J.O. Bush
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - V. Kaartinen
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Dąbrowska J, Biedziak B, Bogdanowicz A, Mostowska A. Identification of Novel Risk Variants of Non-Syndromic Cleft Palate by Targeted Gene Panel Sequencing. J Clin Med 2023; 12:2051. [PMID: 36902838 PMCID: PMC10004578 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12052051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-syndromic cleft palate (ns-CP) has a genetically heterogeneous aetiology. Numerous studies have suggested a crucial role of rare coding variants in characterizing the unrevealed component of genetic variation in ns-CP called the "missing heritability". Therefore, this study aimed to detect low-frequency variants that are implicated in ns-CP aetiology in the Polish population. For this purpose, coding regions of 423 genes associated with orofacial cleft anomalies and/or involved with facial development were screened in 38 ns-CP patients using the next-generation sequencing technology. After multistage selection and prioritisation, eight novel and four known rare variants that may influence an individual's risk of ns-CP were identified. Among detected alternations, seven were located in novel candidate genes for ns-CP, including COL17A1 (c.2435-1G>A), DLG1 (c.1586G>C, p.Glu562Asp), NHS (c.568G>C, p.Val190Leu-de novo variant), NOTCH2 (c.1997A>G, p.Tyr666Cys), TBX18 (c.647A>T, p.His225Leu), VAX1 (c.400G>A, p.Ala134Thr) and WNT5B (c.716G>T, p.Arg239Leu). The remaining risk variants were identified within genes previously linked to ns-CP, confirming their contribution to this anomaly. This list included ARHGAP29 (c.1706G>A, p.Arg569Gln), FLNB (c.3605A>G, Tyr1202Cys), IRF6 (224A>G, p.Asp75Gly-de novo variant), LRP6 (c.481C>A, p.Pro161Thr) and TP63 (c.353A>T, p.Asn118Ile). In summary, this study provides further insights into the genetic components contributing to ns-CP aetiology and identifies novel susceptibility genes for this craniofacial anomaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Dąbrowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 6 Swiecickiego Street, 60-781 Poznan, Poland
| | - Barbara Biedziak
- Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Anomalies, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-812 Poznan, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Bogdanowicz
- Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Anomalies, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-812 Poznan, Poland
| | - Adrianna Mostowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 6 Swiecickiego Street, 60-781 Poznan, Poland
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Nasroen SL, Maskoen AM, Soedjana H, Hilmanto D, Gani BA. The IRF6 AP-2α binding site polymorphism relate to the severity of non-syndromic orofacial cleft of Indonesian patients. Minerva Dent Oral Sci 2023; 72:8-15. [PMID: 36847740 DOI: 10.23736/s2724-6329.21.04572-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND IRF6 AP-2α binding site polymorphism is known as IRF6 rs642961. It has been associated with a nonsyndromic orofacial cleft (NS OFC). This study aimed to determine the IRF6 rs642961 as a risk factor associated with NS OFC and its phenotypes. METHODS The case-control design used for 264 subjects consists of 158 NS CLP subjects (42 CU CLP, 34 CB CLP, 33 CLO, 49 CPOs) and 106 healthy controls. The DNA is extracted from venous blood. The segment of IRF6 rs642961 amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by restriction fragment length of polymorphisms (RFLPs) used the MspI digestion enzyme. The qPCR method to identify the mRNA expression levels of the IRF6 gene rs642961 was analyzed by the Livak method. RESULTS The study results show that in NS CB CLP phenotype as the most severe phenotype of NS OFC, the Odds Ratio (OR) of A mutant allele was 5.094 (CI=1.456-17.820; P=0.011) and the OR of AA homozygous mutant genotype was 13.481 (CI=2.648-68.635; P=0.001). There are different levels of mRNA expression changes from NS OFC and its phenotypes. It is substantial among the 2-ΔΔCt and the group of AA, GA, and GG genotypes (P<0.05); in the NS CPO phenotype, it shows IRF6 mRNA under-expression in GA, AA genotypes while in other phenotypes it shows IRF6 mRNA overexpression. CONCLUSIONS The IRF6 AP-2α binding site polymorphism is strongly associated with the severity of NS OFC, and this polymorphism has a functional role in affecting IRF6 mRNA expression that is variable in each phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia L Nasroen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Jenderal Achmad Yani Cimahi, Bandung, Indonesia -
| | - Ani M Maskoen
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Hardisiswo Soedjana
- Division of Plastic Surgery Reconstruction and Esthetic, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Dany Hilmanto
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Basri A Gani
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Aceh, Indonesia
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10
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Fu Z, Yue J, Xue L, Xu Y, Ding Q, Xiao W. Using whole exome sequencing to identify susceptibility genes associated with nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate. Mol Genet Genomics 2023; 298:107-118. [PMID: 36322204 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-022-01967-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Cleft lip and palate is a common congenital birth defect in humans. Its incidence rate in China is as high as 1.82%, and is now a frequent deformity observed among the Chinese population; moreover, it varies across regions. Although the etiology of nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (NSCL/P) has been widely investigated, the results are inconsistent. The specific genes and mechanisms responsible for NSCL/P have not been fully understood. Whole exome sequencing (WES) is a new strategy for studying pathogenic genes. WES studies on NSCL/P have not been conducted in East China. Therefore, the aim of this study was to screen candidate genes of NSCL/P in East China using WES and analyze the temporal and spatial expressions of the candidate genes during embryonic palatal development. WES was performed in 30 children with NSCL/P from East China to screen candidate genes. A bioinformatics analysis was performed using commercially available software. Variants detected by WES were validated by immunohistochemistry and western blotting. After WES, 506,144 single-nucleotide variant sites were found. The results of database comparison, functional analysis, and mass spectrometry revealed that only the laminin alpha 5 (LAMA5) gene (site: rs145192286) was associated with NSCL/P. Immunohistochemistry results showed that LAMA5 expression in the medial edge epithelium changed with formation, lifting, and contact during palatogenesis. Almost no LAMA5 expression was detected in the palatal mesenchyme or after palatal fusion. Western blotting and immunohistochemistry results showed consistent trends. In conclusion, the WES results shows that the mutation at the site (rs145192286) of LAMA5 is associated with NSCL/P. The temporal and spatial expressions of LAMA5 during palatal development further demonstrate the involvement of this gene. Therefore, we speculate that LAMA5 is a new candidate pathogenic gene of NSCL/P. The identification of new pathogenic genes would help elucidate the pathogenesis of NSCL/P and provide a scientific basis for the prenatal diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of NSCL/P.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Fu
- Department of Stomatology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266555, Shandong, China.,School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, China
| | - Jin Yue
- Department of Stomatology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266555, Shandong, China.,School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, China
| | - Lingfa Xue
- Department of Stomatology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266555, Shandong, China.,School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, China
| | - Yaoxiang Xu
- Department of Stomatology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266555, Shandong, China.,School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, China
| | - Qian Ding
- Department of Stomatology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266555, Shandong, China.,School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, China
| | - Wenlin Xiao
- Department of Stomatology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266555, Shandong, China. .,School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, China. .,Department of Stomatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16, Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, 266003, China.
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Petrin AL, Zeng E, Thomas MA, Moretti-Ferreira D, Marazita ML, Xie XJ, Murray JC, Moreno-Uribe LM. DNA methylation differences in monozygotic twins with Van der Woude syndrome. FRONTIERS IN DENTAL MEDICINE 2023; 4:1120948. [PMID: 36936396 PMCID: PMC10019782 DOI: 10.3389/fdmed.2023.1120948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Van der Woude Syndrome (VWS) is an autosomal dominant disorder responsible for 2% of all syndromic orofacial clefts (OFCs) with IRF6 being the primary causal gene (70%). Cases may present with lip pits and either cleft lip, cleft lip with cleft palate, or cleft palate, with marked phenotypic discordance even among individuals carrying the same mutation. This suggests that genetic or epigenetic modifiers may play additional roles in the syndrome's etiology and variability in expression. We report the first DNA methylation profiling of 2 pairs of monozygotic twins with VWS. Our goal is to explore epigenetic contributions to VWS etiology and variable phenotypic expressivity by comparing DNAm profiles in both twin pairs. While the mutations that cause VWS in these twins are known, the additional mechanism behind their phenotypic risk and variability in expression remains unclear. Methods We generated whole genome DNAm data for both twin pairs. Differentially methylated positions (DMPs) were selected based on: (1) a coefficient of variation in DNAm levels in unaffected individuals < 20%, and (2) intra-twin pair absolute difference in DNAm levels >5% (delta beta > | 0.05|). We then divided the DMPs in two subgroups for each twin pair for further analysis: (1) higher methylation levels in twin A (Twin A > Twin B); and (2) higher methylation levels in twin B (Twin B >Twin A). Results and Discussion Gene ontology analysis revealed a list of enriched genes that showed significant differential DNAm, including clef-associated genes. Among the cleft-associated genes, TP63 was the most significant hit (p=7.82E-12). Both twin pairs presented differential DNAm levels in CpG sites in/near TP63 (Twin 1A > Twin 1B and Twin 2A < Twin 2B). The genes TP63 and IRF6 function in a biological regulatory loop to coordinate epithelial proliferation and differentiation in a process that is critical for palatal fusion. The effects of the causal mutations in IRF6 can be further impacted by epigenetic dysregulation of IRF6 itself, or genes in its pathway. Our data shows evidence that changes in DNAm is a plausible mechanism that can lead to markedly distinct phenotypes, even among individuals carrying the same mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. L. Petrin
- College of Dentistry and Dental Clinics, University of Iowa, Iowa, IA, United States
- CORRESPONDENCE A. L. Petrin
| | - E. Zeng
- College of Dentistry and Dental Clinics, University of Iowa, Iowa, IA, United States
| | - M. A. Thomas
- Departments of Medical Genetics and Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - D. Moretti-Ferreira
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - M. L. Marazita
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - X. J. Xie
- College of Dentistry and Dental Clinics, University of Iowa, Iowa, IA, United States
| | - J. C. Murray
- Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa, IA, United States
| | - L. M. Moreno-Uribe
- College of Dentistry and Dental Clinics, University of Iowa, Iowa, IA, United States
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12
