1
|
Gruca-Stryjak K, Doda-Nowak E, Dzierla J, Wróbel K, Szymankiewicz-Bręborowicz M, Mazela J. Advancing the Clinical and Molecular Understanding of Cornelia de Lange Syndrome: A Multidisciplinary Pediatric Case Series and Review of the Literature. J Clin Med 2024; 13:2423. [PMID: 38673696 PMCID: PMC11050916 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13082423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CdLS) is a complex genetic disorder with distinct facial features, growth limitations, and limb anomalies. Its broad clinical spectrum presents significant challenges in pediatric diagnosis and management. Due to cohesin complex mutations, the disorder's variable presentation requires extensive research to refine care and improve outcomes. This article provides a case series review of pediatric CdLS patients alongside a comprehensive literature review, exploring clinical variability and the relationship between genotypic changes and phenotypic outcomes. It also discusses the evolution of diagnostic and therapeutic techniques, emphasizing innovations in genetic testing, including detecting mosaicism and novel genetic variations. The aim is to synthesize case studies with current research to advance our understanding of CdLS and the effectiveness of management strategies in pediatric healthcare. This work highlights the need for an integrated, evidence-based approach to diagnosis and treatment. It aims to fill existing research gaps and advocate for holistic care protocols and tailored treatment plans for CdLS patients, ultimately improving their quality of life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Gruca-Stryjak
- Department of Perinatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medical Sciences, 60-535 Poznan, Poland
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital Research Institute, 93-338 Lodz, Poland
- Centers for Medical Genetics Diagnostyka GENESIS, 60-406 Poznan, Poland
| | - Emilia Doda-Nowak
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznan, Poland (J.D.)
| | - Julia Dzierla
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznan, Poland (J.D.)
| | - Karolina Wróbel
- Department of Neonatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medical Sciences, 60-535 Poznan, Poland
| | | | - Jan Mazela
- Department of Neonatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medical Sciences, 60-535 Poznan, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mfarej MG, Hyland CA, Sanchez AC, Falk MM, Iovine MK, Skibbens RV. Cohesin: an emerging master regulator at the heart of cardiac development. Mol Biol Cell 2023; 34:rs2. [PMID: 36947206 PMCID: PMC10162415 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e22-12-0557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cohesins are ATPase complexes that play central roles in cellular processes such as chromosome division, DNA repair, and gene expression. Cohesinopathies arise from mutations in cohesin proteins or cohesin complex regulators and encompass a family of related developmental disorders that present with a range of severe birth defects, affect many different physiological systems, and often lead to embryonic fatality. Treatments for cohesinopathies are limited, in large part due to the lack of understanding of cohesin biology. Thus, characterizing the signaling networks that lie upstream and downstream of cohesin-dependent pathways remains clinically relevant. Here, we highlight alterations in cohesins and cohesin regulators that result in cohesinopathies, with a focus on cardiac defects. In addition, we suggest a novel and more unifying view regarding the mechanisms through which cohesinopathy-based heart defects may arise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael G. Mfarej
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015
| | - Caitlin A. Hyland
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015
| | - Annie C. Sanchez
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015
| | - Matthias M. Falk
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015
| | - M. Kathryn Iovine
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015
| | - Robert V. Skibbens
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Fedorova D, Ovsyannikova G, Kurnikova M, Pavlova A, Konyukhova T, Pshonkin A, Smetanina N. De novo TP53 germline activating mutations in two patients with the phenotype mimicking Diamond-Blackfan anemia. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2022; 69:e29558. [PMID: 35084091 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.29558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Diamond-Blackfan anemia (DBA) is an inherited bone marrow failure syndrome, associated with mutations in ribosomal protein (RP) genes. Growing data on mutations in non-RP genes in patients with DBA-like phenotype became available over recent years. We describe two patients with the phenotype of DBA (onset of macrocytic anemia within the first year of life, paucity of erythroid precursors in bone marrow) and germline de novo variants in the TP53 gene. Both patients became transfusion independent, probably due to L-leucine therapy. The possible role of TP53 variants should be considered in patients with DBA-like phenotype and no mutations in RP genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daria Fedorova
- Dmitry Rogachev National Research Medical Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Galina Ovsyannikova
- Dmitry Rogachev National Research Medical Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Maria Kurnikova
- Dmitry Rogachev National Research Medical Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Anna Pavlova
- Dmitry Rogachev National Research Medical Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Tatiana Konyukhova
- Dmitry Rogachev National Research Medical Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Alexey Pshonkin
- Dmitry Rogachev National Research Medical Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Nataliya Smetanina
- Dmitry Rogachev National Research Medical Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russian Federation
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Leask M, Carleton C, Leeke B, Newman T, Antoun J, Farella M, Horsfield J. Riboceine Rescues Auranofin-Induced Craniofacial Defects in Zebrafish. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10121964. [PMID: 34943067 PMCID: PMC8750187 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10121964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Craniofacial abnormalities are a common group of congenital developmental disorders that can require intensive oral surgery as part of their treatment. Neural crest cells (NCCs) contribute to the facial structures; however, they are extremely sensitive to high levels of oxidative stress, which result in craniofacial abnormalities under perturbed developmental environments. The oxidative stress-inducing compound auranofin (AFN) disrupts craniofacial development in wildtype zebrafish embryos. Here, we tested whether the antioxidant Riboceine (RBC) rescues craniofacial defects arising from exposure to AFN. RBC rescued AFN-induced cellular apoptosis and distinct defects of the cranial cartilage in zebrafish larvae. Zebrafish embryos exposed to AFN have higher expression of antioxidant genes gstp1 and prxd1, with RBC treatment partially rescuing these gene expression profiles. Our data suggest that antioxidants may have utility in preventing defects in the craniofacial cartilage owing to environmental or genetic risk, perhaps by enhancing cell survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megan Leask
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand; (M.L.); (C.C.); (B.L.); (T.N.)
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Private Bag 92019, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand; (J.A.); (M.F.)
| | - Catherine Carleton
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand; (M.L.); (C.C.); (B.L.); (T.N.)
- Department of Oral Sciences, Sir John Walsh Research Institute, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Bryony Leeke
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand; (M.L.); (C.C.); (B.L.); (T.N.)
| | - Trent Newman
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand; (M.L.); (C.C.); (B.L.); (T.N.)
| | - Joseph Antoun
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Private Bag 92019, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand; (J.A.); (M.F.)
- Department of Oral Sciences, Sir John Walsh Research Institute, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Mauro Farella
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Private Bag 92019, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand; (J.A.); (M.F.)
- Department of Oral Sciences, Sir John Walsh Research Institute, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Julia Horsfield
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand; (M.L.); (C.C.); (B.L.); (T.N.)
