1
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Hu Y, Lv Y, Long X, Yang G, Zhou J. Melatonin attenuates chronic sleep deprivation-induced cognitive deficits and HDAC3-Bmal1/clock interruption. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14474. [PMID: 37721401 PMCID: PMC10916425 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Sleep is predicted as a key modulator of cognition, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the effects of melatonin on chronic rapid eye movement sleep deprivation (CRSD)-induced cognitive impairment and circadian dysfunction in rat models. METHODS Thirty-six Sprague-Dawley male rats were divided into three groups: CRSD with saline treatment, CRSD with chronic melatonin injection (20 mg/kg/day), and non-sleep-deprived control. The cognitive behavioral tests as well as the expression of clocks and HDAC3 were evaluated in all groups. RESULTS CRSD significantly reduced recognition index in novel object location, increased escape latency and distance traveling in Morris water maze while melatonin treatment attenuated CRSD-induced hippocampal-dependent spatial learning and memory deficits. Furthermore, the mRNAs of brain and muscle aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator-like 1(Bmal1) and circadian locomotor output cycles kaput (Clock) were globally down-regulated by CRSD with constant intrinsic oscillation in both hippocampus and peripheral blood. The protein levels of hippocampal Bmal1, Clock, and HDAC3 were also remarkably down-regulated following CRSD. Melatonin treatment reversed CRSD-induced alterations of Bmal1/Clock and HDAC3 on both mRNA levels and protein levels. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that melatonin treatment attenuates CRSD-induced cognitive impairment via regulating HDAC3-Bmal1/Clock interaction. These findings explore a broader understanding of the relationship between sleep and cognition and provide a potential new therapeutic target for cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Hu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
- Department of NeurologyHaikou Affiliated Hospital of Central South University Xiangya School of MedicineHaikouChina
| | - Yefan Lv
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Xiaoyan Long
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Guoshuai Yang
- Department of NeurologyHaikou Affiliated Hospital of Central South University Xiangya School of MedicineHaikouChina
| | - Jinxia Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
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2
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Felício D, du Mérac TR, Amorim A, Martins S. Functional implications of paralog genes in polyglutamine spinocerebellar ataxias. Hum Genet 2023; 142:1651-1676. [PMID: 37845370 PMCID: PMC10676324 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-023-02607-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Polyglutamine (polyQ) spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) comprise a group of autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorders caused by (CAG/CAA)n expansions. The elongated stretches of adjacent glutamines alter the conformation of the native proteins inducing neurotoxicity, and subsequent motor and neurological symptoms. Although the etiology and neuropathology of most polyQ SCAs have been extensively studied, only a limited selection of therapies is available. Previous studies on SCA1 demonstrated that ATXN1L, a human duplicated gene of the disease-associated ATXN1, alleviated neuropathology in mice models. Other SCA-associated genes have paralogs (i.e., copies at different chromosomal locations derived from duplication of the parental gene), but their functional relevance and potential role in disease pathogenesis remain unexplored. Here, we review the protein homology, expression pattern, and molecular functions of paralogs in seven polyQ dominant ataxias-SCA1, SCA2, MJD/SCA3, SCA6, SCA7, SCA17, and DRPLA. Besides ATXN1L, we highlight ATXN2L, ATXN3L, CACNA1B, ATXN7L1, ATXN7L2, TBPL2, and RERE as promising functional candidates to play a role in the neuropathology of the respective SCA, along with the parental gene. Although most of these duplicates lack the (CAG/CAA)n region, if functionally redundant, they may compensate for a partial loss-of-function or dysfunction of the wild-type genes in SCAs. We aim to draw attention to the hypothesis that paralogs of disease-associated genes may underlie the complex neuropathology of dominant ataxias and potentiate new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Felício
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Tanguy Rubat du Mérac
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - António Amorim
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sandra Martins
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.
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3
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Edamakanti CR, Mohan V, Opal P. Reactive Bergmann glia play a central role in spinocerebellar ataxia inflammation via the JNK pathway. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:126. [PMID: 37237366 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02801-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) are devastating neurological diseases characterized by progressive cerebellar incoordination. While neurons bear the brunt of the pathology, a growing body of evidence suggests that glial cells are also affected. It has, however, been difficult to understand the role of glia, given the diversity of subtypes, each with their individual contributions to neuronal health. Using human SCA autopsy samples we have discovered that Bergmann glia-the radial glia of the cerebellum, which form intimate functional connections with cerebellar Purkinje neurons-display inflammatory JNK-dependent c-Jun phosphorylation. This phosphorylation defines a signaling pathway not observed in other activated glial populations, providing an opportunity to isolate the role of Bergmann glia in SCA inflammation. Turning to an SCA1 mouse model as a paradigmatic SCA, we demonstrate that inhibiting the JNK pathway reduces Bergmann glia inflammation accompanied by improvements in the SCA1 phenotype both behaviorally and pathologically. These findings demonstrate the causal role for Bergmann glia inflammation in SCA1 and point to a novel therapeutic strategy that could span several ataxic syndromes where Bergmann glia inflammation is a major feature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandrakanth Reddy Edamakanti
- Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ward 10-332, 303 E. Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
- Annexon Biosciences, 1400 Sierra Point Parkway Building C, 2nd Floor, Brisbane, CA, 94005, USA.
