1
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Geryk M, Charpentier F. Pathophysiological mechanisms of cardiomyopathies induced by desmin gene variants located in the C-Terminus of segment 2B. J Cell Physiol 2024; 239:e31254. [PMID: 38501553 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.31254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Desmin, the most abundant intermediate filament in cardiomyocytes, plays a key role in maintaining cardiomyocyte structure by interconnecting intracellular organelles, and facilitating cardiomyocyte interactions with the extracellular matrix and neighboring cardiomyocytes. As a consequence, mutations in the desmin gene (DES) can lead to desminopathies, a group of diseases characterized by variable and often severe cardiomyopathies along with skeletal muscle disorders. The basic desmin intermediate filament structure is composed of four segments separated by linkers that further assemble into dimers, tetramers and eventually unit-length filaments that compact radially to give the final form of the filament. Each step in this process is critical for proper filament formation and allow specific interactions within the cell. Mutations within the desmin gene can disrupt filament formation, as seen by aggregate formation, and thus have severe cardiac and skeletal outcomes, depending on the locus of the mutation. The focus of this review is to outline the cardiac molecular consequences of mutations located in the C-terminal part of segment 2B. This region is crucial for ensuring proper desmin filament formation and is a known hotspot for mutations that significantly impact cardiac function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Geryk
- Nantes Université, CNRS, INSERM, L'institut du thorax, Nantes, F-44000, France
| | - Flavien Charpentier
- Nantes Université, CNRS, INSERM, L'institut du thorax, Nantes, F-44000, France
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2
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Hovhannisyan Y, Li Z, Callon D, Suspène R, Batoumeni V, Canette A, Blanc J, Hocini H, Lefebvre C, El-Jahrani N, Kitsara M, L'honoré A, Kordeli E, Fornes P, Concordet JP, Tachdjian G, Rodriguez AM, Vartanian JP, Béhin A, Wahbi K, Joanne P, Agbulut O. Critical contribution of mitochondria in the development of cardiomyopathy linked to desmin mutation. Stem Cell Res Ther 2024; 15:10. [PMID: 38167524 PMCID: PMC10763022 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-023-03619-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Beyond the observed alterations in cellular structure and mitochondria, the mechanisms linking rare genetic mutations to the development of heart failure in patients affected by desmin mutations remain unclear due in part, to the lack of relevant human cardiomyocyte models. METHODS To shed light on the role of mitochondria in these mechanisms, we investigated cardiomyocytes derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells carrying the heterozygous DESE439K mutation that were either isolated from a patient or generated by gene editing. To increase physiological relevance, cardiomyocytes were either cultured on an anisotropic micropatterned surface to obtain elongated and aligned cardiomyocytes, or as a cardiac spheroid to create a micro-tissue. Moreover, when applicable, results from cardiomyocytes were confirmed with heart biopsies of suddenly died patient of the same family harboring DESE439K mutation, and post-mortem heart samples from five control healthy donors. RESULTS The heterozygous DESE439K mutation leads to dramatic changes in the overall cytoarchitecture of cardiomyocytes, including cell size and morphology. Most importantly, mutant cardiomyocytes display altered mitochondrial architecture, mitochondrial respiratory capacity and metabolic activity reminiscent of defects observed in patient's heart tissue. Finally, to challenge the pathological mechanism, we transferred normal mitochondria inside the mutant cardiomyocytes and demonstrated that this treatment was able to restore mitochondrial and contractile functions of cardiomyocytes. CONCLUSIONS This work highlights the deleterious effects of DESE439K mutation, demonstrates the crucial role of mitochondrial abnormalities in the pathophysiology of desmin-related cardiomyopathy, and opens up new potential therapeutic perspectives for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeranuhi Hovhannisyan
- UMR CNRS 8256, INSERM U1164, Biological Adaptation and Ageing, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), Sorbonne Université, 7, Quai St Bernard (case 256), 75005, Paris, France
| | - Zhenlin Li
- UMR CNRS 8256, INSERM U1164, Biological Adaptation and Ageing, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), Sorbonne Université, 7, Quai St Bernard (case 256), 75005, Paris, France
| | - Domitille Callon
- UMR CNRS 8256, INSERM U1164, Biological Adaptation and Ageing, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), Sorbonne Université, 7, Quai St Bernard (case 256), 75005, Paris, France
- Department of Pathology, Academic Hospital of Reims, Reims, France
| | - Rodolphe Suspène
- Virus and Cellular Stress Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Vivien Batoumeni
- UMR CNRS 8256, INSERM U1164, Biological Adaptation and Ageing, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), Sorbonne Université, 7, Quai St Bernard (case 256), 75005, Paris, France
- Ksilink, Strasbourg, France
| | - Alexis Canette
- Service de Microscopie Électronique (IBPS-SME), Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Jocelyne Blanc
- UMR CNRS 8256, INSERM U1164, Biological Adaptation and Ageing, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), Sorbonne Université, 7, Quai St Bernard (case 256), 75005, Paris, France
| | - Hakim Hocini
- INSERM U955, Equipe 16, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - Cécile Lefebvre
- INSERM U955, Equipe 16, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - Nora El-Jahrani
- INSERM U955, Equipe 16, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - Maria Kitsara
- UMR CNRS 8256, INSERM U1164, Biological Adaptation and Ageing, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), Sorbonne Université, 7, Quai St Bernard (case 256), 75005, Paris, France
| | - Aurore L'honoré
- UMR CNRS 8256, INSERM U1164, Biological Adaptation and Ageing, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), Sorbonne Université, 7, Quai St Bernard (case 256), 75005, Paris, France
| | - Ekaterini Kordeli
- UMR CNRS 8256, INSERM U1164, Biological Adaptation and Ageing, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), Sorbonne Université, 7, Quai St Bernard (case 256), 75005, Paris, France
| | - Paul Fornes
- Department of Pathology, Academic Hospital of Reims, Reims, France
| | - Jean-Paul Concordet
- INSERM U1154, CNRS UMR7196, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Gérard Tachdjian
- Laboratoire de Cytogénétique, Service d'Histologie-Embryologie-Cytogénétique, AP-HP, Hôpital Antoine Béclère, Université Paris Saclay, Clamart, France
| | - Anne-Marie Rodriguez
- UMR CNRS 8256, INSERM U1164, Biological Adaptation and Ageing, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), Sorbonne Université, 7, Quai St Bernard (case 256), 75005, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Vartanian
- Virus and Cellular Stress Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Anthony Béhin
- Reference Center for Muscle Diseases Paris-Est, Myology Institute, AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Karim Wahbi
- Cardiology Department, AP-HP, Cochin Hospital, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Joanne
- UMR CNRS 8256, INSERM U1164, Biological Adaptation and Ageing, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), Sorbonne Université, 7, Quai St Bernard (case 256), 75005, Paris, France.
| | - Onnik Agbulut
- UMR CNRS 8256, INSERM U1164, Biological Adaptation and Ageing, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), Sorbonne Université, 7, Quai St Bernard (case 256), 75005, Paris, France.
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3
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Zhu K, Bao X, Wang Y, Lu T, Zhang L. Human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived cardiomyocyte modelling of cardiovascular diseases for natural compound discovery. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 157:113970. [PMID: 36371854 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of death worldwide. Natural compounds extracted from medicinal plants characterized by diverse biological activities and low toxicity or side effects, are increasingly taking center stage in the search for new drugs. Currently, preclinical evaluation of natural products relies mainly on the use of immortalized cell lines of human origin or animal models. Increasing evidence indicates that cardiomyopathy models based on immortalized cell lines do not recapitulate pathogenic phenotypes accurately and a substantial physiological discrepancy between animals and humans casts doubt on the clinical relevance of animal models for these studies. The newly developed human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) technology in combination with highly-efficient cardiomyocyte differentiation methods provides an ideal tool for modeling human cardiomyopathies in vitro. Screening of drugs, especially screening of natural products, based on these models has been widely used and has shown that evaluation in such models can recapitulate important aspects of the physiological properties of drugs. The purpose of this review is to provide information on the latest developments in this area of research and to help researchers perform screening of natural products using the hiPSC-CM platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyang Zhu
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Public Health, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, PR China
| | - Xiaoming Bao
- Department of Cardiology, Hwa Mei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang, PR China; Department of Global Health, Ningbo Institute of Life and Health Industry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Yingchao Wang
- Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Ting Lu
- Clinical Research Center of The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, PR China.
| | - Ling Zhang
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, PR China.
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4
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Kural Mangit E, Boustanabadimaralan Düz N, Dinçer P. A cytoplasmic escapee: desmin is going nuclear. Turk J Biol 2022; 45:711-719. [PMID: 35068951 PMCID: PMC8733954 DOI: 10.3906/biy-2107-54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been a long time since researchers have focused on the cytoskeletal proteins' unconventional functions in the nucleus. Subcellular localization of a protein not only affects its functions but also determines the accessibility for cellular processes. Desmin is a muscle-specific, cytoplasmic intermediate filament protein, the cytoplasmic roles of which are defined. Yet, there is some evidence pointing out nuclear functions for desmin. In silico and wet lab analysis shows that desmin can enter and function in the nucleus. Furthermore, the candidate nuclear partners of desmin support the notion that desmin can serve as a transcriptional regulator inside the nucleus. Uncovering the nuclear functions and partners of desmin will provide a new insight into the biological significance of desmin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ecem Kural Mangit
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara Turkey.,Laboratory Animals Research and Application Centre, Hacettepe University, Ankara Turkey
| | | | - Pervin Dinçer
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara Turkey
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5
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Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell as a Disease Modeling and Drug Development Platform-A Cardiac Perspective. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123483. [PMID: 34943991 PMCID: PMC8699880 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A comprehensive understanding of the pathophysiology and cellular responses to drugs in human heart disease is limited by species differences between humans and experimental animals. In addition, isolation of human cardiomyocytes (CMs) is complicated because cells obtained by biopsy do not proliferate to provide sufficient numbers of cells for preclinical studies in vitro. Interestingly, the discovery of human-induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) has opened up the possibility of generating and studying heart disease in a culture dish. The combination of reprogramming and genome editing technologies to generate a broad spectrum of human heart diseases in vitro offers a great opportunity to elucidate gene function and mechanisms. However, to exploit the potential applications of hiPSC-derived-CMs for drug testing and studying adult-onset cardiac disease, a full functional characterization of maturation and metabolic traits is required. In this review, we focus on methods to reprogram somatic cells into hiPSC and the solutions for overcome immaturity of the hiPSC-derived-CMs to mimic the structure and physiological properties of the adult human CMs to accurately model disease and test drug safety. Finally, we discuss how to improve the culture, differentiation, and purification of CMs to obtain sufficient numbers of desired types of hiPSC-derived-CMs for disease modeling and drug development platform.
