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Hameed SS, Bodi NE, Miller RC, Sharma TP. Neuritin 1 Drives Therapeutic Preservation of Retinal Ganglion Cells in an Ex Vivo Human Glaucoma Model. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2024. [PMID: 38995841 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2024.0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Glaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness. Glaucomatous intraocular pressure (IOP) triggers deleterious effects, including gliosis, optic nerve (ON) axonal retraction, neurotrophic factor deprivation, inflammation, and other pathological events, leading to retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss. Trophic factor impairment enhances RGC apoptosis susceptibility. Neuritin 1 (NRN1), a neurotrophic protein downstream of various neurotrophins, exhibited RGC protection and regeneration in axotomy models. We evaluated human recombinant NRN1's impact on human RGCs cultured in pressurized conditions within the ex vivo translaminar autonomous system to simulate glaucoma pathogenesis. Methods: Human glaucomatous and non-glaucomatous donor eyes were obtained from eye banks according to the Declaration of Helsinki. Initially, we evaluated NRN1and RGC marker expression in glaucoma and non-glaucomatous retina to determine the NRN1 level and its association with RGC loss. Further, we evaluated NRN1's therapeutic potential by treating pressurized human eyes at normal and high IOP for seven days. Retina, ON, and conditioned medium were analyzed for RGC survival (THY1, RBPMS), gliosis (GFAP), apoptosis (CASP3, CASP7), and extracellular matrix deposition (COLIV, FN) by qRT-PCR and western blotting. Paraphenylenediamine staining assessed ON axonal degeneration, whereas ex vivo electroretinogram assessed retinal activity. Results: Glaucomatous retinas exhibited significant reductions in both NRN1 (*p = 0.007, n = 5) and RGC marker expression (*p = 0.04, n = 5). NRN1 treatment reduced gliosis, extracellular matrix deposition, ON degeneration, and increased retinal activity in pressure-perfused eyes. Conclusions: Our study confirms that NRN1 enhances human RGC survival and improves retinal function in degenerative conditions, substantiating it as a promising candidate for rescuing human RGCs from degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahna S Hameed
- Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Nicole E Bodi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Ryan C Miller
- Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Tasneem P Sharma
- Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
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Gehrke EJ, Pandey A, Thompson J, Bhattarai S, Gurung P, Hsu Y, Drack AV. Investigating the role of Caspase-1 in a mouse model of Juvenile X-linked Retinoschisis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2024; 11:1347599. [PMID: 38938378 PMCID: PMC11208328 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1347599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Previous studies have reported Caspase-1 (Casp1) is upregulated in mouse models of Juvenile X-linked Retinoschisis (XLRS), however no functional role for Casp1 in disease progression has been identified. We performed electroretinogram (ERG) and standardized optical coherence tomography (OCT) in mice deficient in the Retinoschisin-1 (Rs1) and Casp1 and Caspase-11 (Casp11) genes (Rs1-KO;Casp1/11-/- ) to test the hypothesis that Casp1 may play a role in disease evolution and or severity of disease. Currently, no studies have ventured to investigate the longer-term effects of Casp1 on phenotypic severity and disease progression over time in XLRS, and specifically the effect on electroretinogram. Methods Rs1-KO;Casp1/11-/- mice were generated by breeding Rs1-KO mice with Casp1/11-/- mice. OCT imaging was analyzed at 2-, 4-, and 15-16 months of age. Outer nuclear layer (ONL) thickness and adapted standardized cyst severity score were measured and averaged from 4 locations 500 μm from the optic nerve. Adapted standardized cyst severity score was 1: absent cysts, 2: <30 μm, 3: 30-49 μm, 4: 50-69 μm, 5: 70-99 μm, 6: >99 μm. Electroretinograms (ERG) were recorded in dark-adapted and light-adapted conditions at 2 and 4 months. Results obtained from Rs1-KO and Rs1-KO;Casp1/11-/- eyes were compared with age matched WT control eyes at 2 months. Results Intraretinal schisis was not observed on OCT in WT eyes, while schisis was apparent in most Rs1-KO and Rs1-KO;Casp1/11-/- eyes at 2 and 4 months of age. There was no difference in the cyst severity score from 2 to 4 months of age, or ONL thickness from 2 to 16 months of age between Rs1-KO and Rs1-KO;Casp1/11-/- eyes. ERG amplitudes were similarly reduced in Rs1-KO and Rs1-KO;Casp1/11-/- compared to WT controls at 2 months of age, and there was no difference between Rs1-KO and Rs1-KO;Casp1/11-/- eyes at 2 or 4 months of age, suggesting no impact on the electrical function of photoreceptors over time in the absence of Casp1. Conclusion Although Casp1 has been reported to be significantly upregulated in Rs1-KO mice, our preliminary data suggest that removing Casp1/11 does not modulate photoreceptor electrical function or alter the trajectory of the retinal architecture over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ella J. Gehrke
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, IVR, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Araniko Pandey
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, IVR, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Jacob Thompson
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, IVR, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Sajag Bhattarai
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, IVR, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Prajwal Gurung
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Ying Hsu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, IVR, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Arlene V. Drack
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, IVR, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics and Interdisciplinary Genetics Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
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Wei X, Li H, Zhu T, Sun Z, Sui R. Genotype-Phenotype Associations in an X-Linked Retinoschisis Patient Cohort: The Molecular Dynamic Insight and a Promising SD-OCT Indicator. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2024; 65:17. [PMID: 38324300 PMCID: PMC10854265 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.65.2.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study investigated a three-dimensional indicator in spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) and established phenotype-genotype correlation in X-linked retinoschisis (XLRS). Methods Thirty-seven patients with XLRS underwent comprehensive ophthalmic examinations, including visual acuity (VA), fundus examination, electroretinogram (ERG), and SD-OCT. SD-OCT parameters of central foveal thickness (CFT), cyst cavity volume (CCV), and photoreceptor outer segment length were assessed. CCV was defined as the sum of the areas of cyst cavities in uential B-scans, measured automatically by self-developed software (OCT-CCSEG). Structural changes of the protein associated with missense variants were quantified by molecular dynamics (MD). The correlation between genotype and phenotype was analyzed. Results Twenty-seven different RS1 variants were identified, including a novel variant c.336_337insT(p.L113Sfs*8). The average age of onset was 14.76 ± 15.75 years, and the mean VA was 0.84 ± 0.43 logMAR. The mean CCV was 1.69 ± 1.87 mm3, correlating significantly with CFT (R = 0.66; P < 0.01). In the genotype-phenotype analysis of missense variants, CCV significantly correlated with the structural effect on the protein of mutational changes referred to as wild type, including root-mean-square deviation (R = 0.34; P = 0.04), solvent accessible surface area (R = 0.38; P = 0.02), and surface hydrophobic area (R = 0.37; P = 0.03). The amplitude of scotopic 3.0 ERG a-waves and b-waves significantly correlated with the percentage change of the β-strand in the secondary structure (a-wave: R = -0.58, P < 0.01; b-wave: R = -0.53, P < 0.01). Conclusions CCV is a promising indicator to quantify the structural disorganization of XLRS retina. The OCT-CCSEG software calculated CCV automatically, potentially facilitating prognosis assessment and development of personalized treatment. Moreover, MD-involved genotype-phenotype analysis suggests an association between protein structural alterations and XLRS severity measured by CCV and ERG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Wei