| | - Vishwa Mohan
- Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Puneet Opal
- Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ward 10-332, 303 E. Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
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4
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Possible implication of miR-142-3p in coronary microembolization induced myocardial injury via ATXN1L/HDAC3/NOL3 axis. J Mol Med (Berl) 2022; 100:763-780. [PMID: 35414011 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-022-02198-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to explore the mechanism underlying miR-142-3p regulating myocardial injury induced by coronary microembolization (CME) through ATXN1L. miR-142-3p overexpression or ATXN1L knockout adenovirus vectors were injected into rats before CME treatment. Cardiac functions were examined by echocardiography, and pathologies of myocardial tissues were assessed. Then, serum cTnI and IL-1β contents and concentrations of IL-1β and IL-18 in cell supernatant were measured. Immunofluorescence determined the localization of histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3). The interaction between miR-142-3p and ATXN1L as well as the binding between HDAC3 and histone 3 (H3) was identified. The binding of ATXN1L and HDAC3 to NOL3 promoter was verified using ChIP. The levels of ATXN1L, NOL3, and miR-142-3p as well as apoptosis- and pyroptosis-related proteins and acetyl-histone 3 (ac-H3) were evaluated. CME treatment impaired the cardiac functions in rats and increased cTnI content. CME rats showed microinfarction foci in myocardial tissues. After CME treatment, miR-142-3p and NOL3 were modestly expressed while ATXN1L content was elevated, in addition to increases in apoptosis and pyroptosis. miR-142-3p overexpression or ATXN1L knockout alleviated CME-induced myocardial injury, cardiomyocyte apoptosis, and pyroptosis in myocardial tissues. miR-142-3p regulated ATXN1L expression in a targeted manner. In the cellular context, miR-142-3p overexpression attenuated apoptosis and pyroptosis in cardiomyocytes, which was partly counteracted by ATXN1L overexpression. ATXN1L functioned on cardiomyocytes by promoting deacetylation of H3 through HDAC3 and thus inhibited NOL3 expression. Inhibition of HDAC3 or overexpression of NOL3 ameliorated the promotive effects of ATXN1L on cardiomyocyte apoptosis and pyroptosis. In vivo and in vitro evidence in this study supported that miR-142-3p could attenuate CME-induced myocardial injury via ATXN1L/HDAC3/NOL3. HIGHLIGHTS: CME model witnessed aberrant expression of miR-142-3p, ATXN1L, and NOL3; miR-142-3p negatively regulated ATXN1L; miR-142-3p mediated CME-induced myocardial injury through ATXN1L; ATXN1L promoted deacetylation of H3 through HDAC3 and thus inhibited NOL3 expression; ATXN1L acted on cardiomyocyte apoptosis and pyroptosis through HDAC3/NOL3 axis.
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5
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Abstract
Neuroepigenetics, a new branch of epigenetics, plays an important role in the regulation of gene expression. Neuroepigenetics is associated with holistic neuronal function and helps in formation and maintenance of memory and learning processes. This includes neurodevelopment and neurodegenerative defects in which histone modification enzymes appear to play a crucial role. These modifications, carried out by acetyltransferases and deacetylases, regulate biologic and cellular processes such as apoptosis and autophagy, inflammatory response, mitochondrial dysfunction, cell-cycle progression and oxidative stress. Alterations in acetylation status of histone as well as non-histone substrates lead to transcriptional deregulation. Histone deacetylase decreases acetylation status and causes transcriptional repression of regulatory genes involved in neural plasticity, synaptogenesis, synaptic and neural plasticity, cognition and memory, and neural differentiation. Transcriptional deactivation in the brain results in development of neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders. Mounting evidence implicates histone deacetylase inhibitors as potential therapeutic targets to combat neurologic disorders. Recent studies have targeted naturally-occurring biomolecules and micro-RNAs to improve cognitive defects and memory. Multi-target drug ligands targeting HDAC have been developed and used in cell-culture and animal-models of neurologic disorders to ameliorate synaptic and cognitive dysfunction. Herein, we focus on the implications of histone deacetylase enzymes in neuropathology, their regulation of brain function and plausible involvement in the pathogenesis of neurologic defects.
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6
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Zwaka TP, Skowronska M, Richman R, Dejosez M. Ronin overexpression induces cerebellar degeneration in a mouse model of ataxia. Dis Model Mech 2021; 14:269269. [PMID: 34165550 PMCID: PMC8246265 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.044834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) are a group of genetically heterogeneous inherited neurodegenerative disorders characterized by progressive ataxia and cerebellar degeneration. Here, we used a mouse model to test a possible connection between SCA and Ronin (Thap11), a polyglutamine-containing transcriptional regulator encoded in a region of human chromosome 16q22.1 that has been genetically linked to SCA type 4. We report that transgenic expression of Ronin in mouse cerebellar Purkinje cells leads to detrimental loss of these cells and the development of severe ataxia as early as 10 weeks after birth. Mechanistically, we find that several SCA-causing genes harbor Ronin DNA-binding motifs and are transcriptionally deregulated in transgenic animals. In addition, ectopic expression of Ronin in embryonic stem cells significantly increases the protein level of Ataxin-1, the protein encoded by Atxn1, alterations of which cause SCA type 1. This increase is also seen in the cerebellum of transgenic animals, although the latter was not statistically significant. Hence, our data provide evidence for a link between Ronin and SCAs, and suggest that Ronin may be involved in the development of other neurodegenerative diseases. Summary: Ronin is a polyglutamine protein encoded in a region of human chromosome 16q22.1 linked to spinocerebellar ataxia type 4. Overexpression of Ronin in mouse cerebellar Purkinje cells leads to their loss and ataxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P Zwaka
- Department for Cell, Regenerative and Developmental Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.,Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.,Huffington Center for Cell-Based Research in Parkinson's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Marta Skowronska
- Department for Cell, Regenerative and Developmental Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.,Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.,Huffington Center for Cell-Based Research in Parkinson's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Ronald Richman
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Marion Dejosez
- Department for Cell, Regenerative and Developmental Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.,Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.,Huffington Center for Cell-Based Research in Parkinson's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
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7
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Adhikari N, Jha T, Ghosh B. Dissecting Histone Deacetylase 3 in Multiple Disease Conditions: Selective Inhibition as a Promising Therapeutic Strategy. J Med Chem 2021; 64:8827-8869. [PMID: 34161101 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The acetylation of histone and non-histone proteins has been implicated in several disease states. Modulation of such epigenetic modifications has therefore made histone deacetylases (HDACs) important drug targets. HDAC3, among various class I HDACs, has been signified as a potentially validated target in multiple diseases, namely, cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular disorders, autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases, parasitic infections, and HIV. However, only a handful of HDAC3-selective inhibitors have been reported in spite of continuous efforts in design and development of HDAC3-selective inhibitors. In this Perspective, the roles of HDAC3 in various diseases as well as numerous potent and HDAC3-selective inhibitors have been discussed in detail. It will surely open up a new vista in the discovery of newer, more effective, and more selective HDAC3 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilanjan Adhikari
- Natural Science Laboratory, Division of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, P.O. Box 17020, Kolkata, 700032 West Bengal, India
| | - Tarun Jha
- Natural Science Laboratory, Division of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, P.O. Box 17020, Kolkata, 700032 West Bengal, India
| | - Balaram Ghosh