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6
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Vermeer MC, Bolling MC, Bliley JM, Gomez KFA, Pavez-Giani MG, Kramer D, Romero-Herrera PH, Westenbrink BD, Diercks GF, van den Berg MP, Feinberg AW, Silljé HH, van der Meer P. Gain-of-function mutation in ubiquitin-ligase KLHL24 causes desmin degradation and dilatation in hiPSC-derived engineered heart tissues. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:140615. [PMID: 34292882 PMCID: PMC8409593 DOI: 10.1172/jci140615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The start codon c.1A>G mutation in KLHL24, encoding ubiquitin-ligase KLHL24, results in the loss of 28 N-terminal amino acids (KLHL24-ΔN28) by skipping the initial start codon. In skin, KLHL24-ΔN28 leads to gain of function, excessively targeting intermediate filament keratin-14 for proteasomal degradation, ultimately causing epidermolysis bullosa simplex (EBS). The majority of these EBS-patients are also diagnosed with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), but the pathological mechanism in the heart is unknown. As desmin is the cardiac homologue of keratin-14, we hypothesized that KLHL24-ΔN28 leads to excessive degradation of desmin, resulting in DCM. Dynamically loaded engineered heart tissues (dyn-EHTs) were generated from human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived cardiomyocytes from two patients and three (non)familial controls. Ten-fold lower desmin protein levels were observed in patient-derived dyn-EHTs, in line with diminished desmin levels detected in patients' explanted heart. This was accompanied by tissue dilatation, impaired mitochondrial function, decreased force values and increased cardiomyocyte stress. HEK293 transfection studies confirmed KLHL24-mediated desmin degradation. KLHL24 RNA interference or direct desmin overexpression recovered desmin protein levels, restoring morphology and function in patient-derived dyn-EHTs. To conclude, presence of KLHL24-ΔN28 in cardiomyocytes leads to excessive degradation of desmin, affecting tissue morphology and function, that can be prevented by restoring desmin protein levels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria C. Bolling
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline M. Bliley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | | | - Duco Kramer
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Gilles F.H. Diercks
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Adam W. Feinberg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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7
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Orphanou N, Papatheodorou E, Anastasakis A. Dilated cardiomyopathy in the era of precision medicine: latest concepts and developments. Heart Fail Rev 2021; 27:1173-1191. [PMID: 34263412 PMCID: PMC8279384 DOI: 10.1007/s10741-021-10139-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is an umbrella term entailing a wide variety of genetic and non-genetic etiologies, leading to left ventricular systolic dysfunction and dilatation, not explained by abnormal loading conditions or coronary artery disease. The clinical presentation can vary from asymptomatic to heart failure symptoms or sudden cardiac death (SCD) even in previously asymptomatic individuals. In the last 2 decades, there has been striking progress in the understanding of the complex genetic basis of DCM, with the discovery of additional genes and genotype-phenotype correlation studies. Rigorous clinical work-up of DCM patients, meticulous family screening, and the implementation of advanced imaging techniques pave the way for a more efficient and earlier diagnosis as well as more precise indications for implantable cardioverter defibrillator implantation and prevention of SCD. In the era of precision medicine, genotype-directed therapies have started to emerge. In this review, we focus on updates of the genetic background of DCM, characteristic phenotypes caused by recently described pathogenic variants, specific indications for prevention of SCD in those individuals and genotype-directed treatments under development. Finally, the latest developments in distinguishing athletic heart syndrome from subclinical DCM are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoletta Orphanou
- Unit of Inherited and Rare Cardiovascular Diseases, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece. .,Cardiology Department, Athens General Hospital "G. Gennimatas", Athens, Greece.
| | - Efstathios Papatheodorou
- Unit of Inherited and Rare Cardiovascular Diseases, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece
| | - Aris Anastasakis
- Unit of Inherited and Rare Cardiovascular Diseases, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece
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8
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Giri P, Mukhopadhyay A, Gupta M, Mohapatra B. Dilated cardiomyopathy: a new insight into the rare but common cause of heart failure. Heart Fail Rev 2021; 27:431-454. [PMID: 34245424 DOI: 10.1007/s10741-021-10125-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Heart failure is a global health burden responsible for high morbidity and mortality with a prevalence of greater than 60 million individuals worldwide. One of the major causes of heart failure is dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), characterized by associated systolic dysfunction. During the last few decades, there have been remarkable advances in our understanding about the genetics of dilated cardiomyopathy. The genetic causes were initially thought to be associated with mutations in genes encoding proteins that are localized to cytoskeleton and sarcomere only; however, with the advancement in mechanistic understanding, the roles of ion channels, Z-disc, mitochondria, nuclear proteins, cardiac transcription factors (e.g., NKX-2.5, TBX20, GATA4), and the factors involved in calcium homeostasis have also been identified and found to be implicated in both familial and sporadic DCM cases. During past few years, next-generation sequencing (NGS) has been established as a diagnostic tool for genetic analysis and it has added significantly to the existing candidate gene list for DCM. The animal models have also provided novel insights to develop a better treatment strategy based on phenotype-genotype correlation, epigenetic and phenomic profiling. Most of the DCM biomarkers that are used in routine genetic and clinical testing are structural proteins, but during the last few years, the role of mi-RNA has also emerged as a biomarker due to their accessibility through noninvasive methods. Our increasing genetic knowledge can improve the clinical management of DCM by bringing clinicians and geneticists on one platform, thereby influencing the individualized clinical decision making and leading to precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prerna Giri
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Uttar Pradesh, Varanasi-5, India
| | - Amrita Mukhopadhyay
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Uttar Pradesh, Varanasi-5, India
| | - Mohini Gupta
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Uttar Pradesh, Varanasi-5, India
| | - Bhagyalaxmi Mohapatra
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Uttar Pradesh, Varanasi-5, India.
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9
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Gähwiler EKN, Motta SE, Martin M, Nugraha B, Hoerstrup SP, Emmert MY. Human iPSCs and Genome Editing Technologies for Precision Cardiovascular Tissue Engineering. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:639699. [PMID: 34262897 PMCID: PMC8273765 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.639699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) originate from the reprogramming of adult somatic cells using four Yamanaka transcription factors. Since their discovery, the stem cell (SC) field achieved significant milestones and opened several gateways in the area of disease modeling, drug discovery, and regenerative medicine. In parallel, the emergence of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-associated protein 9 (CRISPR-Cas9) revolutionized the field of genome engineering, allowing the generation of genetically modified cell lines and achieving a precise genome recombination or random insertions/deletions, usefully translated for wider applications. Cardiovascular diseases represent a constantly increasing societal concern, with limited understanding of the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms. The ability of iPSCs to differentiate into multiple cell types combined with CRISPR-Cas9 technology could enable the systematic investigation of pathophysiological mechanisms or drug screening for potential therapeutics. Furthermore, these technologies can provide a cellular platform for cardiovascular tissue engineering (TE) approaches by modulating the expression or inhibition of targeted proteins, thereby creating the possibility to engineer new cell lines and/or fine-tune biomimetic scaffolds. This review will focus on the application of iPSCs, CRISPR-Cas9, and a combination thereof to the field of cardiovascular TE. In particular, the clinical translatability of such technologies will be discussed ranging from disease modeling to drug screening and TE applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric K. N. Gähwiler
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine (IREM), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sarah E. Motta
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine (IREM), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Wyss Zurich, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marcy Martin
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
- Vera Moulton Wall Center for Pulmonary Vascular Disease, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Bramasta Nugraha
- Molecular Parasitology Lab, Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Bioscience Cardiovascular, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, R&D BioPharmaceuticals, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Simon P. Hoerstrup
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine (IREM), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Wyss Zurich, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Maximilian Y. Emmert
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine (IREM), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Wyss Zurich, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, German Heart Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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10
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Jiang X, Chen Y, Liu X, Ye L, Yu M, Shen Z, Lei W, Hu S. Uncovering Inherited Cardiomyopathy With Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:672039. [PMID: 34079803 PMCID: PMC8166268 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.672039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past decades, researchers discovered the contribution of genetic defects to the pathogenesis of primary cardiomyopathy and tried to explain the pathogenesis of these diseases by establishing a variety of disease models. Although human heart tissues and primary cardiomyocytes have advantages in modeling human heart diseases, they are difficult to obtain and culture in vitro. Defects developed in genetically modified animal models are notably different from human diseases at the molecular level. The advent of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) provides an unprecedented opportunity to further investigate the pathogenic mechanisms of inherited cardiomyopathies in vitro using patient-specific hiPSC-derived cardiomyocytes. In this review, we will make a summary of recent advances in in vitro inherited cardiomyopathy modeling using hiPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Jiang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of The First Affiliated Hospital & Institute for Cardiovascular Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yihuan Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of The First Affiliated Hospital & Institute for Cardiovascular Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaofeng Liu
- The Affiliated Haian Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Lingqun Ye
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of The First Affiliated Hospital & Institute for Cardiovascular Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Miao Yu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of The First Affiliated Hospital & Institute for Cardiovascular Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhenya Shen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of The First Affiliated Hospital & Institute for Cardiovascular Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Wei Lei
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of The First Affiliated Hospital & Institute for Cardiovascular Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Shijun Hu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of The First Affiliated Hospital & Institute for Cardiovascular Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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11
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Micheu MM, Rosca AM. Patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells as “disease-in-a-dish” models for inherited cardiomyopathies and channelopathies – 15 years of research. World J Stem Cells 2021; 13:281-303. [PMID: 33959219 PMCID: PMC8080539 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v13.i4.281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Among inherited cardiac conditions, a special place is kept by cardiomyopathies (CMPs) and channelopathies (CNPs), which pose a substantial healthcare burden due to the complexity of the therapeutic management and cause early mortality. Like other inherited cardiac conditions, genetic CMPs and CNPs exhibit incomplete penetrance and variable expressivity even within carriers of the same pathogenic deoxyribonucleic acid variant, challenging our understanding of the underlying pathogenic mechanisms. Until recently, the lack of accurate physiological preclinical models hindered the investigation of fundamental cellular and molecular mechanisms. The advent of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology, along with advances in gene editing, offered unprecedented opportunities to explore hereditary CMPs and CNPs. Hallmark features of iPSCs include the ability to differentiate into unlimited numbers of cells from any of the three germ layers, genetic identity with the subject from whom they were derived, and ease of gene editing, all of which were used to generate “disease-in-a-dish” models of monogenic cardiac conditions. Functionally, iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes that faithfully recapitulate the patient-specific phenotype, allowed the study of disease mechanisms in an individual-/allele-specific manner, as well as the customization of therapeutic regimen. This review provides a synopsis of the most important iPSC-based models of CMPs and CNPs and the potential use for modeling disease mechanisms, personalized therapy and deoxyribonucleic acid variant functional annotation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miruna Mihaela Micheu
- Department of Cardiology, Clinical Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, Bucharest 014452, Romania
| | - Ana-Maria Rosca
- Cell and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology "Nicolae Simionescu", Bucharest 050568, Romania
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12
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Skeletal and Cardiac Muscle Disorders Caused by Mutations in Genes Encoding Intermediate Filament Proteins. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22084256. [PMID: 33923914 PMCID: PMC8073371 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Intermediate filaments are major components of the cytoskeleton. Desmin and synemin, cytoplasmic intermediate filament proteins and A-type lamins, nuclear intermediate filament proteins, play key roles in skeletal and cardiac muscle. Desmin, encoded by the DES gene (OMIM *125660) and A-type lamins by the LMNA gene (OMIM *150330), have been involved in striated muscle disorders. Diseases include desmin-related myopathy and cardiomyopathy (desminopathy), which can be manifested with dilated, restrictive, hypertrophic, arrhythmogenic, or even left ventricular non-compaction cardiomyopathy, Emery–Dreifuss Muscular Dystrophy (EDMD2 and EDMD3, due to LMNA mutations), LMNA-related congenital Muscular Dystrophy (L-CMD) and LMNA-linked dilated cardiomyopathy with conduction system defects (CMD1A). Recently, mutations in synemin (SYNM gene, OMIM *606087) have been linked to cardiomyopathy. This review will summarize clinical and molecular aspects of desmin-, lamin- and synemin-related striated muscle disorders with focus on LMNA and DES-associated clinical entities and will suggest pathogenetic hypotheses based on the interplay of desmin and lamin A/C. In healthy muscle, such interplay is responsible for the involvement of this network in mechanosignaling, nuclear positioning and mitochondrial homeostasis, while in disease it is disturbed, leading to myocyte death and activation of inflammation and the associated secretome alterations.
