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Hamilton DJ, Hein AE, Wuttke DS, Batey RT. The DNA binding high mobility group box protein family functionally binds RNA. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. RNA 2023; 14:e1778. [PMID: 36646476 PMCID: PMC10349909 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Nucleic acid binding proteins regulate transcription, splicing, RNA stability, RNA localization, and translation, together tailoring gene expression in response to stimuli. Upon discovery, these proteins are typically classified as either DNA or RNA binding as defined by their in vivo functions; however, recent evidence suggests dual DNA and RNA binding by many of these proteins. High mobility group box (HMGB) proteins have a DNA binding HMGB domain, act as transcription factors and chromatin remodeling proteins, and are increasingly understood to interact with RNA as means to regulate gene expression. Herein, multiple layers of evidence that the HMGB family are dual DNA and RNA binding proteins is comprehensively reviewed. For example, HMGB proteins directly interact with RNA in vitro and in vivo, are localized to RNP granules involved in RNA processing, and their protein interactors are enriched in RNA binding proteins involved in RNA metabolism. Importantly, in cell-based systems, HMGB-RNA interactions facilitate protein-protein interactions, impact splicing outcomes, and modify HMGB protein genomic or cellular localization. Misregulation of these HMGB-RNA interactions are also likely involved in human disease. This review brings to light that as a family, HMGB proteins are likely to bind RNA which is essential to HMGB protein biology. This article is categorized under: RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > Protein-RNA Recognition RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > RNA-Protein Complexes RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > Protein-RNA Interactions: Functional Implications.
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Pingault V, Zerad L, Bertani-Torres W, Bondurand N. SOX10: 20 years of phenotypic plurality and current understanding of its developmental function. J Med Genet 2021; 59:105-114. [PMID: 34667088 PMCID: PMC8788258 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2021-108105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
SOX10 belongs to a family of 20 SRY (sex-determining region Y)-related high mobility group box-containing (SOX) proteins, most of which contribute to cell type specification and differentiation of various lineages. The first clue that SOX10 is essential for development, especially in the neural crest, came with the discovery that heterozygous mutations occurring within and around SOX10 cause Waardenburg syndrome type 4. Since then, heterozygous mutations have been reported in Waardenburg syndrome type 2 (Waardenburg syndrome type without Hirschsprung disease), PCWH or PCW (peripheral demyelinating neuropathy, central dysmyelination, Waardenburg syndrome, with or without Hirschsprung disease), intestinal manifestations beyond Hirschsprung (ie, chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction), Kallmann syndrome and cancer. All of these diseases are consistent with the regulatory role of SOX10 in various neural crest derivatives (melanocytes, the enteric nervous system, Schwann cells and olfactory ensheathing cells) and extraneural crest tissues (inner ear, oligodendrocytes). The recent evolution of medical practice in constitutional genetics has led to the identification of SOX10 variants in atypical contexts, such as isolated hearing loss or neurodevelopmental disorders, making them more difficult to classify in the absence of both a typical phenotype and specific expertise. Here, we report novel mutations and review those that have already been published and their functional consequences, along with current understanding of SOX10 function in the affected cell types identified through in vivo and in vitro models. We also discuss research options to increase our understanding of the origin of the observed phenotypic variability and improve the diagnosis and medical care of affected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronique Pingault
- Department of Embryology and Genetics of Malformations, INSERM UMR 1163, Université de Paris and Institut Imagine, Paris, France .,Service de Génétique des Maladies Rares, AP-HP, Hopital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Lisa Zerad
- Department of Embryology and Genetics of Malformations, INSERM UMR 1163, Université de Paris and Institut Imagine, Paris, France
| | - William Bertani-Torres
- Department of Embryology and Genetics of Malformations, INSERM UMR 1163, Université de Paris and Institut Imagine, Paris, France
| | - Nadege Bondurand
- Department of Embryology and Genetics of Malformations, INSERM UMR 1163, Université de Paris and Institut Imagine, Paris, France
