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Mendiola AS, Yan Z, Dixit K, Johnson JR, Bouhaddou M, Meyer-Franke A, Shin MG, Yong Y, Agrawal A, MacDonald E, Muthukumar G, Pearce C, Arun N, Cabriga B, Meza-Acevedo R, Alzamora MDPS, Zamvil SS, Pico AR, Ryu JK, Krogan NJ, Akassoglou K. Defining blood-induced microglia functions in neurodegeneration through multiomic profiling. Nat Immunol 2023; 24:1173-1187. [PMID: 37291385 PMCID: PMC10307624 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-023-01522-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Blood protein extravasation through a disrupted blood-brain barrier and innate immune activation are hallmarks of neurological diseases and emerging therapeutic targets. However, how blood proteins polarize innate immune cells remains largely unknown. Here, we established an unbiased blood-innate immunity multiomic and genetic loss-of-function pipeline to define the transcriptome and global phosphoproteome of blood-induced innate immune polarization and its role in microglia neurotoxicity. Blood induced widespread microglial transcriptional changes, including changes involving oxidative stress and neurodegenerative genes. Comparative functional multiomics showed that blood proteins induce distinct receptor-mediated transcriptional programs in microglia and macrophages, such as redox, type I interferon and lymphocyte recruitment. Deletion of the blood coagulation factor fibrinogen largely reversed blood-induced microglia neurodegenerative signatures. Genetic elimination of the fibrinogen-binding motif to CD11b in Alzheimer's disease mice reduced microglial lipid metabolism and neurodegenerative signatures that were shared with autoimmune-driven neuroinflammation in multiple sclerosis mice. Our data provide an interactive resource for investigation of the immunology of blood proteins that could support therapeutic targeting of microglia activation by immune and vascular signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S Mendiola
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Center for Neurovascular Brain Immunology at Gladstone and UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Zhaoqi Yan
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Center for Neurovascular Brain Immunology at Gladstone and UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Karuna Dixit
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Center for Neurovascular Brain Immunology at Gladstone and UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Mehdi Bouhaddou
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Yu Yong
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Center for Neurovascular Brain Immunology at Gladstone and UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Eilidh MacDonald
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Center for Neurovascular Brain Immunology at Gladstone and UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Clairice Pearce
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Center for Neurovascular Brain Immunology at Gladstone and UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nikhita Arun
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Center for Neurovascular Brain Immunology at Gladstone and UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Belinda Cabriga
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Center for Neurovascular Brain Immunology at Gladstone and UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Rosa Meza-Acevedo
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Center for Neurovascular Brain Immunology at Gladstone and UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Maria Del Pilar S Alzamora
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Center for Neurovascular Brain Immunology at Gladstone and UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Scott S Zamvil
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Jae Kyu Ryu
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Center for Neurovascular Brain Immunology at Gladstone and UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nevan J Krogan
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Katerina Akassoglou
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Center for Neurovascular Brain Immunology at Gladstone and UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Gosselin MRF, Mournetas V, Borczyk M, Verma S, Occhipinti A, Róg J, Bozycki L, Korostynski M, Robson SC, Angione C, Pinset C, Gorecki DC. Loss of full-length dystrophin expression results in major cell-autonomous abnormalities in proliferating myoblasts. eLife 2022; 11:e75521. [PMID: 36164827 PMCID: PMC9514850 DOI: 10.7554/elife.75521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) affects myofibers and muscle stem cells, causing progressive muscle degeneration and repair defects. It was unknown whether dystrophic myoblasts-the effector cells of muscle growth and regeneration-are affected. Using transcriptomic, genome-scale metabolic modelling and functional analyses, we demonstrate, for the first time, convergent abnormalities in primary mouse and human dystrophic myoblasts. In Dmdmdx myoblasts lacking full-length dystrophin, the expression of 170 genes was significantly altered. Myod1 and key genes controlled by MyoD (Myog, Mymk, Mymx, epigenetic regulators, ECM interactors, calcium signalling and fibrosis genes) were significantly downregulated. Gene ontology analysis indicated enrichment in genes involved in muscle development and function. Functionally, we found increased myoblast proliferation, reduced chemotaxis and accelerated differentiation, which are all essential for myoregeneration. The defects were caused by the loss of expression of full-length dystrophin, as similar and not exacerbated alterations were observed in dystrophin-null Dmdmdx-βgeo myoblasts. Corresponding abnormalities were identified in human DMD primary myoblasts and a dystrophic mouse muscle cell line, confirming the cross-species and cell-autonomous nature of these defects. The genome-scale metabolic analysis in human DMD myoblasts showed alterations in the rate of glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, leukotriene metabolism, and mitochondrial beta-oxidation of various fatty acids. These results reveal the disease continuum: DMD defects in satellite cells, the myoblast dysfunction affecting muscle regeneration, which is insufficient to counteract muscle loss due to myofiber instability. Contrary to the established belief, our data demonstrate that DMD abnormalities occur in myoblasts, making these cells a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of this lethal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime RF Gosselin
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of PortsmouthPortsmouthUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Malgorzata Borczyk
- Laboratory of Pharmacogenomics, Maj Institute of Pharmacology PASKrakowPoland
| | - Suraj Verma
- School of Computing, Engineering and Digital Technologies, Teesside UniversityMiddlesbroughUnited Kingdom
| | - Annalisa Occhipinti
- School of Computing, Engineering and Digital Technologies, Teesside UniversityMiddlesbroughUnited Kingdom
| | - Justyna Róg
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of PortsmouthPortsmouthUnited Kingdom
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, Nencki Institute of Experimental BiologyWarsawPoland
| | - Lukasz Bozycki
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of PortsmouthPortsmouthUnited Kingdom
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, Nencki Institute of Experimental BiologyWarsawPoland
| | - Michal Korostynski
- Laboratory of Pharmacogenomics, Maj Institute of Pharmacology PASKrakowPoland
| | - Samuel C Robson
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of PortsmouthPortsmouthUnited Kingdom
- Centre for Enzyme Innovation, University of PortsmouthPortsmouthUnited Kingdom
| | - Claudio Angione
- School of Computing, Engineering and Digital Technologies, Teesside UniversityMiddlesbroughUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Dariusz C Gorecki
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of PortsmouthPortsmouthUnited Kingdom
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3
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Poole LG, Kopec AK, Flick MJ, Luyendyk JP. Cross-linking by tissue transglutaminase-2 alters fibrinogen-directed macrophage proinflammatory activity. J Thromb Haemost 2022; 20:1182-1192. [PMID: 35158413 PMCID: PMC9035112 DOI: 10.1111/jth.15670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The blood coagulation factor fibrin(ogen) can modulate inflammation by altering leukocyte activity. Analyses of fibrin(ogen)-mediated proinflammatory activity have largely focused on leukocyte integrin binding activity revealed by conversion of fibrinogen to a stabilized fibrin polymer by blood coagulation enzymes. In addition to coagulation enzymes, fibrinogen is a substrate for tissue transglutaminase-2 (TG2), a widely expressed enzyme that produces unique fibrinogen Aα-γ chain cross-linked products. OBJECTIVES We tested the hypothesis that TG2 dependent cross-linking alters the proinflammatory activity of surface-adhered fibrinogen. METHODS Mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) were cultured on tissue culture plates coated with fibrinogen or TG2-cross-linked fibrinogen (10 µg/ml) and then stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 1 ng/ml) or vehicle for various times. RESULTS In the absence of LPS stimulation, TG2-cross-linked fibrin(ogen) enhanced inflammatory gene induction (e.g., Tnfα) compared with unmodified fibrinogen. LPS stimulation induced mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation, IκBα degradation, and expression of proinflammatory cytokines (e.g., tumor necrosis factor α) within 60 min. This initial cellular activation was unaffected by unmodified or TG2-cross-linked fibrinogen. In contrast, LPS induction of interleukin-10 mRNA and protein and STAT3 phosphorylation was selectively attenuated by TG2-cross-linked fibrinogen, which was associated with enhanced proinflammatory cytokine secretion by LPS-stimulated BMDMs at later time points (6 and 24 h). CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that atypical cross-linking by TG2 imparts unique proinflammatory activity to surface-adhered fibrinogen. The results suggest a novel coagulation-independent mechanism controlling fibrinogen-directed macrophage activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren G. Poole
- Department of Pathobiology & Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Anna K. Kopec
- Department of Pathobiology & Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Matthew J. Flick
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UNC Blood Research Center, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - James P. Luyendyk
- Department of Pathobiology & Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
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4
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The Immune System in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Pathogenesis. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9101447. [PMID: 34680564 PMCID: PMC8533196 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9101447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence demonstrates the crosstalk between the immune system and the skeletal muscle in inflammatory muscle diseases and dystrophic conditions such as Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD), as well as during normal muscle regeneration. The rising of inflammation and the consequent activation of the immune system are hallmarks of DMD: several efforts identified the immune cells that invade skeletal muscle as CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, Tregs, macrophages, eosinophils and natural killer T cells. The severity of muscle injury and inflammation dictates the impairment of muscle regeneration and the successive replacement of myofibers with connective and adipose tissue. Since immune system activation was traditionally considered as a consequence of muscular wasting, we recently demonstrated a defect in central tolerance caused by thymus alteration and the presence of autoreactive T-lymphocytes in DMD. Although the study of innate and adaptive immune responses and their complex relationship in DMD attracted the interest of many researchers in the last years, the results are so far barely exhaustive and sometimes contradictory. In this review, we describe the most recent improvements in the knowledge of immune system involvement in DMD pathogenesis, leading to new opportunities from a clinical point-of-view.