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Siewert A, Reiz B, Krug C, Heggemann J, Mangold E, Dickten H, Ludwig KU. Analysis of candidate genes for cleft lip ± cleft palate using murine single-cell expression data. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1091666. [PMID: 37169019 PMCID: PMC10165499 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1091666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Cleft lip ± cleft palate (CL/P) is one of the most common birth defects. Although research has identified multiple genetic risk loci for different types of CL/P (i.e., syndromic or non-syndromic forms), determining the respective causal genes and understanding the relevant functional networks remain challenging. The recent introduction of single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) has provided novel opportunities to study gene expression patterns at cellular resolution. The aims of our study were to: (i) aggregate available scRNA-seq data from embryonic mice and provide this as a resource for the craniofacial community; and (ii) demonstrate the value of these data in terms of the investigation of the gene expression patterns of CL/P candidate genes. Methods and Results: First, two published scRNA-seq data sets from embryonic mice were re-processed, i.e., data representing the murine time period of craniofacial development: (i) facial data from embryonic day (E) E11.5; and (ii) whole embryo data from E9.5-E13.5 from the Mouse Organogenesis Cell Atlas (MOCA). Marker gene expression analyses demonstrated that at E11.5, the facial data were a high-resolution representation of the MOCA data. Using CL/P candidate gene lists, distinct groups of genes with specific expression patterns were identified. Among others we identified that a co-expression network including Irf6, Grhl3 and Tfap2a in the periderm, while it was limited to Irf6 and Tfap2a in palatal epithelia, cells of the ectodermal surface, and basal cells at the fusion zone. The analyses also demonstrated that additional CL/P candidate genes (e.g., Tpm1, Arid3b, Ctnnd1, and Wnt3) were exclusively expressed in Irf6+ facial epithelial cells (i.e., as opposed to Irf6- epithelial cells). The MOCA data set was finally used to investigate differences in expression profiles for candidate genes underlying different types of CL/P. These analyses showed that syndromic CL/P genes (syCL/P) were expressed in significantly more cell types than non-syndromic CL/P candidate genes (nsCL/P). Discussion: The present study illustrates how scRNA-seq data can empower research on craniofacial development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Siewert
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine and University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Carina Krug
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine and University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Julia Heggemann
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine and University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Mangold
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine and University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Kerstin U. Ludwig
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine and University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- *Correspondence: Kerstin U. Ludwig,
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13
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Funato N, Yanagisawa H. TBX1 targets the miR-200-ZEB2 axis to induce epithelial differentiation and inhibit stem cell properties. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20188. [PMID: 36418889 PMCID: PMC9684448 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24604-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
TBX1, which encodes a T-box transcription factor, is considered a candidate gene for DiGeorge syndrome, velocardiofacial syndrome, and conotruncal anomaly face syndrome. Transduction of TBX1 decreases cell proliferation in epithelial cancer cells and Tbx1 ablation induces epithelial proliferation during palatal development. Here, we report that TBX1 regulates stem cell properties and epithelial differentiation through the transcriptional activation of microRNAs. Stable expression of TBX1 induces microRNA-200 (miR-200), whose members repress the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and induce epithelial differentiation. TBX1 rescues ZEB2-dependent transcriptional inhibition of the miR-200b/200a/429 cluster, whose promoter region contains conserved overlapping cis-regulatory motifs of the ZEB-binding E-box and TBX-binding element. Consequently, TBX1 activates the expression of both miR-200 and stemness-inhibitor miR-203 to inhibit their common targets, BMI1 and ZEB2. Moreover, Tbx1 ablation affects the differentiation of the palatal epithelium and perturbs the expression of miR-200, miR-203, and their target genes. We propose that TBX1 links stem cell properties and epithelial differentiation by inducing miR-200 and miR-203. Thus, targeting of the ZEB2-miR-200 axis by TBX1 may have potential therapeutic implications in miR-200-associated tumors and cleft palate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Funato
- grid.265073.50000 0001 1014 9130Department of Signal Gene Regulation, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, 113-8510 Japan ,grid.265073.50000 0001 1014 9130Research Core, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, 113-8510 Japan
| | - Hiromi Yanagisawa
- grid.20515.330000 0001 2369 4728Life Science Center for Survival Dynamics, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577 Japan
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14
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Hammond NL, Dixon MJ. Revisiting the embryogenesis of lip and palate development. Oral Dis 2022; 28:1306-1326. [PMID: 35226783 PMCID: PMC10234451 DOI: 10.1111/odi.14174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Clefts of the lip and palate (CLP), the major causes of congenital facial malformation globally, result from failure of fusion of the facial processes during embryogenesis. With a prevalence of 1 in 500-2500 live births, CLP causes major morbidity throughout life as a result of problems with facial appearance, feeding, speaking, obstructive apnoea, hearing and social adjustment and requires complex, multi-disciplinary care at considerable cost to healthcare systems worldwide. Long-term outcomes for affected individuals include increased mortality compared with their unaffected siblings. The frequent occurrence and major healthcare burden imposed by CLP highlight the importance of dissecting the molecular mechanisms driving facial development. Identification of the genetic mutations underlying syndromic forms of CLP, where CLP occurs in association with non-cleft clinical features, allied to developmental studies using appropriate animal models is central to our understanding of the molecular events underlying development of the lip and palate and, ultimately, how these are disturbed in CLP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel L. Hammond
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and HealthUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Michael J. Dixon
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and HealthUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
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15
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Mouse models in palate development and orofacial cleft research: Understanding the crucial role and regulation of epithelial integrity in facial and palate morphogenesis. Curr Top Dev Biol 2022; 148:13-50. [PMID: 35461563 PMCID: PMC9060390 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2021.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cleft lip and cleft palate are common birth defects resulting from genetic and/or environmental perturbations of facial development in utero. Facial morphogenesis commences during early embryogenesis, with cranial neural crest cells interacting with the surface ectoderm to form initially partly separate facial primordia consisting of the medial and lateral nasal prominences, and paired maxillary and mandibular processes. As these facial primordia grow around the primitive oral cavity and merge toward the ventral midline, the surface ectoderm undergoes a critical differentiation step to form an outer layer of flattened and tightly connected periderm cells with a non-stick apical surface that prevents epithelial adhesion. Formation of the upper lip and palate requires spatiotemporally regulated inter-epithelial adhesions and subsequent dissolution of the intervening epithelial seam between the maxillary and medial/lateral nasal processes and between the palatal shelves. Proper regulation of epithelial integrity plays a paramount role during human facial development, as mutations in genes encoding epithelial adhesion molecules and their regulators have been associated with syndromic and non-syndromic orofacial clefts. In this chapter, we summarize mouse genetic studies that have been instrumental in unraveling the mechanisms regulating epithelial integrity and periderm differentiation during facial and palate development. Since proper epithelial integrity also plays crucial roles in wound healing and cancer, understanding the mechanisms regulating epithelial integrity during facial development have direct implications for improvement in clinical care of craniofacial patients.
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16
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Girousi E, Muerner L, Parisi L, Rihs S, von Gunten S, Katsaros C, Degen M. Lack of IRF6 Disrupts Human Epithelial Homeostasis by Altering Colony Morphology, Migration Pattern, and Differentiation Potential of Keratinocytes. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:718066. [PMID: 34660580 PMCID: PMC8514984 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.718066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Variants within the gene encoding for the transcription factor Interferon Regulatory Factor 6 (IRF6) are associated with syndromic and non-syndromic Cleft Lip/Palate (CLP) cases. IRF6 plays a vital role in the regulation of the proliferation/differentiation balance in keratinocytes and is involved in wound healing and migration. Since a fraction of CLP patients undergoing corrective cleft surgery experience wound healing complications, IRF6 represents an interesting candidate gene linking the two processes. However, Irf6 function has been mainly studied in mice and knowledge on IRF6 in human cells remains sparse. Here, we aimed to elucidate the role of IRF6 in human postnatal skin- and oral mucosa-derived keratinocytes. To do so, we applied CRISPR/Cas9 to ablate IRF6 in two TERT-immortalized keratinocyte cultures, which we used as model cell lines. We show that IRF6 controls the appearance of single cells and colonies, with the latter being less cohesive in its absence. Consequently, IRF6 knockout keratinocytes often moved as single cells instead of a collective epithelial sheet migration but maintained their epithelial character. Lack of IRF6 triggered severe keratinocyte differentiation defects, which were already apparent in the stratum spinosum and extended to the stratum corneum in 3D organotypic skin cultures, while it did not alter their growth rate. Finally, proteomics revealed that most of the differentially expressed proteins in the absence of IRF6 could be associated with differentiation, cell-cell adhesion as well as immune response. Our data expand the knowledge on IRF6 in human postnatal keratinocytes, which will help to better understand IRF6-related pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleftheria Girousi
- Laboratory for Oral Molecular Biology, Dental Research Center, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Muerner
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ludovica Parisi
- Laboratory for Oral Molecular Biology, Dental Research Center, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Silvia Rihs
- Laboratory for Oral Molecular Biology, Dental Research Center, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Christos Katsaros
- Laboratory for Oral Molecular Biology, Dental Research Center, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Martin Degen
- Laboratory for Oral Molecular Biology, Dental Research Center, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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17
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Shi X, Wang Q, Sun C, Guo Q, Song T. Study on the role of methylation in nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate using a monozygotic twin model. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2021; 143:110659. [PMID: 33667834 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2021.110659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The research on the etiology of nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate(NSCL/P) is challenging, and DNA methylation has an impact on the formation of cleft lip and palate. SUBJECTS In this study, one of a pair of monozygotic twins (T1) had nonsyndromic cleft lip (NSCL), and one of a pair of monozygotic twins (T2) had nonsyndromic cleft lip and palate (NSCLP). We determined the methylation profiles of more than 850,000 CpGs in the DNA of the blood samples from the two pairs of monozygotic twins. RESULT Methylation data indicated that 1184 differentially methylated CpG sites were found in the T1 group (651 hypermethylated and 533 hypomethylated) and 8099 differentially methylated CpG sites in the T2 group (1713 hypermethylated and 6386 hypomethylated) compared with the healthy twin.The common difference was 107 methylation sites.GO enrichment analysis showed that regulation of smooth muscle cell migration and actin cytoskeleton reorganization were the most prominent classes.KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that the TGF-β signaling pathway, Notch signaling pathway and Wnt signaling pathway are relevant to the formation of NSCL/P.Two selected genes (NTN1 and PLEKHA7) are involved in the formation of NSCL/P. CONCLUSION These findings provide some support for the hypothesis that abnormal DNA methylation may influence the formation of clefts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuheng Shi
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, China
| | - Changsheng Sun
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, China
| | - Qiang Guo
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, China
| | - Tao Song
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, China.