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Tian Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zixi Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ruifang Sui
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Ku CA, Wei LW, Sieving PA. X-Linked Retinoschisis. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2023; 13:a041288. [PMID: 36690462 PMCID: PMC10513161 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
X-linked retinoschisis (XLRS) is an inherited vitreoretinal dystrophy causing visual impairment in males starting at a young age with an estimated prevalence of 1:5000 to 1:25,000. The condition was first observed in two affected brothers by Josef Haas in 1898 and is clinically diagnosed by characteristic intraretinal cysts arranged in a petaloid "spoke-wheel" pattern centered in the macula. When clinical electroretinogram (ERG) testing began in the 1960s, XLRS was noted to have a characteristic reduction of the dark-adapted b-wave amplitude despite normal or usually nearly normal a-wave amplitudes, which became known as the "electronegative ERG response" of XLRS disease. The causative gene, RS1, was identified on the X-chromosome in 1997 and led to understanding the molecular and cellular basis of the condition, discerning the structure and function of the retinoschisin protein, and generating XLRS murine models. Along with parallel development of gene delivery vectors suitable for targeting retinal diseases, successful gene augmentation therapy was demonstrated by rescuing the XLRS phenotype in mouse. Two human phase I/II therapeutic XLRS gene augmentation studies were initiated; and although these did not yield definitive improvement in visual function, they gave significant new knowledge and experience, which positions the field for further near-term clinical testing with enhanced, next-generation gene therapy for XLRS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristy A Ku
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California 95817, USA
| | - Lisa W Wei
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH Office of Biodefense, Research Resources and Translational Research/Vaccine Section, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Paul A Sieving
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California 95817, USA
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Heymann JB, Vijayasarathy C, Fariss RN, Sieving PA. Advances in understanding the molecular structure of retinoschisin while questions remain of biological function. Prog Retin Eye Res 2023; 95:101147. [PMID: 36402656 PMCID: PMC10185713 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2022.101147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Retinoschisin (RS1) is a secreted protein that is essential for maintaining integrity of the retina. Numerous mutations in RS1 cause X-linked retinoschisis (XLRS), a progressive degeneration of the retina that leads to vision loss in young males. A key manifestation of XLRS is the formation of cavities (cysts) in the retina and separation of the layers (schisis), disrupting synaptic transmission. There are currently no approved treatments for patients with XLRS. Strategies using adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors to deliver functional copies of RS1 as a form of gene augmentation therapy, are under clinical evaluation. To improve therapeutic strategies for treating XLRS, it is critical to better understand the secretion of RS1 and its molecular function. Immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy show that RS1 is located on the surfaces of the photoreceptor inner segments and bipolar cells. Sequence homology indicates a discoidin domain fold, similar to many other proteins with demonstrated adhesion functions. Recent structural studies revealed the tertiary structure of RS1 as two back-to-back octameric rings, each cross-linked by disulfides. The observation of higher order structures in vitro suggests the formation of an adhesive matrix spanning the distance between cells (∼100 nm). Several studies indicated that RS1 readily binds to other proteins such as the sodium-potassium ATPase (NaK-ATPase) and extracellular matrix proteins. Alternatively, RS1 may influence fluid regulation via interaction with membrane proteins such as the NaK-ATPase, largely inferred from the use of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors to shrink the typical intra-retinal cysts in XLRS. We discuss these models in light of RS1 structure and address the difficulty in understanding the function of RS1.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bernard Heymann
- National Cryo-EM Program, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD, 21701, USA.
| | - Camasamudram Vijayasarathy
- Section on Translational Research for Retinal and Macular Degeneration, NIDCD, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Robert N Fariss
- Biological Imaging Core Facility, NEI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Paul A Sieving
- Center for Ocular Regenerative Therapy, Ophthalmology, U C Davis Health, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
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Fortunato P, Pagliazzi A, Bargiacchi S, Marziali E, Sodi A, Caputo R, Passerini I, Pelo E, Bacci GM. X-linked retinoschisis: mutation spectrum and genotype-phenotype relationship in an Italian pediatric cohort. Ophthalmic Genet 2023; 44:35-42. [PMID: 36377647 DOI: 10.1080/13816810.2022.2141790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND X-linked juvenile retinoschisis (×LRS) is an X-linked vitreoretinal degenerative disease that consists of variable phenotypes ranging from severe early-onset defects to subtle abnormalities diagnosed in elderly patients. XLRS is caused by a loss of function of the protein Retinoschisin (RS1), which is essential to preserve retinal integrity and function of photoreceptor-bipolar synapse. The literature data so far mostly agree on the absence of a clear genotype-phenotype correlation in XLRS. We reviewed clinical and molecular characteristics of a cohort of Italian pediatric XLRS patients to assess the presence of a correlation between genotype and phenotype severity. MATERIALS AND METHODS We retrospectively examined clinical and genetic features of a cohort of 27 XLRS patients. In this study we included patients with a diagnosis of XLRS confirmed by fundus photography, spectral domain optical coherence tomography, and molecular analysis and with an onset of less than 10 years of age. We sorted RS1 variants according to their effect of RS1 structure and function in three separate groups. RESULTS According to previous studies, we did not observe a conclusive genotype-phenotype correlation in our cohort; nevertheless, we noticed that patients harboring RS1 variants leading to RS1-secreted mutants show a more homogeneous phenotype, with an overall good visual acuity, compared to the other two groups. CONCLUSIONS Our data support the hypothesis that secretion profile of RS1 could influence the severity of the phenotype. More extensive and functional studies are needed to acquire notions in view of the opportunity of gene replacement therapy for XLRS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Fortunato
- Pediatric Ophthalmology Unit, Meyer Children's Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - A Pagliazzi
- Medical Genetics Unit, Meyer Children's Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - S Bargiacchi
- Medical Genetics Unit, Meyer Children's Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - E Marziali
- Pediatric Ophthalmology Unit, Meyer Children's Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - A Sodi
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research, and Child Health, Eye Clinic, University of Florence, AOU Careggi, Florence, Italy
| | - R Caputo
- Pediatric Ophthalmology Unit, Meyer Children's Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - I Passerini
- Department of Genetic Diagnosis, Careggi Teaching Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - E Pelo
- Department of Genetic Diagnosis, Careggi Teaching Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - G M Bacci
- Pediatric Ophthalmology Unit, Meyer Children's Hospital, Florence, Italy