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13
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Genetic Cardiomyopathies: The Lesson Learned from hiPSCs. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10051149. [PMID: 33803477 PMCID: PMC7967174 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10051149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic cardiomyopathies represent a wide spectrum of inherited diseases and constitute an important cause of morbidity and mortality among young people, which can manifest with heart failure, arrhythmias, and/or sudden cardiac death. Multiple underlying genetic variants and molecular pathways have been discovered in recent years; however, assessing the pathogenicity of new variants often needs in-depth characterization in order to ascertain a causal role in the disease. The application of human induced pluripotent stem cells has greatly helped to advance our knowledge in this field and enabled to obtain numerous in vitro patient-specific cellular models useful to study the underlying molecular mechanisms and test new therapeutic strategies. A milestone in the research of genetically determined heart disease was the introduction of genomic technologies that provided unparalleled opportunities to explore the genetic architecture of cardiomyopathies, thanks to the generation of isogenic pairs. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the main research that helped elucidate the pathophysiology of the most common genetic cardiomyopathies: hypertrophic, dilated, arrhythmogenic, and left ventricular noncompaction cardiomyopathies. A special focus is provided on the application of gene-editing techniques in understanding key disease characteristics and on the therapeutic approaches that have been tested.
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14
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Arrhythmia Mechanisms in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2020; 77:300-316. [PMID: 33323698 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Despite major efforts by clinicians and researchers, cardiac arrhythmia remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the world. Experimental work has relied on combining high-throughput strategies with standard molecular and electrophysiological studies, which are, to a great extent, based on the use of animal models. Because this poses major challenges for translation, the progress in the development of novel antiarrhythmic agents and clinical care has been mostly disappointing. Recently, the advent of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes has opened new avenues for both basic cardiac research and drug discovery; now, there is an unlimited source of cardiomyocytes of human origin, both from healthy individuals and patients with cardiac diseases. Understanding arrhythmic mechanisms is one of the main use cases of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes, in addition to pharmacological cardiotoxicity and efficacy testing, in vitro disease modeling, developing patient-specific models and personalized drugs, and regenerative medicine. Here, we review the advances that the human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived-based modeling systems have brought so far regarding the understanding of both arrhythmogenic triggers and substrates, while also briefly speculating about the possibilities in the future.
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15
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Human-induced pluripotent stem cells as models for rare cardiovascular diseases: from evidence-based medicine to precision medicine. Pflugers Arch 2020; 473:1151-1165. [DOI: 10.1007/s00424-020-02486-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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16
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Reza N, Musunuru K, Owens AT. From Hypertrophy to Heart Failure: What Is New in Genetic Cardiomyopathies. Curr Heart Fail Rep 2020; 16:157-167. [PMID: 31243690 DOI: 10.1007/s11897-019-00435-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this review is to provide an update on the recent advances in the research and clinical care of patients with the major phenotypes of inherited cardiomyopathies-hypertrophic, dilated, and arrhythmogenic. Developments in genetics, risk stratification, therapies, and disease modeling will be discussed. RECENT Diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic tools which incorporate genetic and genomic data are being steadily incorporated into the routine clinical care of patients with genetic cardiomyopathies. Human pluripotent stem cells are a breakthrough model system for the study of genetic variation associated with inherited cardiovascular disease. Next-generation sequencing technology and molecular-based diagnostics and therapeutics have emerged as valuable tools to improve the recognition and care of patients with hypertrophic, dilated, and arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathies. Improved adjudication of variant pathogenicity and management of genotype-positive/phenotype-negative individuals are imminent challenges in this realm of precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nosheen Reza
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, and Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Cardiovascular Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Kiran Musunuru
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 11 South Pavilion, Room 11-134, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Anjali Tiku Owens
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, and Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Cardiovascular Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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17
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Pioner JM, Fornaro A, Coppini R, Ceschia N, Sacconi L, Donati MA, Favilli S, Poggesi C, Olivotto I, Ferrantini C. Advances in Stem Cell Modeling of Dystrophin-Associated Disease: Implications for the Wider World of Dilated Cardiomyopathy. Front Physiol 2020; 11:368. [PMID: 32477154 PMCID: PMC7235370 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Familial dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is mostly caused by mutations in genes encoding cytoskeletal and sarcomeric proteins. In the pediatric population, DCM is the predominant type of primitive myocardial disease. A severe form of DCM is associated with mutations in the DMD gene encoding dystrophin, which are the cause of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD). DMD-associated cardiomyopathy is still poorly understood and orphan of a specific therapy. In the last 5 years, a rise of interest in disease models using human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) has led to more than 50 original studies on DCM models. In this review paper, we provide a comprehensive overview on the advances in DMD cardiomyopathy disease modeling and highlight the most remarkable findings obtained from cardiomyocytes differentiated from hiPSCs of DMD patients. We will also describe how hiPSCs based studies have contributed to the identification of specific myocardial disease mechanisms that may be relevant in the pathogenesis of DCM, representing novel potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josè Manuel Pioner
- Division of Physiology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Raffaele Coppini
- Department of NeuroFarBa, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy
| | - Nicole Ceschia
- Cardiomyopathy Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Leonardo Sacconi
- LENS, Università degli Studi di Firenze and National Institute of Optics (INO-CNR), Florence, Italy
| | | | - Silvia Favilli
- Pediatric Cardiology, Meyer Children's Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Corrado Poggesi
- Division of Physiology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy
| | - Iacopo Olivotto
- Cardiomyopathy Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Cecilia Ferrantini
- Division of Physiology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy
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18
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Lee YK, Sala L, Mura M, Rocchetti M, Pedrazzini M, Ran X, Mak TSH, Crotti L, Sham PC, Torre E, Zaza A, Schwartz PJ, Tse HF, Gnecchi M. MTMR4 SNVs modulate ion channel degradation and clinical severity in congenital long QT syndrome: insights in the mechanism of action of protective modifier genes. Cardiovasc Res 2020; 117:767-779. [PMID: 32173736 PMCID: PMC7898949 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvaa019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims In long QT syndrome (LQTS) patients, modifier genes modulate the arrhythmic risk associated with a disease-causing mutation. Their recognition can improve risk stratification and clinical management, but their discovery represents a challenge. We tested whether a cellular-driven approach could help to identify new modifier genes and especially their mechanism of action. Methods and results We generated human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CM) from two patients carrying the same KCNQ1-Y111C mutation, but presenting opposite clinical phenotypes. We showed that the phenotype of the iPSC-CMs derived from the symptomatic patient is due to impaired trafficking and increased degradation of the mutant KCNQ1 and wild-type human ether-a-go-go-related gene. In the iPSC-CMs of the asymptomatic (AS) patient, the activity of an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase (Nedd4L) involved in channel protein degradation was reduced and resulted in a decreased arrhythmogenic substrate. Two single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) on the Myotubularin-related protein 4 (MTMR4) gene, an interactor of Nedd4L, were identified by whole-exome sequencing as potential contributors to decreased Nedd4L activity. Correction of these SNVs by CRISPR/Cas9 unmasked the LQTS phenotype in AS cells. Importantly, the same MTMR4 variants were present in 77% of AS Y111C mutation carriers of a separate cohort. Thus, genetically mediated interference with Nedd4L activation seems associated with protective effects. Conclusion Our finding represents the first demonstration of the cellular mechanism of action of a protective modifier gene in LQTS. It provides new clues for advanced risk stratification and paves the way for the design of new therapies targeting this specific molecular pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yee-Ki Lee
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Hong Kong-Guangdong Joint Laboratory on Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Luca Sala
- Department of Biotechnologies and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy.,Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Center for Cardiac Arrhythmias of Genetic Origin and Laboratory of Cardiovascular Genetics, Milan, Italy
| | - Manuela Mura
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology for Cell and Molecular Therapy, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy.,Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Sciences, Coronary Care Unit and Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Marcella Rocchetti
- Department of Biotechnologies and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - Matteo Pedrazzini
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Center for Cardiac Arrhythmias of Genetic Origin and Laboratory of Cardiovascular Genetics, Milan, Italy
| | - Xinru Ran
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Hong Kong-Guangdong Joint Laboratory on Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Guangzhou, China
| | - Timothy S H Mak
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Lia Crotti
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Center for Cardiac Arrhythmias of Genetic Origin and Laboratory of Cardiovascular Genetics, Milan, Italy.,Department of Cardiovascular, Neural and Metabolic Sciences, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, San Luca Hospital, Milan, Italy.,Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Pak C Sham
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Centre for Genomic Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,State Key Laboratory for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Eleonora Torre
- Department of Biotechnologies and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - Antonio Zaza
- Department of Biotechnologies and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - Peter J Schwartz
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Center for Cardiac Arrhythmias of Genetic Origin and Laboratory of Cardiovascular Genetics, Milan, Italy
| | - Hung-Fat Tse
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Hong Kong-Guangdong Joint Laboratory on Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Guangzhou, China.,Shenzhen Institutes of Research and Innovation, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Massimiliano Gnecchi
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology for Cell and Molecular Therapy, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy.,Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Sciences, Coronary Care Unit and Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Cardiology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Nakao S, Ihara D, Hasegawa K, Kawamura T. Applications for Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells in Disease Modelling and Drug Development for Heart Diseases. Eur Cardiol 2020; 15:1-10. [PMID: 32180835 PMCID: PMC7066852 DOI: 10.15420/ecr.2019.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are derived from reprogrammed somatic cells by the introduction of defined transcription factors. They are characterised by a capacity for self-renewal and pluripotency. Human (h)iPSCs are expected to be used extensively for disease modelling, drug screening and regenerative medicine. Obtaining cardiac tissue from patients with mutations for genetic studies and functional analyses is a highly invasive procedure. In contrast, disease-specific hiPSCs are derived from the somatic cells of patients with specific genetic mutations responsible for disease phenotypes. These disease-specific hiPSCs are a better tool for studies of the pathophysiology and cellular responses to therapeutic agents. This article focuses on the current understanding, limitations and future direction of disease-specific hiPSC-derived cardiomyocytes for further applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Nakao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan.,Global Innovation Research Organization, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan.,Division of Translational Research, Kyoto Medical Center, National Hospital Organization, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Dai Ihara
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan.,Global Innovation Research Organization, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Koji Hasegawa
- Division of Translational Research, Kyoto Medical Center, National Hospital Organization, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Teruhisa Kawamura
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan.,Global Innovation Research Organization, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan.,Division of Translational Research, Kyoto Medical Center, National Hospital Organization, Kyoto, Japan
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20
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Law ML, Cohen H, Martin AA, Angulski ABB, Metzger JM. Dysregulation of Calcium Handling in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy-Associated Dilated Cardiomyopathy: Mechanisms and Experimental Therapeutic Strategies. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9020520. [PMID: 32075145 PMCID: PMC7074327 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9020520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
: Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an X-linked recessive disease resulting in the loss of dystrophin, a key cytoskeletal protein in the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex. Dystrophin connects the extracellular matrix with the cytoskeleton and stabilizes the sarcolemma. Cardiomyopathy is prominent in adolescents and young adults with DMD, manifesting as dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) in the later stages of disease. Sarcolemmal instability, leading to calcium mishandling and overload in the cardiac myocyte, is a key mechanistic contributor to muscle cell death, fibrosis, and diminished cardiac contractile function in DMD patients. Current therapies for DMD cardiomyopathy can slow disease progression, but they do not directly target aberrant calcium handling and calcium overload. Experimental therapeutic targets that address calcium mishandling and overload include membrane stabilization, inhibition of stretch-activated channels, ryanodine receptor stabilization, and augmentation of calcium cycling via modulation of the Serca2a/phospholamban (PLN) complex or cytosolic calcium buffering. This paper addresses what is known about the mechanistic basis of calcium mishandling in DCM, with a focus on DMD cardiomyopathy. Additionally, we discuss currently utilized therapies for DMD cardiomyopathy, and review experimental therapeutic strategies targeting the calcium handling defects in DCM and DMD cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L. Law
- Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, Robbins College of Health and Human Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706, USA;
| | - Houda Cohen
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (H.C.); (A.A.M.); (A.B.B.A.)