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Tulangekar A, Sztal TE. Inflammation in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy-Exploring the Role of Neutrophils in Muscle Damage and Regeneration. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9101366. [PMID: 34680483 PMCID: PMC8533596 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9101366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe and progressive, X-linked, neuromuscular disorder caused by mutations in the dystrophin gene. In DMD, the lack of functional dystrophin protein makes the muscle membrane fragile, leaving the muscle fibers prone to damage during contraction. Muscle degeneration in DMD patients is closely associated with a prolonged inflammatory response, and while this is important to stimulate regeneration, inflammation is also thought to exacerbate muscle damage. Neutrophils are one of the first immune cells to be recruited to the damaged muscle and are the first line of defense during tissue injury or infection. Neutrophils can promote inflammation by releasing pro-inflammatory cytokines and compounds, including myeloperoxidase (MPO) and neutrophil elastase (NE), that lead to oxidative stress and are thought to have a role in prolonging inflammation in DMD. In this review, we provide an overview of the roles of the innate immune response, with particular focus on mechanisms used by neutrophils to exacerbate muscle damage and impair regeneration in DMD.
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6
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Lamers C, Plüss CJ, Ricklin D. The Promiscuous Profile of Complement Receptor 3 in Ligand Binding, Immune Modulation, and Pathophysiology. Front Immunol 2021; 12:662164. [PMID: 33995387 PMCID: PMC8118671 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.662164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The β2-integrin receptor family has a broad spectrum of physiological functions ranging from leukocyte adhesion, cell migration, activation, and communication to the phagocytic uptake of cells and particles. Among the members of this family, complement receptor 3 (CR3; CD11b/CD18, Mac-1, αMβ2) is particularly promiscuous in its functional profile and ligand selectivity. There are close to 100 reported structurally unrelated ligands for CR3, and while many ligands appear to cluster at the αMI domain, molecular details about binding modes remain largely elusive. The versatility of CR3 is reflected in its functional portfolio, which includes prominent roles in the removal of invaders and cell debris, induction of tolerance and synaptic pruning, and involvement in the pathogenesis of numerous autoimmune and chronic inflammatory pathologies. While CR3 is an interesting therapeutic target for immune modulation due to these known pathophysiological associations, drug development efforts are limited by concerns of potential interference with host defense functions and, most importantly, an insufficient molecular understanding of the interplay between ligand binding and functional impact. Here, we provide a systematic summary of the various interaction partners of CR3 with a focus on binding mechanisms and functional implications. We also discuss the roles of CR3 as an immune receptor in health and disease, as an activation marker in research and diagnostics, and as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Lamers
- Molecular Pharmacy Unit, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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7
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Prasad JM, Negrón O, Du X, Mullins ES, Palumbo JS, Gilbertie JM, Höök M, Grover SP, Pawlinski R, Mackman N, Degen JL, Flick MJ. Host fibrinogen drives antimicrobial function in Staphylococcus aureus peritonitis through bacterial-mediated prothrombin activation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2009837118. [PMID: 33443167 PMCID: PMC7817220 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2009837118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-clotting protein fibrinogen has been implicated in host defense following Staphylococcus aureus infection, but precise mechanisms of host protection and pathogen clearance remain undefined. Peritonitis caused by staphylococci species is a complication for patients with cirrhosis, indwelling catheters, or undergoing peritoneal dialysis. Here, we sought to characterize possible mechanisms of fibrin(ogen)-mediated antimicrobial responses. Wild-type (WT) (Fib+) mice rapidly cleared S. aureus following intraperitoneal infection with elimination of ∼99% of an initial inoculum within 15 min. In contrast, fibrinogen-deficient (Fib-) mice failed to clear the microbe. The genotype-dependent disparity in early clearance resulted in a significant difference in host mortality whereby Fib+ mice uniformly survived whereas Fib- mice exhibited high mortality rates within 24 h. Fibrin(ogen)-mediated bacterial clearance was dependent on (pro)thrombin procoagulant function, supporting a suspected role for fibrin polymerization in this mechanism. Unexpectedly, the primary host initiator of coagulation, tissue factor, was found to be dispensable for this antimicrobial activity. Rather, the bacteria-derived prothrombin activator vWbp was identified as the source of the thrombin-generating potential underlying fibrin(ogen)-dependent bacterial clearance. Mice failed to eliminate S. aureus deficient in vWbp, but clearance of these same microbes in WT mice was restored if active thrombin was administered to the peritoneal cavity. These studies establish that the thrombin/fibrinogen axis is fundamental to host antimicrobial defense, offer a possible explanation for the clinical observation that coagulase-negative staphylococci are a highly prominent infectious agent in peritonitis, and suggest caution against anticoagulants in individuals susceptible to peritoneal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joni M Prasad
- Cancer and Blood Disease Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Oscar Negrón
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, and the UNC Blood Research Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Xinli Du
- Cancer and Blood Disease Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Eric S Mullins
- Cancer and Blood Disease Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Joseph S Palumbo
- Cancer and Blood Disease Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Jessica M Gilbertie
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606
| | - Magnus Höök
- Center for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, Institute of Biosciences and Technologies, Texas A&M Health Sciences Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Steven P Grover
- Department of Medicine, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, and the UNC Blood Research Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Rafal Pawlinski
- Department of Medicine, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, and the UNC Blood Research Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Nigel Mackman
- Department of Medicine, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, and the UNC Blood Research Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Jay L Degen
- Cancer and Blood Disease Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Matthew J Flick
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, and the UNC Blood Research Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599;
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8
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Aβ peptide and fibrinogen weave a web of destruction in cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:15391-15393. [PMID: 32576699 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2009999117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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De Santa F, Vitiello L, Torcinaro A, Ferraro E. The Role of Metabolic Remodeling in Macrophage Polarization and Its Effect on Skeletal Muscle Regeneration. Antioxid Redox Signal 2019; 30:1553-1598. [PMID: 30070144 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Macrophages are crucial for tissue homeostasis. Based on their activation, they might display classical/M1 or alternative/M2 phenotypes. M1 macrophages produce pro-inflammatory cytokines, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and nitric oxide (NO). M2 macrophages upregulate arginase-1 and reduce NO and ROS levels; they also release anti-inflammatory cytokines, growth factors, and polyamines, thus promoting angiogenesis and tissue healing. Moreover, M1 and M2 display key metabolic differences; M1 polarization is characterized by an enhancement in glycolysis and in the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) along with a decreased oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos), whereas M2 are characterized by an efficient OxPhos and reduced PPP. Recent Advances: The glutamine-related metabolism has been discovered as crucial for M2 polarization. Vice versa, flux discontinuities in the Krebs cycle are considered additional M1 features; they lead to increased levels of immunoresponsive gene 1 and itaconic acid, to isocitrate dehydrogenase 1-downregulation and to succinate, citrate, and isocitrate over-expression. Critical Issues: A macrophage classification problem, particularly in vivo, originating from a gap in the knowledge of the several intermediate polarization statuses between the M1 and M2 extremes, characterizes this field. Moreover, the detailed features of metabolic reprogramming crucial for macrophage polarization are largely unknown; in particular, the role of β-oxidation is highly controversial. Future Directions: Manipulating the metabolism to redirect macrophage polarization might be useful in various pathologies, including an efficient skeletal muscle regeneration. Unraveling the complexity pertaining to metabolic signatures that are specific for the different macrophage subsets is crucial for identifying new compounds that are able to trigger macrophage polarization and that might be used for therapeutical purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca De Santa
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology (IBCN), National Research Council (CNR), Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Vitiello
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology of Cachexia and Metabolism of Skeletal Muscle, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessio Torcinaro
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology (IBCN), National Research Council (CNR), Rome, Italy.,Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin," Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Ferraro
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology of Cachexia and Metabolism of Skeletal Muscle, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