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Private Bag 92019, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand; (J.A.); (M.F.)
- Genetics Otago Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Marí-Beffa M, Mesa-Román AB, Duran I. Zebrafish Models for Human Skeletal Disorders. Front Genet 2021; 12:675331. [PMID: 34490030 PMCID: PMC8418114 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.675331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2019, the Nosology Committee of the International Skeletal Dysplasia Society provided an updated version of the Nosology and Classification of Genetic Skeletal Disorders. This is a reference list of recognized diseases in humans and their causal genes published to help clinician diagnosis and scientific research advances. Complementary to mammalian models, zebrafish has emerged as an interesting species to evaluate chemical treatments against these human skeletal disorders. Due to its versatility and the low cost of experiments, more than 80 models are currently available. In this article, we review the state-of-art of this “aquarium to bedside” approach describing the models according to the list provided by the Nosology Committee. With this, we intend to stimulate research in the appropriate direction to efficiently meet the actual needs of clinicians under the scope of the Nosology Committee.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Marí-Beffa
- Department of Cell Biology, Genetics and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, IBIMA, Málaga, Spain.,Networking Biomedical Research Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Andalusian Centre for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology-BIONAND, Málaga, Spain
| | - Ana B Mesa-Román
- Department of Cell Biology, Genetics and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, IBIMA, Málaga, Spain
| | - Ivan Duran
- Department of Cell Biology, Genetics and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, IBIMA, Málaga, Spain.,Networking Biomedical Research Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Andalusian Centre for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology-BIONAND, Málaga, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Selicorni A, Mariani M, Lettieri A, Massa V. Cornelia de Lange Syndrome: From a Disease to a Broader Spectrum. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:1075. [PMID: 34356091 PMCID: PMC8307173 DOI: 10.3390/genes12071075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CdLS) is a genetic disease that exemplifies the evolution of knowledge in the field of rare genetic disorders. Originally described as a unique pattern of major and minor anomalies, over time this syndrome has been shown to be characterized by a significant variability of clinical expression. By increasing the number of patients described, knowledge of the natural history of the condition has been enriched with the demonstration of the relative frequency of various potential comorbidities. Since 2006, the discovery of CdLS's molecular basis has shown an equally vast genetic heterogeneity linked to the presence of variants in genes encoding for the cohesin complex pathway. The most recent clinical-genetic data led to the classification of the "original syndrome" into a "clinical spectrum" that foresees the presence of classic patients, of non-classic forms, and of conditions that show a modest phenotypic overlapping with the original disease. Finally, the knowledge of the molecular basis of the disease has allowed the development of basic research projects that could lay the foundations for the development of possible innovative pharmacological treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Selicorni
- Mariani Foundation Center for Fragile Child, Pediatric Unit ASST Lariana, 22100 Como, Italy;
| | - Milena Mariani
- Mariani Foundation Center for Fragile Child, Pediatric Unit ASST Lariana, 22100 Como, Italy;
| | - Antonella Lettieri
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20142 Milano, Italy; (A.L.); (V.M.)
- CRC Aldo Ravelli for Neurotechnology and Experimental Brain Therapeutics, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20142 Milano, Italy
| | - Valentina Massa
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20142 Milano, Italy; (A.L.); (V.M.)
- CRC Aldo Ravelli for Neurotechnology and Experimental Brain Therapeutics, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20142 Milano, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Gu W, Wang L, Gu R, Ouyang H, Bao B, Zheng L, Xu B. Defects of cohesin loader lead to bone dysplasia associated with transcriptional disturbance. J Cell Physiol 2021; 236:8208-8225. [PMID: 34170011 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cohesin loader nipped-B-like protein (Nipbl) is increasingly recognized for its important role in development and cancer. Cornelia de Lange Syndrome (CdLS), mostly caused by heterozygous mutations of Nipbl, is an autosomal dominant disease characterized by multiorgan malformations. However, the regulatory role and underlying mechanism of Nipbl in skeletal development remain largely elusive. In this study, we constructed a Nipbl-a Cas9-knockout (KO) zebrafish, which displayed severe retardation of global growth and skeletal development. Deficiency of Nipbl remarkably compromised cell growth and survival, and osteogenic differentiation of mammalian osteoblast precursors. Furthermore, Nipbl depletion impaired the cell cycle process, and caused DNA damage accumulation and cellular senescence. In addition, nucleolar fibrillarin expression, global rRNA biogenesis, and protein translation were defective in the Nipbl-depleted osteoblast precursors. Interestingly, an integrated stress response inhibitor (ISRIB), partially rescued Nipbl depletion-induced cellular defects in proliferation and apoptosis, osteogenesis, and nucleolar function. Simultaneously, we performed transcriptome analysis of Nipbl deficiency on human neural crest cells and mouse embryonic fibroblasts in combination with Nipbl ChIP-Seq. We found that Nipbl deficiency caused thousands of differentially expressed genes including some important genes in bone and cartilage development. In conclusion, Nipbl deficiency compromised skeleton development through impairing osteoblast precursor cell proliferation and survival, and osteogenic differentiation, and also disturbing the expression of some osteogenesis-regulatory genes. Our study elucidated that Nipbl played a pivotal role in skeleton development, and supported the fact that treatment of ISRIB may provide an early intervention strategy to alleviate the bone dysplasia of CdLS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weihuai Gu
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Institute of Stomatological Research, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lihong Wang
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Institute of Stomatological Research, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Renjie Gu
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Institute of Stomatological Research, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Huiya Ouyang
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Institute of Stomatological Research, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Baicheng Bao
- Hospital of Stomatology, Orthodontic Department, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Liwei Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Baoshan Xu
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Institute of Stomatological Research, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Grazioli P, Parodi C, Mariani M, Bottai D, Di Fede E, Zulueta A, Avagliano L, Cereda A, Tenconi R, Wierzba J, Adami R, Iascone M, Ajmone PF, Vaccari T, Gervasini C, Selicorni A, Massa V. Lithium as a possible therapeutic strategy for Cornelia de Lange syndrome. Cell Death Dis 2021; 7:34. [PMID: 33597506 PMCID: PMC7889653 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-021-00414-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Cornelia de Lange Syndrome (CdLS) is a rare developmental disorder affecting a multitude of organs including the central nervous system, inducing a variable neurodevelopmental delay. CdLS malformations derive from the deregulation of developmental pathways, inclusive of the canonical WNT pathway. We have evaluated MRI anomalies and behavioral and neurological clinical manifestations in CdLS patients. Importantly, we observed in our cohort a significant association between behavioral disturbance and structural abnormalities in brain structures of hindbrain embryonic origin. Considering the cumulative evidence on the cohesin-WNT-hindbrain shaping cascade, we have explored possible ameliorative effects of chemical activation of the canonical WNT pathway with lithium chloride in different models: (I) Drosophila melanogaster CdLS model showing a significant rescue of mushroom bodies morphology in the adult flies; (II) mouse neural stem cells restoring physiological levels in proliferation rate and differentiation capabilities toward the neuronal lineage; (III) lymphoblastoid cell lines from CdLS patients and healthy donors restoring cellular proliferation rate and inducing the expression of CyclinD1. This work supports a role for WNT-pathway regulation of CdLS brain and behavioral abnormalities and a consistent phenotype rescue by lithium in experimental models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Grazioli