| | - Ashley A. Martin
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (H.C.); (A.A.M.); (A.B.B.A.)
| | - Addeli Bez Batti Angulski
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (H.C.); (A.A.M.); (A.B.B.A.)
| | - Joseph M. Metzger
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (H.C.); (A.A.M.); (A.B.B.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-612-625-5902; Fax: +1-612-625-5149
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21
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van den Brink L, Grandela C, Mummery CL, Davis RP. Inherited cardiac diseases, pluripotent stem cells, and genome editing combined-the past, present, and future. Stem Cells 2020; 38:174-186. [PMID: 31664757 PMCID: PMC7027796 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Research on mechanisms underlying monogenic cardiac diseases such as primary arrhythmias and cardiomyopathies has until recently been hampered by inherent limitations of heterologous cell systems, where mutant genes are expressed in noncardiac cells, and physiological differences between humans and experimental animals. Human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) have proven to be a game changer by providing new opportunities for studying the disease in the specific cell type affected, namely the cardiomyocyte. hiPSCs are particularly valuable because not only can they be differentiated into unlimited numbers of these cells, but they also genetically match the individual from whom they were derived. The decade following their discovery showed the potential of hiPSCs for advancing our understanding of cardiovascular diseases, with key pathophysiological features of the patient being reflected in their corresponding hiPSC-derived cardiomyocytes (the past). Now, recent advances in genome editing for repairing or introducing genetic mutations efficiently have enabled the disease etiology and pathogenesis of a particular genotype to be investigated (the present). Finally, we are beginning to witness the promise of hiPSC in personalized therapies for individual patients, as well as their application in identifying genetic variants responsible for or modifying the disease phenotype (the future). In this review, we discuss how hiPSCs could contribute to improving the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of an individual with a suspected genetic cardiac disease, thereby developing better risk stratification and clinical management strategies for these potentially lethal but treatable disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lettine van den Brink
- Department of Anatomy and EmbryologyLeiden University Medical CenterRC LeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Catarina Grandela
- Department of Anatomy and EmbryologyLeiden University Medical CenterRC LeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Christine L. Mummery
- Department of Anatomy and EmbryologyLeiden University Medical CenterRC LeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Richard P. Davis
- Department of Anatomy and EmbryologyLeiden University Medical CenterRC LeidenThe Netherlands
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22
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Pourrier M, Fedida D. The Emergence of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) as a Platform to Model Arrhythmogenic Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21020657. [PMID: 31963859 PMCID: PMC7013748 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a need for improved in vitro models of inherited cardiac diseases to better understand basic cellular and molecular mechanisms and advance drug development. Most of these diseases are associated with arrhythmias, as a result of mutations in ion channel or ion channel-modulatory proteins. Thus far, the electrophysiological phenotype of these mutations has been typically studied using transgenic animal models and heterologous expression systems. Although they have played a major role in advancing the understanding of the pathophysiology of arrhythmogenesis, more physiological and predictive preclinical models are necessary to optimize the treatment strategy for individual patients. Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) have generated much interest as an alternative tool to model arrhythmogenic diseases. They provide a unique opportunity to recapitulate the native-like environment required for mutated proteins to reproduce the human cellular disease phenotype. However, it is also important to recognize the limitations of this technology, specifically their fetal electrophysiological phenotype, which differentiates them from adult human myocytes. In this review, we provide an overview of the major inherited arrhythmogenic cardiac diseases modeled using hiPSC-CMs and for which the cellular disease phenotype has been somewhat characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Pourrier
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada;
- IonsGate Preclinical Services Inc., Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Correspondence:
| | - David Fedida
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada;
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23
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Kussauer S, David R, Lemcke H. hiPSCs Derived Cardiac Cells for Drug and Toxicity Screening and Disease Modeling: What Micro- Electrode-Array Analyses Can Tell Us. Cells 2019; 8:E1331. [PMID: 31661896 PMCID: PMC6912416 DOI: 10.3390/cells8111331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived cardiomyocytes (CM) have been intensively used in drug development and disease modeling. Since iPSC-cardiomyocyte (CM) was first generated, their characterization has become a major focus of research. Multi-/micro-electrode array (MEA) systems provide a non-invasive user-friendly platform for detailed electrophysiological analysis of iPSC cardiomyocytes including drug testing to identify potential targets and the assessment of proarrhythmic risk. Here, we provide a systematical overview about the physiological and technical background of micro-electrode array measurements of iPSC-CM. We introduce the similarities and differences between action- and field potential and the advantages and drawbacks of MEA technology. In addition, we present current studies focusing on proarrhythmic side effects of novel and established compounds combining MEA systems and iPSC-CM. MEA technology will help to open a new gateway for novel therapies in cardiovascular diseases while reducing animal experiments at the same time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Kussauer
- Department Cardiac Surgery, Medical Center, University of Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany.
| | - Robert David
- Department Cardiac Surgery, Medical Center, University of Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany.
| | - Heiko Lemcke
- Department Cardiac Surgery, Medical Center, University of Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany.
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Brodehl A, Ebbinghaus H, Deutsch MA, Gummert J, Gärtner A, Ratnavadivel S, Milting H. Human Induced Pluripotent Stem-Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes as Models for Genetic Cardiomyopathies. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20184381. [PMID: 31489928 PMCID: PMC6770343 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last few decades, many pathogenic or likely pathogenic genetic mutations in over hundred different genes have been described for non-ischemic, genetic cardiomyopathies. However, the functional knowledge about most of these mutations is still limited because the generation of adequate animal models is time-consuming and challenging. Therefore, human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) carrying specific cardiomyopathy-associated mutations are a promising alternative. Since the original discovery that pluripotency can be artificially induced by the expression of different transcription factors, various patient-specific-induced pluripotent stem cell lines have been generated to model non-ischemic, genetic cardiomyopathies in vitro. In this review, we describe the genetic landscape of non-ischemic, genetic cardiomyopathies and give an overview about different human iPSC lines, which have been developed for the disease modeling of inherited cardiomyopathies. We summarize different methods and protocols for the general differentiation of human iPSCs into cardiomyocytes. In addition, we describe methods and technologies to investigate functionally human iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes. Furthermore, we summarize novel genome editing approaches for the genetic manipulation of human iPSCs. This review provides an overview about the genetic landscape of inherited cardiomyopathies with a focus on iPSC technology, which might be of interest for clinicians and basic scientists interested in genetic cardiomyopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Brodehl
- Erich and Hanna Klessmann Institute, Heart and Diabetes Center NRW, University Hospital of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Georgstrasse 11, D-32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany.
| | - Hans Ebbinghaus
- Erich and Hanna Klessmann Institute, Heart and Diabetes Center NRW, University Hospital of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Georgstrasse 11, D-32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany.
| | - Marcus-André Deutsch
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart and Diabetes Center NRW, University Hospital Ruhr-University Bochum, Georgstrasse 11, D-32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany.
| | - Jan Gummert
- Erich and Hanna Klessmann Institute, Heart and Diabetes Center NRW, University Hospital of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Georgstrasse 11, D-32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany.
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart and Diabetes Center NRW, University Hospital Ruhr-University Bochum, Georgstrasse 11, D-32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany.
| | - Anna Gärtner
- Erich and Hanna Klessmann Institute, Heart and Diabetes Center NRW, University Hospital of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Georgstrasse 11, D-32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany.
| | - Sandra Ratnavadivel
- Erich and Hanna Klessmann Institute, Heart and Diabetes Center NRW, University Hospital of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Georgstrasse 11, D-32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany.
| | - Hendrik Milting
- Erich and Hanna Klessmann Institute, Heart and Diabetes Center NRW, University Hospital of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Georgstrasse 11, D-32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany.
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Desmin forms toxic, seeding-competent amyloid aggregates that persist in muscle fibers. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:16835-16840. [PMID: 31371504 PMCID: PMC6708308 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1908263116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein aggregation and the deposition of amyloid is a common feature in neurodegeneration, but can also be seen in degenerative muscle diseases known as myofibrillar myopathies (MFMs). Hallmark pathology in MFM patient muscle is myofibrillar disarray, aggregation of the muscle-specific intermediate filament, desmin, and amyloid. In some cases, a missense mutation in desmin leads to its destabilization and aggregation. The present study demonstrates that similar to neurodegenerative proteins, desmin can form amyloid and template the amyloidogenic conversion of unaggregated desmin protein. This desmin-derived amyloid is toxic to myocytes and persists when introduced into skeletal muscle, in contrast to unaggregated desmin. These data demonstrate that desmin itself can form amyloid and expand the mechanism of proteinopathies to skeletal muscle. Desmin-associated myofibrillar myopathy (MFM) has pathologic similarities to neurodegeneration-associated protein aggregate diseases. Desmin is an abundant muscle-specific intermediate filament, and disease mutations lead to its aggregation in cells, animals, and patients. We reasoned that similar to neurodegeneration-associated proteins, desmin itself may form amyloid. Desmin peptides corresponding to putative amyloidogenic regions formed seeding-competent amyloid fibrils. Amyloid formation was increased when disease-associated mutations were made within the peptide, and this conversion was inhibited by the anti-amyloid compound epigallocatechin-gallate. Moreover, a purified desmin fragment (aa 117 to 348) containing both amyloidogenic regions formed amyloid fibrils under physiologic conditions. Desmin fragment-derived amyloid coaggregated with full-length desmin and was able to template its conversion into fibrils in vitro. Desmin amyloids were cytotoxic to myotubes and disrupted their myofibril organization compared with desmin monomer or other nondesmin amyloids. Finally, desmin fragment amyloid persisted when introduced into mouse skeletal muscle. These data suggest that desmin forms seeding-competent amyloid that is toxic to myofibers. Moreover, small molecules known to interfere with amyloid formation and propagation may have therapeutic potential in MFM.