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Scruggs BA, Bhattarai S, Helms M, Cherascu I, Salesevic A, Stalter E, Laird J, Baker SA, Drack AV. AAV2/4-RS1 gene therapy in the retinoschisin knockout mouse model of X-linked retinoschisis. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0276298. [PMID: 36477475 PMCID: PMC9728878 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate efficacy of a novel adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector, AAV2/4-RS1, for retinal rescue in the retinoschisin knockout (Rs1-KO) mouse model of X-linked retinoschisis (XLRS). Brinzolamide (Azopt®), a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, was tested for its ability to potentiate the effects of AAV2/4-RS1. METHODS AAV2/4-RS1 with a cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter (2x1012 viral genomes/mL) was delivered to Rs1-KO mice via intravitreal (N = 5; 1μL) or subretinal (N = 21; 2μL) injections at postnatal day 60-90. Eleven mice treated with subretinal therapy also received topical Azopt® twice a day. Serial full field electroretinography (ERG) was performed starting at day 50-60 post-injection. Mice were evaluated using a visually guided swim assay (VGSA) in light and dark conditions. The experimental groups were compared to untreated Rs1-KO (N = 11), wild-type (N = 12), and Rs1-KO mice receiving only Azopt® (N = 5). Immunofluorescence staining was performed to assess RS1 protein expression following treatment. RESULTS The ERG b/a ratio was significantly higher in the subretinal plus Azopt® (p<0.0001), subretinal without Azopt® (p = 0.0002), and intravitreal (p = 0.01) treated eyes compared to untreated eyes. There was a highly significant subretinal treatment effect on ERG amplitudes collectively at 7-9 months post-injection (p = 0.0003). Cones showed more effect than rods. The subretinal group showed improved time to platform in the dark VGSA compared to untreated mice (p<0.0001). RS1 protein expression was detected in the outer retina in subretinal treated mice and in the inner retina in intravitreal treated mice. CONCLUSIONS AAV2/4-RS1 shows promise for improving retinal phenotype in the Rs1-KO mouse model. Subretinal delivery was superior to intravitreal. Topical brinzolamide did not improve efficacy. AAV2/4-RS1 may be considered as a potential treatment for XLRS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittni A. Scruggs
- University of Iowa Institute for Vision Research and the Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Sajag Bhattarai
- University of Iowa Institute for Vision Research and the Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Megan Helms
- University of Iowa Institute for Vision Research and the Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Ioana Cherascu
- University of Iowa Institute for Vision Research and the Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Adisa Salesevic
- University of Iowa Institute for Vision Research and the Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Elliot Stalter
- University of Iowa Institute for Vision Research and the Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Joseph Laird
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Sheila A. Baker
- University of Iowa Institute for Vision Research and the Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Genetics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Arlene V. Drack
- University of Iowa Institute for Vision Research and the Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Genetics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
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Bender C, Woo EG, Guan B, Ullah E, Feng E, Turriff A, Tumminia SJ, Sieving PA, Cukras CA, Hufnagel RB. Predominant Founder Effect among Recurrent Pathogenic Variants for an X-Linked Disorder. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13040675. [PMID: 35456481 PMCID: PMC9029724 DOI: 10.3390/genes13040675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
For disorders with X-linked inheritance, variants may be transmitted through multiple generations of carrier females before an affected male is ascertained. Pathogenic RS1 variants exclusively cause X-linked retinoschisis (XLRS). While RS1 is constrained to variation, recurrent variants are frequently observed in unrelated probands. Here, we investigate recurrent pathogenic variants to determine the relative burden of mutational hotspot and founder allele events to this phenomenon. A cohort RS1 variant analysis and standardized classification, including variant enrichment in the XLRS cohort and in RS1 functional domains, were performed on 332 unrelated XLRS probands. A total of 108 unique RS1 variants were identified. A subset of 19 recurrently observed RS1 variants were evaluated in 190 probands by a haplotype analysis, using microsatellite and single nucleotide polymorphisms. Fourteen variants had at least two probands with common variant-specific haplotypes over ~1.95 centimorgans (cM) flanking RS1. Overall, 99/190 of reportedly unrelated probands had 25 distinct shared haplotypes. Examination of this XLRS cohort for common RS1 haplotypes indicates that the founder effect plays a significant role in this disorder, including variants in mutational hotspots. This improves the accuracy of clinical variant classification and may be generalizable to other X-linked disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea Bender
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (C.B.); (E.G.W.); (B.G.); (E.U.); (E.F.); (A.T.); (S.J.T.); (P.A.S.); (C.A.C.)
| | - Elizabeth Geena Woo
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (C.B.); (E.G.W.); (B.G.); (E.U.); (E.F.); (A.T.); (S.J.T.); (P.A.S.); (C.A.C.)
| | - Bin Guan
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (C.B.); (E.G.W.); (B.G.); (E.U.); (E.F.); (A.T.); (S.J.T.); (P.A.S.); (C.A.C.)
| | - Ehsan Ullah
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (C.B.); (E.G.W.); (B.G.); (E.U.); (E.F.); (A.T.); (S.J.T.); (P.A.S.); (C.A.C.)
| | - Eric Feng
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (C.B.); (E.G.W.); (B.G.); (E.U.); (E.F.); (A.T.); (S.J.T.); (P.A.S.); (C.A.C.)
| | - Amy Turriff
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (C.B.); (E.G.W.); (B.G.); (E.U.); (E.F.); (A.T.); (S.J.T.); (P.A.S.); (C.A.C.)
| | - Santa J. Tumminia
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (C.B.); (E.G.W.); (B.G.); (E.U.); (E.F.); (A.T.); (S.J.T.); (P.A.S.); (C.A.C.)
| | - Paul A. Sieving
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (C.B.); (E.G.W.); (B.G.); (E.U.); (E.F.); (A.T.); (S.J.T.); (P.A.S.); (C.A.C.)
- UC Davis Medical Center, Ophthalmology & Vision Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95817, USA
| | - Catherine A. Cukras
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (C.B.); (E.G.W.); (B.G.); (E.U.); (E.F.); (A.T.); (S.J.T.); (P.A.S.); (C.A.C.)
| | - Robert B. Hufnagel
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (C.B.); (E.G.W.); (B.G.); (E.U.); (E.F.); (A.T.); (S.J.T.); (P.A.S.); (C.A.C.)
- Correspondence:
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Dolinska MB, Woods T, Osuna I, Sergeev YV. Protein Biochemistry and Molecular Modeling of the Intra-Melanosomal Domain of Human Recombinant Tyrp2 Protein and OCA8-Related Mutant Variants. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031305. [PMID: 35163231 PMCID: PMC8836267 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosinase-related protein 2 (Tyrp2) is involved in the melanogenesis pathway, catalyzing the tautomerization of dopachrome to 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid (DHICA). Recently, a new type of albinism was discovered with disease-causing mutations in the TYRP2 gene. Here, for the first time, we characterized the intra-melanosomal protein domain of Tyrp2 (residues 1-474) and missense variants C40S and C61W, which mimic the alterations found in genetic studies. Recombinant proteins were produced in the Trichoplusia Ni (Ti. Ni) larvae, purified by a combination of immobilized metal affinity (IMAC) and gel-filtration (GF) chromatography, and biochemically characterized. The mutants showed the protein expression in the lysates such as the wild type; however, undetectable protein yield after two steps of purification exhibited their misfolding and instability. In addition, the misfolding effect of the mutations was confirmed computationally using homology modeling and molecular docking. Together, experiments in vitro and computer simulations indicated the critical role of the Cys-rich domain in the Tyrp2 protein stability. The results are consistent with molecular modeling, global computational mutagenesis, and clinical data, proving the significance of genetic alterations in cysteine residues, which could cause oculocutaneous albinism type 8.