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Akiba K, Katoh-Fukui Y, Yoshida K, Narumi S, Miyado M, Hasegawa Y, Fukami M. Role of Liquid-Liquid Separation in Endocrine and Living Cells. J Endocr Soc 2021; 5:bvab126. [PMID: 34396024 PMCID: PMC8358989 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvab126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Context Recent studies have revealed that every eukaryotic cell contains several membraneless organelles created via liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS). LLPS is a physical phenomenon that transiently compartmentalizes the subcellular space and thereby facilitates various biological reactions. LLPS is indispensable for cellular functions; however, dysregulated LLPS has the potential to cause irreversible protein aggregation leading to degenerative disorders. To date, there is no systematic review on the role of LLPS in endocrinology. Evidence acquisition We explored previous studies which addressed roles of LLPS in living cells, particularly from the viewpoint of endocrinology. To this end, we screened relevant literature in PubMed published between 2009 and 2021 using LLPS-associated keywords including “membraneless organelle,” “phase transition,” and “intrinsically disordered,” and endocrinological keywords such as “hormone,” “ovary,” “androgen,” and “diabetes.” We also referred to the articles in the reference lists of identified papers. Evidence synthesis Based on 67 articles selected from 449 papers, we provided a concise overview of the current understanding of LLPS in living cells. Then, we summarized recent articles documenting the physiological or pathological roles of LLPS in endocrine cells. Conclusions The discovery of LLPS in cells has resulted in a paradigm shift in molecular biology. Recent studies indicate that LLPS contributes to male sex development by providing a functional platform for SOX9 and CBX2 in testicular cells. In addition, dysregulated LLPS has been implicated in aberrant protein aggregation in pancreatic β-cells, leading to type 2 diabetes. Still, we are just beginning to understand the significance of LLPS in endocrine cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhisa Akiba
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 157-8535 Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center, 183-8561 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuko Katoh-Fukui
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 157-8535 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kei Yoshida
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 157-8535 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Narumi
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 157-8535 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mami Miyado
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 157-8535 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Hasegawa
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center, 183-8561 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Maki Fukami
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 157-8535 Tokyo, Japan
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Rojas RA, Kutateladze AA, Plummer L, Stamou M, Keefe DL, Salnikov KB, Delaney A, Hall JE, Sadreyev R, Ji F, Fliers E, Gambosova K, Quinton R, Merino PM, Mericq V, Seminara SB, Crowley WF, Balasubramanian R. Phenotypic continuum between Waardenburg syndrome and idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in humans with SOX10 variants. Genet Med 2021; 23:629-636. [PMID: 33442024 PMCID: PMC8335791 DOI: 10.1038/s41436-020-01051-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE SOX10 variants previously implicated in Waardenburg syndrome (WS) have now been linked to Kallmann syndrome (KS), the anosmic form of idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH). We investigated whether SOX10-associated WS and IHH represent elements of a phenotypic continuum within a unifying disorder or if they represent phenotypically distinct allelic disorders. METHODS Exome sequencing from 1,309 IHH subjects (KS: 632; normosmic idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism [nIIHH]: 677) were reviewed for SOX10 rare sequence variants (RSVs). The genotypic and phenotypic spectrum of SOX10-related IHH (this study and literature) and SOX10-related WS cases (literature) were reviewed and compared with SOX10-RSV spectrum in gnomAD population. RESULTS Thirty-seven SOX10-associated IHH cases were identified as follows: current study: 16 KS; 4 nIHH; literature: 16 KS; 1 nIHH. Twenty-three IHH cases (62%; all KS), had ≥1 known WS-associated feature(s). Moreover, five previously reported SOX10-associated WS cases showed IHH-related features. Four SOX10 missense RSVs showed allelic overlap between IHH-ascertained and WS-ascertained cases. The SOX10-HMG domain showed an enrichment of RSVs in disease states versus gnomAD. CONCLUSION SOX10 variants contribute to both anosmic (KS) and normosmic (nIHH) forms of IHH. IHH and WS represent SOX10-associated developmental defects that lie along a unifying phenotypic continuum. The SOX10-HMG domain is critical for the pathogenesis of SOX10-related human disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Rojas
- Harvard Reproductive Sciences Center, The Reproductive Endocrine Unit and The Endocrine Unit of the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anna A Kutateladze
- Harvard Reproductive Sciences Center, The Reproductive Endocrine Unit and The Endocrine Unit of the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lacey Plummer
- Harvard Reproductive Sciences Center, The Reproductive Endocrine Unit and The Endocrine Unit of the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maria Stamou