- grid.4708.b0000 0004 1757 2822Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Parodi
- grid.4708.b0000 0004 1757 2822Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Daniele Bottai
- grid.4708.b0000 0004 1757 2822Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy ,grid.4708.b0000 0004 1757 2822“Aldo Ravelli” Center for Neurotechnology and Experimental Brain Therapeutics, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Di Fede
- grid.4708.b0000 0004 1757 2822Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Aida Zulueta
- grid.4708.b0000 0004 1757 2822Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Avagliano
- grid.4708.b0000 0004 1757 2822Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Cereda
- Department of Pediatrics-ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Romano Tenconi
- grid.5608.b0000 0004 1757 3470Department of Pediatrics, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Jolanta Wierzba
- grid.11451.300000 0001 0531 3426Department of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine Nursing, Department of Rare Disorders, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Raffaella Adami
- grid.4708.b0000 0004 1757 2822Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Iascone
- Department of Pediatrics-ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Paola Francesca Ajmone
- grid.414818.00000 0004 1757 8749Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatric Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Thomas Vaccari
- grid.4708.b0000 0004 1757 2822Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Cristina Gervasini
- grid.4708.b0000 0004 1757 2822Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy ,grid.4708.b0000 0004 1757 2822“Aldo Ravelli” Center for Neurotechnology and Experimental Brain Therapeutics, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Valentina Massa
- grid.4708.b0000 0004 1757 2822Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy ,grid.4708.b0000 0004 1757 2822“Aldo Ravelli” Center for Neurotechnology and Experimental Brain Therapeutics, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
5q35 duplication presents with psychiatric and undergrowth phenotypes mediated by NSD1 overexpression and mTOR signaling downregulation. Hum Genet 2021; 140:681-690. [PMID: 33389145 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-020-02240-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Nuclear receptor binding SET domain protein 1, NSD1, encodes a histone methyltransferase H3K36. NSD1 is responsible for the phenotype of the reciprocal 5q35.2q35.3 microdeletion-microduplication syndromes. We expand the phenotype and demonstrate the functional role of NSD1 in microduplication 5q35 syndrome. METHODS Through an international collaboration, we report nine new patients, contributing to the emerging phenotype, highlighting psychiatric phenotypes in older affected individuals. Focusing specifically on the undergrowth phenotype, we have modeled the effects of Mes-4/NSD overexpression in Drosophila melanogaster. RESULTS The individuals (including a family) from diverse backgrounds with duplications ranging in size from 0.6 to 4.5 Mb, have a consistent undergrowth phenotype. Mes-4 overexpression in the developing wing causes undergrowth, increased H3K36 methylation, and increased apoptosis. We demonstrate that altering the levels of insulin receptor (IR) rescues the apoptosis and the wing undergrowth phenotype, suggesting changes in mTOR pathway signaling. Leucine supplementation rescued Mes-4/NSD induced cell death, demonstrating decreased mTOR signaling caused by NSD1. CONCLUSION Given that we show mTOR inhibition as a likely mechanism and amelioration of the phenotype by leucine supplementation in a fly model, we suggest further studies should evaluate the therapeutic potential of leucine or branched chain amino acids as an adjunct possible treatment to ameliorate human growth and psychiatric phenotypes and propose inclusion of 5q35-microduplication as part of the differential diagnosis for children and adults with delayed bone age, short stature, microcephaly, developmental delay, and psychiatric phenotypes.
Collapse
|
10
|
Tao H, Lambert JP, Yung TM, Zhu M, Hahn NA, Li D, Lau K, Sturgeon K, Puviindran V, Zhang X, Gong W, Chen XX, Anderson G, Garry DJ, Henkelman RM, Sun Y, Iulianella A, Kawakami Y, Gingras AC, Hui CC, Hopyan S. IRX3/5 regulate mitotic chromatid segregation and limb bud shape. Development 2020; 147:dev.180042. [PMID: 32907847 DOI: 10.1242/dev.180042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Pattern formation is influenced by transcriptional regulation as well as by morphogenetic mechanisms that shape organ primordia, although factors that link these processes remain under-appreciated. Here we show that, apart from their established transcriptional roles in pattern formation, IRX3/5 help to shape the limb bud primordium by promoting the separation and intercalation of dividing mesodermal cells. Surprisingly, IRX3/5 are required for appropriate cell cycle progression and chromatid segregation during mitosis, possibly in a nontranscriptional manner. IRX3/5 associate with, promote the abundance of, and share overlapping functions with co-regulators of cell division such as the cohesin subunits SMC1, SMC3, NIPBL and CUX1. The findings imply that IRX3/5 coordinate early limb bud morphogenesis with skeletal pattern formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Tao
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Jean-Philippe Lambert
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Theodora M Yung
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Min Zhu
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Noah A Hahn
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Danyi Li
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Kimberly Lau
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Kendra Sturgeon
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Vijitha Puviindran
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Xiaoyun Zhang
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Wuming Gong
- Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Xiao Xiao Chen
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Gregory Anderson
- Mouse Imaging Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto Centre for Phenogenomics, Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 3H7, Canada
| | - Daniel J Garry
- Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - R Mark Henkelman
- Mouse Imaging Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto Centre for Phenogenomics, Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 3H7, Canada
| | - Yu Sun
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Angelo Iulianella
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Yasuhiko Kawakami
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Anne-Claude Gingras
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Chi-Chung Hui
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada .,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Sevan Hopyan
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada .,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.,Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto M5G 1X8, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Sarogni P, Pallotta MM, Musio A. Cornelia de Lange syndrome: from molecular diagnosis to therapeutic approach. J Med Genet 2020; 57:289-295. [PMID: 31704779 PMCID: PMC7231464 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2019-106277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CdLS) is a severe genetic disorder characterised by multisystemic malformations. CdLS is due to pathogenetic variants in NIPBL, SMC1A, SMC3, RAD21 and HDAC8 genes which belong to the cohesin pathway. Cohesin plays a pivotal role in chromatid cohesion, gene expression, and DNA repair. In this review, we will discuss how perturbations in those biological processes contribute to CdLS phenotype and will emphasise the state-of-art of CdLS therapeutic approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Sarogni
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pisa, Italy
| | - Maria M Pallotta
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pisa, Italy
| | - Antonio Musio
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pisa, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Faramarz A, Balk JA, van Schie JJM, Oostra AB, Ghandour CA, Rooimans MA, Wolthuis RMF, de Lange J. Non-redundant roles in sister chromatid cohesion of the DNA helicase DDX11 and the SMC3 acetyl transferases ESCO1 and ESCO2. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0220348. [PMID: 31935221 PMCID: PMC6959578 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In a process linked to DNA replication, duplicated chromosomes are entrapped in large, circular cohesin complexes and functional sister chromatid cohesion (SCC) is established by acetylation of the SMC3 cohesin subunit. Roberts Syndrome (RBS) and Warsaw Breakage Syndrome (WABS) are rare human developmental syndromes that are characterized by defective SCC. RBS is caused by mutations in the SMC3 acetyltransferase ESCO2, whereas mutations in the DNA helicase DDX11 lead to WABS. We found that WABS-derived cells predominantly rely on ESCO2, not ESCO1, for residual SCC, growth and survival. Reciprocally, RBS-derived cells depend on DDX11 to maintain low levels of SCC. Synthetic lethality between DDX11 and ESCO2 correlated with a prolonged delay in mitosis, and was rescued by knockdown of the cohesin remover WAPL. Rescue experiments using human or mouse cDNAs revealed that DDX11, ESCO1 and ESCO2 act on different but related aspects of SCC establishment. Furthermore, a DNA binding DDX11 mutant failed to correct SCC in WABS cells and DDX11 deficiency reduced replication fork speed. We propose that DDX11, ESCO1 and ESCO2 control different fractions of cohesin that are spatially and mechanistically separated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atiq Faramarz