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Ho PWL, Leung CT, Liu H, Pang SYY, Lam CSC, Xian J, Li L, Kung MHW, Ramsden DB, Ho SL. Age-dependent accumulation of oligomeric SNCA/α-synuclein from impaired degradation in mutant LRRK2 knockin mouse model of Parkinson disease: role for therapeutic activation of chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Autophagy 2019; 16:347-370. [PMID: 30983487 PMCID: PMC6984454 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2019.1603545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson disease (PD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disorder associated with misfolded SNCA/α-synuclein accumulation in brain. Impaired catabolism of SNCA potentiates formation of its toxic oligomers. LRRK2 (leucine-rich repeat kinase-2) mutations predispose to familial and sporadic PD. Mutant LRRK2 perturbs chaperone-mediated-autophagy (CMA) to degrade SNCA. We showed greater age-dependent accumulation of oligomeric SNCA in striatum and cortex of aged LRRK2R1441G knockin (KI) mice, compared to age-matched wildtype (WT) by 53% and 31%, respectively. Lysosomal clustering and accumulation of CMA-specific LAMP2A and HSPA8/HSC70 proteins were observed in aged mutant striatum along with increased GAPDH (CMA substrate) by immunohistochemistry of dorsal striatum and flow cytometry of ventral midbrain cells. Using our new reporter protein clearance assay, mutant mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) expressing either SNCA or CMA recognition ‘KFERQ’-like motif conjugated with photoactivated-PAmCherry showed slower cellular clearance compared to WT by 28% and 34%, respectively. However, such difference was not observed after the ‘KFERQ’-motif was mutated. LRRK2 mutant MEFs exhibited lower lysosomal degradation than WT indicating lysosomal dysfunction. LAMP2A-knockdown reduced total lysosomal activity and clearance of ‘KFERQ’-substrate in WT but not in mutant MEFs, indicating impaired CMA in the latter. A CMA-specific activator, AR7, induced neuronal LAMP2A transcription and lysosomal activity in MEFs. AR7 also attenuated the progressive accumulation of both intracellular and extracellular SNCA oligomers in prolonged cultures of mutant cortical neurons (DIV21), indicating that oligomer accumulation can be suppressed by CMA activation. Activation of autophagic pathways to reduce aged-related accumulation of pathogenic SNCA oligomers is a viable disease-modifying therapeutic strategy for PD. Abbreviations: 3-MA: 3-methyladenine; AR7: 7-chloro-3-(4-methylphenyl)-2H-1,4-benzoxazine; CMA: chaperone-mediated autophagy; CQ: chloroquine; CSF: cerebrospinal fluid; DDM: n-dodecyl β-D-maltoside; DIV: days in vitro; ELISA: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; FACS: fluorescence-activated cell sorting; GAPDH: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; GWAS: genome-wide association studies; HSPA8/HSC70: heat shock protein 8; KFERQ: CMA recognition pentapeptide; KI: knockin; LAMP1: lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1; LAMP2A: lysosomal-associated membrane protein 2A; LDH: lactate dehydrogenase; LRRK2: leucine-rich repeat kinase 2; MEF: mouse embryonic fibroblast; NDUFS4: NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase core subunit S4; NE: novel epitope; PD: Parkinson disease; RARA/RARα: retinoic acid receptor, alpha; SNCA: synuclein, alpha; TUBB3/TUJ1: tubulin, beta 3 class III; WT: wild-type
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Wing-Lok Ho
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital , Hong Kong S.A.R., China
| | - Chi-Ting Leung
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital , Hong Kong S.A.R., China
| | - Huifang Liu
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital , Hong Kong S.A.R., China
| | - Shirley Yin-Yu Pang
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital , Hong Kong S.A.R., China
| | - Colin Siu-Chi Lam
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital , Hong Kong S.A.R., China
| | - Jiawen Xian
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital , Hong Kong S.A.R., China
| | - Lingfei Li
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital , Hong Kong S.A.R., China
| | - Michelle Hiu-Wai Kung
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital , Hong Kong S.A.R., China
| | - David Boyer Ramsden
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Shu-Leong Ho
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital , Hong Kong S.A.R., China
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Psarras S, Beis D, Nikouli S, Tsikitis M, Capetanaki Y. Three in a Box: Understanding Cardiomyocyte, Fibroblast, and Innate Immune Cell Interactions to Orchestrate Cardiac Repair Processes. Front Cardiovasc Med 2019; 6:32. [PMID: 31001541 PMCID: PMC6454035 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2019.00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Following an insult by both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways, complex cellular, and molecular interactions determine a successful recovery or inadequate repair of damaged tissue. The efficiency of this process is particularly important in the heart, an organ characterized by very limited regenerative and repair capacity in higher adult vertebrates. Cardiac insult is characteristically associated with fibrosis and heart failure, as a result of cardiomyocyte death, myocardial degeneration, and adverse remodeling. Recent evidence implies that resident non-cardiomyocytes, fibroblasts but also macrophages -pillars of the innate immunity- form part of the inflammatory response and decisively affect the repair process following a cardiac insult. Multiple studies in model organisms (mouse, zebrafish) of various developmental stages (adult and neonatal) combined with genetically engineered cell plasticity and differentiation intervention protocols -mainly targeting cardiac fibroblasts or progenitor cells-reveal particular roles of resident and recruited innate immune cells and their secretome in the coordination of cardiac repair. The interplay of innate immune cells with cardiac fibroblasts and cardiomyocytes is emerging as a crucial platform to help our understanding and, importantly, to allow the development of effective interventions sufficient to minimize cardiac damage and dysfunction after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stelios Psarras
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitris Beis
- Center of Clinical, Experimental Surgery & Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Sofia Nikouli
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Mary Tsikitis
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Yassemi Capetanaki
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Savoji H, Mohammadi MH, Rafatian N, Toroghi MK, Wang EY, Zhao Y, Korolj A, Ahadian S, Radisic M. Cardiovascular disease models: A game changing paradigm in drug discovery and screening. Biomaterials 2019; 198:3-26. [PMID: 30343824 PMCID: PMC6397087 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide. Although investment in drug discovery and development has been sky-rocketing, the number of approved drugs has been declining. Cardiovascular toxicity due to therapeutic drug use claims the highest incidence and severity of adverse drug reactions in late-stage clinical development. Therefore, to address this issue, new, additional, replacement and combinatorial approaches are needed to fill the gap in effective drug discovery and screening. The motivation for developing accurate, predictive models is twofold: first, to study and discover new treatments for cardiac pathologies which are leading in worldwide morbidity and mortality rates; and second, to screen for adverse drug reactions on the heart, a primary risk in drug development. In addition to in vivo animal models, in vitro and in silico models have been recently proposed to mimic the physiological conditions of heart and vasculature. Here, we describe current in vitro, in vivo, and in silico platforms for modelling healthy and pathological cardiac tissues and their advantages and disadvantages for drug screening and discovery applications. We review the pathophysiology and the underlying pathways of different cardiac diseases, as well as the new tools being developed to facilitate their study. We finally suggest a roadmap for employing these non-animal platforms in assessing drug cardiotoxicity and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houman Savoji
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 170 College St, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G9, Canada; Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, University of Toronto, 200 Elizabeth St, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Mohammad Hossein Mohammadi
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 170 College St, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G9, Canada; Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College St, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E5, Canada; Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, University of Toronto, 200 Elizabeth St, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Naimeh Rafatian
- Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, University of Toronto, 200 Elizabeth St, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Masood Khaksar Toroghi
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College St, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Erika Yan Wang
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 170 College St, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Yimu Zhao
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 170 College St, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G9, Canada; Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College St, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Anastasia Korolj
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 170 College St, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G9, Canada; Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College St, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Samad Ahadian
- Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, University of Toronto, 200 Elizabeth St, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Milica Radisic
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 170 College St, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G9, Canada; Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College St, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E5, Canada; Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, University of Toronto, 200 Elizabeth St, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2C4, Canada.
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29
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van Mil A, Balk GM, Neef K, Buikema JW, Asselbergs FW, Wu SM, Doevendans PA, Sluijter JPG. Modelling inherited cardiac disease using human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes: progress, pitfalls, and potential. Cardiovasc Res 2018; 114:1828-1842. [PMID: 30169602 PMCID: PMC6887927 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvy208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past few years, the use of specific cell types derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has developed into a powerful approach to investigate the cellular pathophysiology of numerous diseases. Despite advances in therapy, heart disease continues to be one of the leading causes of death in the developed world. A major difficulty in unravelling the underlying cellular processes of heart disease is the extremely limited availability of viable human cardiac cells reflecting the pathological phenotype of the disease at various stages. Thus, the development of methods for directed differentiation of iPSCs to cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CMs) has provided an intriguing option for the generation of patient-specific cardiac cells. In this review, a comprehensive overview of the currently published iPSC-CM models for hereditary heart disease is compiled and analysed. Besides the major findings of individual studies, detailed methodological information on iPSC generation, iPSC-CM differentiation, characterization, and maturation is included. Both, current advances in the field and challenges yet to overcome emphasize the potential of using patient-derived cell models to mimic genetic cardiac diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain van Mil
- Division Heart and Lungs, Department of Cardiology, Experimental Cardiology Laboratory, Regenerative Medicine Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Internal Mail No G03.550, GA Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Division Heart and Lungs, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Geerthe Margriet Balk
- Division Heart and Lungs, Department of Cardiology, Experimental Cardiology Laboratory, Regenerative Medicine Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Internal Mail No G03.550, GA Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Division Heart and Lungs, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Klaus Neef
- Division Heart and Lungs, Department of Cardiology, Experimental Cardiology Laboratory, Regenerative Medicine Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Internal Mail No G03.550, GA Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Division Heart and Lungs, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Willem Buikema
- Division Heart and Lungs, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Folkert W Asselbergs
- Division Heart and Lungs, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Faculty of Population Health Sciences, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
- Durrer Center for Cardiovascular Research, Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Farr Institute of Health Informatics Research and Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sean M Wu
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Institute of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Pieter A Doevendans
- Division Heart and Lungs, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Joost P G Sluijter
- Division Heart and Lungs, Department of Cardiology, Experimental Cardiology Laboratory, Regenerative Medicine Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Internal Mail No G03.550, GA Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Division Heart and Lungs, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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30
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Many Cells Make Life Work-Multicellularity in Stem Cell-Based Cardiac Disease Modelling. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113361. [PMID: 30373227 PMCID: PMC6274721 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac disease causes 33% of deaths worldwide but our knowledge of disease progression is still very limited. In vitro models utilising and combining multiple, differentiated cell types have been used to recapitulate the range of myocardial microenvironments in an effort to delineate the mechanical, humoral, and electrical interactions that modulate the cardiac contractile function in health and the pathogenesis of human disease. However, due to limitations in isolating these cell types and changes in their structure and function in vitro, the field is now focused on the development and use of stem cell-derived cell types, most notably, human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived CMs (hiPSC-CMs), in modelling the CM function in health and patient-specific diseases, allowing us to build on the findings from studies using animal and adult human CMs. It is becoming increasingly appreciated that communications between cardiomyocytes (CMs), the contractile cell of the heart, and the non-myocyte components of the heart not only regulate cardiac development and maintenance of health and adult CM functions, including the contractile state, but they also regulate remodelling in diseases, which may cause the chronic impairment of the contractile function of the myocardium, ultimately leading to heart failure. Within the myocardium, each CM is surrounded by an intricate network of cell types including endothelial cells, fibroblasts, vascular smooth muscle cells, sympathetic neurons, and resident macrophages, and the extracellular matrix (ECM), forming complex interactions, and models utilizing hiPSC-derived cell types offer a great opportunity to investigate these interactions further. In this review, we outline the historical and current state of disease modelling, focusing on the major milestones in the development of stem cell-derived cell types, and how this technology has contributed to our knowledge about the interactions between CMs and key non-myocyte components of the heart in health and disease, in particular, heart failure. Understanding where we stand in the field will be critical for stem cell-based applications, including the modelling of diseases that have complex multicellular dysfunctions.