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Vijaysarathy C, Babu Sardar Pasha SP, Sieving PA. Of men and mice: Human X-linked retinoschisis and fidelity in mouse modeling. Prog Retin Eye Res 2021; 87:100999. [PMID: 34390869 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2021.100999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
X-linked Retinoschisis (XLRS) is an early-onset transretinal dystrophy, often with a prominent macular component, that affects males and generally spares heterozygous females because of X-linked recessive inheritance. It results from loss-of-function RS1 gene mutations on the X-chromosome. XLRS causes bilateral reduced acuities from young age, and on clinical exam and by ocular coherence tomography (OCT) the neurosensory retina shows foveo-macular cystic schisis cavities in the outer plexiform (OPL) and inner nuclear layers (INL). XLRS manifests between infancy and school-age with variable phenotypic presentation and without reliable genotype-phenotype correlations. INL disorganization disrupts synaptic signal transmission from photoreceptors to ON-bipolar cells, and this reduces the electroretinogram (ERG) bipolar b-wave disproportionately to photoreceptor a-wave changes. RS1 gene expression is localized mainly to photoreceptors and INL bipolar neurons, and RS1 protein is thought to play a critical cell adhesion role during normal retinal development and later for maintenance of retinal structure. Several independent XLRS mouse models with mutant RS1 were created that recapitulate features of human XLRS disease, with OPL-INL schisis cavities, early onset and variable phenotype across mutant models, and reduced ERG b-wave to a-wave amplitude ratio. The faithful phenotype of the XLRS mouse has assisted in delineating the disease pathophysiology. Delivery to XLRS mouse retina of an AAV8-RS1 construct under control of the RS1 promoter restores the retinal structure and synaptic function (with increase of b-wave amplitude). It also ameliorates the schisis-induced inflammatory microglia phenotype toward a state of immune quiescence. The results imply that XLRS gene therapy could yield therapeutic benefit to preserve morphological and functional retina particularly when intervention is conducted at earlier ages before retinal degeneration becomes irreversible. A phase I/IIa single-center, open-label, three-dose-escalation clinical trial reported a suitable safety and tolerability profile of intravitreally administered AAV8-RS1 gene replacement therapy for XLRS participants. Dose-related ocular inflammation occurred after dosing, but this resolved with topical and oral corticosteroids. Systemic antibodies against AAV8 increased in dose-dependent fashion, but no antibodies were observed against the RS1 protein. Retinal cavities closed transiently in one participant. Technological innovations in methods of gene delivery and strategies to further reduce immune responses are expected to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of the vector and ultimate success of a gene therapy approach.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paul A Sieving
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, University of California Davis, 95817, USA.
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12
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Abstract
Usher syndrome type 1B (USH1B) is a genetic disorder caused by mutations in the unconventional Myosin VIIa (MYO7A) protein. USH1B is characterized by hearing loss due to abnormalities in the inner ear and vision loss due to retinitis pigmentosa. Here, we present the model of human MYO7A homodimer, built using homology modeling, and refined using 5 ns molecular dynamics in water. Global computational mutagenesis was applied to evaluate the effect of missense mutations that are critical for maintaining protein structure and stability of MYO7A in inherited eye disease. We found that 43.26% (77 out of 178 in HGMD) and 41.9% (221 out of 528 in ClinVar) of the disease-related missense mutations were associated with higher protein structure destabilizing effects. Overall, most mutations destabilizing the MYO7A protein were found to associate with USH1 and USH1B. Particularly, motor domain and MyTH4 domains were found to be most susceptible to mutations causing the USH1B phenotype. Our work contributes to the understanding of inherited disease from the atomic level of protein structure and analysis of the impact of genetic mutations on protein stability and genotype-to-phenotype relationships in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annapurna Kuppa
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Yuri V Sergeev
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
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13
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Vijayasarathy C, Zeng Y, Brooks MJ, Fariss RN, Sieving PA. Genetic Rescue of X-Linked Retinoschisis Mouse ( Rs1-/y) Retina Induces Quiescence of the Retinal Microglial Inflammatory State Following AAV8- RS1 Gene Transfer and Identifies Gene Networks Underlying Retinal Recovery. Hum Gene Ther 2020; 32:667-681. [PMID: 33019822 PMCID: PMC8312029 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2020.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand RS1 gene interaction networks in the X-linked retinoschisis (XLRS) mouse retina (Rs1-/y), we analyzed the transcriptome by RNA sequencing before and after in vivo expression of exogenous retinoschisin (RS1) gene delivered by AAV8. RS1 is a secreted cell adhesion protein that is critical for maintaining structural lamination and synaptic integrity of the neural retina. RS1 loss-of-function mutations cause XLRS disease in young boys and men, with splitting ("schisis") of retinal layers and synaptic dysfunction that cause progressive vision loss with age. Analysis of differential gene expression profiles and pathway enrichment analysis of Rs1-KO (Rs1-/y) retina identified cell surface receptor signaling and positive regulation of cell adhesion as potential RS1 gene interaction networks. Most importantly, it also showed massive dysregulation of immune response genes at early age, with characteristics of a microglia-driven proinflammatory state. Delivery of AAV8-RS1 primed the Rs1-KO retina toward structural and functional recovery. The disease transcriptome transitioned toward a recovery phase with upregulation of genes implicated in wound healing, anatomical structure (camera type eye) development, metabolic pathways, and collagen IV networks that provide mechanical stability to basement membrane. AAV8-RS1 expression also attenuated the microglia gene signatures to low levels toward immune quiescence. This study is among the first to identify RS1 gene interaction networks that underlie retinal structural and functional recovery after RS1 gene therapy. Significantly, it also shows that providing wild-type RS1 gene function caused the retina immune status to transition from a degenerative inflammatory phenotype toward immune quiescence, even though the transgene is not directly linked to microglia function. This study indicates that inhibition of microglial proinflammatory responses is an integral part of therapeutic rescue in XLRS gene therapy, and gene therapy might realize its full potential if delivered before microglia activation and photoreceptor cell death. Clinical Trials. gov Identifier NTC 02317887.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yong Zeng
- Section for Translational Research in Retinal and Macular Degeneration
| | | | - Robert N Fariss
- Biological Imaging Core, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Paul A Sieving
- Department of Ophthalmology, Center for Ocular Regenerative Therapy, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
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14
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Ambrosio L, Williams JS, Gutierrez A, Swanson EA, Munro RJ, Ferguson RD, Fulton AB, Akula JD. Carbonic anhydrase inhibition in X-linked retinoschisis: An eye on the photoreceptors. Exp Eye Res 2020; 202:108344. [PMID: 33186570 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The retinoschisin protein is encoded on the short arm of the X-chromosome by RS1, is expressed abundantly in photoreceptor inner segments and in bipolar cells, and is secreted as an octamer that maintains the structural integrity of the retina. Mutations in RS1 lead to X-linked retinoschisis (XLRS), a disease characterized by the formation of cystic spaces between boys' retinal layers that frequently present in ophthalmoscopy as a "spoke-wheel" pattern on their maculae and by progressively worsening visual acuity (VA). There is no proven therapy for XLRS, but there is mixed evidence that carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (CAIs) produce multiple beneficial effects, including improved VA and decreased volume of cystic spaces. Consequently, linear mixed-effects (LME) models were used to evaluate the effects of CAI therapy on VA and central retinal thickness (CRT, a proxy for cystic cavity volume) in a review of 19 patients' records. The mechanism of action of action of CAIs is unclear but, given that misplaced retinoschisin might accumulate in the photoreceptors, it is possible-perhaps even likely-that CAIs act to benefit the function of photoreceptors and the neighboring retinal pigment epithelium by acidification of the extracellular milieu; patients on CAIs have among the most robust photoreceptor responses. Therefore, a small subset of five subjects were recruited for imaging on a custom multimodal adaptive optics retinal imager for inspection of their parafoveal cone photoreceptors. Those cones that were visible, which numbered far fewer than in controls, were enlarged, consistent with the retinoschisin accumulation hypothesis. Results of the LME modeling found that there is an initial benefit to both VA and CRT in CAI therapy, but these wane, in both cases, after roughly two years. That said, even a short beneficial effect of CAIs on the volume of the cystic spaces may give CAI therapy an important role as pretreatment before (or immediately following) administration of gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Ambrosio
- Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, USA; Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, USA
| | - Jacqueline S Williams
- Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, USA; Biology, Northeastern University, USA
| | - Alfredo Gutierrez
- Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, USA; Community Health, Tufts University, USA
| | | | | | | | - Anne B Fulton
- Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, USA; Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, USA
| | - James D Akula
- Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, USA; Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, USA; Psychology, Northeastern University, USA.