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Department of Clinical Genetics, section Oncogenetics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jesper A. Balk
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Department of Clinical Genetics, section Oncogenetics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Janne J. M. van Schie
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Department of Clinical Genetics, section Oncogenetics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anneke B. Oostra
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Department of Clinical Genetics, section Oncogenetics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Cherien A. Ghandour
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Department of Clinical Genetics, section Oncogenetics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Martin A. Rooimans
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Department of Clinical Genetics, section Oncogenetics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rob M. F. Wolthuis
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Department of Clinical Genetics, section Oncogenetics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Job de Lange
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Department of Clinical Genetics, section Oncogenetics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Hetman M, Slomnicki LP. Ribosomal biogenesis as an emerging target of neurodevelopmental pathologies. J Neurochem 2018; 148:325-347. [PMID: 30144322 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Development of the nervous system is carried out by complex gene expression programs that are regulated at both transcriptional and translational level. In addition, quality control mechanisms such as the TP53-mediated apoptosis or neuronal activity-stimulated survival ensure successful neurogenesis and formation of functional circuitries. In the nucleolus, production of ribosomes is essential for protein synthesis. In addition, it participates in chromatin organization and regulates the TP53 pathway via the ribosomal stress response. Its tight regulation is required for maintenance of genomic integrity. Mutations in several ribosomal components and trans-acting ribosomal biogenesis factors result in neurodevelopmental syndromes that present with microcephaly, autism, intellectual deficits and/or progressive neurodegeneration. Furthermore, ribosomal biogenesis is perturbed by exogenous factors that disrupt neurodevelopment including alcohol or Zika virus. In this review, we present recent literature that argues for a role of dysregulated ribosomal biogenesis in pathogenesis of various neurodevelopmental syndromes. We also discuss potential mechanisms through which such dysregulation may lead to cellular pathologies of the developing nervous system including insufficient proliferation and/or loss of neuroprogenitors cells, apoptosis of immature neurons, altered neuronal morphogenesis, and neurodegeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michal Hetman
- Departments of Neurological Surgery, Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Louisville, Kentucky, USA.,Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Lukasz P Slomnicki
- Departments of Neurological Surgery, Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Meier M, Grant J, Dowdle A, Thomas A, Gerton J, Collas P, O'Sullivan JM, Horsfield JA. Cohesin facilitates zygotic genome activation in zebrafish. Development 2018; 145:dev156521. [PMID: 29158440 DOI: 10.1242/dev.156521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
At zygotic genome activation (ZGA), changes in chromatin structure are associated with new transcription immediately following the maternal-to-zygotic transition (MZT). The nuclear architectural proteins cohesin and CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) contribute to chromatin structure and gene regulation. We show here that normal cohesin function is important for ZGA in zebrafish. Depletion of the cohesin subunit Rad21 delays ZGA without affecting cell cycle progression. In contrast, CTCF depletion has little effect on ZGA, whereas complete abrogation is lethal. Genome-wide analysis of Rad21 binding reveals a change in distribution from pericentromeric satellite DNA and other locations, including the miR-430 locus (the products of which are responsible for maternal transcript degradation), to genes, as embryos progress through the MZT. After MZT, a subset of Rad21 binding overlaps the pioneer factor Pou5f3, which activates early expressed genes. Rad21 depletion disrupts the formation of nucleoli and RNA polymerase II foci, suggestive of global defects in chromosome architecture. We propose that Rad21/cohesin redistribution to active areas of the genome is key to the establishment of chromosome organization and the embryonic developmental program.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Meier
- Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Jenny Grant
- Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Amy Dowdle
- Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Amarni Thomas
- Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Jennifer Gerton
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 E 50th Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Philippe Collas
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo 0316, Norway
| | - Justin M O'Sullivan
- Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Julia A Horsfield
- Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Banerji R, Skibbens RV, Iovine MK. How many roads lead to cohesinopathies? Dev Dyn 2017; 246:881-888. [PMID: 28422453 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic mapping studies reveal that mutations in cohesion pathways are responsible for multispectrum developmental abnormalities termed cohesinopathies. These include Roberts syndrome (RBS), Cornelia de Lange Syndrome (CdLS), and Warsaw Breakage Syndrome (WABS). The cohesinopathies are characterized by overlapping phenotypes ranging from craniofacial deformities, limb defects, and mental retardation. Though these syndromes share a similar suite of phenotypes and arise due to mutations in a common cohesion pathway, the underlying mechanisms are currently believed to be distinct. Defects in mitotic failure and apoptosis i.e. trans DNA tethering events are believed to be the underlying cause of RBS, whereas the underlying cause of CdLS is largely modeled as occurring through defects in transcriptional processes i.e. cis DNA tethering events. Here, we review recent findings described primarily in zebrafish, paired with additional studies in other model systems, including human patient cells, which challenge the notion that cohesinopathies represent separate syndromes. We highlight numerous studies that illustrate the utility of zebrafish to provide novel insights into the phenotypes, genes affected and the possible mechanisms underlying cohesinopathies. We propose that transcriptional deregulation is the predominant mechanism through which cohesinopathies arise. Developmental Dynamics 246:881-888, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajeswari Banerji
- Department of Biological Science, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania
| | - Robert V Skibbens
- Department of Biological Science, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania
| | - M Kathryn Iovine
- Department of Biological Science, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zhou Y, Ren J, Song T, Peng J, Wei H. Methionine Regulates mTORC1 via the T1R1/T1R3-PLCβ-Ca 2+-ERK1/2 Signal Transduction Process in C2C12 Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17101684. [PMID: 27727170 PMCID: PMC5085716 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17101684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) integrates amino acid (AA) availability to support protein synthesis and cell growth. Taste receptor type 1 member (T1R) is a G protein-coupled receptor that functions as a direct sensor of extracellular AA availability to regulate mTORC1 through Ca2+ stimulation and extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) activation. However, the roles of specific AAs in T1R1/T1R3-regulated mTORC1 are poorly defined. In this study, T1R1 and T1R3 subunits were expressed in C2C12 myotubes, and l-AA sensing was accomplished by T1R1/T1R3 to activate mTORC1. In response to l-AAs, such as serine (Ser), arginine (Arg), threonine (Thr), alanine (Ala), methionine (Met), glutamine (Gln), and glycine (Gly), Met induced mTORC1 activation and promoted protein synthesis. Met also regulated mTORC1 via T1R1/T1R3-PLCβ-Ca2+-ERK1/2 signal transduction. Results revealed a new role for Met-regulated mTORC1 via an AA receptor. Further studies should be performed to determine the role of T1R1/T1R3 in mediating extracellular AA to regulate mTOR signaling and to reveal its mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanfei Zhou
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China.