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31
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Eschenhagen T, Carrier L. Cardiomyopathy phenotypes in human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes-a systematic review. Pflugers Arch 2018; 471:755-768. [PMID: 30324321 PMCID: PMC6475632 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-018-2214-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) can be differentiated to cardiomyocytes at high efficiency and are increasingly used to study cardiac disease in a human context. This review evaluated 38 studies on hypertrophic (HCM) and dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) of different genetic causes asking to which extent published data allow the definition of an in vitro HCM/DCM hiPSC-CM phenotype. The data are put in context with the prevailing hypotheses on HCM/DCM dysfunction and pathophysiology. Relatively consistent findings in HCM not reported in DCM were larger cell size (156 ± 85%, n = 15), more nuclear localization of nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT; 175 ± 65%, n = 3), and higher β-myosin heavy chain gene expression levels (500 ± 547%, n = 8) than respective controls. Conversely, DCM lines showed consistently less force development than controls (47 ± 23%, n = 9), while HCM forces scattered without clear trend. Both HCM and DCM lines often showed sarcomere disorganization, higher NPPA/NPPB expression levels, and arrhythmic beating behaviour. The data have to be taken with the caveat that reporting frequencies of the various parameters (e.g. cell size, NFAT expression) differ widely between HCM and DCM lines, in which data scatter is large and that only 9/38 studies used isogenic controls. Taken together, the current data provide interesting suggestions for disease-specific phenotypes in HCM/DCM hiPSC-CM but indicate that the field is still in its early days. Systematic, quantitative comparisons and robust, high content assays are warranted to advance the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Eschenhagen
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany. .,Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Lucie Carrier
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany. .,Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Hamburg, Germany.
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32
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Hoes MF, Bomer N, van der Meer P. Concise Review: The Current State of Human In Vitro Cardiac Disease Modeling: A Focus on Gene Editing and Tissue Engineering. Stem Cells Transl Med 2018; 8:66-74. [PMID: 30302938 PMCID: PMC6312446 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.18-0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Until recently, in vivo and ex vivo experiments were the only means to determine factors and pathways involved in disease pathophysiology. After the generation of characterized human embryonic stem cell lines, human diseases could readily be studied in an extensively controllable setting. The introduction of human‐induced pluripotent stem cells, a decade ago, allowed the investigation of hereditary diseases in vitro. In the field of cardiology, diseases linked to known genes have successfully been studied, revealing novel disease mechanisms. The direct effects of various mutations leading to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, dilated cardiomyopathy, arrythmogenic cardiomyopathy, or left ventricular noncompaction cardiomyopathy are discovered as a result of in vitro disease modeling. Researchers are currently applying more advanced techniques to unravel more complex phenotypes, resulting in state‐of‐the‐art models that better mimic in vivo physiology. The continued improvement of tissue engineering techniques and new insights into epigenetics resulted in more reliable and feasible platforms for disease modeling and the development of novel therapeutic strategies. The introduction of CRISPR‐Cas9 gene editing granted the ability to model diseases in vitro independent of induced pluripotent stem cells. In addition to highlighting recent developments in the field of human in vitro cardiomyopathy modeling, this review also aims to emphasize limitations that remain to be addressed; including residual somatic epigenetic signatures induced pluripotent stem cells, and modeling diseases with unknown genetic causes. Stem Cells Translational Medicine2019;8:66–74
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn F Hoes
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, RB, The Netherlands
| | - Nils Bomer
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, RB, The Netherlands
| | - Peter van der Meer
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, RB, The Netherlands
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33
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Shakeel M, Irfan M, Khan IA. Rare genetic mutations in Pakistani patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. Gene 2018; 673:134-139. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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34
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Minoche AE, Horvat C, Johnson R, Gayevskiy V, Morton SU, Drew AP, Woo K, Statham AL, Lundie B, Bagnall RD, Ingles J, Semsarian C, Seidman JG, Seidman CE, Dinger ME, Cowley MJ, Fatkin D. Response to Brodehl et al. Genet Med 2018; 21:1248-1249. [PMID: 30262924 DOI: 10.1038/s41436-018-0292-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andre E Minoche
- Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Claire Horvat
- Molecular Cardiology and Biophysics Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Renee Johnson
- Molecular Cardiology and Biophysics Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Velimir Gayevskiy
- Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Alexander P Drew
- Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Richard D Bagnall
- Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology, Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jodie Ingles
- Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology, Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Department of Cardiology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Christopher Semsarian
- Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology, Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Department of Cardiology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - J G Seidman
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christine E Seidman
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marcel E Dinger
- Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Genome.One, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,St Vincent's Hospital Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mark J Cowley
- Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,St Vincent's Hospital Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Diane Fatkin
- Molecular Cardiology and Biophysics Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia. .,St Vincent's Hospital Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia. .,Cardiology Department, St. Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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35
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Abou-Saleh H, Zouein FA, El-Yazbi A, Sanoudou D, Raynaud C, Rao C, Pintus G, Dehaini H, Eid AH. The march of pluripotent stem cells in cardiovascular regenerative medicine. Stem Cell Res Ther 2018; 9:201. [PMID: 30053890 PMCID: PMC6062943 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-018-0947-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) continues to be the leading cause of global morbidity and mortality. Heart failure remains a major contributor to this mortality. Despite major therapeutic advances over the past decades, a better understanding of molecular and cellular mechanisms of CVD as well as improved therapeutic strategies for the management or treatment of heart failure are increasingly needed. Loss of myocardium is a major driver of heart failure. An attractive approach that appears to provide promising results in reducing cardiac degeneration is stem cell therapy (SCT). In this review, we describe different types of stem cells, including embryonic and adult stem cells, and we provide a detailed discussion of the properties of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). We also present and critically discuss the key methods used for converting somatic cells to pluripotent cells and iPSCs to cardiomyocytes (CMs), along with their advantages and limitations. Integrating and non-integrating reprogramming methods as well as characterization of iPSCs and iPSC-derived CMs are discussed. Furthermore, we critically present various methods of differentiating iPSCs to CMs. The value of iPSC-CMs in regenerative medicine as well as myocardial disease modeling and cardiac regeneration are emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haissam Abou-Saleh
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Fouad A. Zouein
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ahmed El-Yazbi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Despina Sanoudou
- Clinical Genomics and Pharmacogenomics Unit, 4th Department of Internal Medicine, “Attikon” Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Christopher Rao
- Department of Surgery, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woolwich, London, UK
| | - Gianfranco Pintus
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Hassan Dehaini
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ali H. Eid
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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36
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Wu KH, Wang SY, Xiao QR, Yang Y, Huang NP, Mo XM, Sun J. Efficient generation of functional cardiomyocytes from human umbilical cord-derived virus-free induced pluripotent stem cells. Cell Tissue Res 2018; 374:275-283. [PMID: 29961217 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-018-2875-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (UC-MSCs) can differentiate into cardiomyocyte-like cells. However, no contracting cells were observed during differentiation. In this study, we generated induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from UC-MSCs using mRNA reprogramming and focused on the differentiation of reprogrammed iPSCs into functional cardiomyocytes. For cardiac differentiation, the spontaneously contracting cell clusters were present on day 8 of differentiation. Immunostaining studies and cardiac-specific gene expression confirmed the cardiomyocyte phenotype of the differentiated cells. Electrophysiology studies indicated that iPSCs derived from UC-MSCs had a capacity for differentiation into nodal-, atrial-, and ventricular-like phenotypes based on action potential characteristics, and the derived cardiomyocytes exhibited responsiveness to β-adrenergic and muscarinic stimulations. Moreover, the derived cardiomyocytes displayed spontaneous intracellular Ca2+ transients. These results demonstrate that functional cardiomyocytes can be generated from reprogrammed UC-MSCs, and the methodology described here will serve as a useful protocol to obtain functional cardiomyocytes from human mesenchymal stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Hong Wu
- Cardiovascular Center, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 72 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210008, People's Republic of China.
| | - Su Yun Wang
- Cardiovascular Center, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 72 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210008, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Ru Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Yang
- Cardiovascular Center, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 72 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210008, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Ping Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Ming Mo
- Cardiovascular Center, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 72 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210008, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Sun
- Cardiovascular Center, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 72 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210008, People's Republic of China
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Christidi E, Huang HM, Brunham LR. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing in human stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes: Applications for cardiovascular disease modelling and cardiotoxicity screening. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2018; 28:13-21. [PMID: 30205876 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are leading causes of death worldwide, and drug-induced cardiotoxicity is among the most common cause of drug withdrawal from the market. Improved models of cardiac tissue are needed to study the mechanisms of CVDs and drug-induced cardiotoxicity. Human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hPSC-CM) have provided a major advance to our ability to study these conditions. Combined with efficient genome editing technologies, such as CRISPR/Cas9, we now have the ability to study with greater resolution the genetic causes and underlying mechanisms of inherited and drug-induced cardiotoxicity, and to investigate new treatments. Here, we review recent advances in the use of hPSC-CMs and CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing to study cardiotoxicity and model CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Effimia Christidi
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Haojun Margaret Huang
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Liam R Brunham
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Translational Laboratory in Genetic Medicine, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore; Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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38
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Brodehl A, Gaertner-Rommel A, Milting H. Molecular insights into cardiomyopathies associated with desmin (DES) mutations. Biophys Rev 2018; 10:983-1006. [PMID: 29926427 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-018-0429-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing usage of next-generation sequencing techniques pushed during the last decade cardiogenetic diagnostics leading to the identification of a huge number of genetic variants in about 170 genes associated with cardiomyopathies, channelopathies, or syndromes with cardiac involvement. Because of the biochemical and cellular complexity, it is challenging to understand the clinical meaning or even the relevant pathomechanisms of the majority of genetic sequence variants. However, detailed knowledge about the associated molecular pathomechanism is essential for the development of efficient therapeutic strategies in future and genetic counseling. Mutations in DES, encoding the muscle-specific intermediate filament protein desmin, have been identified in different kinds of cardiac and skeletal myopathies. Here, we review the functions of desmin in health and disease with a focus on cardiomyopathies. In addition, we will summarize the genetic and clinical literature about DES mutations and will explain relevant cell and animal models. Moreover, we discuss upcoming perspectives and consequences of novel experimental approaches like genome editing technology, which might open a novel research field contributing to the development of efficient and mutation-specific treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Brodehl
- Erich and Hanna Klessmann Institute for Cardiovascular Research & Development, Heart and Diabetes Centre NRW, Ruhr-University Bochum, Georgstrasse 11, 32545, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany.
| | - Anna Gaertner-Rommel
- Erich and Hanna Klessmann Institute for Cardiovascular Research & Development, Heart and Diabetes Centre NRW, Ruhr-University Bochum, Georgstrasse 11, 32545, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Hendrik Milting
- Erich and Hanna Klessmann Institute for Cardiovascular Research & Development, Heart and Diabetes Centre NRW, Ruhr-University Bochum, Georgstrasse 11, 32545, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany.