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Al-Khalidi R, Panicucci C, Cox P, Chira N, Róg J, Young CNJ, McGeehan RE, Ambati K, Ambati J, Zabłocki K, Gazzerro E, Arkle S, Bruno C, Górecki DC. Zidovudine ameliorates pathology in the mouse model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy via P2RX7 purinoceptor antagonism. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2018; 6:27. [PMID: 29642926 PMCID: PMC5896059 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-018-0530-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is the most common inherited muscle disorder that causes severe disability and death of young men. This disease is characterized by progressive muscle degeneration aggravated by sterile inflammation and is also associated with cognitive impairment and low bone density. Given that no current treatment can improve the long-term outcome, approaches with a strong translational potential are urgently needed. Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) alters P2RX7 signaling in both muscle and inflammatory cells and inhibition of this receptor resulted in a significant attenuation of muscle and non-muscle symptoms in DMDmdx mouse model. As P2RX7 is an attractive target in a range of human diseases, specific antagonists have been developed. Yet, these will require lengthy safety testing in the pediatric population of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) patients. In contrast, Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NRTIs) can act as P2RX7 antagonists and are drugs with an established safety record, including in children. We demonstrate here that AZT (Zidovudine) inhibits P2RX7 functions acting via the same allosteric site as other antagonists. Moreover, short-term AZT treatment at the peak of disease in DMDmdx mice attenuated the phenotype without any detectable side effects. Recovery was evident in the key parameters such as reduced sarcolemma permeability confirmed by lower serum creatine kinase levels and IgG influx into myofibres, decreased inflammatory cell numbers and inflammation markers in leg and heart muscles of treated mice. Moreover, this short-term therapy had some positive impact on muscle strength in vivo and no detrimental effect on mitochondria, which is the main side-effect of Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NRTIs). Given these results, we postulate that AZT could be quickly re-purposed for the treatment of this highly debilitating and lethal disease. This approach is not constrained by causative DMD mutations and may be effective in alleviating both muscle and non-muscle abnormalities.
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11
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Abstract
Our understanding of satellite cells, now known to be the obligate stem cells of skeletal muscle, has increased dramatically in recent years due to the introduction of new molecular, genetic, and technical resources. In addition to their role in acute repair of damaged muscle, satellite cells are of interest in the fields of aging, exercise, neuromuscular disease, and stem cell therapy, and all of these applications have driven a dramatic increase in our understanding of the activity and potential of satellite cells. However, many fundamental questions of satellite cell biology remain to be answered, including their emergence as a specific lineage, the degree and significance of heterogeneity within the satellite cell population, the roles of their interactions with other resident and infiltrating cell types during homeostasis and regeneration, and the relative roles of intrinsic vs extrinsic factors that may contribute to satellite cell dysfunction in the context of aging or disease. This review will address the current state of these open questions in satellite cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ddw Cornelison
- University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States; Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States.
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12
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Mashinchian O, Pisconti A, Le Moal E, Bentzinger CF. The Muscle Stem Cell Niche in Health and Disease. Curr Top Dev Biol 2017; 126:23-65. [PMID: 29305000 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The regulation of stem cells that maintain and regenerate postnatal tissues depends on extrinsic signals originating from their microenvironment, commonly referred to as the stem cell niche. Complex higher-order regulatory interrelationships with the tissue and factors in the systemic circulation are integrated and propagated to the stem cells through the niche. The stem cell niche in skeletal muscle tissue is both a paradigm for a structurally and functionally relatively static niche that maintains stem cell quiescence during tissue homeostasis, and a highly dynamic regenerative niche that is subject to extensive structural remodeling and a flux of different support cell populations. Conditions ranging from aging to chronically degenerative skeletal muscle diseases affect the composition of the niche and thereby impair the regenerative potential of muscle stem cells. A holistic and integrative understanding of the extrinsic mechanisms regulating muscle stem cells in health and disease in a broad systemic context will be imperative for the identification of regulatory hubs in the niche interactome that can be targeted to maintain, restore, or enhance the regenerative capacity of muscle tissue. Here, we review the microenvironmental regulation of muscle stem cells, summarize how niche dysfunction can contribute to disease, and discuss emerging therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Mashinchian
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Lausanne, Switzerland; École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Doctoral Program in Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Addolorata Pisconti
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Emmeran Le Moal
- Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - C Florian Bentzinger
- Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.
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13
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Cabello-Verrugio C, Rivera JC, Garcia D. Skeletal muscle wasting: new role of nonclassical renin-angiotensin system. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2017; 20:158-163. [PMID: 28207424 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0000000000000361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Skeletal muscle can be affected by many physiological and pathological conditions that contribute to the development of muscle weakness, including skeletal muscle loss, inflammatory processes, or fibrosis. Therefore, research into therapeutic treatment alternatives or alleviation of these effects on skeletal muscle is of great importance. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies have shown that angiotensin (1-7) [Ang-(1-7)] - a vasoactive peptide of the nonclassical axis in the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) - and its Mas receptor are expressed in skeletal muscle. Ang-(1-7), through its Mas receptor, prevents or diminishes deleterious effects induced by skeletal muscle disease or injury. Specifically, the Ang-(1-7)-Mas receptor axis modulates molecular mechanisms involved in muscle mass regulation, such as the ubiquitin proteasome pathway, the insulin-like growth factor type 1/Akt (protein kinase B) pathway, or myonuclear apoptosis, and also inflammation and fibrosis pathways. SUMMARY Although further research into this topic and the possible side effects of Ang-(1-7) is necessary, these findings are promising, and suggest that the Ang-(1-7)-Mas axis can be considered a possible therapeutic target for treating patients with muscular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Cabello-Verrugio
- aLaboratory of Muscle Pathology, Fragility and Aging, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas & Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile bMillennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
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14
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Fibrosis development in early-onset muscular dystrophies: Mechanisms and translational implications. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 64:181-190. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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15
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Plasminogen Deficiency Delays the Onset and Protects from Demyelination and Paralysis in Autoimmune Neuroinflammatory Disease. J Neurosci 2017; 37:3776-3788. [PMID: 28275164 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2932-15.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neuroinflammatory, demyelinating disease of the CNS. Fibrinogen deposition at sites of blood-brain barrier breakdown is a prominent feature of neuroinflammatory disease and contributes to disease severity. Plasminogen, the primary fibrinolytic enzyme, also modifies inflammatory processes. We used a murine model of MS, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), to evaluate the hypothesis that the loss of plasminogen would exacerbate neuroinflammatory disease. However, contrary to initial expectations, EAE-challenged plasminogen-deficient (Plg-) mice developed significantly delayed disease onset and reduced disease severity compared with wild-type (Plg+) mice. Similarly, pharmacologic inhibition of plasmin activation with tranexamic acid also delayed disease onset. The T-cell response to immunization was similar between genotypes, suggesting that the contribution of plasminogen was downstream of the T-cell response. Spinal cords from EAE-challenged Plg- mice demonstrated significantly decreased demyelination and microglial/macrophage accumulation compared with Plg+ mice. Although fibrinogen-deficient mice or mice with combined deficiencies of plasminogen and fibrinogen had decreased EAE severity, they did not exhibit the delay in EAE disease onset, as seen in mice with plasminogen deficiency alone. Together, these data suggest that plasminogen and plasmin-mediated fibrinolysis is a key modifier of the onset of neuroinflammatory demyelination.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Multiple sclerosis is a severe, chronic, demyelinating disease. Understanding the pathobiology related to the autoreactive T-cell and microglial/macrophage demyelinating response is critical to effectively target therapeutics. We describe for the first time that deficiency of plasminogen, the key fibrinolytic enzyme, delays disease onset and protects from the development of the paralysis associated with a murine model of multiple sclerosis, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Administration of a widely used, pharmacologic inhibitor of plasminogen activation, tranexamic acid, also delays the onset of neuroinflammation associated with EAE.