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15
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Liu Y, Kinoshita J, Ivanova E, Sun D, Li H, Liao T, Cao J, Bell BA, Wang JM, Tang Y, Brydges S, Peachey NS, Sagdullaev BT, Romano C. Mouse models of X-linked juvenile retinoschisis have an early onset phenotype, the severity of which varies with genotype. Hum Mol Genet 2020; 28:3072-3090. [PMID: 31174210 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddz122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
X-linked juvenile retinoschisis (XLRS) is an early-onset inherited condition that affects primarily males and is characterized by cystic lesions of the inner retina, decreased visual acuity and contrast sensitivity and a selective reduction of the electroretinogram (ERG) b-wave. Although XLRS is genetically heterogeneous, all mouse models developed to date involve engineered or spontaneous null mutations. In the present study, we have studied three new Rs1 mutant mouse models: (1) a knockout with inserted lacZ reporter gene; (2) a C59S point mutant substitution and (3) an R141C point mutant substitution. Mice were studied from postnatal day (P15) to 28 weeks by spectral domain optical coherence tomography and ERG. Retinas of P21-22 mice were examined using biochemistry, single cell electrophysiology of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and by immunohistochemistry. Each model developed intraretinal schisis and reductions in the ERG that were greater for the b-wave than the a-wave. The phenotype of the C59S mutant appeared less severe than the other mutants by ERG at adult ages. RGC electrophysiology demonstrated elevated activity in the absence of a visual stimulus and reduced signal-to-noise ratios in response to light stimuli. Immunohistochemical analysis documented early abnormalities in all cells of the outer retina. Together, these results provide significant insight into the early events of XLRS pathophysiology, from phenotype differences between disease-causing variants to common mechanistic events that may play critical roles in disease presentation and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Junzo Kinoshita
- Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Elena Ivanova
- Burke Neurological Institute at Weill Cornell Medicine, White Plains, NY 10605, USA
| | - Duo Sun
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Hong Li
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Tara Liao
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Jingtai Cao
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Brent A Bell
- Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Jacob M Wang
- Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Yajun Tang
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | | | - Neal S Peachey
- Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.,Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Botir T Sagdullaev
- Burke Neurological Institute at Weill Cornell Medicine, White Plains, NY 10605, USA
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16
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Ortiz FW, Sergeev YV. Global computational mutagenesis of domain structures associated with inherited eye disease. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3676. [PMID: 30842450 PMCID: PMC6403380 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39905-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidomain proteins account for 70% of the eukaryotic proteome. In genetic disease, multidomain proteins are often affected by numerous mutations, but the effects of these mutations on protein stability and their roles in genetic disease are not well understood. Here, we analyzed protein globular domains to understand how genetic mutations affect the stability of multidomain proteins in inherited disease. In total, 291 domain atomic structures from nine multidomain proteins were modeled by homology, equilibrated using molecular dynamics in water, and subjected to global computational mutagenesis. The domains were separated into 7 groups based on protein fold homology. Mutation propensities within each group of domains were then averaged to select residues critical for domain fold stability. The consensus derived from the sequence alignment shows that the critical residues determined by global mutagenesis are conserved within each group. From this analysis, we concluded that 80% of known disease-related genetic variants are associated with critical residues and are expected to have significant destabilizing effects on domain structure. Our work provides an in silico quantification of protein stability and could help to analyze the complex relationship among missense mutations, multidomain protein stability, and disease phenotypes in inherited eye disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisca Wood Ortiz
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yuri V Sergeev
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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17
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Cukras CA, Huryn LA, Jeffrey BG, Turriff A, Sieving PA. Analysis of Anatomic and Functional Measures in X-Linked Retinoschisis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 59:2841-2847. [PMID: 30025115 PMCID: PMC5987578 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.17-23297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To examine the symmetry of structural and functional parameters between eyes in patients with X-linked retinoschisis (XLRS), as well as changes in visual acuity and electrophysiology over time. Methods This is a single-center observational study of 120 males with XLRS who were evaluated at the National Eye Institute. Examinations included best-corrected visual acuity for all participants, as well as ERG recording and optical coherence tomography (OCT) on a subset of participants. Statistical analyses were performed using nonparametric Spearman correlations and linear regression. Results Our analyses demonstrated a statistically significant correlation of structural and functional measures between the two eyes of XLRS patients for all parameters. OCT central macular thickness (n = 78; Spearman r = 0.83, P < 0.0001) and ERG b/a ratio (n = 78; Spearman r = 0.82, P < 0.0001) were the most strongly correlated between a participant's eyes, whereas visual acuity was less strongly correlated (n = 120; Spearman r = 0.47, P < 0.0001). Stability of visual acuity was observed with an average change of less than one letter (n = 74; OD −0.66 and OS −0.70 letters) in a mean follow-up time of 6.8 years. There was no statistically significant change in the ERG b/a ratio within eyes over time. Conclusions Although a broad spectrum of clinical phenotypes is observed across individuals with XLRS, our study demonstrates a significant correlation of structural and functional findings between the two eyes and stability of measures of acuity and ERG parameters over time. These results highlight the utility of the fellow eye as a useful reference for monocular interventional trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A Cukras
- Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Research, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States.,Ocular Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Laryssa A Huryn
- Ocular Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Brett G Jeffrey
- Ocular Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Amy Turriff
- Ocular Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
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18
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Orès R, Mohand-Said S, Dhaenens CM, Antonio A, Zeitz C, Augstburger E, Andrieu C, Sahel JA, Audo I. Phenotypic Characteristics of a French Cohort of Patients with X-Linked Retinoschisis. Ophthalmology 2018; 125:1587-1596. [PMID: 29739629 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2018.03.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To analyze the retinal structure in patients with X-linked retinoschisis (XLRS) using spectral-domain OCT and to correlate the morphologic findings with visual acuity, electroretinographic results, and patient age. DESIGN Retrospective, observational study. PARTICIPANTS Data from 52 consecutive male patients with molecularly confirmed XLRS were collected retrospectively. METHODS Complete clinical evaluation included best-corrected visual acuity, full-field electroretinography, fundus photography, spectral-domain OCT, and fundus autofluorescence. Spectral-domain OCT images were analyzed to determine full thickness of the retina and tomographic structural changes. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Relationships between age, OCT, and visual acuity were assessed. RESULTS One hundred four eyes of 52 patients were included. The mean age at inclusion was 24±15 years (range, 3-57 years). The best-corrected visual acuity ranged from no light perception to 0.1 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (mean, 0.6±0.38 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution). Macular schisis was found in 88% of eyes and macular atrophy was found in 11% of eyes, whereas peripheral schisis was present in 30% of eyes. A spoke-wheel pattern of high and low intensity was the most frequently observed fundus autofluorescence abnormality (51/94 eyes [54%]). The b-to-a amplitude ratio on bright-flash dark-adapted electroretinography was reduced significantly in 45 of 64 eyes (70%). Spectral-domain OCT was available for 97 eyes and showed foveoschisis in 76 of 97 eyes (78%), parafoveal schisis in 10 of 97 eyes (10%), and foveal atrophy in 11 of 97 eyes (11%). Mean central macular thickness (CMT) was of 373.6±140 μm. Cystoid changes were localized mainly in the inner nuclear layer (85/97 eyes [88%]). Qualitative defects in photoreceptor structures were found in most eyes (79/97 eyes [81%]), and the most frequent abnormality was an interruption of the photoreceptor cell outer segment tips (79/79 eyes [100%]). Older age correlated well with lower CMT (correlation coefficient [CC], -0.44; P < 0.001) and with lower photoreceptor outer segment (PROS) length (CC, -0.42; P < 0.001). Lower visual acuity correlated strongly with lower PROS length (CC, -0.53; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS This study underlined the wide variety of clinical features of XLRS. It highlighted the correlation between visual acuity, patient age, and OCT features, emphasizing the relevance of the latter as potential outcome measure in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaëlle Orès