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18
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Mlitz V, Hermann M, Buchberger M, Tschachler E, Eckhart L. The Trichohyalin-Like Protein Scaffoldin Is Expressed in the Multilayered Periderm during Development of Avian Beak and Egg Tooth. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12020248. [PMID: 33578693 PMCID: PMC7916365 DOI: 10.3390/genes12020248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Scaffoldin, an S100 fused-type protein (SFTP) with high amino acid sequence similarity to the mammalian hair follicle protein trichohyalin, has been identified in reptiles and birds, but its functions are not yet fully understood. Here, we investigated the expression pattern of scaffoldin and cornulin, a related SFTP, in the developing beaks of birds. We determined the mRNA levels of both SFTPs by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in the beak and other ectodermal tissues of chicken (Gallus gallus) and quail (Coturnix japonica) embryos. Immunohistochemical staining was performed to localize scaffoldin in tissues. Scaffoldin and cornulin were expressed in the beak and, at lower levels, in other embryonic tissues of both chickens and quails. Immunohistochemistry revealed scaffoldin in the peridermal compartment of the egg tooth, a transitory cornified protuberance (caruncle) on the upper beak which breaks the eggshell during hatching. Furthermore, scaffoldin marked a multilayered peridermal structure on the lower beak. The results of this study suggest that scaffoldin plays an evolutionarily conserved role in the development of the avian beak with a particular function in the morphogenesis of the egg tooth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Mlitz
- Skin Biology Laboratory, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (V.M.); (M.B.); (E.T.)
| | - Marcela Hermann
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Maria Buchberger
- Skin Biology Laboratory, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (V.M.); (M.B.); (E.T.)
| | - Erwin Tschachler
- Skin Biology Laboratory, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (V.M.); (M.B.); (E.T.)
| | - Leopold Eckhart
- Skin Biology Laboratory, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (V.M.); (M.B.); (E.T.)
- Correspondence:
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19
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Du W, Bhojwani A, Hu JK. FACEts of mechanical regulation in the morphogenesis of craniofacial structures. Int J Oral Sci 2021; 13:4. [PMID: 33547271 PMCID: PMC7865003 DOI: 10.1038/s41368-020-00110-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
During embryonic development, organs undergo distinct and programmed morphological changes as they develop into their functional forms. While genetics and biochemical signals are well recognized regulators of morphogenesis, mechanical forces and the physical properties of tissues are now emerging as integral parts of this process as well. These physical factors drive coordinated cell movements and reorganizations, shape and size changes, proliferation and differentiation, as well as gene expression changes, and ultimately sculpt any developing structure by guiding correct cellular architectures and compositions. In this review we focus on several craniofacial structures, including the tooth, the mandible, the palate, and the cranium. We discuss the spatiotemporal regulation of different mechanical cues at both the cellular and tissue scales during craniofacial development and examine how tissue mechanics control various aspects of cell biology and signaling to shape a developing craniofacial organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Du
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- School of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Arshia Bhojwani
- School of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jimmy K Hu
- School of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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20
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Iwata J. Gene-Environment Interplay and MicroRNAs in Cleft Lip and Cleft Palate. ORAL SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL 2021; 18:3-13. [PMID: 36855534 PMCID: PMC9969970 DOI: 10.1002/osi2.1072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cleft lip (CL) with/without cleft palate (CP) (hereafter CL/P) is the second most common congenital birth defect, affecting 7.94 to 9.92 children per 10,000 live births worldwide, followed by Down syndrome. An increasing number of genes have been identified as affecting susceptibility and/or as causative genes for CL/P in mouse genetic and chemically-induced CL and CP studies, as well as in human genome-wide association studies and linkage analysis. While marked progress has been made in the identification of genetic and environmental risk factors for CL/P, the interplays between these factors are not yet fully understood. This review aims to summarize our current knowledge of CL and CP from genetically engineered mouse models and environmental factors that have been studied in mice. Understanding the regulatory mechanism(s) of craniofacial development may not only advance our understanding of craniofacial developmental biology, but could also provide approaches for the prevention of birth defects and for tissue engineering in craniofacial tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Iwata
- Department of Diagnostic & Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Dentistry, Houston, Texas, 77054 USA.,Center for Craniofacial Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Dentistry, Houston, Texas, 77054 USA.,Pediatric Research Center, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas, 77030 USA.,MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas, 77030 USA
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21
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Martinelli M, Palmieri A, Carinci F, Scapoli L. Non-syndromic Cleft Palate: An Overview on Human Genetic and Environmental Risk Factors. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:592271. [PMID: 33195260 PMCID: PMC7606870 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.592271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The epithelial and mesenchymal cells involved in early embryonic facial development are guided by complex regulatory mechanisms. Any factor perturbing the growth, approach and fusion of the frontonasal and maxillary processes could result in orofacial clefts that represent the most common craniofacial malformations in humans. The rarest and, probably for this reason, the least studied form of cleft involves only the secondary palate, which is posterior to the incisive foramen. The etiology of cleft palate only is multifactorial and involves both genetic and environmental risk factors. The intention of this review is to give the reader an overview of the efforts made by researchers to shed light on the underlying causes of this birth defect. Most of the scientific papers suggesting potential environmental and genetic causes of non-syndromic cleft palate are summarized in this review, including genome-wide association and gene–environment interaction studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcella Martinelli
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Annalisa Palmieri
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Carinci
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Luca Scapoli
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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22
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Degen M, Girousi E, Feldmann J, Parisi L, La Scala GC, Schnyder I, Schaller A, Katsaros C. A Novel Van der Woude Syndrome-Causing IRF6 Variant Is Subject to Incomplete Non-sense-Mediated mRNA Decay Affecting the Phenotype of Keratinocytes. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:583115. [PMID: 33117810 PMCID: PMC7552806 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.583115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Van der Woude syndrome (VWS) is a genetic syndrome that leads to typical phenotypic traits, including lower lip pits and cleft lip/palate (CLP). The majority of VWS-affected patients harbor a pathogenic variant in the gene encoding for the transcription factor interferon regulatory factor 6 (IRF6), a crucial regulator of orofacial development, epidermal differentiation and tissue repair. However, most of the underlying mechanisms leading from pathogenic IRF6 gene variants to phenotypes observed in VWS remain poorly understood and elusive. The availability of one VWS individual within our cohort of CLP patients allowed us to identify a novel VWS-causing IRF6 variant and to functionally characterize it. Using VWS patient-derived keratinocytes, we reveal that most of the mutated IRF6_VWS transcripts are subject to a non-sense-mediated mRNA decay mechanism, resulting in IRF6 haploinsufficiency. While moderate levels of IRF6_VWS remain detectable in the VWS keratinocytes, our data illustrate that the IRF6_VWS protein, which lacks part of its protein-binding domain and its whole C-terminus, is noticeably less stable than its wild-type counterpart. Still, it maintains transcription factor function. As we report and characterize a so far undescribed VWS-causing IRF6 variant, our results shed light on the physiological as well as pathological role of IRF6 in keratinocytes. This acquired knowledge is essential for a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms leading to VWS and CLP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Degen
- Laboratory for Oral Molecular Biology, Dental Research Center, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Eleftheria Girousi
- Laboratory for Oral Molecular Biology, Dental Research Center, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Julia Feldmann
- Laboratory for Oral Molecular Biology, Dental Research Center, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ludovica Parisi
- Laboratory for Oral Molecular Biology, Dental Research Center, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Giorgio C La Scala
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle Schnyder
- University Clinic for Pediatric Surgery, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - André Schaller
- Division of Human Genetics, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christos Katsaros
- Laboratory for Oral Molecular Biology, Dental Research Center, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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23
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Sylvester B, Brindopke F, Suzuki A, Giron M, Auslander A, Maas RL, Tsai B, Gao H, Magee W, Cox TC, Sanchez-Lara PA. A Synonymous Exonic Splice Silencer Variant in IRF6 as a Novel and Cryptic Cause of Non-Syndromic Cleft Lip and Palate. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11080903. [PMID: 32784565 PMCID: PMC7465030 DOI: 10.3390/genes11080903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Missense, nonsense, splice site and regulatory region variants in interferon regulatory factor 6 (IRF6) have been shown to contribute to both syndromic and non-syndromic forms of cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P). We report the diagnostic evaluation of a complex multigeneration family of Honduran ancestry with a pedigree structure consistent with autosomal-dominant inheritance with both incomplete penetrance and variable expressivity. The proband's grandmother bore children with two partners and CL/P segregates on both sides of each lineage. Through whole-exome sequencing of five members of the family, we identified a single shared synonymous variant, located in the middle of exon 7 of IRF6 (p.Ser307Ser; g.209963979 G>A; c.921C>T). The variant was shown to segregate in the seven affected individuals and through three unaffected obligate carriers, spanning both sides of this pedigree. This variant is very rare, only being found in three (all of Latino ancestry) of 251,352 alleles in the gnomAD database. While the variant did not create a splice acceptor/donor site, in silico analysis predicted it to impact an exonic splice silencer element and the binding of major splice regulatory factors. In vitro splice assays supported this by revealing multiple abnormal splicing events, estimated to impact >60% of allelic transcripts. Sequencing of the alternate splice products demonstrated the unmasking of a cryptic splice site six nucleotides 5' of the variant, as well as variable utilization of cryptic splice sites in intron 6. The ectopic expression of different splice regulatory proteins altered the proportion of abnormal splicing events seen in the splice assay, although the alteration was dependent on the splice factor. Importantly, each alternatively spliced mRNA is predicted to result in a frame shift and prematurely truncated IRF6 protein. This is the first study to identify a synonymous variant as a likely cause of NS-CL/P and highlights the care that should be taken by laboratories when considering and interpreting variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beau Sylvester
- Division of Plastic and Maxillofacial Surgery, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA; (B.S.); (A.A.); (W.M.III)
| | | | - Akiko Suzuki
- Department of Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Dentistry, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA; (A.S.); (T.C.C.)
| | - Melissa Giron
- Operación Sonrisa Honduras, Tegucigalpa 11101, Honduras;
| | - Allyn Auslander
- Division of Plastic and Maxillofacial Surgery, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA; (B.S.); (A.A.); (W.M.III)
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Richard L. Maas
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | - Becky Tsai
- Fulgent Genetics, Temple City, CA 91780, USA; (B.T.); (H.G.)
| | - Hanlin Gao
- Fulgent Genetics, Temple City, CA 91780, USA; (B.T.); (H.G.)
| | - William Magee
- Division of Plastic and Maxillofacial Surgery, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA; (B.S.); (A.A.); (W.M.III)
| | - Timothy C. Cox
- Department of Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Dentistry, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA; (A.S.); (T.C.C.)