- Epigenetic Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, BITS-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Shamirpet, Hyderabad 500078, India
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8
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Edamakanti CR, Opal P. Developmental Alterations in Adult-Onset Neurodegenerative Disorders: Lessons from Polyglutamine Diseases. Mov Disord 2021; 36:1548-1552. [PMID: 34014004 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Puneet Opal
- Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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9
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Ma Y, Duan J, Hao X. Down-regulated HDAC3 elevates microRNA-495-3p to restrain epithelial-mesenchymal transition and oncogenicity of melanoma cells via reducing TRAF5. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:12933-12944. [PMID: 33048450 PMCID: PMC7701519 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are emerging biomarkers in biological processes and the role of miR‐495‐3p has been identified in melanoma, while the detailed molecular mechanisms remain to be further explored. We aim to explore the effect of histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) and miR‐495‐3p on epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) and oncogenicity of melanoma cells by regulating tumour necrosis factor receptor‐associated factor 5 (TRAF5). Levels of HDAC3, miR‐495‐3p and TRAF5 in melanoma tissues and pigmented nevus tissues were determined, and the predictive roles of HDAC3 and miR‐495‐3p in prognosis of melanoma patients were measured. The melanoma cells were screened and transfected with relative oligonucleotides and plasmids, and the expression of HDAC3, miR‐495‐3p and TRAF5, and phenotypes of melanoma cells were gauged by a series of assays. The relations between HDAC3 and miR‐495‐3p, and between miR‐495‐3p and TRAF5 were confirmed. HDAC3 and TRAF5 were increased while miR‐495‐3p was decreased in melanoma cells and tissues, and the low expression of miR‐495‐3p as well as high expression of HDAC3 indicated a poor prognosis of melanoma patients. Inhibited HDAC3 elevated miR‐495‐3p to suppress EMT and oncogenicity of melanoma cells by reducing TRAF5. HDAC3 particularly bound to miR‐495‐3p and TRAF5 was the target gene of miR‐495‐3p. Our results revealed that down‐regulated HDAC3 elevates miR‐495‐3p to suppress malignant phenotypes of melanoma cells by inhibiting TRAF5, thereby repressing EMT progression of melanoma cells. This study may provide novel targets for melanoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbo Ma
- Oral and maxillofacial surgery, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, China
| | - Jincheng Duan
- Department of stomatology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, China
| | - Xiuyan Hao
- Oral and maxillofacial surgery, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, China
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10
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Kovalenko M, Erdin S, Andrew MA, St Claire J, Shaughnessey M, Hubert L, Neto JL, Stortchevoi A, Fass DM, Mouro Pinto R, Haggarty SJ, Wilson JH, Talkowski ME, Wheeler VC. Histone deacetylase knockouts modify transcription, CAG instability and nuclear pathology in Huntington disease mice. eLife 2020; 9:55911. [PMID: 32990597 PMCID: PMC7581428 DOI: 10.7554/elife.55911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatic expansion of the Huntington’s disease (HD) CAG repeat drives the rate of a pathogenic process ultimately resulting in neuronal cell death. Although mechanisms of toxicity are poorly delineated, transcriptional dysregulation is a likely contributor. To identify modifiers that act at the level of CAG expansion and/or downstream pathogenic processes, we tested the impact of genetic knockout, in HttQ111 mice, of Hdac2 or Hdac3 in medium-spiny striatal neurons that exhibit extensive CAG expansion and exquisite disease vulnerability. Both knockouts moderately attenuated CAG expansion, with Hdac2 knockout decreasing nuclear huntingtin pathology. Hdac2 knockout resulted in a substantial transcriptional response that included modification of transcriptional dysregulation elicited by the HttQ111 allele, likely via mechanisms unrelated to instability suppression. Our results identify novel modifiers of different aspects of HD pathogenesis in medium-spiny neurons and highlight a complex relationship between the expanded Htt allele and Hdac2 with implications for targeting transcriptional dysregulation in HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Kovalenko
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Serkan Erdin
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States.,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, United States
| | - Marissa A Andrew
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Jason St Claire
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | | | - Leroy Hubert
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - João Luís Neto
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Alexei Stortchevoi
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Daniel M Fass
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Ricardo Mouro Pinto
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States.,Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Stephen J Haggarty
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States.,Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - John H Wilson
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Michael E Talkowski
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States.,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, United States.,Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Vanessa C Wheeler
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States.,Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
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11
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Niewiadomska-Cimicka A, Hache A, Trottier Y. Gene Deregulation and Underlying Mechanisms in Spinocerebellar Ataxias With Polyglutamine Expansion. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:571. [PMID: 32581696 PMCID: PMC7296114 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyglutamine spinocerebellar ataxias (polyQ SCAs) include SCA1, SCA2, SCA3, SCA6, SCA7, and SCA17 and constitute a group of adult onset neurodegenerative disorders caused by the expansion of a CAG repeat sequence located within the coding region of specific genes, which translates into polyglutamine tract in the corresponding proteins. PolyQ SCAs are characterized by degeneration of the cerebellum and its associated structures and lead to progressive ataxia and other diverse symptoms. In recent years, gene and epigenetic deregulations have been shown to play a critical role in the pathogenesis of polyQ SCAs. Here, we provide an overview of the functions of wild type and pathogenic polyQ SCA proteins in gene regulation, describe the extent and nature of gene expression changes and their pathological consequences in diseases, and discuss potential avenues to further investigate converging and distinct disease pathways and to develop therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Niewiadomska-Cimicka
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, Illkirch, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Antoine Hache
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, Illkirch, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Yvon Trottier
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, Illkirch, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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12
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Nucleocytoplasmic Proteomic Analysis Uncovers eRF1 and Nonsense-Mediated Decay as Modifiers of ALS/FTD C9orf72 Toxicity. Neuron 2020; 106:90-107.e13. [PMID: 32059759 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The most common genetic cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is a hexanucleotide repeat expansion in C9orf72 (C9-HRE). While RNA and dipeptide repeats produced by C9-HRE disrupt nucleocytoplasmic transport, the proteins that become redistributed remain unknown. Here, we utilized subcellular fractionation coupled with tandem mass spectrometry and identified 126 proteins, enriched for protein translation and RNA metabolism pathways, which collectively drive a shift toward a more cytosolic proteome in C9-HRE cells. Among these was eRF1, which regulates translation termination and nonsense-mediated decay (NMD). eRF1 accumulates within elaborate nuclear envelope invaginations in patient induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) neurons and postmortem tissue and mediates a protective shift from protein translation to NMD-dependent mRNA degradation. Overexpression of eRF1 and the NMD driver UPF1 ameliorate C9-HRE toxicity in vivo. Our findings provide a resource for proteome-wide nucleocytoplasmic alterations across neurodegeneration-associated repeat expansion mutations and highlight eRF1 and NMD as therapeutic targets in C9orf72-associated ALS and/or FTD.