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16
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Mignemi NA, Yuasa M, Baker CE, Moore SN, Ihejirika RC, Oelsner WK, Wallace CS, Yoshii T, Okawa A, Revenko AS, MacLeod AR, Bhattacharjee G, Barnett JV, Schwartz HS, Degen JL, Flick MJ, Cates JM, Schoenecker JG. Plasmin Prevents Dystrophic Calcification After Muscle Injury. J Bone Miner Res 2017; 32:294-308. [PMID: 27530373 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Extensive or persistent calcium phosphate deposition within soft tissues after severe traumatic injury or major orthopedic surgery can result in pain and loss of joint function. The pathophysiology of soft tissue calcification, including dystrophic calcification and heterotopic ossification (HO), is poorly understood; consequently, current treatments are suboptimal. Here, we show that plasmin protease activity prevents dystrophic calcification within injured skeletal muscle independent of its canonical fibrinolytic function. After muscle injury, dystrophic calcifications either can be resorbed during the process of tissue healing, persist, or become organized into mature bone (HO). Without sufficient plasmin activity, dystrophic calcifications persist after muscle injury and are sufficient to induce HO. Downregulating the primary inhibitor of plasmin (α2-antiplasmin) or treating with pyrophosphate analogues prevents dystrophic calcification and subsequent HO in vivo. Because plasmin also supports bone homeostasis and fracture repair, increasing plasmin activity represents the first pharmacologic strategy to prevent soft tissue calcification without adversely affecting systemic bone physiology or concurrent muscle and bone regeneration. © 2016 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Mignemi
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Masato Yuasa
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Orthopaedics, Tokyo Medical Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Courtney E Baker
- School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Stephanie N Moore
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Rivka C Ihejirika
- School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - William K Oelsner
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Toshitaka Yoshii
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tokyo Medical Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Okawa
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tokyo Medical Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Joey V Barnett
- School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Herbert S Schwartz
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jay L Degen
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Matthew J Flick
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Justin M Cates
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jonathan G Schoenecker
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Vanderbilt Center for Bone Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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17
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Zimowska M, Kasprzycka P, Bocian K, Delaney K, Jung P, Kuchcinska K, Kaczmarska K, Gladysz D, Streminska W, Ciemerych MA. Inflammatory response during slow- and fast-twitch muscle regeneration. Muscle Nerve 2016; 55:400-409. [PMID: 27396429 DOI: 10.1002/mus.25246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Skeletal muscles are characterized by their unique ability to regenerate. Injury of a so-called fast-twitch muscle, extensor digitorum longus (EDL), results in efficient regeneration and reconstruction of the functional tissue. In contrast, slow-twitch muscle (soleus) fails to properly reconstruct and develops fibrosis. This study focuses on soleus and EDL muscle regeneration and associated inflammation. METHODS We determined differences in the activity of neutrophils and M1 and M2 macrophages using flow cytometry and differences in the levels of proinflammatory cytokines using Western blotting and immunolocalization at different times after muscle injury. RESULTS Soleus muscle repair is accompanied by increased and prolonged inflammation, as compared to EDL. The proinflammatory cytokine profile is different in the soleus and ED muscles. CONCLUSIONS Muscle repair efficiency differs by muscle fiber type. The inflammatory response affects the repair efficiency of slow- and fast-twitch muscles. Muscle Nerve 55: 400-409, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Zimowska
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 1 Miecznikowa Street, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paulina Kasprzycka
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 1 Miecznikowa Street, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Bocian
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kamila Delaney
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 1 Miecznikowa Street, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Jung
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 1 Miecznikowa Street, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kinga Kuchcinska
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 1 Miecznikowa Street, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karolina Kaczmarska
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 1 Miecznikowa Street, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Daria Gladysz
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 1 Miecznikowa Street, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wladyslawa Streminska
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 1 Miecznikowa Street, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maria Anna Ciemerych
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 1 Miecznikowa Street, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland
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18
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Aso E, Serrano AL, Muñoz-Cánoves P, Ferrer I. Fibrinogen-Derived γ377-395 Peptide Improves Cognitive Performance and Reduces Amyloid-β Deposition, without Altering Inflammation, in AβPP/PS1 Mice. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 47:403-12. [PMID: 26401562 DOI: 10.3233/jad-142928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Fibrinogen has emerged as a promising therapeutic target against Alzheimer's disease because of its dual role in altered vascular function and amyloid-β aggregation. Here we provide evidence regarding cognitive improvement and reduction of brain parenchyma amyloid-β deposition in AβPP/PS1 mice after treatment for one month with the fibrinogen-blocking peptide Fibγ377-395. No alteration in glial response or other neuroinflammatory markers was observed in the cortex of treated animals. Considering these results and the fact that Fibγ377-395 does not affect coagulation function, this peptide could be considered as a promising and safe candidate for chronic treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Aso
- Institut de Neuropatologia, Servei d'Anatomia Patològica, IDIBELL-Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Universitat de Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain.,CIBERNED, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto Carlos III, Spain
| | - Antonio L Serrano
- CIBERNED, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto Carlos III, Spain.,Cell Biology Group, Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pura Muñoz-Cánoves
- CIBERNED, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto Carlos III, Spain.,Cell Biology Group, Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.,Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isidro Ferrer
- Institut de Neuropatologia, Servei d'Anatomia Patològica, IDIBELL-Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Universitat de Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain.,CIBERNED, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto Carlos III, Spain
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19
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Fibrin deposition following bile duct injury limits fibrosis through an αMβ2-dependent mechanism. Blood 2016; 127:2751-62. [PMID: 26921287 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-09-670703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Coagulation cascade activation and fibrin deposits have been implicated or observed in diverse forms of liver damage. Given that fibrin amplifies pathological inflammation in several diseases through the integrin receptor αMβ2, we tested the hypothesis that disruption of the fibrin(ogen)-αMβ2 interaction in Fibγ(390-396A) mice would reduce hepatic inflammation and fibrosis in an experimental setting of chemical liver injury. Contrary to our hypothesis, α-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT)-induced liver fibrosis increased in Fibγ(390-396A) mice, whereas inflammatory cytokine expression and hepatic necrosis were similar to ANIT-challenged wild-type (WT) mice. Increased fibrosis in Fibγ(390-396A) mice appeared to be independent of coagulation factor 13 (FXIII) transglutaminase, as ANIT challenge in FXIII-deficient mice resulted in a distinct pathological phenotype characterized by increased hepatic necrosis. Rather, bile duct proliferation underpinned the increased fibrosis in ANIT-exposed Fibγ(390-396A) mice. The mechanism of fibrin-mediated fibrosis was linked to interferon (IFN)γ induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), a gene linked to bile duct hyperplasia and liver fibrosis. Expression of iNOS messenger RNA was significantly increased in livers of ANIT-exposed Fibγ(390-396A) mice. Fibrin(ogen)-αMβ2 interaction inhibited iNOS induction in macrophages stimulated with IFNγ in vitro and ANIT-challenged IFNγ-deficient mice had reduced iNOS induction, bile duct hyperplasia, and liver fibrosis. Further, ANIT-induced iNOS expression, liver fibrosis, and bile duct hyperplasia were significantly reduced in WT mice administered leukadherin-1, a small molecule that allosterically enhances αMβ2-dependent cell adhesion to fibrin. These studies characterize a novel mechanism whereby the fibrin(ogen)-integrin-αMβ2 interaction reduces biliary fibrosis and suggests a novel putative therapeutic target for this difficult-to-treat fibrotic disease.