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Pedro A. Sanchez-Lara
- Department of Pediatrics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(310)-423-4461
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24
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Ji Y, Garland MA, Sun B, Zhang S, Reynolds K, McMahon M, Rajakumar R, Islam MS, Liu Y, Chen Y, Zhou CJ. Cellular and developmental basis of orofacial clefts. Birth Defects Res 2020; 112:1558-1587. [PMID: 32725806 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
During craniofacial development, defective growth and fusion of the upper lip and/or palate can cause orofacial clefts (OFCs), which are among the most common structural birth defects in humans. The developmental basis of OFCs includes morphogenesis of the upper lip, primary palate, secondary palate, and other orofacial structures, each consisting of diverse cell types originating from all three germ layers: the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. Cranial neural crest cells and orofacial epithelial cells are two major cell types that interact with various cell lineages and play key roles in orofacial development. The cellular basis of OFCs involves defective execution in any one or several of the following processes: neural crest induction, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, migration, proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, primary cilia formation and its signaling transduction, epithelial seam formation and disappearance, periderm formation and peeling, convergence and extrusion of palatal epithelial seam cells, cell adhesion, cytoskeleton dynamics, and extracellular matrix function. The latest cellular and developmental findings may provide a basis for better understanding of the underlying genetic, epigenetic, environmental, and molecular mechanisms of OFCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ji
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA.,Biochemistry, Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology (BMCDB) graduate group, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Michael A Garland
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Bo Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Shuwen Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Kurt Reynolds
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA.,Biochemistry, Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology (BMCDB) graduate group, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Moira McMahon
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Ratheya Rajakumar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Mohammad S Islam
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Yue Liu
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - YiPing Chen
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Chengji J Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA.,Biochemistry, Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology (BMCDB) graduate group, University of California, Davis, California, USA
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25
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Sweat YY, Sweat M, Yu W, Sanz-Navarro M, Zhang L, Sun Z, Eliason S, Klein OD, Michon F, Chen Z, Amendt BA. Sox2 Controls Periderm and Rugae Development to Inhibit Oral Adhesions. J Dent Res 2020; 99:1397-1405. [PMID: 32674684 DOI: 10.1177/0022034520939013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, ankyloglossia and cleft palate are common congenital craniofacial anomalies, and these are regulated by a complex gene regulatory network. Understanding the genetic underpinnings of ankyloglossia and cleft palate will be an important step toward rational treatment of these complex anomalies. We inactivated the Sry (sex-determining region Y)-box 2 (Sox2) gene in the developing oral epithelium, including the periderm, a transient structure that prevents abnormal oral adhesions during development. This resulted in ankyloglossia and cleft palate with 100% penetrance in embryos examined after embryonic day 14.5. In Sox2 conditional knockout embryos, the oral epithelium failed to differentiate, as demonstrated by the lack of keratin 6, a marker of the periderm. Further examination revealed that the adhesion of the tongue and mandible expressed the epithelial markers E-Cad and P63. The expanded epithelia are Sox9-, Pitx2-, and Tbx1-positive cells, which are markers of the dental epithelium; thus, the dental epithelium contributes to the development of oral adhesions. Furthermore, we found that Sox2 is required for palatal shelf extension, as well as for the formation of palatal rugae, which are signaling centers that regulate palatogenesis. In conclusion, the deletion of Sox2 in oral epithelium disrupts palatal shelf extension, palatal rugae formation, tooth development, and periderm formation. The periderm is required to inhibit oral adhesions and ankyloglossia, which is regulated by Sox2. In addition, oral adhesions occur through an expanded dental epithelial layer that inhibits epithelial invagination and incisor development. This process may contribute to dental anomalies due to ankyloglossia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Y Sweat
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Craniofacial Anomalies Research Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - M Sweat
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Craniofacial Anomalies Research Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - W Yu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Craniofacial Anomalies Research Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - M Sanz-Navarro
- Developmental Biology Program, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - L Zhang
- Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Z Sun
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - S Eliason
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Craniofacial Anomalies Research Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - O D Klein
- Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - F Michon
- Developmental Biology Program, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, INSERM UMR1051, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Z Chen
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedicine of Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - B A Amendt
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Craniofacial Anomalies Research Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,College of Dentistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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26
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Lough KJ, Spitzer DC, Bergman AJ, Wu JJ, Byrd KM, Williams SE. Disruption of the nectin-afadin complex recapitulates features of the human cleft lip/palate syndrome CLPED1. Development 2020; 147:dev.189241. [PMID: 32554531 DOI: 10.1242/dev.189241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Cleft palate (CP), one of the most common congenital conditions, arises from failures in secondary palatogenesis during embryonic development. Several human genetic syndromes featuring CP and ectodermal dysplasia have been linked to mutations in genes regulating cell-cell adhesion, yet mouse models have largely failed to recapitulate these findings. Here, we use in utero lentiviral-mediated genetic approaches in mice to provide the first direct evidence that the nectin-afadin axis is essential for proper palate shelf elevation and fusion. Using this technique, we demonstrate that palatal epithelial conditional loss of afadin (Afdn) - an obligate nectin- and actin-binding protein - induces a high penetrance of CP, not observed when Afdn is targeted later using Krt14-Cre We implicate Nectin1 and Nectin4 as being crucially involved, as loss of either induces a low penetrance of mild palate closure defects, while loss of both causes severe CP with a frequency similar to Afdn loss. Finally, expression of the human disease mutant NECTIN1W185X causes CP with greater penetrance than Nectin1 loss, suggesting this alteration may drive CP via a dominant interfering mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendall J Lough
- Departments of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine and Biology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Danielle C Spitzer
- Departments of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine and Biology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Abby J Bergman
- Departments of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine and Biology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jessica J Wu
- Departments of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine and Biology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Kevin M Byrd
- Departments of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine and Biology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.,Department of Oral & Craniofacial Health Sciences, The University of North Carolina School of Dentistry, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Scott E Williams
- Departments of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine and Biology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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27
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Goodwin AF, Chen CP, Vo NT, Bush JO, Klein OD. YAP/TAZ Regulate Elevation and Bone Formation of the Mouse Secondary Palate. J Dent Res 2020; 99:1387-1396. [PMID: 32623954 DOI: 10.1177/0022034520935372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Clefting of the secondary palate is one of the most common congenital anomalies, and the multiple corrective surgeries that individuals with isolated cleft palate undergo are associated with major costs and morbidities. Secondary palate development is a complex, multistep process that includes the elevation of the palatal shelves from a vertical to horizontal position, a process that is not well understood. The Hippo signaling cascade is a mechanosensory pathway that regulates morphogenesis, homeostasis, and regeneration by controlling cell proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation, primarily via negative regulation of the downstream effectors, Yes-associated protein (YAP) and transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ). We deleted Yap/Taz throughout the palatal shelf mesenchyme as well as specifically in the posterior palatal shelf mesenchyme, using the Osr2Cre and Col2Cre drivers, respectively, which resulted in palatal shelf elevation delay and clefting of the secondary palate. In addition, the deletion resulted in undersized bones of the secondary palate. We next determined downstream targets of YAP/TAZ in the posterior palatal shelves, which included Ibsp and Phex, genes involved in mineralization, and Loxl4, which encodes a lysyl oxidase that catalyzes collagen crosslinking. Ibsp, Phex, and Loxl4 were expressed at decreased levels in the ossification region in the posterior palatal shelf mesenchyme upon deletion of Yap/Taz. Furthermore, collagen levels were decreased specifically in the same region prior to elevation. Thus, our data suggest that YAP/TAZ may regulate collagen crosslinking in the palatal shelf mesenchyme, thus controlling palatal shelf elevation, as well as mineralization of the bones of the secondary palate.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F Goodwin
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - C P Chen
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - N T Vo
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - J O Bush
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Institute of Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - O D Klein
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Institute of Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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28
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Machado RA, de Oliveira Silva C, Martelli-Junior H, das Neves LT, Coletta RD. Machine learning in prediction of genetic risk of nonsyndromic oral clefts in the Brazilian population. Clin Oral Investig 2020; 25:1273-1280. [PMID: 32617779 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-020-03433-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Genetic variants in multiple genes and loci have been associated with the risk of nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (NSCL ± P). However, the estimation of risk remains challenge, because most of these variants are population-specific rendering the identification of the underlying genetic risk difficult. Herein we examined the use of machine learning network in previously reported single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to predict risk of NSCL ± P in the Brazilian population. MATERIALS AND METHODS Random forest and neural network methods were applied in 72 SNPs in a case-control sample composed by 722 NSCL ± P and 866 controls for discrimination of NSCL ± P risk. SNP-SNP interactions and functional annotation biological processes associated with the identified NSCL ± P risk genes were verified. RESULTS Supervised random forest decision trees revealed high scores of importance for the SNPs rs11717284 and rs1875735 in FGF12, rs41268753 in GRHL3, rs2236225 in MTHFD1, rs2274976 in MTHFR, rs2235371 and rs642961 in IRF6, rs17085106 in RHPN2, rs28372960 in TCOF1, rs7078160 in VAX1, rs10762573 and rs2131960 in VCL, and rs227731 in 17q22, with an accuracy of 99% and an error rate of approximately 3% to predict the risk of NSCL ± P. Those same 13 SNPs were considered the most important for the neural network to effectively predict NSCL ± P risk, with an overall accuracy of 94%. Multivariate regression model revealed significant interactions among all SNPs, with an exception of those in FGF12 and MTHFD1. The most significantly biological processes for selected genes were those involved in tissue and epithelium development; neural tube closure; and metabolism of methionine, folate, and homocysteine. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide novel clues for genetic mechanism studies of NSCL ± P and point out for a machine learning model composed by 13 SNPs that is capable of predicting NSCL ± P risk. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Although validation is necessary, this genetic panel can be useful in the near future to assist in NSCL ± P genetic counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Assis Machado
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, School of Dentistry, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, CEP 13414-018, Brazil
- Post-Graduation Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carolina de Oliveira Silva
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, School of Dentistry, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, CEP 13414-018, Brazil
| | - Hercílio Martelli-Junior
- Stomatology Clinic, Dental School, State University of Montes Claros, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Center for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies, Dental School, University of José Rosario Vellano, Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Lucimara Teixeira das Neves
- Post-Graduation Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo D Coletta
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, School of Dentistry, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, CEP 13414-018, Brazil.