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13
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Pharmacological intervention of histone deacetylase enzymes in the neurodegenerative disorders. Life Sci 2020; 243:117278. [PMID: 31926248 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Reversal of aging symptoms and related disorders are the challenging task where epigenetic is a crucial player that includes DNA methylation, histone modification; chromatin remodeling and regulation that are linked to the progression of various neurodegenerative disorders (NDDs). Overexpression of various histone deacetylase (HDACs) can activate Glycogen synthase kinase 3 which promotes the hyperphosphorylation of tau and inhibits its degradation. While HDAC is important for maintaining the neuronal morphology and brain homeostasis, at the same time, these enzymes are promoting neurodegeneration, if it is deregulated. Different experimental models have also confirmed the neuroprotective effects caused by HDAC enzymes through the regulation of neuronal apoptosis, inflammatory response, DNA damage, cell cycle regulation, and metabolic dysfunction. Apart from transcriptional regulation, protein-protein interaction, histone post-translational modifications, deacetylation mechanism of non-histone protein and direct association with disease proteins have been linked to neuronal imbalance. Histone deacetylases inhibitors (HDACi) can be able to alter gene expression and shown its efficacy on experimental models, and in clinical trials for NDD's and found to be a very promising therapeutic agent with certain limitation, for instance, non-specific target effect, isoform-selectivity, specificity, and limited number of predicted biomarkers. Herein, we discussed (i) the catalytic mechanism of the deacetylation process of various HDAC's in in vivo and in vitro experimental models, (ii) how HDACs are participating in neuroprotection as well as in neurodegeneration, (iii) a comprehensive role of HDACi in maintaining neuronal homeostasis and (iv) therapeutic role of biomolecules to modulate HDACs.
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14
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Hu YS, Do J, Edamakanti CR, Kini AR, Martina M, Stupp SI, Opal P. Self-assembling vascular endothelial growth factor nanoparticles improve function in spinocerebellar ataxia type 1. Brain 2019; 142:312-321. [PMID: 30649233 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awy328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing appreciation for the role of the neurovascular unit in neurodegenerative diseases. We showed previously that the angiogenic and neurotrophic cytokine, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), is suppressed to abnormally low levels in spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1), and that replenishing VEGF reverses the cerebellar pathology in SCA1 mice. In that study, however, we used a recombinant VEGF, which is extremely costly to manufacture and biologically unstable as well as immunogenic. To develop a more viable therapy, here we test a synthetic VEGF peptide amphiphile that self-assembles into nanoparticles. We show that this nano-VEGF has potent neurotrophic and angiogenic properties, is well-tolerated, and leads to functional improvement in SCA1 mice even when administered at advanced stages of the disease. This approach can be generalized to other neurotrophic factors or molecules that act in a paracrine manner, offering a novel therapeutic strategy for neurodegenerative conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Shih Hu
- Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jeehaeh Do
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Ameet R Kini
- Department of Pathology, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois, USA
| | - Marco Martina
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Samuel I Stupp
- Departments of Materials and Science and Engineering, Chemistry, Medicine, and Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL USA.,Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Puneet Opal
- Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago, Illinois, USA
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15
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Cobos SN, Bennett SA, Torrente MP. The impact of histone post-translational modifications in neurodegenerative diseases. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1865:1982-1991. [PMID: 30352259 PMCID: PMC6475498 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Every year, neurodegenerative disorders take more than 5000 lives in the US alone. Cures have not yet been found for many of the multitude of neuropathies. The majority of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) cases have no known genetic basis. Thus, it is evident that contemporary genetic approaches have failed to explain the etiology or etiologies of ALS/FTD and PD. Recent investigations have explored the potential role of epigenetic mechanisms in disease development. Epigenetics comprises heritable changes in gene utilization that are not derived from changes in the genome. A main epigenetic mechanism involves the post-translational modification of histones. Increased knowledge of the epigenomic landscape of neurodegenerative diseases would not only further our understanding of the disease pathologies, but also lead to the development of treatments able to halt their progress. Here, we review recent advances on the association of histone post-translational modifications with ALS, FTD, PD and several ataxias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha N Cobos
- Chemistry Department of Brooklyn College, Brooklyn, New York 11210, United States; Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, United States
| | - Seth A Bennett
- Chemistry Department of Brooklyn College, Brooklyn, New York 11210, United States; Ph.D. Program in Biochemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, United States
| | - Mariana P Torrente
- Chemistry Department of Brooklyn College, Brooklyn, New York 11210, United States; Ph.D. Programs in Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Biology, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York 10016, United States.