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20
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Allen DG, Whitehead NP, Froehner SC. Absence of Dystrophin Disrupts Skeletal Muscle Signaling: Roles of Ca2+, Reactive Oxygen Species, and Nitric Oxide in the Development of Muscular Dystrophy. Physiol Rev 2016; 96:253-305. [PMID: 26676145 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00007.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Dystrophin is a long rod-shaped protein that connects the subsarcolemmal cytoskeleton to a complex of proteins in the surface membrane (dystrophin protein complex, DPC), with further connections via laminin to other extracellular matrix proteins. Initially considered a structural complex that protected the sarcolemma from mechanical damage, the DPC is now known to serve as a scaffold for numerous signaling proteins. Absence or reduced expression of dystrophin or many of the DPC components cause the muscular dystrophies, a group of inherited diseases in which repeated bouts of muscle damage lead to atrophy and fibrosis, and eventually muscle degeneration. The normal function of dystrophin is poorly defined. In its absence a complex series of changes occur with multiple muscle proteins showing reduced or increased expression or being modified in various ways. In this review, we will consider the various proteins whose expression and function is changed in muscular dystrophies, focusing on Ca(2+)-permeable channels, nitric oxide synthase, NADPH oxidase, and caveolins. Excessive Ca(2+) entry, increased membrane permeability, disordered caveolar function, and increased levels of reactive oxygen species are early changes in the disease, and the hypotheses for these phenomena will be critically considered. The aim of the review is to define the early damage pathways in muscular dystrophy which might be appropriate targets for therapy designed to minimize the muscle degeneration and slow the progression of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Allen
- Sydney Medical School & Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; and Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Nicholas P Whitehead
- Sydney Medical School & Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; and Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Stanley C Froehner
- Sydney Medical School & Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; and Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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21
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Sinadinos A, Young CNJ, Al-Khalidi R, Teti A, Kalinski P, Mohamad S, Floriot L, Henry T, Tozzi G, Jiang T, Wurtz O, Lefebvre A, Shugay M, Tong J, Vaudry D, Arkle S, doRego JC, Górecki DC. P2RX7 purinoceptor: a therapeutic target for ameliorating the symptoms of duchenne muscular dystrophy. PLoS Med 2015; 12:e1001888. [PMID: 26461208 PMCID: PMC4604078 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is the most common inherited muscle disease, leading to severe disability and death in young men. Death is caused by the progressive degeneration of striated muscles aggravated by sterile inflammation. The pleiotropic effects of the mutant gene also include cognitive and behavioral impairments and low bone density. Current interventions in DMD are palliative only as no treatment improves the long-term outcome. Therefore, approaches with a translational potential should be investigated, and key abnormalities downstream from the absence of the DMD product, dystrophin, appear to be strong therapeutic targets. We and others have demonstrated that DMD mutations alter ATP signaling and have identified P2RX7 purinoceptor up-regulation as being responsible for the death of muscles in the mdx mouse model of DMD and human DMD lymphoblasts. Moreover, the ATP-P2RX7 axis, being a crucial activator of innate immune responses, can contribute to DMD pathology by stimulating chronic inflammation. We investigated whether ablation of P2RX7 attenuates the DMD model mouse phenotype to assess receptor suitability as a therapeutic target. METHODS AND FINDINGS Using a combination of molecular, histological, and biochemical methods and behavioral analyses in vivo we demonstrate, to our knowledge for the first time, that genetic ablation of P2RX7 in the DMD model mouse produces a widespread functional attenuation of both muscle and non-muscle symptoms. In dystrophic muscles at 4 wk there was an evident recovery in key functional and molecular parameters such as improved muscle structure (minimum Feret diameter, p < 0.001), increased muscle strength in vitro (p < 0.001) and in vivo (p = 0.012), and pro-fibrotic molecular signatures. Serum creatine kinase (CK) levels were lower (p = 0.025), and reduced cognitive impairment (p = 0.006) and bone structure alterations (p < 0.001) were also apparent. Reduction of inflammation and fibrosis persisted at 20 mo in leg (p = 0.038), diaphragm (p = 0.042), and heart muscles (p < 0.001). We show that the amelioration of symptoms was proportional to the extent of receptor depletion and that improvements were observed following administration of two P2RX7 antagonists (CK, p = 0.030 and p = 0.050) without any detectable side effects. However, approaches successful in animal models still need to be proved effective in clinical practice. CONCLUSIONS These results are, to our knowledge, the first to establish that a single treatment can improve muscle function both short and long term and also correct cognitive impairment and bone loss in DMD model mice. The wide-ranging improvements reflect the convergence of P2RX7 ablation on multiple disease mechanisms affecting skeletal and cardiac muscles, inflammatory cells, brain, and bone. Given the impact of P2RX7 blockade in the DMD mouse model, this receptor is an attractive target for translational research: existing drugs with established safety records could potentially be repurposed for treatment of this lethal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Sinadinos
- Molecular Medicine, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher N. J. Young
- Molecular Medicine, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Rasha Al-Khalidi
- Molecular Medicine, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Teti
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Paweł Kalinski
- Departments of Surgery, Immunology, and Bioengineering, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Shafini Mohamad
- School of Engineering, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Léonore Floriot
- Platform of Behavioural Analysis (SCAC), University of Rouen, Mont-Saint-Aignan,Rouen, France
| | - Tiphaine Henry
- Platform of Behavioural Analysis (SCAC), University of Rouen, Mont-Saint-Aignan,Rouen, France
| | - Gianluca Tozzi
- School of Engineering, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Taiwen Jiang
- Molecular Medicine, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Olivier Wurtz
- INSERM U982, Plate-Forme d’Imagerie PRIMACEN, IRIB, University of Rouen, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Alexis Lefebvre
- Platform of Behavioural Analysis (SCAC), University of Rouen, Mont-Saint-Aignan,Rouen, France
| | - Mikhail Shugay
- Genomics of Adaptive Immunity Lab, Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Jie Tong
- School of Engineering, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - David Vaudry
- INSERM U982, Plate-Forme d’Imagerie PRIMACEN, IRIB, University of Rouen, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Stephen Arkle
- Molecular Medicine, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Jean-Claude doRego
- Platform of Behavioural Analysis (SCAC), University of Rouen, Mont-Saint-Aignan,Rouen, France
- National Center of Scientific Research (CNRS), Caen, France
| | - Dariusz C. Górecki
- Molecular Medicine, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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22
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Lim K, Li Z, Choi KP, Wong L. A quantum leap in the reproducibility, precision, and sensitivity of gene expression profile analysis even when sample size is extremely small. J Bioinform Comput Biol 2015; 13:1550018. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219720015500183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Transcript-level quantification is often measured across two groups of patients to aid the discovery of biomarkers and detection of biological mechanisms involving these biomarkers. Statistical tests lack power and false discovery rate is high when sample size is small. Yet, many experiments have very few samples (≤ 5). This creates the impetus for a method to discover biomarkers and mechanisms under very small sample sizes. We present a powerful method, ESSNet, that is able to identify subnetworks consistently across independent datasets of the same disease phenotypes even under very small sample sizes. The key idea of ESSNet is to fragment large pathways into smaller subnetworks and compute a statistic that discriminates the subnetworks in two phenotypes. We do not greedily select genes to be included based on differential expression but rely on gene-expression-level ranking within a phenotype, which is shown to be stable even under extremely small sample sizes. We test our subnetworks on null distributions obtained by array rotation; this preserves the gene–gene correlation structure and is suitable for datasets with small sample size allowing us to consistently predict relevant subnetworks even when sample size is small. For most other methods, this consistency drops to less than 10% when we test them on datasets with only two samples from each phenotype, whereas ESSNet is able to achieve an average consistency of 58% (72% when we consider genes within the subnetworks) and continues to be superior when sample size is large. We further show that the subnetworks identified by ESSNet are highly correlated to many references in the biological literature. ESSNet and supplementary material are available at: http://compbio.ddns.comp.nus.edu.sg:8080/essnet .