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China.
| | - Jiao Ren
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China.
| | - Tongxing Song
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China.
| | - Jian Peng
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China.
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China.
| | - Hongkui Wei
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China.
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Six2 Is a Coordinator of LiCl-Induced Cell Proliferation and Apoptosis. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17091504. [PMID: 27618015 PMCID: PMC5037781 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17091504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The metanephric mesenchyme (MM) cells are a subset of kidney progenitor cells and play an essential role in mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET), the key step of nephron generation. Six2, a biological marker related to Wnt signaling pathway, promotes the proliferation, inhibits the apoptosis and maintains the un-differentiation of MM cells. Besides, LiCl is an activator of Wnt signaling pathway. However, the role of LiCl in cellular regulation of MM cells remains unclear, and the relationship between LiCl and Six2 in this process is also little known. Here, we performed EdU assay and flow cytometry assay to, respectively, detect the proliferation and apoptosis of MM cells treated with LiCl of increasing dosages. In addition, reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) and Western-blot were conducted to measure the expression of Six2 and some maker genes of Wnt and bone-morphogenetic-protein (BMP) signaling pathway. Furthermore, luciferase assay was also carried out to detect the transcriptional regulation of Six2. Then we found LiCl promoted MM cell proliferation at low-concentration (10, 20, 30, and 40 mM). The expression of Six2 was dose-dependently increased in low-concentration (10, 20, 30, and 40 mM) at both mRNA and protein level. In addition, both of cell proliferation and Six2 expression in MM cells declined when dosage reached high-concentration (50 mM). However, Six2 knock-down converted the proliferation reduction at 50 mM. Furthermore, Six2 deficiency increased the apoptosis of MM cells, compared with negative control cells at relative LiCl concentration. However, the abnormal rise of apoptosis at 30 mM of LiCl concentration implies that it might be the reduction of GSK3β that increased cell apoptosis. Together, these demonstrate that LiCl can induce the proliferation and apoptosis of MM cells coordinating with Six2.
Collapse
|
18
|
Mms21 SUMO Ligase Activity Promotes Nucleolar Function in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics 2016; 204:645-658. [PMID: 27510371 PMCID: PMC5068852 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.115.181750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The budding yeast E3 SUMO ligase Mms21, also known as Nse2, is a component of the Smc5/6 complex, which regulates sister chromatid cohesion, DNA replication, and repair. Our study shows that the mms21RINGΔ mutant exhibits (1) reduced ribosomal RNA production; (2) nuclear accumulation of ribosomal proteins; (3) elevated Gcn4 translation, indicating translational stress; and (4) upregulation of Gcn4 targets. Genes involved in ribosome biogenesis and translation are downregulated in the mms21RINGΔ mutant. We identified RPL19A as a novel genetic suppressor of the mms21RINGΔ mutant. Deletion of RPL19A partially suppresses growth defects in both smc5-6 and mms21RINGΔ mutants as well as nuclear accumulation of ribosome subunits in the mms21RINGΔ mutant. Deletion of a previously identified strong suppressor, MPH1, rescues both the accumulation of ribosome subunits and translational stress. This study suggests that the Smc5/6 complex supports nucleolar function.
Collapse
|
19
|
Non-Invasive Methods to Monitor Mechanisms of Resistance to Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer: Where Do We Stand? Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17071186. [PMID: 27455248 PMCID: PMC4964555 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17071186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The induction of resistance mechanisms represents an important problem for the targeted therapy of patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The best-known resistance mechanism induced during treatment with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) is EGFR T790M mutation for which specific drugs are have been developed. However, other molecular alterations have also been reported as induced resistance mechanisms to EGFR-TKIs. Similarly, there is growing evidence of acquired resistance mechanisms to anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)-TKI treatment. A better understanding of these acquired resistance mechanisms is essential in clinical practice as patients could be treated with specific drugs that are active against the induced alterations. The use of free circulating tumor nucleic acids or circulating tumor cells (CTCs) enables resistance mechanisms to be characterized in a non-invasive manner and reduces the need for tumor re-biopsy. This review discusses the main resistance mechanisms to TKIs and provides a comprehensive overview of innovative strategies to evaluate known resistance mechanisms in free circulating nucleic acids or CTCs and potential future orientations for these non-invasive approaches.
Collapse
|
20
|
The CLC-2 Chloride Channel Modulates ECM Synthesis, Differentiation, and Migration of Human Conjunctival Fibroblasts via the PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17060910. [PMID: 27294913 PMCID: PMC4926444 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17060910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that chloride channels are critical for cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. We examined the effects of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 on chloride channel expression and associations with human conjunctival fibroblast (HConF) biology. To investigate the potential role of chloride channel (CLC)-2 in migration, transition to myofibroblasts and extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis of HconF, a small interfering RNA (siRNA) approach was applied. TGF-β1-induced migration and transition of fibroblasts to myofibroblasts characterized by α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expression, supported by increased endogenous expression of CLC-2 protein and mRNA transcripts. ECM (collagen I and fibronectin) synthesis in HConF was enhanced by TGF-β1. CLC-2 siRNA treatment reduced TGF-β1-induced cell migration, transition of fibroblasts to myofibroblasts, and ECM synthesis of HConF. CLC-2 siRNA treatment in the presence of TGF-β1 inhibited phosphorylation of PI3K and Akt in HConF. These findings demonstrate that CLC-2 chloride channels are important for TGF-β1-induced migration, differentiation, and ECM synthesis via PI3K/Akt signaling in HConF.