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16
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Frederick NM, Shah PV, Didonna A, Langley MR, Kanthasamy AG, Opal P. Loss of the dystonia gene Thap1 leads to transcriptional deficits that converge on common pathogenic pathways in dystonic syndromes. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 28:1343-1356. [PMID: 30590536 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Dystonia is a movement disorder characterized by involuntary and repetitive co-contractions of agonist and antagonist muscles. Dystonia 6 (DYT6) is an autosomal dominant dystonia caused by loss-of-function mutations in the zinc finger transcription factor THAP1. We have generated Thap1 knock-out mice with a view to understanding its transcriptional role. While germ-line deletion of Thap1 is embryonic lethal, mice lacking one Thap1 allele-which in principle should recapitulate the haploinsufficiency of the human syndrome-do not show a discernable phenotype. This is because mice show autoregulation of Thap1 mRNA levels with upregulation at the non-affected locus. We then deleted Thap1 in glial and neuronal precursors using a nestin-conditional approach. Although these mice do not exhibit dystonia, they show pronounced locomotor deficits reflecting derangements in the cerebellar and basal ganglia circuitry. These behavioral features are associated with alterations in the expression of genes involved in nervous system development, synaptic transmission, cytoskeleton, gliosis and dopamine signaling that link DYT6 to other primary and secondary dystonic syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alessandro Didonna
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Monica R Langley
- Parkinson Disorders Research Program, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Anumantha G Kanthasamy
- Parkinson Disorders Research Program, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Puneet Opal
- Davee Department of Neurology.,Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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17
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Xiang C, Zhang S, Dong X, Ma S, Cong S. Transcriptional Dysregulation and Post-translational Modifications in Polyglutamine Diseases: From Pathogenesis to Potential Therapeutic Strategies. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:153. [PMID: 29867345 PMCID: PMC5962650 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyglutamine (polyQ) diseases are hereditary neurodegenerative disorders caused by an abnormal expansion of a trinucleotide CAG repeat in the coding region of their respective associated genes. PolyQ diseases mainly display progressive degeneration of the brain and spinal cord. Nine polyQ diseases are known, including Huntington's disease (HD), spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA), dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy (DRPLA), and six forms of spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA). HD is the best characterized polyQ disease. Many studies have reported that transcriptional dysregulation and post-translational disruptions, which may interact with each other, are central features of polyQ diseases. Post-translational modifications, such as the acetylation of histones, are closely associated with the regulation of the transcriptional activity. A number of groups have studied the interactions between the polyQ proteins and transcription factors. Pharmacological drugs or genetic manipulations aimed at correcting the dysregulation have been confirmed to be effective in the treatment of polyQ diseases in many animal and cellular models. For example, histone deaceylase inhibitors have been demonstrated to have beneficial effects in cases of HD, SBMA, DRPLA, and SCA3. In this review, we describe the transcriptional and post-translational dysregulation in polyQ diseases with special focus on HD, and we summarize and comment on potential treatment approaches targeting disruption of transcription and post-translation processes in these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Shuyan Cong
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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18
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Edamakanti CR, Do J, Didonna A, Martina M, Opal P. Mutant ataxin1 disrupts cerebellar development in spinocerebellar ataxia type 1. J Clin Invest 2018. [PMID: 29533923 DOI: 10.1172/jci96765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1) is an adult-onset neurodegenerative disease caused by a polyglutamine expansion in the protein ATXN1, which is involved in transcriptional regulation. Although symptoms appear relatively late in life, primarily from cerebellar dysfunction, pathogenesis begins early, with transcriptional changes detectable as early as a week after birth in SCA1-knockin mice. Given the importance of this postnatal period for cerebellar development, we asked whether this region might be developmentally altered by mutant ATXN1. We found that expanded ATXN1 stimulates the proliferation of postnatal cerebellar stem cells in SCA1 mice. These hyperproliferating stem cells tended to differentiate into GABAergic inhibitory interneurons rather than astrocytes; this significantly increased the GABAergic inhibitory interneuron synaptic connections, disrupting cerebellar Purkinje cell function in a non-cell autonomous manner. We confirmed the increased basket cell-Purkinje cell connectivity in human SCA1 patients. Mutant ATXN1 thus alters the neural circuitry of the developing cerebellum, setting the stage for the later vulnerability of Purkinje cells to SCA1. We propose that other late-onset degenerative diseases may also be rooted in subtle developmental derailments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeehaeh Do
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Marco Martina
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Puneet Opal
- Davee Department of Neurology, and.,Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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19
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Thomas EA, D'Mello SR. Complex neuroprotective and neurotoxic effects of histone deacetylases. J Neurochem 2018; 145:96-110. [PMID: 29355955 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
By their ability to shatter quality of life for both patients and caregivers, neurodegenerative diseases are the most devastating of human disorders. Unfortunately, there are no effective or long-terms treatments capable of slowing down the relentless loss of neurons in any of these diseases. One impediment is the lack of detailed knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying the processes of neurodegeneration. While some neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, are mostly sporadic in nature, driven by both environment and genetic susceptibility, many others, including Huntington's disease, spinocerebellar ataxias, and spinal-bulbar muscular atrophy, are genetically inherited disorders. Surprisingly, given their different roots and etiologies, both sporadic and genetic neurodegenerative disorders have been linked to disease mechanisms involving histone deacetylase (HDAC) proteins, which consists of 18 family members with diverse functions. While most studies have implicated certain HDAC subtypes in promoting neurodegeneration, a substantial body of literature suggests that other HDAC proteins can preserve neuronal viability. Of particular interest, however, is the recent realization that a single HDAC subtype can have both neuroprotective and neurotoxic effects. Diverse mechanisms, beyond transcriptional regulation have been linked to these effects, including deacetylation of non-histone proteins, protein-protein interactions, post-translational modifications of the HDAC proteins themselves and direct interactions with disease proteins. The roles of these HDACs in both sporadic and genetic neurodegenerative diseases will be discussed in the current review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Thomas
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Santosh R D'Mello
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas, USA
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20
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Tolerance of chronic HDACi treatment for neurological, visceral and lung Niemann-Pick Type C disease in mice. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3875. [PMID: 29497113 PMCID: PMC5832807 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22162-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors are of significant interest as drugs. However, their use to treat neurological disorders has raised concern because HDACs are required for brain function. We have previously shown that a triple combination formulation (TCF) of the pan HDACi vorinostat (Vo), 2-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HPBCD) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) 400 improves pharmacokinetic exposure and entry of Vo into the brain. TCF treatment significantly delayed both neurodegeneration and death in the Npc1nmf164 murine model of Niemann-Pick Type C (NPC) disease. The TCF induces no metabolic toxicity, but its risk to normal brain functions and potential utility in treating lung disease, a major NPC clinical complication, remain unknown. Here we report that TCF administered in healthy mice for 8–10 months was not detrimental to the brain or neuromuscular functions based on quantitative analyses of Purkinje neurons, neuroinflammation, neurocognitive/muscular disease symptom progression, cerebellar/hippocampal nerve fiber-staining, and Hdac gene-expression. The TCF also improved delivery of Vo to lungs and reduced accumulation of foamy macrophages in Npc1nmf164 mice, with no injury. Together, these data support feasibility of tolerable, chronic administration of an HDACi formulation that treats murine NPC neurological disease and lung pathology, a frequent cause of death in this and possibly additional disorders.