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29
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Hall EG, Wenger LW, Wilson NR, Undurty-Akella SS, Standley J, Augustine-Akpan EA, Kousa YA, Acevedo DS, Goering JP, Pitstick L, Natsume N, Paroya SM, Busch TD, Ito M, Mori A, Imura H, Schultz-Rogers LE, Klee EW, Babovic-Vuksanovic D, Kroc SA, Adeyemo WL, Eshete MA, Bjork BC, Suzuki S, Murray JC, Schutte BC, Butali A, Saadi I. SPECC1L regulates palate development downstream of IRF6. Hum Mol Genet 2020; 29:845-858. [PMID: 31943082 PMCID: PMC7104672 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddaa002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
SPECC1L mutations have been identified in patients with rare atypical orofacial clefts and with syndromic cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P). These mutations cluster in the second coiled-coil and calponin homology domains of SPECC1L and severely affect the ability of SPECC1L to associate with microtubules. We previously showed that gene-trap knockout of Specc1l in mouse results in early embryonic lethality. We now present a truncation mutant mouse allele, Specc1lΔC510, that results in perinatal lethality. Specc1lΔC510/ΔC510 homozygotes showed abnormal palate rugae but did not show cleft palate. However, when crossed with a gene-trap allele, Specc1lcGT/ΔC510 compound heterozygotes showed a palate elevation delay with incompletely penetrant cleft palate. Specc1lcGT/ΔC510 embryos exhibit transient oral epithelial adhesions at E13.5, which may delay shelf elevation. Consistent with oral adhesions, we show periderm layer abnormalities, including ectopic apical expression of adherens junction markers, similar to Irf6 hypomorphic mutants and Arhgap29 heterozygotes. Indeed, SPECC1L expression is drastically reduced in Irf6 mutant palatal shelves. Finally, we wanted to determine if SPECC1L deficiency also contributed to non-syndromic (ns) CL/P. We sequenced 62 Caucasian, 89 Filipino, 90 Ethiopian, 90 Nigerian and 95 Japanese patients with nsCL/P and identified three rare coding variants (p.Ala86Thr, p.Met91Iso and p.Arg546Gln) in six individuals. These variants reside outside of SPECC1L coiled-coil domains and result in milder functional defects than variants associated with syndromic clefting. Together, our data indicate that palate elevation is sensitive to deficiency of SPECC1L dosage and function and that SPECC1L cytoskeletal protein functions downstream of IRF6 in palatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Everett G Hall
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Luke W Wenger
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Nathan R Wilson
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Sraavya S Undurty-Akella
- Department of Pediatrics, Craniofacial Anomalies Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Jennifer Standley
- Department of Pediatrics, Craniofacial Anomalies Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Eno-Abasi Augustine-Akpan
- Department of Oral Pathology, Radiology and Medicine/Dow Institute for Dental Research, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Youssef A Kousa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Diana S Acevedo
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Jeremy P Goering
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Lenore Pitstick
- Department of Biochemistry, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA
| | - Nagato Natsume
- Division of Research and Treatment for Oral and Maxillofacial Congenital Anomalies, Aichi Gakuin University Hospital, 2-11 Suemori-Dori, Nagoya, Chikusa-ku, Japan
| | - Shahnawaz M Paroya
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Tamara D Busch
- Department of Pediatrics, Craniofacial Anomalies Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Masaaki Ito
- Division of Research and Treatment for Oral and Maxillofacial Congenital Anomalies, Aichi Gakuin University Hospital, 2-11 Suemori-Dori, Nagoya, Chikusa-ku, Japan
| | - Akihiro Mori
- Division of Research and Treatment for Oral and Maxillofacial Congenital Anomalies, Aichi Gakuin University Hospital, 2-11 Suemori-Dori, Nagoya, Chikusa-ku, Japan
| | - Hideto Imura
- Division of Research and Treatment for Oral and Maxillofacial Congenital Anomalies, Aichi Gakuin University Hospital, 2-11 Suemori-Dori, Nagoya, Chikusa-ku, Japan
| | | | - Eric W Klee
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | | | - Sarah A Kroc
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Wasiu L Adeyemo
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, PMB 12003, Nigeria
| | - Mekonen A Eshete
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, PO Box 26493, Ethiopia
| | - Bryan C Bjork
- Department of Biochemistry, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA
| | - Satoshi Suzuki
- Department of Pediatrics, Craniofacial Anomalies Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Division of Research and Treatment for Oral and Maxillofacial Congenital Anomalies, Aichi Gakuin University Hospital, 2-11 Suemori-Dori, Nagoya, Chikusa-ku, Japan
| | - Jeffrey C Murray
- Department of Pediatrics, Craniofacial Anomalies Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Brian C Schutte
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Azeez Butali
- Department of Oral Pathology, Radiology and Medicine/Dow Institute for Dental Research, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Irfan Saadi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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30
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Kashgari G, Meinecke L, Gordon W, Ruiz B, Yang J, Ma AL, Xie Y, Ho H, Plikus MV, Nie Q, Jester JV, Andersen B. Epithelial Migration and Non-adhesive Periderm Are Required for Digit Separation during Mammalian Development. Dev Cell 2020; 52:764-778.e4. [PMID: 32109382 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The fusion of digits or toes, syndactyly, can be part of complex syndromes, including van der Woude syndrome. A subset of van der Woude cases is caused by dominant-negative mutations in the epithelial transcription factor Grainyhead like-3 (GRHL3), and Grhl3-/-mice have soft-tissue syndactyly. Although impaired interdigital cell death of mesenchymal cells causes syndactyly in multiple genetic mutants, Grhl3-/- embryos had normal interdigital cell death, suggesting alternative mechanisms for syndactyly. We found that in digit separation, the overlying epidermis forms a migrating interdigital epithelial tongue (IET) when the epithelium invaginates to separate the digits. Normally, the non-adhesive surface periderm allows the IET to bifurcate as the digits separate. In contrast, in Grhl3-/- embryos, the IET moves normally between the digits but fails to bifurcate because of abnormal adhesion of the periderm. Our study identifies epidermal developmental processes required for digit separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghaidaa Kashgari
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Lina Meinecke
- Department of Mathematics, School of Physical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Developmental & Cell Biology, School of the Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - William Gordon
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Bryan Ruiz
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jady Yang
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Amy Lan Ma
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Yilu Xie
- The Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Hsiang Ho
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Maksim V Plikus
- Department of Developmental & Cell Biology, School of the Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Qing Nie
- Department of Mathematics, School of Physical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Developmental & Cell Biology, School of the Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - James V Jester
- The Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Bogi Andersen
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
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Xing Y, Zhang W, Wan X, Hong Z, Zhao H, Liang W, Shi L, Chen J, Zhong X, Zhou J, Tang S. Association Between an Interferon Regulatory Factor 6 Gene Polymorphism and Nonsyndromic Cleft Palate Risk. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2019; 23:652-663. [PMID: 31448957 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2018.0315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Involvement of interferon regulatory factor 6 (IRF6) gene polymorphisms in nonsyndromic cleft palate (NSCP) risk remains controversial. This investigation was performed to evaluate the relationship between IRF6 gene polymorphisms and NSCP risk. Materials and Methods: Two hundred forty-one patients with NSCP (including 103 complete trio families) were recruited, and 242 unaffected individuals were included as controls. Polymorphisms for the IRF6 rs2235371, rs801619, rs642961, rs44844880, and rs8049367 loci were characterized in both groups. Furthermore, eligible studies were identified from the databases through June 1, 2017, and were included in a meta-analysis to enhance the robustness of our conclusions. Results: The IRF6 rs2235371 A allele and AA genotype in the case group were found at higher frequencies than in the control group (A allele: p < 0.0016; AA genotype: p < 0.0049). The IRF6 rs801619 AA genotype and G allele were associated with NSCP risk (G allele: p < 0.0061; AA genotype: p < 0.0195). At the IRF6 rs642961, rs44844880, and rs8049367 loci genotype and allele frequencies were not statistically different between the NSCP group and normal controls. In the meta-analysis, the IRF6 A/G gene polymorphism (rs2235371) and IRF6 A/G gene polymorphism (rs642961) were associated with NSCP risk in the general population, whereas the IRF6 A/C gene polymorphism (rs2013162) was not. Conclusion: The IRF6 A/G gene polymorphisms at rs2235371 and rs642961, but not the IRF6 A/C gene polymorphism rs2013162, were associated with NSCP risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Xing
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Cleft Lip and Palate Treatment Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Cleft Lip and Palate Treatment Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wancong Zhang
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Cleft Lip and Palate Treatment Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xinhong Wan
- Central Laboratory, Shenzhen Longgang District Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhiqian Hong
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Cleft Lip and Palate Treatment Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hanxing Zhao
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Cleft Lip and Palate Treatment Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Cleft Lip and Palate Treatment Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Weijie Liang
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Cleft Lip and Palate Treatment Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Cleft Lip and Palate Treatment Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lungang Shi
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Cleft Lip and Palate Treatment Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Cleft Lip and Palate Treatment Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiasheng Chen
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Cleft Lip and Palate Treatment Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Cleft Lip and Palate Treatment Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoping Zhong
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Cleft Lip and Palate Treatment Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Cleft Lip and Palate Treatment Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianda Zhou
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shijie Tang
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Cleft Lip and Palate Treatment Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
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Ke CY, Mei HH, Wong FH, Lo LJ. IRF6 and TAK1 coordinately promote the activation of HIPK2 to stimulate apoptosis during palate fusion. Sci Signal 2019; 12:12/593/eaav7666. [DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aav7666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cleft palate is a common craniofacial defect caused by a failure in palate fusion. The palatal shelves migrate toward one another and meet at the embryonic midline, creating a seam. Transforming growth factor–β3 (TGF-β3)–induced apoptosis of the medial edge epithelium (MEE), the cells located along the seam, is required for completion of palate fusion. The transcription factor interferon regulatory factor 6 (IRF6) promotes TGF-β3–induced MEE cell apoptosis by stimulating the degradation of the transcription factor ΔNp63 and promoting the expression of the gene encoding the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21. Because homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 2 (HIPK2) functions downstream of IRF6 in human cancer cells and is required for ΔNp63 protein degradation in keratinocytes, we investigated whether HIPK2 played a role in IRF6-induced ΔNp63 degradation in palate fusion. HIPK2 was present in the MEE cells of mouse palatal shelves during seam formation in vivo, and ectopic expression of IRF6 in palatal shelves cultured ex vivo stimulated the expression of Hipk2 and the accumulation of phosphorylated HIPK2. Knockdown and ectopic expression experiments in organ culture demonstrated that p21 was required for HIPK2- and IRF6-dependent activation of caspase 3, MEE apoptosis, and palate fusion. Contact between palatal shelves enhanced the phosphorylation of TGF-β–activated kinase 1 (TAK1), which promoted the phosphorylation of HIPK2 and palate fusion. Our findings demonstrate that HIPK2 promotes seam cell apoptosis and palate fusion downstream of IRF6 and that IRF6 and TAK1 appear to coordinately enhance the abundance and activation of HIPK2 during palate fusion.