Collapse
|
21
|
Ravera S, Dufour C, Cesaro S, Bottega R, Faleschini M, Cuccarolo P, Corsolini F, Usai C, Columbaro M, Cipolli M, Savoia A, Degan P, Cappelli E. Evaluation of energy metabolism and calcium homeostasis in cells affected by Shwachman-Diamond syndrome. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25441. [PMID: 27146429 PMCID: PMC4857091 DOI: 10.1038/srep25441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Isomorphic mutation of the SBDS gene causes Shwachman-Diamond syndrome (SDS). SDS is a rare genetic bone marrow failure and cancer predisposition syndrome. SDS cells have ribosome biogenesis and their protein synthesis altered, which are two high-energy consuming cellular processes. The reported changes in reactive oxygen species production, endoplasmic reticulum stress response and reduced mitochondrial functionality suggest an energy production defect in SDS cells. In our work, we have demonstrated that SDS cells display a Complex IV activity impairment, which causes an oxidative phosphorylation metabolism defect, with a consequent decrease in ATP production. These data were confirmed by an increased glycolytic rate, which compensated for the energetic stress. Moreover, the signalling pathways involved in glycolysis activation also appeared more activated; i.e. we reported AMP-activated protein kinase hyper-phosphorylation. Notably, we also observed an increase in a mammalian target of rapamycin phosphorylation and high intracellular calcium concentration levels ([Ca(2+)]i), which probably represent new biochemical equilibrium modulation in SDS cells. Finally, the SDS cell response to leucine (Leu) was investigated, suggesting its possible use as a therapeutic adjuvant to be tested in clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Ravera
- DIFAR-Biochemistry Lab., Department of Pharmacy, University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Carlo Dufour
- Haematology Unit, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16148 Genova, Italy
| | - Simone Cesaro
- Oncoematologia Pediatrica, Azienda Ospedaleira universitaria Integrata, Verona, Italy
| | - Roberta Bottega
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Michela Faleschini
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health – IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
| | - Paola Cuccarolo
- S. C. Mutagenesis, IRCCS AOU San Martino – IST (Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro), CBA Torre A2, 16123 Genova, Italy
| | - Fabio Corsolini
- Centro Diagnostica Genetica e Biochimica Malattie Metaboliche, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16148 Genova, Italy
| | - Cesare Usai
- Institute of Biophysics, National Research Council, 16149 Genova, Italy
| | - Marta Columbaro
- SC Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Cell Biology, IOR, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Cipolli
- Cystic Fibrosis Centre, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Piazzale Stefani, 1-37126 Verona, Italy
| | - Anna Savoia
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health – IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Paolo Degan
- S. C. Mutagenesis, IRCCS AOU San Martino – IST (Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro), CBA Torre A2, 16123 Genova, Italy
| | - Enrico Cappelli
- Haematology Unit, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16148 Genova, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Slomnicki LP, Malinowska A, Kistowski M, Palusinski A, Zheng JJ, Sepp M, Timmusk T, Dadlez M, Hetman M. Nucleolar Enrichment of Brain Proteins with Critical Roles in Human Neurodevelopment. Mol Cell Proteomics 2016; 15:2055-75. [PMID: 27053602 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m115.051920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
To study nucleolar involvement in brain development, the nuclear and nucleolar proteomes from the rat cerebral cortex at postnatal day 7 were analyzed using LC-MS/iTRAQ methodology. Data of the analysis are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD002188. Among 504 candidate nucleolar proteins, the overrepresented gene ontology terms included such cellular compartmentcategories as "nucleolus", "ribosome" and "chromatin". Consistent with such classification, the most overrepresented functional gene ontology terms were related to RNA metabolism/ribosomal biogenesis, translation, and chromatin organization. Sixteen putative nucleolar proteins were associated with neurodevelopmental phenotypes in humans. Microcephaly and/or cognitive impairment were the most common phenotypic manifestations. Although several such proteins have links to ribosomal biogenesis and/or genomic stability/chromatin structure (e.g. EMG1, RPL10, DKC1, EIF4A3, FLNA, SMC1, ATRX, MCM4, NSD1, LMNA, or CUL4B), others including ADAR, LARP7, GTF2I, or TCF4 have no such connections known. Although neither the Alazami syndrome-associated LARP7nor the Pitt-Hopkins syndrome-associated TCF4 were reported in nucleoli of non-neural cells, in neurons, their nucleolar localization was confirmed by immunostaining. In cultured rat hippocampal neurons, knockdown of LARP7 reduced both perikaryal ribosome content and general protein synthesis. Similar anti-ribosomal/anti-translation effects were observed after knockdown of the ribosomal biogenesis factor EMG1 whose deficiency underlies Bowen-Conradi syndrome. Finally, moderate reduction of ribosome content and general protein synthesis followed overexpression of two Pitt-Hopkins syndrome mutant variants of TCF4. Therefore, dysregulation of ribosomal biogenesis and/or other functions of the nucleolus may disrupt neurodevelopment resulting in such phenotypes as microcephaly and/or cognitive impairment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz P Slomnicki
- From the ‡Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center and the Departments of Neurological Surgery and
| | - Agata Malinowska
- ¶Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michal Kistowski
- ¶Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Antoni Palusinski
- ‖Department of Systems Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jing-Juan Zheng
- From the ‡Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center and the Departments of Neurological Surgery and
| | - Mari Sepp
- **Department of Gene Technology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Tonis Timmusk
- **Department of Gene Technology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Michal Dadlez
- ¶Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michal Hetman
- From the ‡Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center and the Departments of Neurological Surgery and §Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky;
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Slomnicki LP, Pietrzak M, Vashishta A, Jones J, Lynch N, Elliot S, Poulos E, Malicote D, Morris BE, Hallgren J, Hetman M. Requirement of Neuronal Ribosome Synthesis for Growth and Maintenance of the Dendritic Tree. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:5721-5739. [PMID: 26757818 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.682161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The nucleolus serves as a principal site of ribosome biogenesis but is also implicated in various non-ribosomal functions, including negative regulation of the pro-apoptotic transcription factor p53. Although disruption of the nucleolus may trigger the p53-dependent neuronal death, neurotoxic consequences of a selective impairment of ribosome production are unclear. Here, we report that in rat forebrain neuronal maturation is associated with a remarkable expansion of ribosomes despite postnatal down-regulation of ribosomal biogenesis. In cultured rat hippocampal neurons, inhibition of the latter process by knockdowns of ribosomal proteins S6, S14, or L4 reduced ribosome content without disrupting nucleolar integrity, cell survival, and signaling responses to the neurotrophin brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Moreover, reduced general protein synthesis and/or formation of RNA stress granules suggested diminished ribosome recruitment to at least some mRNAs. Such a translational insufficiency was accompanied by impairment of brain-derived neurotrophic factor-mediated dendritic growth. Finally, RNA stress granules and smaller dendritic trees were also observed when ribosomal proteins were depleted from neurons with established dendrites. Thus, a robust ribosomal apparatus is required to carry out protein synthesis that supports dendritic growth and maintenance. Consequently, deficits of ribosomal biogenesis may disturb neurodevelopment by reducing neuronal connectivity. Finally, as stress granule formation and dendritic loss occur early in neurodegenerative diseases, disrupted homeostasis of ribosomes may initiate and/or amplify neurodegeneration-associated disconnection of neuronal circuitries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz P Slomnicki