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39
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Gélinas R, El Khoury N, Chaix MA, Beauchamp C, Alikashani A, Ethier N, Boucher G, Villeneuve L, Robb L, Latour F, Mondesert B, Rivard L, Goyette P, Talajic M, Fiset C, Rioux JD. Characterization of a Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocyte Model for the Study of Variant Pathogenicity: Validation of a KCNJ2 Mutation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 10:CIRCGENETICS.117.001755. [PMID: 29021306 DOI: 10.1161/circgenetics.117.001755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-QT syndrome is a potentially fatal condition for which 30% of patients are without a genetically confirmed diagnosis. Rapid identification of causal mutations is thus a priority to avoid at-risk situations that can lead to fatal cardiac events. Massively parallel sequencing technologies are useful for the identification of sequence variants; however, electrophysiological testing of newly identified variants is crucial to demonstrate causality. Long-QT syndrome could, therefore, benefit from having a standardized platform for functional characterization of candidate variants in the physiological context of human cardiomyocytes. METHODS AND RESULTS Using a variant in Kir2.1 (Gly52Val) revealed by whole-exome sequencing in a patient presenting with symptoms of long-QT syndrome as a proof of principle, we demonstrated that commercially available human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes are a powerful model for screening variants involved in genetic cardiac diseases. Immunohistochemistry experiments and whole-cell current recordings in human embryonic kidney cells expressing the wild-type or the mutant Kir2.1 demonstrated that Kir2.1-52V alters channel cellular trafficking and fails to form a functional channel. Using human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes, we not only confirmed these results but also further demonstrated that Kir2.1-52V is associated with a dramatic prolongation of action potential duration with evidence of arrhythmic activity, parameters which could not have been studied using human embryonic kidney cells. CONCLUSIONS Our study confirms the pathogenicity of Kir2.1-52V in 1 patient with long-QT syndrome and also supports the use of isogenic human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes as a physiologically relevant model for the screening of variants of unknown function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roselle Gélinas
- From the Research Center (R.G., N.E.K., M.-A.C., C.B., A.A., N.E., G.B., L.V., L.R., F.L., B.M., L.R., P.G., M.T., C.F., J.D.R.) and Cardiovascular Genetics Center (L. Robb, L. Rivard, M.T.), Montreal Heart Institute, Quebec, Canada; and Department of Medicine (R.G., M.-A.C., B.M., L.R., M.T., J.D.R.) and Faculty of Pharmacy (N.E.K., C.F.), Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nabil El Khoury
- From the Research Center (R.G., N.E.K., M.-A.C., C.B., A.A., N.E., G.B., L.V., L.R., F.L., B.M., L.R., P.G., M.T., C.F., J.D.R.) and Cardiovascular Genetics Center (L. Robb, L. Rivard, M.T.), Montreal Heart Institute, Quebec, Canada; and Department of Medicine (R.G., M.-A.C., B.M., L.R., M.T., J.D.R.) and Faculty of Pharmacy (N.E.K., C.F.), Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marie-A Chaix
- From the Research Center (R.G., N.E.K., M.-A.C., C.B., A.A., N.E., G.B., L.V., L.R., F.L., B.M., L.R., P.G., M.T., C.F., J.D.R.) and Cardiovascular Genetics Center (L. Robb, L. Rivard, M.T.), Montreal Heart Institute, Quebec, Canada; and Department of Medicine (R.G., M.-A.C., B.M., L.R., M.T., J.D.R.) and Faculty of Pharmacy (N.E.K., C.F.), Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Claudine Beauchamp
- From the Research Center (R.G., N.E.K., M.-A.C., C.B., A.A., N.E., G.B., L.V., L.R., F.L., B.M., L.R., P.G., M.T., C.F., J.D.R.) and Cardiovascular Genetics Center (L. Robb, L. Rivard, M.T.), Montreal Heart Institute, Quebec, Canada; and Department of Medicine (R.G., M.-A.C., B.M., L.R., M.T., J.D.R.) and Faculty of Pharmacy (N.E.K., C.F.), Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Azadeh Alikashani
- From the Research Center (R.G., N.E.K., M.-A.C., C.B., A.A., N.E., G.B., L.V., L.R., F.L., B.M., L.R., P.G., M.T., C.F., J.D.R.) and Cardiovascular Genetics Center (L. Robb, L. Rivard, M.T.), Montreal Heart Institute, Quebec, Canada; and Department of Medicine (R.G., M.-A.C., B.M., L.R., M.T., J.D.R.) and Faculty of Pharmacy (N.E.K., C.F.), Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nathalie Ethier
- From the Research Center (R.G., N.E.K., M.-A.C., C.B., A.A., N.E., G.B., L.V., L.R., F.L., B.M., L.R., P.G., M.T., C.F., J.D.R.) and Cardiovascular Genetics Center (L. Robb, L. Rivard, M.T.), Montreal Heart Institute, Quebec, Canada; and Department of Medicine (R.G., M.-A.C., B.M., L.R., M.T., J.D.R.) and Faculty of Pharmacy (N.E.K., C.F.), Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Gabrielle Boucher
- From the Research Center (R.G., N.E.K., M.-A.C., C.B., A.A., N.E., G.B., L.V., L.R., F.L., B.M., L.R., P.G., M.T., C.F., J.D.R.) and Cardiovascular Genetics Center (L. Robb, L. Rivard, M.T.), Montreal Heart Institute, Quebec, Canada; and Department of Medicine (R.G., M.-A.C., B.M., L.R., M.T., J.D.R.) and Faculty of Pharmacy (N.E.K., C.F.), Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Louis Villeneuve
- From the Research Center (R.G., N.E.K., M.-A.C., C.B., A.A., N.E., G.B., L.V., L.R., F.L., B.M., L.R., P.G., M.T., C.F., J.D.R.) and Cardiovascular Genetics Center (L. Robb, L. Rivard, M.T.), Montreal Heart Institute, Quebec, Canada; and Department of Medicine (R.G., M.-A.C., B.M., L.R., M.T., J.D.R.) and Faculty of Pharmacy (N.E.K., C.F.), Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Laura Robb
- From the Research Center (R.G., N.E.K., M.-A.C., C.B., A.A., N.E., G.B., L.V., L.R., F.L., B.M., L.R., P.G., M.T., C.F., J.D.R.) and Cardiovascular Genetics Center (L. Robb, L. Rivard, M.T.), Montreal Heart Institute, Quebec, Canada; and Department of Medicine (R.G., M.-A.C., B.M., L.R., M.T., J.D.R.) and Faculty of Pharmacy (N.E.K., C.F.), Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Frédéric Latour
- From the Research Center (R.G., N.E.K., M.-A.C., C.B., A.A., N.E., G.B., L.V., L.R., F.L., B.M., L.R., P.G., M.T., C.F., J.D.R.) and Cardiovascular Genetics Center (L. Robb, L. Rivard, M.T.), Montreal Heart Institute, Quebec, Canada; and Department of Medicine (R.G., M.-A.C., B.M., L.R., M.T., J.D.R.) and Faculty of Pharmacy (N.E.K., C.F.), Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Blandine Mondesert
- From the Research Center (R.G., N.E.K., M.-A.C., C.B., A.A., N.E., G.B., L.V., L.R., F.L., B.M., L.R., P.G., M.T., C.F., J.D.R.) and Cardiovascular Genetics Center (L. Robb, L. Rivard, M.T.), Montreal Heart Institute, Quebec, Canada; and Department of Medicine (R.G., M.-A.C., B.M., L.R., M.T., J.D.R.) and Faculty of Pharmacy (N.E.K., C.F.), Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Lena Rivard
- From the Research Center (R.G., N.E.K., M.-A.C., C.B., A.A., N.E., G.B., L.V., L.R., F.L., B.M., L.R., P.G., M.T., C.F., J.D.R.) and Cardiovascular Genetics Center (L. Robb, L. Rivard, M.T.), Montreal Heart Institute, Quebec, Canada; and Department of Medicine (R.G., M.-A.C., B.M., L.R., M.T., J.D.R.) and Faculty of Pharmacy (N.E.K., C.F.), Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Philippe Goyette
- From the Research Center (R.G., N.E.K., M.-A.C., C.B., A.A., N.E., G.B., L.V., L.R., F.L., B.M., L.R., P.G., M.T., C.F., J.D.R.) and Cardiovascular Genetics Center (L. Robb, L. Rivard, M.T.), Montreal Heart Institute, Quebec, Canada; and Department of Medicine (R.G., M.-A.C., B.M., L.R., M.T., J.D.R.) and Faculty of Pharmacy (N.E.K., C.F.), Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mario Talajic
- From the Research Center (R.G., N.E.K., M.-A.C., C.B., A.A., N.E., G.B., L.V., L.R., F.L., B.M., L.R., P.G., M.T., C.F., J.D.R.) and Cardiovascular Genetics Center (L. Robb, L. Rivard, M.T.), Montreal Heart Institute, Quebec, Canada; and Department of Medicine (R.G., M.-A.C., B.M., L.R., M.T., J.D.R.) and Faculty of Pharmacy (N.E.K., C.F.), Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Céline Fiset
- From the Research Center (R.G., N.E.K., M.-A.C., C.B., A.A., N.E., G.B., L.V., L.R., F.L., B.M., L.R., P.G., M.T., C.F., J.D.R.) and Cardiovascular Genetics Center (L. Robb, L. Rivard, M.T.), Montreal Heart Institute, Quebec, Canada; and Department of Medicine (R.G., M.-A.C., B.M., L.R., M.T., J.D.R.) and Faculty of Pharmacy (N.E.K., C.F.), Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - John David Rioux
- From the Research Center (R.G., N.E.K., M.-A.C., C.B., A.A., N.E., G.B., L.V., L.R., F.L., B.M., L.R., P.G., M.T., C.F., J.D.R.) and Cardiovascular Genetics Center (L. Robb, L. Rivard, M.T.), Montreal Heart Institute, Quebec, Canada; and Department of Medicine (R.G., M.-A.C., B.M., L.R., M.T., J.D.R.) and Faculty of Pharmacy (N.E.K., C.F.), Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada.
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Ye L, Ni X, Zhao ZA, Lei W, Hu S. The Application of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells in Cardiac Disease Modeling and Drug Testing. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2018; 11:366-374. [PMID: 29845439 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-018-9811-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In recent decades, cardiovascular diseases have become the greatest health threat to human beings, and thus it is particularly important to explore the subtle underlying pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. Although many molecular pathways have been explored to be essential in the development of cardiovascular diseases, their clinical significances are still uncertain. With the emergence of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), a unique platform for cardiovascular diseases has been established to model cardiovascular diseases on specific genetic background in vitro. This review summarizes current progresses of iPSCs in cardiovascular disease modeling and drug testing. This review highlighted iPSC-based cardiovascular disease modeling and drug testing. The technical advances in iPSC-based researches and various clinically relevant applications are discussed. With further intensive research, iPSC technology will shape the future of clinical translational research in cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingqun Ye
- Institute for Cardiovascular Science & Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Xuan Ni
- Institute for Cardiovascular Science & Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Zhen-Ao Zhao
- Institute for Cardiovascular Science & Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China.,Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Biomedical Materials of Jiangsu Province and Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, 215000, Suzhou, China
| | - Wei Lei
- Institute for Cardiovascular Science & Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China.,Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Biomedical Materials of Jiangsu Province and Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, 215000, Suzhou, China
| | - Shijun Hu
- Institute for Cardiovascular Science & Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China. .,Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Biomedical Materials of Jiangsu Province and Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, 215000, Suzhou, China.