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Lim
- School of Computing, National University of Singapore, 13 Computing Drive, Singapore 117417, Singapore
| | - Zhenhua Li
- Department of Pediatrics, National University of Singapore, 10 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Kwok Pui Choi
- Department of Statistics and Applied Probability, National University of Singapore, 6 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117546, Singapore
| | - Limsoon Wong
- School of Computing, National University of Singapore, 13 Computing Drive, Singapore 117417, Singapore
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23
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Torres-Palsa MJ, Koziol MV, Goh Q, Cicinelli PA, Peterson JM, Pizza FX. Expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 by myofibers in mdx mice. Muscle Nerve 2015; 52:795-802. [PMID: 25728314 DOI: 10.1002/mus.24626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We investigated the extent to which intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), a critical protein of the inflammatory response, is expressed in skeletal muscles of mdx mice (a murine model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy). METHODS Muscles were collected from control and mdx mice at 2-24 weeks of age and analyzed for ICAM-1 expression by means of Western blot and immunofluorescence. RESULTS Western blot revealed higher expression of ICAM-1 in mdx compared with control muscles through 24 weeks of age. In contrast to control muscles, ICAM-1 was expressed on the membrane of damaged, regenerating, and normal myofibers of mdx mice. CD11b+ myeloid cells also expressed ICAM-1 in mdx muscles, and CD11b+ cells were closely associated with the membrane of myofibers expressing ICAM-1. CONCLUSIONS These findings support a paradigm in which ICAM-1 and its localization to myofibers in muscles of mdx mice contributes to the dystrophic pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J Torres-Palsa
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft Street, Toledo, Ohio, 43606, USA
| | - Matthew V Koziol
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft Street, Toledo, Ohio, 43606, USA
| | - Qingnian Goh
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft Street, Toledo, Ohio, 43606, USA
| | - Peter A Cicinelli
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft Street, Toledo, Ohio, 43606, USA
| | - Jennifer M Peterson
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Francis X Pizza
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft Street, Toledo, Ohio, 43606, USA
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24
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Cabello-Verrugio C, Morales MG, Rivera JC, Cabrera D, Simon F. Renin-angiotensin system: an old player with novel functions in skeletal muscle. Med Res Rev 2015; 35:437-63. [PMID: 25764065 DOI: 10.1002/med.21343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is a tissue that shows the most plasticity in the body; it can change in response to physiological and pathological stimuli. Among the diseases that affect skeletal muscle are myopathy-associated fibrosis, insulin resistance, and muscle atrophy. A common factor in these pathologies is the participation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). This system can be functionally separated into the classical and nonclassical RAS axis. The main components of the classical RAS pathway are angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), angiotensin II (Ang-II), and Ang-II receptors (AT receptors), whereas the nonclassical axis is composed of ACE2, angiotensin 1-7 [Ang (1-7)], and the Mas receptor. Hyperactivity of the classical axis in skeletal muscle has been associated with insulin resistance, atrophy, and fibrosis. In contrast, current evidence supports the action of the nonclassical RAS as a counter-regulator axis of the classical RAS pathway in skeletal muscle. In this review, we describe the mechanisms involved in the pathological effects of the classical RAS, advances in the use of pharmacological molecules to inhibit this axis, and the beneficial effects of stimulation of the nonclassical RAS pathway on insulin resistance, atrophy, and fibrosis in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Cabello-Verrugio
- Laboratorio de Biología y Fisiopatología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas & Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
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Pelosi L, Berardinelli MG, De Pasquale L, Nicoletti C, D'Amico A, Carvello F, Moneta GM, Catizone A, Bertini E, De Benedetti F, Musarò A. Functional and Morphological Improvement of Dystrophic Muscle by Interleukin 6 Receptor Blockade. EBioMedicine 2015; 2:285-93. [PMID: 26137572 PMCID: PMC4485902 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2015.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The anti-inflammatory agents glucocorticoids (GC) are the only available treatment for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). However, long-term GC treatment causes muscle atrophy and wasting. Thus, targeting specific mediator of inflammatory response may be more specific, more efficacious, and with fewer side effects. The pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL) 6 is overproduced in patients with DMD and in the muscle of mdx, the animal model for human DMD. We tested the ability of inhibition of IL6 activity, using an interleukin-6 receptor (Il6r) neutralizing antibody, to ameliorate the dystrophic phenotype. Blockade of endogenous Il6r conferred on dystrophic muscle resistance to degeneration and alleviated both morphological and functional consequences of the primary genetic defect. Pharmacological inhibition of IL6 activity leaded to changes in the dystrophic muscle environment, favoring anti-inflammatory responses and improvement in muscle repair. This resulted in a functional homeostatic maintenance of dystrophic muscle. These data provide an alternative pharmacological strategy for treatment of DMD and circumvent the major problems associated with conventional therapy. Inhibition of IL6 activity leads to changes in the dystrophic muscle environment. IL6R neutralizing antibody ameliorates the dystrophic phenotype. IL6 blockade counters muscle decline in mdx mice.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Disease Models, Animal
- Homeostasis
- Inflammation/complications
- Inflammation/pathology
- Interleukin-6/blood
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred mdx
- Muscles/pathology
- Muscles/physiopathology
- Muscular Dystrophy, Animal/blood
- Muscular Dystrophy, Animal/pathology
- Muscular Dystrophy, Animal/physiopathology
- Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/blood
- Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/pathology
- Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/physiopathology
- Necrosis
- Phenotype
- Receptors, Interleukin-6/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Interleukin-6/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pelosi
- Institute Pasteur-Cenci Bolognetti, DAHFMO-Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, IIM, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Berardinelli
- Institute Pasteur-Cenci Bolognetti, DAHFMO-Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, IIM, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161, Italy
| | | | - Carmine Nicoletti
- Institute Pasteur-Cenci Bolognetti, DAHFMO-Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, IIM, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161, Italy
| | - Adele D'Amico
- Department of Neuroscience, Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disease, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome 00100, Italy
| | - Francesco Carvello
- Division of Rheumatology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome 00100, Italy
| | - Gian Marco Moneta
- Division of Rheumatology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome 00100, Italy
| | - Angela Catizone
- Institute Pasteur-Cenci Bolognetti, DAHFMO-Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, IIM, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161, Italy
| | - Enrico Bertini
- Department of Neuroscience, Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disease, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome 00100, Italy
| | | | - Antonio Musarò
- Institute Pasteur-Cenci Bolognetti, DAHFMO-Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, IIM, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161, Italy
- Center for Life Nano Science@Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome 00161, Italy
- Corresponding author at: Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Via A. Scarpa, 14, Rome 00161, Italy.