- Centre de Maladies Rares "Dystrophies Rétiniennes d'Origine Génétique," DHU Sight Restore INSERM-DHOS CIC 1423, Centre Hospitalier National d'Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, Paris, France
| | - Saddek Mohand-Said
- Centre de Maladies Rares "Dystrophies Rétiniennes d'Origine Génétique," DHU Sight Restore INSERM-DHOS CIC 1423, Centre Hospitalier National d'Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, Paris, France; INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Claire-Marie Dhaenens
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology-UF Génopathies, Université Lille, Inserm UMR-S 1172, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Aline Antonio
- INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Christina Zeitz
- INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Edouard Augstburger
- Centre de Maladies Rares "Dystrophies Rétiniennes d'Origine Génétique," DHU Sight Restore INSERM-DHOS CIC 1423, Centre Hospitalier National d'Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, Paris, France
| | - Camille Andrieu
- Centre de Maladies Rares "Dystrophies Rétiniennes d'Origine Génétique," DHU Sight Restore INSERM-DHOS CIC 1423, Centre Hospitalier National d'Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, Paris, France
| | - José-Alain Sahel
- Centre de Maladies Rares "Dystrophies Rétiniennes d'Origine Génétique," DHU Sight Restore INSERM-DHOS CIC 1423, Centre Hospitalier National d'Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, Paris, France; INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Isabelle Audo
- Centre de Maladies Rares "Dystrophies Rétiniennes d'Origine Génétique," DHU Sight Restore INSERM-DHOS CIC 1423, Centre Hospitalier National d'Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, Paris, France; INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.
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19
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McCafferty CL, Sergeev YV. Global computational mutagenesis provides a critical stability framework in protein structures. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0189064. [PMID: 29216252 PMCID: PMC5720693 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A protein’s amino acid sequence dictates the folds and final structure the macromolecule will form. We propose that by identifying critical residues in a protein’s atomic structure, we can select a critical stability framework within the protein structure essential to proper protein folding. We use global computational mutagenesis based on the unfolding mutation screen to test the effect of every possible missense mutation on the protein structure to identify the residues that cannot tolerate a substitution without causing protein misfolding. This method was tested using molecular dynamics to simulate the stability effects of mutating critical residues in proteins involved in inherited disease, such as myoglobin, p53, and the 15th sushi domain of complement factor H. In addition we prove that when the critical residues are in place, other residues may be changed within the structure without a stability loss. We validate that critical residues are conserved using myoglobin to show that critical residues are the same for crystal structures of 6 different species and comparing conservation indices to critical residues in 9 eye disease-related proteins. Our studies demonstrate that by using a selection of critical elements in a protein structure we can identify a critical protein stability framework. The frame of critical residues can be used in genetic engineering to improve small molecule binding for drug studies, identify loss-of-function disease-causing missense mutations in genetics studies, and aide in identifying templates for homology modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlyn L. McCafferty
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yuri V. Sergeev
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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20
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Ramsay EP, Collins RF, Owens TW, Siebert CA, Jones RPO, Wang T, Roseman AM, Baldock C. Structural analysis of X-linked retinoschisis mutations reveals distinct classes which differentially effect retinoschisin function. Hum Mol Genet 2017; 25:5311-5320. [PMID: 27798099 PMCID: PMC5418834 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinoschisin, an octameric retinal-specific protein, is essential for retinal architecture with mutations causing X-linked retinoschisis (XLRS), a monogenic form of macular degeneration. Most XLRS-associated mutations cause intracellular retention, however a subset are secreted as octamers and the cause of their pathology is ill-defined. Therefore, here we investigated the solution structure of the retinoschisin monomer and the impact of two XLRS-causing mutants using a combinatorial approach of biophysics and cryo-EM. The retinoschisin monomer has an elongated structure which persists in the octameric assembly. Retinoschisin forms a dimer of octamers with each octameric ring adopting a planar propeller structure. Comparison of the octamer with the hexadecamer structure indicated little conformational change in the retinoschisin octamer upon dimerization, suggesting that the octamer provides a stable interface for the construction of the hexadecamer. The H207Q XLRS-associated mutation was found in the interface between octamers and destabilized both monomeric and octameric retinoschisin. Octamer dimerization is consistent with the adhesive function of retinoschisin supporting interactions between retinal cell layers, so disassembly would prevent structural coupling between opposing membranes. In contrast, cryo-EM structural analysis of the R141H mutation at ∼4.2Å resolution was found to only cause a subtle conformational change in the propeller tips, potentially perturbing an interaction site. Together, these findings support distinct mechanisms of pathology for two classes of XLRS-associated mutations in the retinoschisin assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewan P Ramsay
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Richard F Collins
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Thomas W Owens
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - C Alistair Siebert
- Electron Bio-Imaging Centre, Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Research Campus, UK
| | - Richard P O Jones
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Tao Wang
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Alan M Roseman
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Clair Baldock
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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21
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Altschwager P, Ambrosio L, Swanson EA, Moskowitz A, Fulton AB. Juvenile Macular Degenerations. Semin Pediatr Neurol 2017; 24:104-109. [PMID: 28941524 PMCID: PMC5709045 DOI: 10.1016/j.spen.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In this article, we review the following 3 common juvenile macular degenerations: Stargardt disease, X-linked retinoschisis, and Best vitelliform macular dystrophy. These are inherited disorders that typically present during childhood, when vision is still developing. They are sufficiently common that they should be included in the differential diagnosis of visual loss in pediatric patients. Diagnosis is secured by a combination of clinical findings, optical coherence tomography imaging, and genetic testing. Early diagnosis promotes optimal management. Although there is currently no definitive cure for these conditions, therapeutic modalities under investigation include pharmacologic treatment, gene therapy, and stem cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Altschwager