- From the Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center and the Department of Neurological Surgery and
| | - Maciej Pietrzak
- From the Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center and the Department of Neurological Surgery and
| | - Aruna Vashishta
- From the Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center and the Department of Neurological Surgery and
| | - James Jones
- From the Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center and the Department of Neurological Surgery and
| | - Nicholas Lynch
- From the Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center and the Department of Neurological Surgery and
| | - Shane Elliot
- From the Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center and the Department of Neurological Surgery and
| | - Eric Poulos
- From the Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center and the Department of Neurological Surgery and
| | - David Malicote
- From the Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center and the Department of Neurological Surgery and
| | - Bridgit E Morris
- From the Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center and the Department of Neurological Surgery and
| | - Justin Hallgren
- From the Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center and the Department of Neurological Surgery and
| | - Michal Hetman
- From the Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center and the Department of Neurological Surgery and; Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Xu B, Gogol M, Gaudenz K, Gerton JL. Improved transcription and translation with L-leucine stimulation of mTORC1 in Roberts syndrome. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:25. [PMID: 26729373 PMCID: PMC4700579 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-2354-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Roberts syndrome (RBS) is a human developmental disorder caused by mutations in the cohesin acetyltransferase ESCO2. We previously reported that mTORC1 signaling was depressed and overall translation was reduced in RBS cells and zebrafish models for RBS. Treatment of RBS cells and zebrafish RBS models with L-leucine partially rescued mTOR function and protein synthesis, correlating with increased cell division and improved development. Results In this study, we use RBS cells to model mTORC1 repression and analyze transcription and translation with ribosome profiling to determine gene-level effects of L-leucine. L-leucine treatment partially rescued translational efficiency of ribosomal subunits, translation initiation factors, snoRNA production, and mitochondrial function in RBS cells, consistent with these processes being mTORC1 controlled. In contrast, other genes are differentially expressed independent of L-leucine treatment, including imprinted genes such as H19 and GTL2, miRNAs regulated by GTL2, HOX genes, and genes in nucleolar associated domains. Conclusions Our study distinguishes between gene expression changes in RBS cells that are TOR dependent and those that are independent. Some of the TOR independent gene expression changes likely reflect the architectural role of cohesin in chromatin looping and gene expression. This study reveals the dramatic rescue effects of L-leucine stimulation of mTORC1 in RBS cells and supports that normal gene expression and translation requires ESCO2 function. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-2354-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baoshan Xu
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 E 50th St, Kansas City, MO, 64110, USA.
| | - Madelaine Gogol
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 E 50th St, Kansas City, MO, 64110, USA.
| | - Karin Gaudenz
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 E 50th St, Kansas City, MO, 64110, USA.
| | - Jennifer L Gerton
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 E 50th St, Kansas City, MO, 64110, USA. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas School of Medicine, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Schuster K, Leeke B, Meier M, Wang Y, Newman T, Burgess S, Horsfield JA. A neural crest origin for cohesinopathy heart defects. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:7005-16. [PMID: 26420840 PMCID: PMC4654055 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in subunits or regulators of cohesin cause a spectrum of disorders in humans known as the 'cohesinopathies'. Cohesinopathies, including the best known example Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CdLS), are characterized by broad spectrum, multifactorial developmental anomalies. Heart defects occur at high frequency and can reach up to 30% in CdLS. The mechanisms by which heart defects occur are enigmatic, but assumed to be developmental in origin. In this study, we depleted cohesin subunit Rad21 by 70-80% in a zebrafish cohesinopathy model. The hearts of Rad21-depleted animals were smaller, often failed to loop, and functioned less efficiently than size-matched controls. Functional deficiency was accompanied by valve defects and reduced ejection fraction. Interestingly, neural crest cells failed to populate the heart and instead exhibited a wandering behavior. Consequently, these cells also failed to condense correctly into pharyngeal arches. Transcriptome analysis revealed that Wnt pathway, chemokine and cadherin genes are dysregulated at the time of cardiac neural crest development. Our results give insight into the etiology of heart defects in the cohesinopathies, and raise the possibility that mild mutations in cohesin genes may be causative of a fraction of congenital heart disease in human populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Schuster
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, The University of Otago, PO Box 913, Dunedin, New Zealand and
| | - Bryony Leeke
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, The University of Otago, PO Box 913, Dunedin, New Zealand and
| | - Michael Meier
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, The University of Otago, PO Box 913, Dunedin, New Zealand and
| | - Yizhou Wang
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, The University of Otago, PO Box 913, Dunedin, New Zealand and
| | - Trent Newman
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, The University of Otago, PO Box 913, Dunedin, New Zealand and
| | - Sean Burgess
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Julia A Horsfield
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, The University of Otago, PO Box 913, Dunedin, New Zealand and