- Harvard Reproductive Sciences Center, The Reproductive Endocrine Unit and The Endocrine Unit of the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David L Keefe
- Harvard Reproductive Sciences Center, The Reproductive Endocrine Unit and The Endocrine Unit of the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kathyrn B Salnikov
- Harvard Reproductive Sciences Center, The Reproductive Endocrine Unit and The Endocrine Unit of the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Angela Delaney
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Janet E Hall
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle, NC, USA
| | - Ruslan Sadreyev
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Fei Ji
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eric Fliers
- Amsterdam University Medical Center, location AMC, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Katarina Gambosova
- Stormont-Vail Health, Cotton O'Neil Diabetes and Endocrinology, Topeka, KS, USA
| | - Richard Quinton
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-tyne, UK
| | - Paulina M Merino
- Institute of Maternal and Child Research, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Veronica Mericq
- Institute of Maternal and Child Research, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Stephanie B Seminara
- Harvard Reproductive Sciences Center, The Reproductive Endocrine Unit and The Endocrine Unit of the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - William F Crowley
- Harvard Reproductive Sciences Center, The Reproductive Endocrine Unit and The Endocrine Unit of the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ravikumar Balasubramanian
- Harvard Reproductive Sciences Center, The Reproductive Endocrine Unit and The Endocrine Unit of the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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Gupta R, Janostiak R, Wajapeyee N. Transcriptional regulators and alterations that drive melanoma initiation and progression. Oncogene 2020; 39:7093-7105. [PMID: 33024276 PMCID: PMC7695596 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-01490-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Although melanoma is the least frequent type of skin cancer, it accounts for the majority of skin cancer-related deaths. Large-scale sequencing efforts have led to the classification of melanoma into four major subtypes (i.e., BRAF-mutant, NRAS-mutant, NF1-deficient, and triple wild-type). These sequencing studies have also revealed that melanoma genomes are some of the most mutated genomes of all cancers and therefore have a high neoantigen load. These findings have resulted in the development and clinical use of targeted therapies against the oncogenic BRAF→MEK→ERK pathway and immune checkpoint inhibitors for the treatment of metastatic melanoma. Although some patients with metastatic melanoma benefit immensely from these transformative therapies, others either become resistant or do not respond at all. These clinical challenges have intensified the search for new drug targets and drugs that can benefit patients who are either intrinsically resistant or have acquired resistance to targeted therapies and immunotherapies. Numerous signaling pathways and oncogenic drivers can cause changes in mRNA transcription that in turn drive melanoma initiation and progression. Transcriptional regulation of mRNA expression is necessary to maintain cell identity and cellular plasticity via the regulation of transcription factor expression and function, promoter/enhancer activities, chromatin regulators, and three-dimensional genome organization. Transcriptional deregulation can arise due to genetic and/or non-genetic alterations in the genome. Specifically, these deregulated transcriptional programs can become liabilities for melanoma cells due to their acquired dependencies on these programs for survival, which can be harnessed to develop new therapies for melanoma. In this article, we present an overview of the mechanisms that result in the transcriptional deregulation of mRNA expression in melanoma cells and assess how these changes facilitate melanoma initiation and progression. We also describe how these deregulated transcriptional pathways represent new opportunities for the development of unconventional and potentially impactful treatments for metastatic melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romi Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - Radoslav Janostiak
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Narendra Wajapeyee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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Banal C, Quelennec E, Bertani-Torres W, Gacem N, Amiel J, Marlin S, Petit F, Pingault V, Lefort N, Bondurand N. Generation of an iPSC line (IMAGINi022-A) from a patient carrying a SOX10 missense mutation and presenting with deafness, depigmentation and progressive neurological impairment. Stem Cell Res 2020; 48:101936. [PMID: 32795927 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2020.101936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations of SOX10 result in a broad range of phenotypes including Waardenburg syndrome (WS types 2 and 4) that can be found in association with peripheral demyelinating neuropathy and/or central dysmyelinating leukodystrophy. Here, we generated induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from a patient carrying a de novo heterozygous missense mutation in the SOX10 gene (MIM* 602229, NM006941.3c.523C > G; p.Pro175Ala) presenting with deafness, depigmentation and progressive neurological impairment. Cells were reprogrammed by non-integrative viral transduction from blood sample, have normal karyotype, express pluripotency markers and are able to differentiate into the three germ cell layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine Banal