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia, Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Lucia Ambrosio
- Department of Ophthalmology, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115 USA,Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Emily A. Swanson
- Department of Ophthalmology, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Anne Moskowitz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115 USA,Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Anne B. Fulton
- Department of Ophthalmology, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115 USA,Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA
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22
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Zernant J, Lee W, Collison FT, Fishman GA, Sergeev YV, Schuerch K, Sparrow JR, Tsang SH, Allikmets R. Frequent hypomorphic alleles account for a significant fraction of ABCA4 disease and distinguish it from age-related macular degeneration. J Med Genet 2017; 54:404-412. [PMID: 28446513 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2017-104540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Variation in the ABCA4 gene is causal for, or associated with, a wide range of phenotypes from early onset Mendelian retinal dystrophies to late-onset complex disorders such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Despite substantial progress in determining the causal genetic variation, even complete sequencing of the entire open reading frame and splice sites of ABCA4 identifies biallelic mutations in only 60%-70% of cases; 20%-25% remain with one mutation and no mutations are found in 10%-15% of cases with clinically confirmed ABCA4 disease. This study was designed to identify missing causal variants specifically in monoallelic cases of ABCA4 disease. METHODS Direct sequencing and analysis were performed in a large familial ABCA4 disease cohort of predominately European descent (n=643). Patient phenotypes were assessed from clinical and retinal imaging data. RESULTS We determined that a hypomorphic ABCA4 variant c.5603A>T (p.Asn1868Ile), previously considered benign due to high minor allele frequency (MAF) (~7%) in the general population, accounts for 10% of the disease, >50% of the missing causal alleles in monoallelic cases, ~80% of late-onset cases and distinguishes ABCA4 disease from AMD. It results in a distinct clinical phenotype characterised by late-onset of symptoms (4th decade) and foveal sparing (85%). Intragenic modifying effects involving this variant and another, c.2588G>C (p.Gly863Ala) allele, were also identified. CONCLUSIONS These findings substantiate the causality of frequent missense variants and their phenotypic outcomes as a significant contribution to ABCA4 disease, particularly the late-onset phenotype, and its clinical variation. They also suggest a significant revision of diagnostic screening and assessment of ABCA4 variation in aetiology of retinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Zernant
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Winston Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Frederick T Collison
- The Pangere Center for Hereditary Retinal Diseases, The Chicago Lighthouse, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Gerald A Fishman
- The Pangere Center for Hereditary Retinal Diseases, The Chicago Lighthouse, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Yuri V Sergeev
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kaspar Schuerch
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Janet R Sparrow
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Stephen H Tsang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Rando Allikmets
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
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23
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Fahim AT, Ali N, Blachley T, Michaelides M. Peripheral fundus findings in X-linked retinoschisis. Br J Ophthalmol 2017; 101:1555-1559. [DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2016-310110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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24
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McCafferty CL, Sergeev YV. In silico Mapping of Protein Unfolding Mutations for Inherited Disease. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37298. [PMID: 27905547 PMCID: PMC5131339 DOI: 10.1038/srep37298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of disease-causing missense mutations on protein folding is difficult to evaluate. To understand this relationship, we developed the unfolding mutation screen (UMS) for in silico evaluation of the severity of genetic perturbations at the atomic level of protein structure. The program takes into account the protein-unfolding curve and generates propensities using calculated free energy changes for every possible missense mutation at once. These results are presented in a series of unfolding heat maps and a colored protein 3D structure to show the residues critical to the protein folding and are available for quick reference. UMS was tested with 16 crystal structures to evaluate the unfolding for 1391 mutations from the ProTherm database. Our results showed that the computational accuracy of the unfolding calculations was similar to the accuracy of previously published free energy changes but provided a better scale. Our residue identity control helps to improve protein homology models. The unfolding predictions for proteins involved in age-related macular degeneration, retinitis pigmentosa, and Leber's congenital amaurosis matched well with data from previous studies. These results suggest that UMS could be a useful tool in the analysis of genotype-to-phenotype associations and next-generation sequencing data for inherited diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlyn L. McCafferty
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - Yuri V. Sergeev
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda Maryland, 20892, USA
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25
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Galantuomo MS, Fossarello M, Cuccu A, Farci R, Preising MN, Lorenz B, Napoli PE. Rebound macular edema following oral acetazolamide therapy for juvenile X-linked retinoschisis in an Italian family. Clin Ophthalmol 2016; 10:2377-2382. [PMID: 27932860 PMCID: PMC5135400 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s114568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Juvenile X-linked retinoschisis (RS1, OMIM: 312700) is a hereditary vitreoretinal dystrophy characterized by bilateral foveal schisis and, in half of the patients, splitting through the nerve fiber layer in the peripheral retina. In the first decade of life, patients usually develop a decrease in visual acuity. Long-term visual outcomes can be poor due to the limited number of known successful treatments. Purpose The purposes of this study were to present, for the first time, a p.Arg197Cys missense mutation in the RS1 gene (OMIM: 300839) in a four-generation Italian family with RS1 and to examine the clinical response to the treatment with acetazolamide tablets alone or in combination with dorzolamide eye drops as assessed by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). Methods Eleven individuals, including two brothers with RS1 (patients 1 and 2), underwent a full medical history examination and a comprehensive ocular assessment that involved SD-OCT, fluorescein angiography, electroretinography and DNA analysis. Each RS1 patient received oral acetazolamide (375 mg daily) during the first three months. Thereafter, patient 1 continued only with dorzolamide eyedrops three times a day for a period of three months, while patient 2 spontaneously stopped both medications. Results Sequence analysis of the RS1 gene identified a hemizygous c.589C>T (p.Arg197Cys) missense mutation in exon 6, which has not been previously reported in an Italian family. A different response to the medical therapy was observed in the four eyes of the two affected brothers hemizygous for this abnormality. Of note, after acetazolamide interruption, a rebound effect on cystoid macular edema reduced the beneficial effects of the initial therapy for RS1 from p.Arg197Cys mutation. Indeed, a minimal rebound effect on cystoid macular edema, and an improvement in visual acuity, was observed in patient 1 during the six months of treatment. Conversely, in patient 2, an initial improvement in cystoid macular edema was not associated with visual acuity changes, followed by a marked rebound effect. Conclusion This study showed that the sequential use of acetazolamide tablets and dorzolamide eye drops should be considered and studied further as a possible treatment for macular edema and visual impairment in patients with RS1 from a hemizygous p.Arg197Cys mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maurizio Fossarello
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Eye Clinic, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Alberto Cuccu
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Eye Clinic, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Roberta Farci
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Eye Clinic, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Markus N Preising