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Kingsbury JM, Sen ND, Cardenas ME. Branched-Chain Aminotransferases Control TORC1 Signaling in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005714. [PMID: 26659116 PMCID: PMC4684349 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The conserved target of rapamycin complex 1 (TORC1) integrates nutrient signals to orchestrate cell growth and proliferation. Leucine availability is conveyed to control TORC1 activity via the leu-tRNA synthetase/EGOC-GTPase module in yeast and mammals, but the mechanisms sensing leucine remain only partially understood. We show here that both leucine and its α-ketoacid metabolite, α-ketoisocaproate, effectively activate the yeast TORC1 kinase via both EGOC GTPase-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Leucine and α-ketoisocaproate are interconverted by ubiquitous branched-chain aminotransferases (BCAT), which in yeast are represented by the mitochondrial and cytosolic enzymes Bat1 and Bat2, respectively. BCAT yeast mutants exhibit severely compromised TORC1 activity, which is partially restored by expression of Bat1 active site mutants, implicating both catalytic and structural roles of BCATs in TORC1 control. We find that Bat1 interacts with branched-chain amino acid metabolic enzymes and, in a leucine-dependent fashion, with the tricarboxylic acid (TCA)-cycle enzyme aconitase. BCAT mutation perturbed TCA-cycle intermediate levels, consistent with a TCA-cycle block, and resulted in low ATP levels, activation of AMPK, and TORC1 inhibition. We propose the biosynthetic capacity of BCAT and its role in forming multicomplex metabolons connecting branched-chain amino acids and TCA-cycle metabolism governs TCA-cycle flux to activate TORC1 signaling. Because mammalian mitochondrial BCAT is known to form a supramolecular branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase enzyme complex that links leucine metabolism to the TCA-cycle, these findings establish a precedent for understanding TORC1 signaling in mammals. In all organisms from yeasts to mammals the target of rapamycin TORC1 pathway controls growth in response to nutrients such as leucine, but the leucine sensing mechanisms are only partially characterized. We show that both leucine and its α-ketoacid metabolite, α-ketoisocaproate, are similarly capable of activating TORC1 kinase via EGOC GTPase-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Activation of TORC1 by leucine or α-ketoisocaproate is only partially mediated via EGOC-GTPase. Leucine and α-ketoisocaproate are interconverted by ubiquitous branched-chain aminotransferases (BCAT). Disruption of BCAT caused reduced TORC1 activity, which was partially restored by expression of BCAT active site mutants, arguing for both structural and catalytic roles of BCAT in TORC1 control. We find BCAT interacts with several branched-chain amino acid metabolic enzymes, and in a leucine-dependent fashion with the tricarboxylic acid (TCA)-cycle enzyme aconitase. Both aconitase mutation or TCA-cycle inhibition impaired TORC1 activity. Mutation of BCAT resulted in a TCA-cycle intermediate profile consistent with a TCA-cycle block, low ATP levels, activation of AMPK, and TORC1 inhibition. Our results suggest a model whereby BCAT coordinates leucine and TCA cycle metabolism to control TORC1 signaling. Taken together, our findings forge key insights into how the TORC1 signaling cascade senses nutrients to control cell growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanne M Kingsbury
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Neelam D Sen
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Maria E Cardenas
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Woodman J, Hoffman M, Dzieciatkowska M, Hansen KC, Megee PC. Phosphorylation of the Scc2 cohesin deposition complex subunit regulates chromosome condensation through cohesin integrity. Mol Biol Cell 2015; 26:3754-67. [PMID: 26354421 PMCID: PMC4626061 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e15-03-0165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The cohesion of replicated sister chromatids promotes chromosome biorientation, gene regulation, DNA repair, and chromosome condensation. Cohesion is mediated by cohesin, which is deposited on chromosomes by a separate conserved loading complex composed of Scc2 and Scc4 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Although it is known to be required, the role of Scc2/Scc4 in cohesin deposition remains enigmatic. Scc2 is a phosphoprotein, although the functions of phosphorylation in deposition are unknown. We identified 11 phosphorylated residues in Scc2 by mass spectrometry. Mutants of SCC2 with substitutions that mimic constitutive phosphorylation retain normal Scc2-Scc4 interactions and chromatin association but exhibit decreased viability, sensitivity to genotoxic agents, and decreased stability of the Mcd1 cohesin subunit in mitotic cells. Cohesin association on chromosome arms, but not pericentromeric regions, is reduced in the phosphomimetic mutants but remains above a key threshold, as cohesion is only modestly perturbed. However, these scc2 phosphomimetic mutants exhibit dramatic chromosome condensation defects that are likely responsible for their high inviability. From these data, we conclude that normal Scc2 function requires modulation of its phosphorylation state and suggest that scc2 phosphomimetic mutants cause an increased incidence of abortive cohesin deposition events that result in compromised cohesin complex integrity and Mcd1 turnover.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Woodman
- Molecular Biology Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Matthew Hoffman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Monika Dzieciatkowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Kirk C Hansen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Paul C Megee
- Molecular Biology Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Zakari M, Yuen K, Gerton JL. Etiology and pathogenesis of the cohesinopathies. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2015; 4:489-504. [PMID: 25847322 PMCID: PMC6680315 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Cohesin is a chromosome-associated protein complex that plays many important roles in chromosome function. Genetic screens in yeast originally identified cohesin as a key regulator of chromosome segregation. Subsequently, work by various groups has identified cohesin as critical for additional processes such as DNA damage repair, insulator function, gene regulation, and chromosome condensation. Mutations in the genes encoding cohesin and its accessory factors result in a group of developmental and intellectual impairment diseases termed 'cohesinopathies.' How mutations in cohesin genes cause disease is not well understood as precocious chromosome segregation is not a common feature in cells derived from patients with these syndromes. In this review, the latest findings concerning cohesin's function in the organization of chromosome structure and gene regulation are discussed. We propose that the cohesinopathies are caused by changes in gene expression that can negatively impact translation. The similarities and differences between cohesinopathies and ribosomopathies, diseases caused by defects in ribosome biogenesis, are discussed. The contribution of cohesin and its accessory proteins to gene expression programs that support translation suggests that cohesin provides a means of coupling chromosome structure with the translational output of cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Musinu Zakari
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA
- Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Kobe Yuen
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Jennifer L Gerton
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Zakari M, Trimble Ross R, Peak A, Blanchette M, Seidel C, Gerton JL. The SMC Loader Scc2 Promotes ncRNA Biogenesis and Translational Fidelity. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005308. [PMID: 26176819 PMCID: PMC4503661 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Scc2-Scc4 complex is essential for loading the cohesin complex onto DNA. Cohesin has important roles in chromosome segregation, DSB repair, and chromosome condensation. Here we report that Scc2 is important for gene expression in budding yeast. Scc2 and the transcriptional regulator Paf1 collaborate to promote the production of Box H/ACA snoRNAs which guide pseudouridylation of RNAs including ribosomal RNA. Mutation of SCC2 was associated with defects in the production of ribosomal RNA, ribosome assembly, and splicing. While the scc2 mutant does not have a general defect in protein synthesis, it shows increased frameshifting and reduced cap-independent translation. These findings suggest Scc2 normally promotes a gene expression program that supports translational fidelity. We hypothesize that translational dysfunction may contribute to the human disorder Cornelia de Lange syndrome, which is caused by mutations in NIPBL, the human ortholog of SCC2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Musinu Zakari
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri, United States of America
- Universite Pierre et Marie Curie (Paris VI), Paris, France
| | - Rhonda Trimble Ross
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Allison Peak
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Marco Blanchette
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Chris Seidel
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Jennifer L. Gerton
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|