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21
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Abstract
Epigenetics is a growing field of knowledge that is changing our understanding of pathologic processes. For many cerebellar disorders, recent discoveries of epigenetic mechanisms help us to understand their pathophysiology. In this chapter, a short explanation of each epigenetic mechanism (including methylation, histone modification, and miRNA) is followed by references to those cerebellar disorders in which relevant epigenetic advances have been made. The importance of normal timing and distribution of methylation during neurodevelopment is explained. Abnormal methylation and altered gene expression in the developing cerebellum have been related to neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism, Rett syndrome, and fragile X syndrome. DNA packaging by histones is another important epigenetic mechanism in cerebellar functioning. Current knowledge of histone abnormalities in cerebellar diseases such as Friedreich ataxia and spinocerebellar ataxias is reviewed, including implications for new therapeutic approaches to these degenerative diseases. Finally, micro RNAs, the third mechanism to modulate DNA expression, and their role in normal cerebellar development and disease are described. Understanding how genetic and epigenetic mechanisms interact not only in normal cerebellar development but also in disease is a great challenge. However, such understanding will lead to promising new therapeutic possibilities as is already occurring in other areas of medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Serrano
- Pediatric Neurology Department and Pediatric Institute for Genetic Medicine and Rare Diseases, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu; and Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain.
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22
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Cvetanovic M, Hu YS, Opal P. Mutant Ataxin-1 Inhibits Neural Progenitor Cell Proliferation in SCA1. THE CEREBELLUM 2017; 16:340-347. [PMID: 27306906 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-016-0794-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1) is a dominantly inherited neurodegenerative disease caused by the expansion of a polyglutamine (Q) repeat tract in the protein ataxin-1 (ATXN1). Beginning as a cerebellar ataxic disorder, SCA1 progresses to involve the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and brainstem. Using SCA1 knock-in mice that mirror the complexity of the human disease, we report a significant decrease in the capacity of adult neuronal progenitor cells (NPCs) to proliferate. Remarkably, a decrease in NPCs proliferation can be observed in vitro, outside the degenerative milieu of surrounding neurons or glia, demonstrating that mutant ATXN1 acting cell autonomously within progenitor cells interferes with their ability to proliferate. Our findings suggest that compromised adult neurogenesis contributes to the progressive pathology of the disease particularly in areas such as the hippocampus and cerebral cortex where stem cells provide neurotropic factors and participate in adult neurogenesis. These findings not only shed light on the biology of the disease but also have therapeutic implications in any future stem cell-based clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Cvetanovic
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Yuan-Shih Hu
- Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Puneet Opal
- Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA. .,Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
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Age-related alterations in histone deacetylase expression in Purkinje neurons of ethanol-fed rats. Brain Res 2017; 1675:8-19. [PMID: 28855102 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ethanol and age-induced pathologies of the Purkinje neuron (PN) may result from histone deacetylases (HDACs), enzymes which repress transcription through coiling of the DNA. The purposes of this study were to investigate expression patterns of Class 1 and IIa HDACs in PN and the effects of aging and alcohol on the density of HDACs and histone acetylation in PN. Ninety, eight month old rats (30/diet) were fed a liquid ethanol, liquid control, or rat chow diet for 10, 20, or 40weeks (30/treatment duration). Double immunocytochemical labeling on tissue sections from these rats used antibodies against HDAC isoforms or acetylated histones, and calbindin, a marker for PN. Fluorescent intensities were also measured. Results showed a significant age but not an alcohol-related decrease in the densities of HDACs 2, 3, and 7. In contrast, there were age related-increases in the densities of phosphorylated form of HDAC (4, 5, 7) PN and in PN nuclei expressing HDAC 7. There were also a trend towards ethanol-induced inhibition of acetylation as the density of AH2b PN nuclei and AH3 and AH2b fluorescent intensity was significantly lower in the EF compared to the PF rats. This study presents unique data concerning which HDACs are commonly expressed in PN and indicates that aging rather than lengthy alcohol expression alters expression of the HDACs studied here. These results also suggest that lengthy ethanol consumption may inhibit histone deacetylation in PN.
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24
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Proteomic Analysis of HDAC3 Selective Inhibitor in the Regulation of Inflammatory Response of Primary Microglia. Neural Plast 2017; 2017:6237351. [PMID: 28293439 PMCID: PMC5331322 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6237351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
HDAC3 has been shown to regulate inflammation. However, the role of HDAC3 in primary microglia is largely unknown. RGFP966 is a newly discovered selective HDAC3 inhibitor. In this study, we used protein mass spectrometry to analyze protein alterations in LPS-treated primary microglia with the application of RGFP966. Generally, about 2000 proteins were studied. 168 of 444 (37.8%) LPS-induced proteins were significantly reduced with the treatment of RGFP966, which mainly concentrated on Toll-like receptor signaling pathway. In this regard, we selected Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), TLR3, TLR6, MAPK p38, CD36, and spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) for further validation and found that they were all significantly upregulated after LPS stimulation and downregulated in the presence of RGFP966. Additionally, RGFP966 inhibited supernatant tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and Interleukin 6 (IL-6) concentrations. Activation of STAT3 and STAT5 was partially blocked by RGFP966 at 2 h after LPS-stimulation. The fluorescence intensity of CD16/32 was significantly decreased in LPS + RGFP966-treated group. In conclusion, our data provided a hint that RGFP966 may be a potential therapeutic medication combating microglia activation and inflammatory response in central nervous system, which was probably related to its repressive impacts on TLR signaling pathways and STAT3/STAT5 pathways.