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Birgit Lorenz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
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26
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The role of small in-frame insertions/deletions in inherited eye disorders and how structural modelling can help estimate their pathogenicity. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2016; 11:125. [PMID: 27628848 PMCID: PMC5024463 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-016-0505-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Although the majority of small in-frame insertions/deletions (indels) has no/little affect on protein function, a small subset of these changes has been causally associated with genetic disorders. Notably, the molecular mechanisms and frequency by which they give rise to disease phenotypes remain largely unknown. The aim of this study is to provide insights into the role of in-frame indels (≤21 nucleotides) in two genetically heterogeneous eye disorders. Results One hundred eighty-one probands with childhood cataracts and 486 probands with retinal dystrophy underwent multigene panel testing in a clinical diagnostic laboratory. In-frame indels were collected and evaluated both clinically and in silico. Variants that could be modeled in the context of protein structure were identified and analysed using integrative structural modeling. Overall, 55 small in-frame indels were detected in 112 of 667 probands (16.8 %); 17 of these changes were novel to this study and 18 variants were reported clinically. A reliable model of the corresponding protein sequence could be generated for 8 variants. Structural modeling indicated a diverse range of molecular mechanisms of disease including disruption of secondary and tertiary protein structure and alteration of protein-DNA binding sites. Conclusions In childhood cataract and retinal dystrophy subjects, one small in-frame indel is clinically reported in every ~37 individuals tested. The clinical utility of computational tools evaluating these changes increases when the full complexity of the involved molecular mechanisms is embraced. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13023-016-0505-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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27
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Paired octamer rings of retinoschisin suggest a junctional model for cell-cell adhesion in the retina. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:5287-92. [PMID: 27114531 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1519048113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoschisin (RS1) is involved in cell-cell junctions in the retina, but is unique among known cell-adhesion proteins in that it is a soluble secreted protein. Loss-of-function mutations in RS1 lead to early vision impairment in young males, called X-linked retinoschisis. The disease is characterized by separation of inner retinal layers and disruption of synaptic signaling. Using cryo-electron microscopy, we report the structure at 4.1 Å, revealing double octamer rings not observed before. Each subunit is composed of a discoidin domain and a small N-terminal (RS1) domain. The RS1 domains occupy the centers of the rings, but are not required for ring formation and are less clearly defined, suggesting mobility. We determined the structure of the discoidin rings, consistent with known intramolecular and intermolecular disulfides. The interfaces internal to and between rings feature residues implicated in X-linked retinoschisis, indicating the importance of correct assembly. Based on this structure, we propose that RS1 couples neighboring membranes together through octamer-octamer contacts, perhaps modulated by interactions with other membrane components.
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28
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Xiao Y, Liu X, Tang L, Wang X, Coursey TG, Coursy T, Guo X, Li Z. X-Linked Retinoschisis: Phenotypic Variability in a Chinese Family. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20118. [PMID: 26823236 PMCID: PMC4731765 DOI: 10.1038/srep20118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
X-linked juvenile retinoschisis (XLRS), a leading cause of juvenile macular degeneration, is characterized by a spoke-wheel pattern in the macular region of the retina and splitting of the neurosensory retina. Our study is to describe the clinical characteristics of a four generations of this family (a total of 18 members)with X-linked retinoschisis (XLRS) and detected a novel mutations of c.3G > A (p.M1?) in the initiation codon of the RS1 gene. by direct sequencing.Identification of this mutation in this family provides evidence about potential genetic or environmental factors on its phenotypic variance, as patients presented with different phenotypes regardless of having the same mutation. Importantly, OCT has proven vital for XLRS diagnosis in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyan Xiao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Luosheng Tang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xia Wang
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Terry Coursy
- Cullen eye institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Xiaojian Guo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhuo Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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29
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Bush RA, Wei LL, Sieving PA. Convergence of Human Genetics and Animal Studies: Gene Therapy for X-Linked Retinoschisis. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2015; 5:a017368. [PMID: 26101206 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a017368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Retinoschisis is an X-linked recessive genetic disease that leads to vision loss in males. X-linked retinoschisis (XLRS) typically affects young males; however, progressive vision loss continues throughout life. Although discovered in 1898 by Haas in two brothers, the underlying biology leading to blindness has become apparent only in the last 15 years with the advancement of human genetic analyses, generation of XLRS animal models, and the development of ocular monitoring methods such as the electroretinogram and optical coherence tomography. It is now recognized that retinoschisis results from cyst formations within the retinal layers that interrupt normal visual neurosignaling and compromise structural integrity. Mutations in the human retinoschisin gene have been correlated with disease severity of the human XLRS phenotype. Introduction of a normal human retinoschisin cDNA into retinoschisin knockout mice restores retinal structure and improves neural function, providing proof-of-concept that gene replacement therapy is a plausible treatment for XLRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald A Bush
- National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Lisa L Wei
- National Eye Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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30
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Huang Y, Mei L, Gui B, Su W, Liang D, Wu L, Pan Q. A novel deletion mutation in RS1 gene caused X-linked juvenile retinoschisis in a Chinese family. Eye (Lond) 2014; 28:1364-9. [PMID: 25168411 DOI: 10.1038/eye.2014.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE X-linked juvenile retinoschisis (XLRS), a leading cause of juvenile macular degeneration, is characterized by a spoke-wheel pattern in the macular region of the retina and splitting of the neurosensory retina. This study aimed to identify the underlying genetic defect in a Chinese family with XLRS. METHODS The proband underwent complete ophthalmic examinations, including fundus examination, fundus autofluorescence, and optical coherence tomography. DNA extracted from proband and his younger brother was screened for mutations in RS1 gene. The detected RS1 mutation was tested in all available family members and 200 healthy controls. RESULTS Reduced visual acuity, spoke-wheel pattern at the fovea, and split retina were observed in the proband. A novel frameshift mutation c.206-207delTG in the RS1 gene, leading to a truncated protein (p.L69fs16X), was identified in the proband and his younger brother. This mutation was not found in any unaffected member or in the healthy controls. The mother of the proband was hemizygous for this mutant allele. CONCLUSIONS We identified a novel causative mutation of RS1 in a Chinese family with XLRS. This finding expands the mutation spectrum of RS1 and provides evidence for a phenotype-genotype study in XLRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - L Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - B Gui
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - W Su
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - D Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - L Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Q Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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