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Xu HF, Huang TJ, Yang Q, Xu L, Lin F, Lang YH, Hu H, Peng LX, Meng DF, Xie YJ, Tan L, Qian CN, Huang BJ. Candidate tumor suppressor gene IRF6 is involved in human breast cancer pathogenesis via modulating PI3K-regulatory subunit PIK3R2 expression. Cancer Manag Res 2019; 11:5557-5572. [PMID: 31417306 PMCID: PMC6594015 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s203060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims: The tumor-suppressive functions of interferon regulatory factor 6 (IRF6) in some tumors have been preliminarily established, but its pathogenesis and underlying molecular mechanisms in breast cancer, the most common malignancy in women, remains poorly understood. Methods: Pairs of typical breast cancer cell lines (high- and low-aggressive) in addition to 27 breast cancer tissue samples and 31 non-cancerous breast tissues were used to investigate the expression level of IRF6 and Lentivirus-mediated gain-of-function studies, short hairpin RNA-mediated loss-of-function studies in vivo and in vitro were used to validate the role of IRF6 in breast cancer. Next, we performed RNA-Seq analysis to identify the molecular mechanisms of IRF6 involved in breast cancer progression. Results: Our findings showed that IRF6 was downregulated in highly invasive breast cancer cell lines but upregulated in poorly aggressive ones. Functional assays revealed that elevated IRF6 expression could suppress cell proliferation and tumorigenicity, and enhanced cellular chemotherapeutic sensitivity. To identify the molecular mechanisms involved, we performed a genome-wide and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis in breast cancer cells using RNA sequencing of gene expression profiles following the overexpression of IRF6. Genome-wide and KEGG analyses showed that IRF6 might mediate the PI3K-regulatory subunit PIK3R2, which in turn modulated the PI3K/AKT pathway to control breast cancer pathogenesis. Conclusion: We provide the first evidence of the involvement of IRF6 in breast cancer pathogenesis, which was found to modulate the PI3K/AKT pathway via mediating PIK3R2; indicating that IRF6 can be targeted as a potential therapeutic treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Fa Xu
- Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, People's Republic of China.,Zhuhai Precision Medical Center, Zhuhai People's Hospital Affiliated to Jinan University, Zhuhai 519000, People's Republic of China
| | - Tie-Jun Huang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Second People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518035, People's Republic of China
| | - Qin Yang
- Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Xu
- Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Fen Lin
- Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Hong Lang
- Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Hu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Xia Peng
- Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong-Fang Meng
- Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Jie Xie
- Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Tan
- Center of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510230, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao-Nan Qian
- Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Bi-Jun Huang
- Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, People's Republic of China
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Mukhopadhyay P, Seelan RS, Greene RM, Pisano MM. Impact of prenatal arsenate exposure on gene expression in a pure population of migratory cranial neural crest cells. Reprod Toxicol 2019; 86:76-85. [PMID: 30953684 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal exposure to arsenic, a naturally occurring toxic element, causes neural tube defects (NTDs) and, in animal models, orofacial anomalies. Since aberrant development or migration of cranial neural crest cells (CNCCs) can also cause similar anomalies within developing embryos, we examined the effects of in utero exposure to sodium arsenate on gene expression patterns in pure populations of CNCCs, isolated by fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS), from Cre/LoxP reporter mice. Changes in gene expression were analyzed using Affymetrix GeneChip® microarrays and expression of selected genes was verified by TaqMan quantitative real-time PCR. We report, for the first time, arsenate-induced alterations in the expression of a number of novel candidate genes and canonical cascades that may contribute to the pathogenesis of orofacial defects. Ingenuity Pathway and NIH-DAVID analyses revealed cellular response pathways, biological themes, and potential upstream regulators, that may underlie altered fetal programming of arsenate exposed CNCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Partha Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Division of Craniofacial Development and Anomalies, ULSD, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States
| | - Ratnam S Seelan
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Division of Craniofacial Development and Anomalies, ULSD, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States
| | - Robert M Greene
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Division of Craniofacial Development and Anomalies, ULSD, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States.
| | - M Michele Pisano
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Division of Craniofacial Development and Anomalies, ULSD, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States
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Zhao H, Zhang M, Zhong W, Zhang J, Huang W, Zhang Y, Li W, Jia P, Zhang T, Liu Z, Lin J, Chen F. A novel IRF6 mutation causing non-syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate in a pedigree. Mutagenesis 2018; 33:195-202. [PMID: 30053123 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gey012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Huaxiang Zhao
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Mengqi Zhang
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Wenjie Zhong
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jieni Zhang
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Wenbin Huang
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yunfan Zhang
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Weiran Li
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Peizeng Jia
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Taowen Zhang
- Department of Orthodontics, Yantai Stomatology Hospital, Shandong, PR China
| | - Zhonghao Liu
- Department of Oral Implantology, Yantai Stomatology Hospital, Shandong, PR China
| | - Jiuxiang Lin
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Feng Chen
- Central Laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, PR China
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Gurramkonda VB, Syed AH, Murthy J, Lakkakula BV. IRF6 rs2235375 single nucleotide polymorphism is associated with isolated non-syndromic cleft palate but not with cleft lip with or without palate in South Indian population. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol 2018; 84:473-477. [PMID: 28712851 PMCID: PMC9449191 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjorl.2017.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Transcription factors are very diverse family of proteins involved in activating or repressing the transcription of a gene at a given time. Several studies using animal models demonstrated the role of transcription factor genes in craniofacial development. Objective We aimed to investigate the association of IRF6 intron-6 polymorphism in the non-syndromic cleft lip with or without palate in a South Indian population. Methods 173 unrelated nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate patients and 176 controls without clefts patients were genotyped for IRF6 rs2235375 variant by allele-specific amplification using the KASPar single nucleotide polymorphism genotyping system. The association between interferon regulatory factor-6 gene intron-6 dbSNP208032210:g.G>C (rs2235375) single nucleotide polymorphism and non-syndromic cleft lip with or without palate risk was investigated by chi-square test. Results There were significant differences in genotype or allele frequencies of rs2235375 single nucleotide polymorphism between controls and cases with non-syndromic cleft lip with or without palate. IRF6 rs2235375 variant was significantly associated with increased risk of non-syndromic cleft lip with or without palate in co-dominant, dominant (OR: 1.19; 95% CI 1.03–2.51; p = 0.034) and allelic models (OR: 1.40; 95% CI 1.04–1.90; p = 0.028). When subset analysis was applied significantly increased risk was observed in cleft palate only group (OR dominant: 4.33; 95% CI 1.44–12.97; p = 0.005). Conclusion These results suggest that IRF6 rs2235375 SNP play a major role in the pathogenesis and risk of developing non-syndromic cleft lip with or without palate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth M. Weinberg
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Anthropology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United Staes of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Robert Cornell
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States America
| | - Elizabeth J. Leslie
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
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Wu N, Yan J, Han T, Zou J, Shen W. Integrated assessment of differentially expressed plasma microRNAs in subtypes of nonsyndromic orofacial clefts. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e11224. [PMID: 29924053 PMCID: PMC6023672 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000011224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Orofacial clefts include cleft lip only (CLO), cleft palate only (CPO), and cleft lip with palate (CLP). Previously, we reported the expression profile of plasma microRNAs in CLO, CPO, and CLP, respectively. However, the interaction of each subtype remains poorly investigated. METHODS In this study, we integrated the expression profiles of plasma miRNAs in these 3 subtypes, and assessed the distinct and overlapping dysregulated miRNAs using Venn diagrams. Their respective target genes reported in the literature were further analyzed using pathway analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION The results showed that distinct or overlapping signaling pathways were involved in CLO, CPO, and CLP. The common key gene targets reflected functional relationships to the Wnt, Notch, TGF-beta, and Hedgehog signaling pathways. Further studies should examine the mechanism of the potential target genes, which may provide new avenues for future clinical prevention and therapy.
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Transcriptome profiling reveals candidate cleft palate-related genes in cultured Chinese sturgeons (Acipenser sinensis). Gene 2018; 666:1-8. [PMID: 29733966 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The Chinese sturgeon (Acipenser sinensis) is an anadromous fish distributed in the Yangtze River and the East China Sea. In this study, we report the novel finding of cleft palates in Chinese sturgeons derived from artificial fertilization. To explore the genetic basis of palate malformation in A. sinensis, Illumina RNA-seq technology was used to analyze the transcriptome data of farmed Chinese sturgeons with normal palates and cleft-palates. Raw reads were obtained and assembled into 808,612 unigenes, with an average length of 509.33 bp and an N50 of 574 bp. Sequence similarity analyses against four public databases (Nr, UniProt, KEGG, and COGs) found 158,642 unigenes that could be annotated. GABAergic synapses and TGF-β signal pathways were the two most enriched pathways with high Rich Factors in the analyses of differentially expressed genes. In these two signal pathways, six genes (GABRA4, GS, GNS, S6K, PITX2, and BMP8) were found as candidate cleft-palate genes in Chinese sturgeon. These findings contribute to our understanding of cleft palate genetics in sturgeon, while simultaneously adding to our knowledge about craniofacial development.