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26
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Cole HA, Ohba T, Nyman JS, Hirotaka H, Cates JMM, Flick MJ, Degen JL, Schoenecker JG. Fibrin accumulation secondary to loss of plasmin-mediated fibrinolysis drives inflammatory osteoporosis in mice. Arthritis Rheumatol 2014; 66:2222-33. [PMID: 24664548 DOI: 10.1002/art.38639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Osteoporosis is a skeletal disorder characterized by low bone mass and increased bone fragility associated with aging, menopause, smoking, obesity, or diabetes. Persistent inflammation has been identified as an instigating factor in progressive bone loss. In addition to the role of fibrin in coagulation, inordinate fibrin deposition within a tissue matrix results in increased local inflammation. Given that fibrin accumulation is a hallmark of osteoporosis-related comorbidities, we undertook this study to test the hypothesis that persistent fibrin deposition causes inflammatory osteoporosis. METHODS Multiple imaging modalities, bone integrity metrics, and histologic analyses were employed to evaluate skeletal derangements in relation to fibrin deposition, circulating fibrinogen levels, and systemic markers of inflammation in mice that were plasminogen deficient and in plasminogen-deficient mice that were concomitantly either fibrinogen deficient or carrying a mutant form of fibrinogen lacking the αM β2 binding motif. RESULTS Mice generated with a genetic deficit in the key fibrinolytic protease, plasmin, uniformly developed severe osteoporosis. Furthermore, the development of osteoporosis was fibrin(ogen) dependent, and the derangements in the bone remodeling unit were mechanistically tied to fibrin(ogen)-mediated activation of osteoclasts via activation of the leukocyte integrin receptor αM β2 on monocytes and secondary stimulation of osteoblasts by RANKL. Notably, the genetic elimination of fibrin(ogen) or the expression of a mutant form of fibrinogen retaining clotting function but lacking the αM β2 binding motif prevented the degenerative skeletal phenotypes, resulting in normal local and systemic cytokine levels. CONCLUSION Taken together, these data reveal for the first time that fibrin promotes inflammation-driven systemic osteoporosis, which suggests a novel association between hemostasis, inflammation, and bone biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather A Cole
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
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Pessina P, Cabrera D, Morales MG, Riquelme CA, Gutiérrez J, Serrano AL, Brandan E, Muñoz-Cánoves P. Novel and optimized strategies for inducing fibrosis in vivo: focus on Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. Skelet Muscle 2014; 4:7. [PMID: 25157321 PMCID: PMC4142391 DOI: 10.1186/2044-5040-4-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fibrosis, an excessive collagen accumulation, results in scar formation, impairing function of vital organs and tissues. Fibrosis is a hallmark of muscular dystrophies, including the lethal Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), which remains incurable. Substitution of muscle by fibrotic tissue also complicates gene/cell therapies for DMD. Yet, no optimal models to study muscle fibrosis are available. In the widely used mdx mouse model for DMD, extensive fibrosis develops in the diaphragm only at advanced adulthood, and at about two years of age in the ‘easy-to-access’ limb muscles, thus precluding fibrosis research and the testing of novel therapies. Methods We developed distinct experimental strategies, ranging from chronic exercise to increasing muscle damage on limb muscles of young mdx mice, by myotoxin injection, surgically induced trauma (laceration or denervation) or intramuscular delivery of profibrotic growth factors (such as TGFβ). We also extended these approaches to muscle of normal non-dystrophic mice. Results These strategies resulted in advanced and enhanced muscle fibrosis in young mdx mice, which persisted over time, and correlated with reduced muscle force, thus mimicking the severe DMD phenotype. Furthermore, increased fibrosis was also obtained by combining these procedures in muscles of normal mice, mirroring aberrant repair after severe trauma. Conclusions We have developed new and improved experimental strategies to accelerate and enhance muscle fibrosis in vivo. These strategies will allow rapidly assessing fibrosis in the easily accessible limb muscles of young mdx mice, without necessarily having to use old animals. The extension of these fibrogenic regimes to the muscle of non-dystrophic wild-type mice will allow fibrosis assessment in a wide array of pre-existing transgenic mouse lines, which in turn will facilitate understanding the mechanisms of fibrogenesis. These strategies should improve our ability to combat fibrosis-driven dystrophy progression and aberrant regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Pessina
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, CIBER on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), Dr. Aiguader, 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Cabrera
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Catholic University of Chile, Avenida Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins, 340, Santiago, Chile
| | - María Gabriela Morales
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Catholic University of Chile, Avenida Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins, 340, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cecilia A Riquelme
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Catholic University of Chile, Avenida Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins, 340, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jaime Gutiérrez
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Catholic University of Chile, Avenida Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins, 340, Santiago, Chile
| | - Antonio L Serrano
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, CIBER on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), Dr. Aiguader, 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enrique Brandan
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Catholic University of Chile, Avenida Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins, 340, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pura Muñoz-Cánoves
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, CIBER on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), Dr. Aiguader, 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain ; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Dr. Aiguader, 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
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Hathout Y, Marathi RL, Rayavarapu S, Zhang A, Brown KJ, Seol H, Gordish-Dressman H, Cirak S, Bello L, Nagaraju K, Partridge T, Hoffman EP, Takeda S, Mah JK, Henricson E, McDonald C. Discovery of serum protein biomarkers in the mdx mouse model and cross-species comparison to Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:6458-69. [PMID: 25027324 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
It is expected that serum protein biomarkers in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) will reflect disease pathogenesis, progression and aid future therapy developments. Here, we describe use of quantitative in vivo stable isotope labeling in mammals to accurately compare serum proteomes of wild-type and dystrophin-deficient mdx mice. Biomarkers identified in serum from two independent dystrophin-deficient mouse models (mdx-Δ52 and mdx-23) were concordant with those identified in sera samples of DMD patients. Of the 355 mouse sera proteins, 23 were significantly elevated and 4 significantly lower in mdx relative to wild-type mice (P-value < 0.001). Elevated proteins were mostly of muscle origin: including myofibrillar proteins (titin, myosin light chain 1/3, myomesin 3 and filamin-C), glycolytic enzymes (aldolase, phosphoglycerate mutase 2, beta enolase and glycogen phosphorylase), transport proteins (fatty acid-binding protein, myoglobin and somatic cytochrome-C) and others (creatine kinase M, malate dehydrogenase cytosolic, fibrinogen and parvalbumin). Decreased proteins, mostly of extracellular origin, included adiponectin, lumican, plasminogen and leukemia inhibitory factor receptor. Analysis of sera from 1 week to 7 months old mdx mice revealed age-dependent changes in the level of these biomarkers with most biomarkers acutely elevated at 3 weeks of age. Serum analysis of DMD patients, with ages ranging from 4 to 15 years old, confirmed elevation of 20 of the murine biomarkers in DMD, with similar age-related changes. This study provides a panel of biomarkers that reflect muscle activity and pathogenesis and should prove valuable tool to complement natural history studies and to monitor treatment efficacy in future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yetrib Hathout
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA,
| | - Ramya L Marathi
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Sree Rayavarapu
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Aiping Zhang
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Kristy J Brown
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Haeri Seol
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Heather Gordish-Dressman
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Sebahattin Cirak
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Luca Bello
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Kanneboyina Nagaraju
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Terry Partridge
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Eric P Hoffman
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Shin'ichi Takeda
- Department of Molecular Therapy, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Ogawa-higashi, Kodaira Tokyo 187-0031, Japan
| | - Jean K Mah
- Department of Pediatrics, Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, AB, Canada T3B 6A8 and
| | - Erik Henricson
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA 95618, USA
| | - Craig McDonald
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA 95618, USA
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Aleman MM, Byrnes JR, Wang JG, Tran R, Lam WA, Di Paola J, Mackman N, Degen JL, Flick MJ, Wolberg AS. Factor XIII activity mediates red blood cell retention in venous thrombi. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:3590-600. [PMID: 24983320 DOI: 10.1172/jci75386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Venous thrombi, fibrin- and rbc-rich clots triggered by inflammation and blood stasis, underlie devastating, and sometimes fatal, occlusive events. During intravascular fibrin deposition, rbc are thought to become passively trapped in thrombi and therefore have not been considered a modifiable thrombus component. In the present study, we determined that activity of the transglutaminase factor XIII (FXIII) is critical for rbc retention within clots and directly affects thrombus size. Compared with WT mice, mice carrying a homozygous mutation in the fibrinogen γ chain (Fibγ390-396A) had a striking 50% reduction in thrombus weight due to reduced rbc content. Fibrinogen from mice harboring the Fibγ390-396A mutation exhibited reduced binding to FXIII, and plasma from these mice exhibited delayed FXIII activation and fibrin crosslinking, indicating these residues mediate FXIII binding and activation. FXIII-deficient mice phenocopied mice carrying Fibγ390-396A and produced smaller thrombi with fewer rbc than WT mice. Importantly, FXIII-deficient human clots also exhibited reduced rbc retention. The addition of FXIII to FXIII-deficient clots increased rbc retention, while inhibition of FXIII activity in normal blood reduced rbc retention and produced smaller clots. These findings establish the FXIII-fibrinogen axis as a central determinant in venous thrombogenesis and identify FXIII as a potential therapeutic target for limiting venous thrombosis.