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25
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Ganai SA, Banday S, Farooq Z, Altaf M. Modulating epigenetic HAT activity for reinstating acetylation homeostasis: A promising therapeutic strategy for neurological disorders. Pharmacol Ther 2016; 166:106-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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26
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Wagner JL, O'Connor DM, Donsante A, Boulis NM. Gene, Stem Cell, and Alternative Therapies for SCA 1. Front Mol Neurosci 2016; 9:67. [PMID: 27570504 PMCID: PMC4981596 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2016.00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia 1 is an autosomal dominant disease characterized by neurodegeneration and motor dysfunction. In disease pathogenesis, polyglutamine expansion within Ataxin-1, a gene involved in transcriptional repression, causes protein nuclear inclusions to form. Most notably, neuronal dysfunction presents in Purkinje cells. However, the effect of mutant Ataxin-1 is not entirely understood. Two mouse models are employed to represent spinocerebellar ataxia 1, a B05 transgenic model that specifically expresses mutant Ataxin-1 in Purkinje cells, and a Sca1 154Q/2Q model that inserts the polyglutamine expansion into the mouse Ataxin-1 locus so that the mutant Ataxin-1 is expressed in all cells that express Ataxin-1. This review aims to summarize and evaluate the wide variety of therapies proposed for spinocerebellar ataxia 1, specifically gene and stem cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob L Wagner
- Boulis Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Emory School of Medicine Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Deirdre M O'Connor
- Boulis Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Emory School of Medicine Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Anthony Donsante
- Boulis Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Emory School of Medicine Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nicholas M Boulis
- Boulis Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Emory School of Medicine Atlanta, GA, USA
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Bushart DD, Murphy GG, Shakkottai VG. Precision medicine in spinocerebellar ataxias: treatment based on common mechanisms of disease. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2016; 4:25. [PMID: 26889478 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2305-5839.2016.01.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) are a heterogeneous group of dominantly inherited neurodegenerative disorders affecting the cerebellum and its associated pathways. There are no available symptomatic or disease-modifying therapies available for any of the over 30 known causes of SCA. In order to develop precise treatments for SCAs, two strategies can be employed: (I) the use of gene-targeting strategies to silence disease-causing mutant protein expression; and (II) the identification and targeting of convergent mechanisms of disease across SCAs as a basis for treatment. Gene targeting strategies include RNA interference and antisense oligonucleotides designed to silence mutant genes in order to prevent mutant protein expression. These therapies can be precise, but delivery is difficult and many disease-causing mutations remain unknown. Emerging evidence suggests that several common disease mechanisms may exist across SCAs. Disrupted protein homeostasis, RNA toxicity, abnormal synaptic signaling, altered intracellular calcium handling, and altered Purkinje neuron membrane excitability are all disease mechanisms which are seen in multiple etiologies of SCA and could potentially be targeted for treatment. Clinical trials with drugs such as riluzole, a potassium channel activator, show promise for multiple SCAs and suggest that convergent disease mechanisms do exist and can be targeted. Precise treatment of SCAs may be best achieved through pharmacologic agents targeting specific disrupted pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- David D Bushart
- 1 Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, 2 Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, 3 Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Geoffrey G Murphy
- 1 Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, 2 Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, 3 Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Vikram G Shakkottai
- 1 Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, 2 Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, 3 Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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28
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Alam MS, Getz M, Haldar K. Chronic administration of an HDAC inhibitor treats both neurological and systemic Niemann-Pick type C disease in a mouse model. Sci Transl Med 2016; 8:326ra23. [DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aad9407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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29
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A novel histone deacetylase 1 and 2 isoform-specific inhibitor alleviates experimental Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2015; 37:103-116. [PMID: 26545632 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
With increased histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity and histone hypoacetylation being implicated in neurodegeneration, HDAC inhibitors have been reported to have considerable therapeutic potential. Yet, existing inhibitors lack specificity and may show substantial adverse effect. In this study, we identified a novel HDAC1/2 isoform-specific inhibitor, K560, with protective effects against 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP(+))- and/or 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced neuronal death in both in vitro and in vivo Parkinson's disease model. K560 attenuated cell death induced by MPP(+) in differentiated SH-SY5Y cells through the sustained expression of an antiapoptotic protein, X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP). Inhibition of XIAP expression by locked nucleic acid antisense oligonucleotides abolished the protective effect of K560. Inactivation of mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades, reduced p53 phosphorylation, and down-regulation of p53-upregulated modulator of apoptosis on K560 treatment were also observed. Furthermore, pre- and post-oral administration of K560 to mice prevented MPTP-induced loss of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra, suggesting that selective inhibition of HDAC1 and HDAC2 by K560 may pave the way to new strategies for Parkinson's disease treatment.