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Robbins A, Zarate YA, Hartzell LD. Combined Tongue-Palate Fusion With Alveolar Bands in a Patient With Pierre Robin Sequence and Van der Woude Syndrome. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2018; 56:123-126. [PMID: 29708799 DOI: 10.1177/1055665618773192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This report describes the presentation of a newborn male with circumferential tongue-palate fusion associated with cleft palate and alveolar bands. After intraoral adhesions lysis, the patient was diagnosed with Pierre Robin sequence. A family history of cleft lip and palate was noted, and interferon regulatory factor 6 ( IRF6) sequencing revealed a heterozygous variant, confirming the diagnosis of van der Woude syndrome. The disruption of IRF6 resulted in abnormal orofacial development including micrognathia and intraoral adhesions as well as tongue-palate fusion, then resulting in glossoptosis with airway obstruction and cleft palate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa Robbins
- 1 College of Medicine, The University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Yuri A Zarate
- 2 Section of Genetics and Metabolism, The University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Larry D Hartzell
- 3 Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
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Association between the IRF6 rs2235371 polymorphism and the risk of nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate in Chinese Han populations: A meta-analysis. Arch Oral Biol 2017; 84:161-168. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2017.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Xu L, Huang TJ, Hu H, Wang MY, Shi SM, Yang Q, Lin F, Qiang YY, Mei Y, Lang YH, Li CZ, Peng LX, Zheng LS, Huang JL, Li XJ, Zhang SJ, Qian CN, Huang BJ. The developmental transcription factor IRF6 attenuates ABCG2 gene expression and distinctively reverses stemness phenotype in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Cancer Lett 2017; 431:230-243. [PMID: 29111349 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), which originates from the nasopharynx, is highly prevalent in Southern China and Southeast Asia, and more than 90% of all NPCs are non-keratinizing undifferentiated cells or poorly differentiated squamous cells. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are capable of self-renewal and have differentiation potential. These properties form the basis of cancer initiation, development, and radiochemoresistance. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying NPC CSC maintenance remain poorly understood. Here, genomic expression profiling using our previously established monoclonal cellular and animal models revealed that interferon regulatory factor 6 (IRF6) was downregulated in highly metastatic NPC cells, cancer stem-like NPC cells and animal models. Functional assays revealed that elevated IRF6 expression suppressed cell proliferation, growth, CSCs properties and enhanced cell chemotherapeutic sensitivity. However, silencing IRF6 resulted in opposing effects. Moreover, we determined that as a tumor suppressor gene and transcription factor, IRF6 directly bound the upstream region of the ATP-binding cassette sub-family G member 2 (ABCG2) DNA element and suppressed target ABCG2 expression in NPC cells. Consistently, an inverse correlation was observed between the mRNA levels of IRF6 and ABCG2 in clinical NPC samples. With these results, we provide the first evidence that IRF6 directly targets the ABCG2 gene and selectively kills CSCs in NPC and that IRF6 may be a valuable tool for developing new CSC-targeted treatment strategies for undifferentiated NPC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Xu
- Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tie-Jun Huang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Second People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hao Hu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meng-Yao Wang
- Radiotherapy Department, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Si-Mei Shi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qin Yang
- Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fen Lin
- Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Qiang
- Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Mei
- Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan-Hong Lang
- Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chang-Zhi Li
- Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li-Xia Peng
- Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li-Sheng Zheng
- Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia-Ling Huang
- Department of Pathology, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ, USA
| | - Xin-Jian Li
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, TX, USA
| | - Shi-Jun Zhang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chao-Nan Qian
- Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Bi-Jun Huang
- Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.
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Duncan KM, Mukherjee K, Cornell RA, Liao EC. Zebrafish models of orofacial clefts. Dev Dyn 2017; 246:897-914. [PMID: 28795449 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Zebrafish is a model organism that affords experimental advantages toward investigating the normal function of genes associated with congenital birth defects. Here we summarize zebrafish studies of genes implicated in orofacial cleft (OFC). The most common use of zebrafish in this context has been to explore the normal function an OFC-associated gene product in craniofacial morphogenesis by inhibiting expression of its zebrafish ortholog. The most frequently deployed method has been to inject embryos with antisense morpholino oligonucleotides targeting the desired transcript. However, improvements in targeted mutagenesis strategies have led to widespread adoption of CRISPR/Cas9 technology. A second application of zebrafish has been for functional assays of gene variants found in OFC patients; such in vivo assays are valuable because the success of in silico methods for testing allele severity has been mixed. Finally, zebrafish have been used to test the tissue specificity of enhancers that harbor single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with risk for OFC. We review examples of each of these approaches in the context of genes that are implicated in syndromic and non-syndromic OFC. Developmental Dynamics 246:897-914, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaylia M Duncan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Molecular and Cell Biology Graduate Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Kusumika Mukherjee
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Robert A Cornell
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Molecular and Cell Biology Graduate Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Eric C Liao
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Eshete MA, Liu H, Li M, Adeyemo WL, Gowans LJJ, Mossey PA, Busch T, Deressa W, Donkor P, Olaitan PB, Aregbesola BS, Braimah RO, Oseni GO, Oginni F, Audu R, Onwuamah C, James O, Augustine-Akpan E, Rahman LA, Ogunlewe MO, Arthur FKN, Bello SA, Agbenorku P, Twumasi P, Abate F, Hailu T, Demissie Y, Hailu A, Plange-Rhule G, Obiri-Yeboah S, Dunnwald MM, Gravem PE, Marazita ML, Adeyemo AA, Murray JC, Cornell RA, Butali A. Loss-of-Function GRHL3 Variants Detected in African Patients with Isolated Cleft Palate. J Dent Res 2017; 97:41-48. [PMID: 28886269 DOI: 10.1177/0022034517729819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In contrast to the progress that has been made toward understanding the genetic etiology of cleft lip with or without cleft palate, relatively little is known about the genetic etiology for cleft palate only (CPO). A common coding variant of grainyhead like transcription factor 3 ( GRHL3) was recently shown to be associated with risk for CPO in Europeans. Mutations in this gene were also reported in families with Van der Woude syndrome. To identify rare mutations in GRHL3 that might explain the missing heritability for CPO, we sequenced GRHL3 in cases of CPO from Africa. We recruited participants from Ghana, Ethiopia, and Nigeria. This cohort included case-parent trios, cases and other family members, as well as controls. We sequenced exons of this gene in DNA from a total of 134 nonsyndromic cases. When possible, we sequenced them in parents to identify de novo mutations. Five novel mutations were identified: 2 missense (c.497C>A; p.Pro166His and c.1229A>G; p.Asp410Gly), 1 splice site (c.1282A>C p.Ser428Arg), 1 frameshift (c.470delC; p.Gly158Alafster55), and 1 nonsense (c.1677C>A; p.Tyr559Ter). These mutations were absent from 270 sequenced controls and from all public exome and whole genome databases, including the 1000 Genomes database (which includes data from Africa). However, 4 of the 5 mutations were present in unaffected mothers, indicating that their penetrance is incomplete. Interestingly, 1 mutation damaged a predicted sumoylation site, and another disrupted a predicted CK1 phosphorylation site. Overexpression assays in zebrafish and reporter assays in vitro indicated that 4 variants were functionally null or hypomorphic, while 1 was dominant negative. This study provides evidence that, as in Caucasian populations, mutations in GRHL3 contribute to the risk of nonsyndromic CPO in the African population.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Eshete
- 1 School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.,2 Yekatit 12 Hospital Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.,3 Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - H Liu
- 4 Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,5 State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedicine of Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - M Li
- 6 Department of Oral Pathology, Radiology and Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - W L Adeyemo
- 7 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - L J J Gowans
- 8 Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - P A Mossey
- 9 Department of Orthodontics, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - T Busch
- 6 Department of Oral Pathology, Radiology and Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - W Deressa
- 1 School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - P Donkor
- 8 Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - P B Olaitan
- 10 Department of Plastic Surgery, Ladoke Akintola University of Science and Technology, Osogbo, Nigeria
| | - B S Aregbesola
- 11 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife, Nigeria
| | - R O Braimah
- 12 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria
| | - G O Oseni
- 10 Department of Plastic Surgery, Ladoke Akintola University of Science and Technology, Osogbo, Nigeria
| | - F Oginni
- 11 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife, Nigeria
| | - R Audu
- 13 Department of Virology, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - C Onwuamah
- 13 Department of Virology, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - O James
- 7 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - E Augustine-Akpan
- 6 Department of Oral Pathology, Radiology and Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - L A Rahman
- 14 Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - M O Ogunlewe
- 7 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - F K N Arthur
- 8 Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - S A Bello
- 15 State House Clinic, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - P Agbenorku
- 8 Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - P Twumasi
- 8 Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - F Abate
- 2 Yekatit 12 Hospital Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - T Hailu
- 2 Yekatit 12 Hospital Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Y Demissie
- 2 Yekatit 12 Hospital Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.,3 Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - A Hailu
- 2 Yekatit 12 Hospital Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.,3 Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - G Plange-Rhule
- 8 Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - S Obiri-Yeboah
- 8 Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - M M Dunnwald
- 4 Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - P E Gravem
- 16 Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Department, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - M L Marazita
- 17 Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - A A Adeyemo
- 18 National Human Genomic Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - J C Murray
- 19 Department of Pediatrics University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - R A Cornell
- 4 Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - A Butali
- 6 Department of Oral Pathology, Radiology and Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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45