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30
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Optimization of stem cell therapy for clinical trials of degenerative skin and muscle diseases (OptiStem). HUM GENE THER CL DEV 2014; 25:68-70. [PMID: 24933567 DOI: 10.1089/humc.2014.2510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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31
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From innate to adaptive immune response in muscular dystrophies and skeletal muscle regeneration: the role of lymphocytes. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:438675. [PMID: 25028653 PMCID: PMC4083765 DOI: 10.1155/2014/438675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is able to restore contractile functionality after injury thanks to its ability to regenerate. Following muscle necrosis, debris is removed by macrophages, and muscle satellite cells (MuSCs), the muscle stem cells, are activated and subsequently proliferate, migrate, and form muscle fibers restoring muscle functionality. In most muscle dystrophies (MDs), MuSCs fail to properly proliferate, differentiate, or replenish the stem cell compartment, leading to fibrotic deposition. However, besides MuSCs, interstitial nonmyogenic cells and inflammatory cells also play a key role in orchestrating muscle repair. A complete understanding of the complexity of these mechanisms should allow the design of interventions to attenuate MDs pathology without disrupting regenerative processes. In this review we will focus on the contribution of immune cells in the onset and progression of MDs, with particular emphasis on Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). We will briefly summarize the current knowledge and recent advances made in our understanding of the involvement of different innate immune cells in MDs and will move on to critically evaluate the possible role of cell populations within the acquired immune response. Revisiting previous observations in the light of recent evidence will likely change our current view of the onset and progression of the disease.
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32
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Kharraz Y, Guerra J, Pessina P, Serrano AL, Muñoz-Cánoves P. Understanding the process of fibrosis in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:965631. [PMID: 24877152 PMCID: PMC4024417 DOI: 10.1155/2014/965631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Fibrosis is the aberrant deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) components during tissue healing leading to loss of its architecture and function. Fibrotic diseases are often associated with chronic pathologies and occur in a large variety of vital organs and tissues, including skeletal muscle. In human muscle, fibrosis is most readily associated with the severe muscle wasting disorder Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), caused by loss of dystrophin gene function. In DMD, skeletal muscle degenerates and is infiltrated by inflammatory cells and the functions of the muscle stem cells (satellite cells) become impeded and fibrogenic cells hyperproliferate and are overactivated, leading to the substitution of skeletal muscle with nonfunctional fibrotic tissue. Here, we review new developments in our understanding of the mechanisms leading to fibrosis in DMD and several recent advances towards reverting it, as potential treatments to attenuate disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yacine Kharraz
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), CIBER on Neurodegenerative diseases (CIBERNED), Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Doctor Aiguader 83, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joana Guerra
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), CIBER on Neurodegenerative diseases (CIBERNED), Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Doctor Aiguader 83, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Patrizia Pessina
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), CIBER on Neurodegenerative diseases (CIBERNED), Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Doctor Aiguader 83, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio L. Serrano
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), CIBER on Neurodegenerative diseases (CIBERNED), Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Doctor Aiguader 83, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pura Muñoz-Cánoves
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), CIBER on Neurodegenerative diseases (CIBERNED), Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Doctor Aiguader 83, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
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Sousa-Victor P, Gutarra S, García-Prat L, Rodriguez-Ubreva J, Ortet L, Ruiz-Bonilla V, Jardí M, Ballestar E, González S, Serrano AL, Perdiguero E, Muñoz-Cánoves P. Geriatric muscle stem cells switch reversible quiescence into senescence. Nature 2014; 506:316-21. [PMID: 24522534 DOI: 10.1038/nature13013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 662] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Regeneration of skeletal muscle depends on a population of adult stem cells (satellite cells) that remain quiescent throughout life. Satellite cell regenerative functions decline with ageing. Here we report that geriatric satellite cells are incapable of maintaining their normal quiescent state in muscle homeostatic conditions, and that this irreversibly affects their intrinsic regenerative and self-renewal capacities. In geriatric mice, resting satellite cells lose reversible quiescence by switching to an irreversible pre-senescence state, caused by derepression of p16(INK4a) (also called Cdkn2a). On injury, these cells fail to activate and expand, undergoing accelerated entry into a full senescence state (geroconversion), even in a youthful environment. p16(INK4a) silencing in geriatric satellite cells restores quiescence and muscle regenerative functions. Our results demonstrate that maintenance of quiescence in adult life depends on the active repression of senescence pathways. As p16(INK4a) is dysregulated in human geriatric satellite cells, these findings provide the basis for stem-cell rejuvenation in sarcopenic muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Sousa-Victor
- 1] Cell Biology Group, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, CIBER on Neurodegenerative diseases, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain [2] Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California 94945, USA
| | - Susana Gutarra
- 1] Cell Biology Group, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, CIBER on Neurodegenerative diseases, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain [2]
| | - Laura García-Prat
- 1] Cell Biology Group, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, CIBER on Neurodegenerative diseases, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain [2]
| | - Javier Rodriguez-Ubreva
- Chromatin and Disease Group, Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Programme, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, E-08907 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Ortet
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, CIBER on Neurodegenerative diseases, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vanessa Ruiz-Bonilla
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, CIBER on Neurodegenerative diseases, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mercè Jardí
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, CIBER on Neurodegenerative diseases, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esteban Ballestar
- Chromatin and Disease Group, Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Programme, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, E-08907 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susana González
- Stem Cell Aging Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio L Serrano
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, CIBER on Neurodegenerative diseases, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eusebio Perdiguero
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, CIBER on Neurodegenerative diseases, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pura Muñoz-Cánoves
- 1] Cell Biology Group, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, CIBER on Neurodegenerative diseases, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain [2] Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, E-08010 Barcelona, Spain
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34
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Bibee KP, Cheng YJ, Ching JK, Marsh JN, Li AJ, Keeling RM, Connolly AM, Golumbek PT, Myerson JW, Hu G, Chen J, Shannon WD, Lanza GM, Weihl CC, Wickline SA. Rapamycin nanoparticles target defective autophagy in muscular dystrophy to enhance both strength and cardiac function. FASEB J 2014; 28:2047-61. [PMID: 24500923 DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-237388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy in boys progresses rapidly to severe impairment of muscle function and death in the second or third decade of life. Current supportive therapy with corticosteroids results in a modest increase in strength as a consequence of a general reduction in inflammation, albeit with potential untoward long-term side effects and ultimate failure of the agent to maintain strength. Here, we demonstrate that alternative approaches that rescue defective autophagy in mdx mice, a model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy, with the use of rapamycin-loaded nanoparticles induce a reproducible increase in both skeletal muscle strength and cardiac contractile performance that is not achievable with conventional oral rapamycin, even in pharmacological doses. This increase in physical performance occurs in both young and adult mice, and, surprisingly, even in aged wild-type mice, which sets the stage for consideration of systemic therapies to facilitate improved cell function by autophagic disposal of toxic byproducts of cell death and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin P Bibee
- 2Center for Translational Research in Advanced Imaging and Nanomedicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Ave., Saint Louis, MO 63110 USA.
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