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41
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Brandão KO, Tabel VA, Atsma DE, Mummery CL, Davis RP. Human pluripotent stem cell models of cardiac disease: from mechanisms to therapies. Dis Model Mech 2018; 10:1039-1059. [PMID: 28883014 PMCID: PMC5611968 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.030320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
It is now a decade since human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) were first described. The reprogramming of adult somatic cells to a pluripotent state has become a robust technology that has revolutionised our ability to study human diseases. Crucially, these cells capture all the genetic aspects of the patient from which they were derived. Combined with advances in generating the different cell types present in the human heart, this has opened up new avenues to study cardiac disease in humans and investigate novel therapeutic approaches to treat these pathologies. Here, we provide an overview of the current state of the field regarding the generation of cardiomyocytes from human pluripotent stem cells and methods to assess them functionally, an essential requirement when investigating disease and therapeutic outcomes. We critically evaluate whether treatments suggested by these in vitro models could be translated to clinical practice. Finally, we consider current shortcomings of these models and propose methods by which they could be further improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina O Brandão
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Viola A Tabel
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Douwe E Atsma
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Christine L Mummery
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Richard P Davis
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
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Musunuru K, Sheikh F, Gupta RM, Houser SR, Maher KO, Milan DJ, Terzic A, Wu JC. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells for Cardiovascular Disease Modeling and Precision Medicine: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. CIRCULATION. GENOMIC AND PRECISION MEDICINE 2018; 11:e000043. [PMID: 29874173 PMCID: PMC6708586 DOI: 10.1161/hcg.0000000000000043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) offer an unprece-dented opportunity to study human physiology and disease at the cellular level. They also have the potential to be leveraged in the practice of precision medicine, for example, personalized drug testing. This statement comprehensively describes the provenance of iPSC lines, their use for cardiovascular disease modeling, their use for precision medicine, and strategies through which to promote their wider use for biomedical applications. Human iPSCs exhibit properties that render them uniquely qualified as model systems for studying human diseases: they are of human origin, which means they carry human genomes; they are pluripotent, which means that in principle, they can be differentiated into any of the human body's somatic cell types; and they are stem cells, which means they can be expanded from a single cell into millions or even billions of cell progeny. iPSCs offer the opportunity to study cells that are genetically matched to individual patients, and genome-editing tools allow introduction or correction of genetic variants. Initial progress has been made in using iPSCs to better understand cardiomyopathies, rhythm disorders, valvular and vascular disorders, and metabolic risk factors for ischemic heart disease. This promising work is still in its infancy. Similarly, iPSCs are only just starting to be used to identify the optimal medications to be used in patients from whom the cells were derived. This statement is intended to (1) summarize the state of the science with respect to the use of iPSCs for modeling of cardiovascular traits and disorders and for therapeutic screening; (2) identify opportunities and challenges in the use of iPSCs for disease modeling and precision medicine; and (3) outline strategies that will facilitate the use of iPSCs for biomedical applications. This statement is not intended to address the use of stem cells as regenerative therapy, such as transplantation into the body to treat ischemic heart disease or heart failure.
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Lu J, Lee YK, Ran X, Lai WH, Li RA, Keung W, Tse K, Tse HF, Yao X. An abnormal TRPV4-related cytosolic Ca2+ rise in response to uniaxial stretch in induced pluripotent stem cells-derived cardiomyocytes from dilated cardiomyopathy patients. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1863:2964-2972. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Giacomelli E, Mummery CL, Bellin M. Human heart disease: lessons from human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:3711-3739. [PMID: 28573431 PMCID: PMC5597692 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2546-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Technical advances in generating and phenotyping cardiomyocytes from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC-CMs) are now driving their wider acceptance as in vitro models to understand human heart disease and discover therapeutic targets that may lead to new compounds for clinical use. Current literature clearly shows that hPSC-CMs recapitulate many molecular, cellular, and functional aspects of human heart pathophysiology and their responses to cardioactive drugs. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of hPSC-CMs models that have been described to date and highlight their most recent and remarkable contributions to research on cardiovascular diseases and disorders with cardiac traits. We conclude discussing immediate challenges, limitations, and emerging solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Giacomelli
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - C L Mummery
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Applied Stem Cell Technologies, University of Twente, Building Zuidhorst, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - M Bellin
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Çağlayan AO, Sezer RG, Kaymakçalan H, Ulgen E, Yavuz T, Baranoski JF, Bozaykut A, Harmanci AS, Yalcin Y, Youngblood MW, Yasuno K, Bilgüvar K, Gunel M. ALPK3 gene mutation in a patient with congenital cardiomyopathy and dysmorphic features. Cold Spring Harb Mol Case Stud 2017. [PMID: 28630369 PMCID: PMC5593152 DOI: 10.1101/mcs.a001859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary cardiomyopathy is one of the most common inherited cardiac diseases and harbors significant phenotypic and genetic heterogeneity. Because of this, genetic testing has become standard in treatment of this disease group. Indeed, in recent years, next-generation DNA sequencing has found broad applications in medicine, both as a routine diagnostic tool for genetic disorders and as a high-throughput discovery tool for identifying novel disease-causing genes. We describe a male infant with primary dilated cardiomyopathy who was diagnosed using intrauterine echocardiography and found to progress to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy after birth. This proband was born to a nonconsanguineous family with a past history of a male fetus that died because of cardiac abnormalities at 30 wk of gestation. Using whole-exome sequencing, a novel homozygous frameshift mutation (c.2018delC; p.Gln675SerfsX30) in ALPK3 was identified and confirmed with Sanger sequencing. Heterozygous family members were normal with echocardiographic examination. To date, only two studies have reported homozygous pathogenic variants of ALPK3, with a total of seven affected individuals with cardiomyopathy from four unrelated consanguineous families. We include a discussion of the patient's phenotypic features and a review of relevant literature findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Okay Çağlayan
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Istanbul Bilim University, Istanbul 34394, Turkey.,Departments of Neurosurgery, Neurobiology and Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
| | - Rabia Gonul Sezer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Health Sciences, Zeynep Kamil Maternity and Childrens' Diseases Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul 34668, Turkey
| | - Hande Kaymakçalan
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Istanbul Bilim University, Istanbul 34394, Turkey
| | - Ege Ulgen
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Neurobiology and Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
| | - Taner Yavuz
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Zeynep Kamil Maternity and Childrens' Diseases Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul 34668, Turkey
| | - Jacob F Baranoski
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Neurobiology and Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
| | - Abdulkadir Bozaykut
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Health Sciences, Zeynep Kamil Maternity and Childrens' Diseases Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul 34668, Turkey
| | - Akdes Serin Harmanci
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Neurobiology and Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
| | - Yalim Yalcin
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Istanbul Bilim University, Istanbul 34394, Turkey
| | - Mark W Youngblood
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Neurobiology and Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
| | - Katsuhito Yasuno
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Neurobiology and Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
| | - Kaya Bilgüvar
- Department of Genetics, Yale Center for Genome Analysis, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
| | - Murat Gunel
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Neurobiology and Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
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Ross SB, Fraser ST, Semsarian C. Induced pluripotent stem cell technology and inherited arrhythmia syndromes. Heart Rhythm 2017; 15:137-144. [PMID: 28823602 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2017.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Inherited arrhythmia syndromes, including familial long QT syndrome, catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, and Brugada syndrome, can cause life-threatening arrhythmias and are responsible for a significant proportion of sudden deaths in the young. Identification of genetic mutations and pathophysiological changes that underlie disease development can inform clinical practice and guide novel drug development. However, disease mechanisms in a large number of patients remain elusive and pharmacologic treatment is suboptimal, so many patients rely on implantable cardioverter-defibrillator therapy. Induced pluripotent stem cell models of disease facilitate analysis of disease mechanisms in patient-specific cardiomyocytes, overcoming limitations of animal models and human tissue restrictions. This review outlines how studies using induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes are contributing to our understanding of the mechanisms that underpin disease pathogenesis and their potential to facilitate new pharmacologic therapies and personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Barratt Ross
- Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology, Centenary Institute, Newtown, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Stuart T Fraser
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Christopher Semsarian
- Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology, Centenary Institute, Newtown, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Department of Cardiology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia.
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Lee YK, Lau YM, Cai ZJ, Lai WH, Wong LY, Tse HF, Ng KM, Siu CW. Modeling Treatment Response for Lamin A/C Related Dilated Cardiomyopathy in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. J Am Heart Assoc 2017; 6:e005677. [PMID: 28754655 PMCID: PMC5586427 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.117.005677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Precision medicine is an emerging approach to disease treatment and prevention that takes into account individual variability in the environment, lifestyle, and genetic makeup of patients. Patient-specific human induced pluripotent stem cells hold promise to transform precision medicine into real-life clinical practice. Lamin A/C (LMNA)-related cardiomyopathy is the most common inherited cardiomyopathy in which a substantial proportion of mutations in the LMNA gene are of nonsense mutation. PTC124 induces translational read-through over the premature stop codon and restores production of the full-length proteins from the affected genes. In this study we generated human induced pluripotent stem cells-derived cardiomyocytes from patients who harbored different LMNA mutations (nonsense and frameshift) to evaluate the potential therapeutic effects of PTC124 in LMNA-related cardiomyopathy. METHODS AND RESULTS We generated human induced pluripotent stem cells lines from 3 patients who carried distinctive mutations (R225X, Q354X, and T518fs) in the LMNA gene. The cardiomyocytes derived from these human induced pluripotent stem cells lines reproduced the pathophysiological hallmarks of LMNA-related cardiomyopathy. Interestingly, PTC124 treatment increased the production of full-length LMNA proteins in only the R225X mutant, not in other mutations. Functional evaluation experiments on the R225X mutant further demonstrated that PTC124 treatment not only reduced nuclear blebbing and electrical stress-induced apoptosis but also improved the excitation-contraction coupling of the affected cardiomyocytes. CONCLUSIONS Using cardiomyocytes derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells carrying different LMNA mutations, we demonstrated that the effect of PTC124 is codon selective. A premature stop codon UGA appeared to be most responsive to PTC124 treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yee-Ki Lee
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yee-Man Lau
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zhu-Jun Cai
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wing-Hon Lai
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Lai-Yung Wong
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hung-Fat Tse
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kwong-Man Ng
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chung-Wah Siu
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Yoshida
- From the Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Japan (Y.Y., S.Y.); and Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA (S.Y.)
| | - Shinya Yamanaka
- From the Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Japan (Y.Y., S.Y.); and Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA (S.Y.)
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Sayed N, Liu C, Wu JC. Translation of Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells: From Clinical Trial in a Dish to Precision Medicine. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017; 67:2161-2176. [PMID: 27151349 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2016.01.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The prospect of changing the plasticity of terminally differentiated cells toward pluripotency has completely altered the outlook for biomedical research. Human-induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) provide a new source of therapeutic cells free from the ethical issues or immune barriers of human embryonic stem cells. iPSCs also confer considerable advantages over conventional methods of studying human diseases. Since its advent, iPSC technology has expanded with 3 major applications: disease modeling, regenerative therapy, and drug discovery. Here we discuss, in a comprehensive manner, the recent advances in iPSC technology in relation to basic, clinical, and population health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazish Sayed
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.
| | - Chun Liu
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Joseph C Wu
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.
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Buikema JW, Wu SM. Untangling the Biology of Genetic Cardiomyopathies with Pluripotent Stem Cell Disease Models. Curr Cardiol Rep 2017; 19:30. [DOI: 10.1007/s11886-017-0842-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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