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Paul BJ, Palmer K, Sharp JC, Pratt CH, Murray SA, Dunnwald M. ARHGAP29 Mutation Is Associated with Abnormal Oral Epithelial Adhesions. J Dent Res 2017; 96:1298-1305. [PMID: 28817352 DOI: 10.1177/0022034517726079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonsyndromic cleft lip and/or palate (NSCL/P) is a prevalent birth defect of complex etiology. Previous studies identified mutations in ARHGAP29 associated with an increased risk for NSCL/P. To investigate the effects of ARHGAP29 in vivo, we generated a novel murine allele by inserting a point mutation identified in a patient with NSCL/P. This single-nucleotide variation of ARHGAP29 translates to an early nonsense mutation (K326X), presumably resulting in loss-of-function (LoF). Embryos from Arhgap29K326X/+ intercrosses were harvested at various time points. No homozygous Arhgap29K326X animals were found in the 45 analyzed litters, assessed as early as embryonic day 8.5 (e8.5). Coronal sectioning of e13.5 and e14.5 heads revealed that 59% of Arhgap29K326X/+ mice ( n = 37) exhibited improper epithelial contact between developing oral structures, while none were observed in wild types ( n = 10). In addition, Arhgap29K326X/+ embryos exhibited a significantly higher percentage of maxillary epithelium in contact with mandibular epithelium. Immunofluorescent analyses of the periderm and oral adhesions revealed the presence of Arhgap29 in periderm cells. These cells were p63 negative, keratin 17 positive, and keratin 6 positive and present at sites of adhesion, although occasionally disorganized. Oral adhesions did not appear to impair palatogenesis, as all analyzed Arhgap29K326X/+ embryos showed confluent palatal mesenchyme and epithelium at e18.5 ( n = 16), and no mice were found with a cleft at birth. Collectively, our data demonstrate that ARHGAP29 is required for embryonic survival and that heterozygosity for LoF variants of Arhgap29 increases the incidence and length of oral adhesions at a critical time point during orofacial development. In conclusion, we validate the LoF nature of the human K326X mutation in vivo and reveal a previously unknown effect of Arhgap29 in murine craniofacial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Paul
- 1 Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - K Palmer
- 2 The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, USA
| | - J C Sharp
- 2 The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, USA
| | - C H Pratt
- 2 The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, USA
| | - S A Murray
- 2 The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, USA
| | - M Dunnwald
- 1 Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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46
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Hammond NL, Dixon J, Dixon MJ. Periderm: Life-cycle and function during orofacial and epidermal development. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 91:75-83. [PMID: 28803895 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Development of the secondary palate involves a complex series of embryonic events which, if disrupted, result in the common congenital anomaly cleft palate. The secondary palate forms from paired palatal shelves which grow initially vertically before elevating to a horizontal position above the tongue and fusing together in the midline via the medial edge epithelia. As the epithelia of the vertical palatal shelves are in contact with the mandibular and lingual epithelia, pathological fusions between the palate and the mandible and/or the tongue must be prevented. This function is mediated by the single cell layered periderm which forms in a distinct and reproducible pattern early in embryogenesis, exhibits highly polarised expression of adhesion complexes, and is shed from the outer surface as the epidermis acquires its barrier function. Disruption of periderm formation and/or function underlies a series of birth defects that exhibit multiple inter-epithelial adhesions including the autosomal dominant popliteal pterygium syndrome and the autosomal recessive cocoon syndrome and Bartsocas Papas syndrome. Genetic analyses of these conditions have shown that IRF6, IKKA, SFN, RIPK4 and GRHL3, all of which are under the transcriptional control of p63, play a key role in periderm formation. Despite these observations, the medial edge epithelia must rapidly acquire the capability to fuse if the palatal shelves are not to remain cleft. This process is driven by TGFβ3-mediated, down-regulation of p63 in the medial edge epithelia which allows periderm migration out of the midline epithelial seam and reduces the proliferative potential of the midline epithelial seam thereby preventing cleft palate. Together, these findings indicate that periderm plays a transient but fundamental role during embryogenesis in preventing pathological adhesion between intimately apposed, adhesion-competent epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel L Hammond
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Michael Smith Building, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Jill Dixon
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Michael Smith Building, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J Dixon
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Michael Smith Building, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, United Kingdom.
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47
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Abstract
Development of the mammalian secondary palate involves highly dynamic morphogenetic processes, including outgrowth of palatal shelves from the oral side of the embryonic maxillary prominences, elevation of the initially vertically oriented palatal shelves to the horizontal position above the embryonic tongue, and subsequently adhesion and fusion of the paired palatal shelves at the midline to separate the oral cavity from the nasal cavity. Perturbation of any of these processes could cause cleft palate, a common birth defect that significantly affects patients' quality of life even after surgical treatment. In addition to identifying a large number of genes required for palate development, recent studies have begun to unravel the extensive cross-regulation of multiple signaling pathways, including Sonic hedgehog, bone morphogenetic protein, fibroblast growth factor, transforming growth factor β, and Wnt signaling, and multiple transcription factors during palatal shelf growth and patterning. Multiple studies also provide new insights into the gene regulatory networks and/or dynamic cellular processes underlying palatal shelf elevation, adhesion, and fusion. Here we summarize major recent advances and integrate the genes and molecular pathways with the cellular and morphogenetic processes of palatal shelf growth, patterning, elevation, adhesion, and fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Li
- 1 Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Y Lan
- 1 Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,2 Division of Plastic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - R Jiang
- 1 Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,2 Division of Plastic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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48
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Kousa YA, Roushangar R, Patel N, Walter A, Marangoni P, Krumlauf R, Klein OD, Schutte BC. IRF6 and SPRY4 Signaling Interact in Periderm Development. J Dent Res 2017; 96:1306-1313. [PMID: 28732181 DOI: 10.1177/0022034517719870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Rare mutations in IRF6 and GRHL3 cause Van der Woude syndrome, an autosomal dominant orofacial clefting disorder. Common variants in IRF6 and GRHL3 also contribute risk for isolated orofacial clefting. Similarly, variants within genes that encode receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling components, including members of the FGF pathway, EPHA3 and SPRY2, also contribute risk for isolated orofacial clefting. In the mouse, loss of Irf6 or perturbation of Fgf signaling leads to abnormal oral epithelial adhesions and cleft palate. Oral adhesions can result from a disruption of periderm formation. Here, we find that IRF6 and SPRY4 signaling interact in periderm function. We crossed Irf6 heterozygous ( Irf6+/-) mice with transgenic mice that express Spry4 in the basal epithelial layer ( TgKRT14::Spry4). While embryos with either of these mutations can have abnormal oral adhesions, using a new quantitative assay, we observed a nonadditive effect of abnormal oral epithelial adhesions in the most severely affected double mutant embryos ( Irf6+/-;TgKRT14::Spry4). At the molecular level, the sites of abnormal oral adhesions maintained periderm-like cells that express keratin 6, but we observed abnormal expression of GRHL3. Together, these data suggest that Irf6 and RTK signaling interact in regulating periderm differentiation and function, as well as provide a rationale to screen for epistatic interactions between variants in IRF6 and RTK signaling pathway genes in human orofacial clefting populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y A Kousa
- 1 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - R Roushangar
- 1 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - N Patel
- 2 Pediatrics and Human Development, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - A Walter
- 2 Pediatrics and Human Development, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - P Marangoni
- 3 Departments of Orofacial Sciences and Pediatrics and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - R Krumlauf
- 4 Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA.,5 Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - O D Klein
- 3 Departments of Orofacial Sciences and Pediatrics and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - B C Schutte
- 2 Pediatrics and Human Development, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.,6 Departments of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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49
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Kousa YA, Moussa D, Schutte BC. IRF6 expression in basal epithelium partially rescues Irf6 knockout mice. Dev Dyn 2017. [PMID: 28643456 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations in IRF6, CHUK (IKKA), and RIPK4 can lead to a disease spectrum that includes cutaneous, limb, and craniofacial malformations. Loss of these alleles in the mouse leads to perinatal lethality and severe cutaneous, limb, and craniofacial defects also. Genetic rescue in the mouse has been shown for Ikka and Ripk4. RESULTS Here, we show partial genetic rescue of Irf6 knockout embryos using the KRT14 promoter to drive Irf6 expression in the basal epithelium. In contrast to Irf6 knockout embryos, rescue embryos survive the immediate perinatal period. Macroscopic examination reveals rescue of skin adhesions between the axial and appendicular skeleton. Unexpectedly, KRT14-driven Irf6 expression does not completely rescue orofacial clefting and adhesions between the palate and tongue, suggesting the importance of cell-autonomous IRF6 expression in periderm. Like knockout embryos, Irf6 rescue embryos also have persistent esophageal adhesions, which likely contribute to postnatal demise. CONCLUSIONS Together, these data suggest that targeted expression of IRF6 can significantly reduce disease severity, but that a minimum level of Irf6 in both periderm and basal epithelial cells is necessary for orofacial development. Therefore, homologous human and mouse phenotypes are observed for IRF6, IKKA, and RIPK4. In this work, we show that altering the expression level of IRF6 dramatically modified this phenotype in utero. Developmental Dynamics 246:670-681, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youssef A Kousa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan.,Pediatric Residency Program, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC
| | - Dina Moussa
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Brian C Schutte
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan.,Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
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50
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Carpinelli MR, de Vries ME, Jane SM, Dworkin S. Grainyhead-like Transcription Factors in Craniofacial Development. J Dent Res 2017; 96:1200-1209. [PMID: 28697314 DOI: 10.1177/0022034517719264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Craniofacial development in vertebrates involves the coordinated growth, migration, and fusion of several facial prominences during embryogenesis, processes governed by strict genetic and molecular controls. A failure in any of the precise spatiotemporal sequences of events leading to prominence fusion often leads to anomalous facial, skull, and jaw formation-conditions termed craniofacial defects (CFDs). Affecting approximately 0.1% to 0.3% of live births, CFDs are a highly heterogeneous class of developmental anomalies, which are often underpinned by genetic mutations. Therefore, identifying novel disease-causing mutations in genes that regulate craniofacial development is a critical prerequisite to develop new preventive or therapeutic measures. The Grainyhead-like ( GRHL) transcription factors are one such gene family, performing evolutionarily conserved roles in craniofacial patterning. The antecedent member of this family, Drosophila grainyhead ( grh), is required for head skeleton development in fruit flies, loss or mutation of Grhl family members in mouse and zebrafish models leads to defects of both maxilla and mandible, and recently, mutations in human GRHL3 have been shown to cause or contribute to both syndromic (Van Der Woude syndrome) and nonsyndromic palatal clefts. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge regarding the craniofacial-specific function of the Grainyhead-like family in multiple model species, identify some of the major target genes regulated by the Grhl transcription factors in craniofacial patterning, and, by examining animal models, draw inferences as to how these data will inform the likely roles of GRHL factors in human CFDs comprising palatal clefting. By understanding the molecular networks regulated by Grhl2 and Grhl3 target genes in other systems, we can propose likely pathways that mediate the effects of these transcription factors in human palatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Carpinelli
- 1 Central Clinical School, Monash University, Prahran, VIC, Australia
| | - M E de Vries
- 2 Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - S M Jane
- 1 Central Clinical School, Monash University, Prahran, VIC, Australia
| | - S Dworkin
- 2 Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
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