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30
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31
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Didonna A, Opal P. The promise and perils of HDAC inhibitors in neurodegeneration. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2014; 2:79-101. [PMID: 25642438 PMCID: PMC4301678 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) represent emerging therapeutic targets in the context of neurodegeneration. Indeed, pharmacologic inhibition of HDACs activity in the nervous system has shown beneficial effects in several preclinical models of neurological disorders. However, the translation of such therapeutic approach to clinics has been only marginally successful, mainly due to our still limited knowledge about HDACs physiological role particularly in neurons. Here, we review the potential benefits along with the risks of targeting HDACs in light of what we currently know about HDAC activity in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Didonna
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco San Francisco, California, 94158
| | - Puneet Opal
- Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago, Illinois, 60611 ; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago, Illinois, 60611
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Corradini BR, Iamashita P, Tampellini E, Farfel JM, Grinberg LT, Moreira-Filho CA. Complex network-driven view of genomic mechanisms underlying Parkinson's disease: analyses in dorsal motor vagal nucleus, locus coeruleus, and substantia nigra. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:543673. [PMID: 25525598 PMCID: PMC4261556 DOI: 10.1155/2014/543673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD)—classically characterized by severe loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta—has a caudal-rostral progression, beginning in the dorsal motor vagal nucleus and, in a less extent, in the olfactory system, progressing to the midbrain and eventually to the basal forebrain and the neocortex. About 90% of the cases are idiopathic. To study the molecular mechanisms involved in idiopathic PD we conducted a comparative study of transcriptional interaction networks in the dorsal motor vagal nucleus (VA), locus coeruleus (LC), and substantia nigra (SN) of idiopathic PD in Braak stages 4-5 (PD) and disease-free controls (CT) using postmortem samples. Gene coexpression networks (GCNs) for each brain region (patients and controls) were obtained to identify highly connected relevant genes (hubs) and densely interconnected gene sets (modules). GCN analyses showed differences in topology and module composition between CT and PD networks for each anatomic region. In CT networks, VA, LC, and SN hub modules are predominantly associated with neuroprotection and homeostasis in the ageing brain, whereas in the patient's group, for the three brain regions, hub modules are mostly related to stress response and neuron survival/degeneration mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Raposo Corradini
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculdade de Medicina da USP (FMUSP), Avenida Dr. Enéas Carvalho Aguiar 647, 5 Andar, 05403-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Priscila Iamashita
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculdade de Medicina da USP (FMUSP), Avenida Dr. Enéas Carvalho Aguiar 647, 5 Andar, 05403-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Edilaine Tampellini
- Brazilian Aging Brain Study Group (BEHEEC), LIM 22, FMUSP, 01246-903 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, 05652-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - José Marcelo Farfel
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, 05652-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Division of Geriatrics, FMUSP, 01246-903 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Lea Tenenholz Grinberg
- Brazilian Aging Brain Study Group (BEHEEC), LIM 22, FMUSP, 01246-903 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Department of Pathology, FMUSP, 01246-903 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Department of Neurology and Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Carlos Alberto Moreira-Filho
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculdade de Medicina da USP (FMUSP), Avenida Dr. Enéas Carvalho Aguiar 647, 5 Andar, 05403-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Matsuba S, Niwa S, Muraki K, Kanatsuka S, Nakazono Y, Hatano N, Fujii M, Zhan P, Suzuki T, Ohya S. Downregulation of Ca2+-activated Cl- channel TMEM16A by the inhibition of histone deacetylase in TMEM16A-expressing cancer cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2014; 351:510-8. [PMID: 25232193 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.114.217315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The Ca(2+)-activated Cl(-) channel transmembrane proteins with unknown function 16 A (TMEM16A; also known as anoctamin 1 or discovered on gastrointestinal stromal tumor 1) plays an important role in facilitating the cell growth and metastasis of TMEM16A-expressing cancer cells. Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors (HDACi) are useful agents for cancer therapy, but it remains unclear whether ion channels are epigenetically regulated by them. Using real-time polymerase chain reaction, Western blot analysis, and whole-cell patch-clamp assays, we found a significant decrease in TMEM16A expression and its functional activity was induced by the vorinostat, a pan-HDACi in TMEM16A-expressing human cancer cell lines, the prostatic cancer cell line PC-3, and the breast cancer cell line YMB-1. TMEM16A downregulation was not induced by the chemotherapy drug paclitaxel in either cell type. Pharmacologic blockade of HDAC3 by 1 μM T247 [N-(2-aminophenyl)-4-[1-(2-thiophen-3-ylethyl)-1H-[1],[2],[3]triazol-4-yl]benzamide], a HDAC3-selective HDACi, elicited a large decrease in TMEM16A expression and functional activity in both cell types, and pharmacologic blockade of HDAC2 by AATB [4-(acetylamino)-N-[2-amino-5-(2-thienyl)phenyl]-benzamide; 300 nM] elicited partial inhibition of TMEM16A expression (∼40%) in both. Pharmacologic blockade of HDAC1 or HDAC6 did not elicit any significant change in TMEM16A expression, respectively. In addition, inhibition of HDAC3 induced by small interfering RNA elicited a large decrease in TMEM16A transcripts in both cell types. Taken together, in malignancies with a frequent gene amplification of TMEM16A, HDAC3 inhibition may exert suppressive effects on cancer cell viability via downregulation of TMEM16A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayo Matsuba
- Department of Pharmacology, Division of Pathological Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan (S.M., S.N., S.K., Y.N., M.F., S.O.); Laboratory of Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Aichi-Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan (K.M., N.H.); and Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan (P.Z., T.S.)
| | - Satomi Niwa
- Department of Pharmacology, Division of Pathological Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan (S.M., S.N., S.K., Y.N., M.F., S.O.); Laboratory of Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Aichi-Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan (K.M., N.H.); and Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan (P.Z., T.S.)
| | - Katsuhiko Muraki
- Department of Pharmacology, Division of Pathological Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan (S.M., S.N., S.K., Y.N., M.F., S.O.); Laboratory of Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Aichi-Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan (K.M., N.H.); and Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan (P.Z., T.S.)
| | - Saki Kanatsuka
- Department of Pharmacology, Division of Pathological Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan (S.M., S.N., S.K., Y.N., M.F., S.O.); Laboratory of Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Aichi-Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan (K.M., N.H.); and Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan (P.Z., T.S.)
| | - Yurika Nakazono
- Department of Pharmacology, Division of Pathological Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan (S.M., S.N., S.K., Y.N., M.F., S.O.); Laboratory of Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Aichi-Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan (K.M., N.H.); and Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan (P.Z., T.S.)
| | - Noriyuki Hatano
- Department of Pharmacology, Division of Pathological Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan (S.M., S.N., S.K., Y.N., M.F., S.O.); Laboratory of Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Aichi-Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan (K.M., N.H.); and Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan (P.Z., T.S.)
| | - Masanori Fujii
- Department of Pharmacology, Division of Pathological Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan (S.M., S.N., S.K., Y.N., M.F., S.O.); Laboratory of Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Aichi-Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan (K.M., N.H.); and Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan (P.Z., T.S.)
| | - Peng Zhan
- Department of Pharmacology, Division of Pathological Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan (S.M., S.N., S.K., Y.N., M.F., S.O.); Laboratory of Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Aichi-Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan (K.M., N.H.); and Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan (P.Z., T.S.)
| | - Takayoshi Suzuki
- Department of Pharmacology, Division of Pathological Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan (S.M., S.N., S.K., Y.N., M.F., S.O.); Laboratory of Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Aichi-Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan (K.M., N.H.); and Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan (P.Z., T.S.)
| | - Susumu Ohya
- Department of Pharmacology, Division of Pathological Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan (S.M., S.N., S.K., Y.N., M.F., S.O.); Laboratory of Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Aichi-Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan (K.M., N.H.); and Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan (P.Z., T.S.)
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