- iPS Core Facility, Institut Imagine-Structure Federative de Recherche Necker, INSERM U1163 and INSERM US24/CNRS UMS3633, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Eddy Quelennec
- iPS Core Facility, Institut Imagine-Structure Federative de Recherche Necker, INSERM U1163 and INSERM US24/CNRS UMS3633, 75015 Paris, France
| | - William Bertani-Torres
- Laboratory of Embryology and Genetics of Human Malformation, Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR 1163, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Nadjet Gacem
- Laboratory of Embryology and Genetics of Human Malformation, Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR 1163, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Jeanne Amiel
- Laboratory of Embryology and Genetics of Human Malformation, Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR 1163, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Marlin
- Laboratory of Embryology and Genetics of Human Malformation, Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR 1163, Université de Paris, Paris, France; Fédération de Génétique, Centre de référence des surdités génétiques, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Florence Petit
- CHU Lille, Clinique de Génétique Guy Fontaine, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Veronique Pingault
- Laboratory of Embryology and Genetics of Human Malformation, Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR 1163, Université de Paris, Paris, France; Service de génétique Moléculaire, Hopital Necker-Enfants-Malades, 149 rue de Sevres, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Lefort
- iPS Core Facility, Institut Imagine-Structure Federative de Recherche Necker, INSERM U1163 and INSERM US24/CNRS UMS3633, 75015 Paris, France.
| | - Nadege Bondurand
- Laboratory of Embryology and Genetics of Human Malformation, Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR 1163, Université de Paris, Paris, France.
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Kumar P, Mistri TK. Transcription factors in SOX family: Potent regulators for cancer initiation and development in the human body. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 67:105-113. [PMID: 31288067 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Transcription factors (TFs) have a key role in controlling the gene regulatory network that sustains explicit cell states in humans. However, an uncontrolled regulation of these genes potentially results in a wide range of diseases, including cancer. Genes of the SOX family are indeed crucial as deregulation of SOX family TFs can potentially lead to changes in cell fate as well as irregular cell growth. SOX TFs are a conserved group of transcriptional regulators that mediate DNA binding through a highly conserved high-mobility group (HMG) domain. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that cell fate and differentiation in major developmental processes are controlled by SOX TFs. Besides; numerous reports indicate that both up- and down-regulation of SOX TFs may induce cancer progression. In this review, we discuss the involvement of key TFs of SOX family in human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasann Kumar
- The Division of Research and Development, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar, Punjab, 144411, India; The Department of Agronomy, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar, Punjab, 144411, India
| | - Tapan Kumar Mistri
- The Division of Research and Development, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar, Punjab, 144411, India; The Department of Chemistry, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar, Punjab, 144411, India.
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Truch K, Arter J, Turnescu T, Weider M, Hartwig AC, Tamm ER, Sock E, Wegner M. Analysis of the human SOX10 mutation Q377X in mice and its implications for genotype-phenotype correlation in SOX10-related human disease. Hum Mol Genet 2018; 27:1078-1092. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Truch
- Institut für Biochemie, Emil-Fischer-Zentrum, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Juliane Arter
- Institut für Biochemie, Emil-Fischer-Zentrum, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tanja Turnescu
- Institut für Biochemie, Emil-Fischer-Zentrum, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Matthias Weider
- Institut für Biochemie, Emil-Fischer-Zentrum, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anna C Hartwig
- Institut für Biochemie, Emil-Fischer-Zentrum, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ernst R Tamm
- Institut für Humananatomie und Embryologie, Universität Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Sock
- Institut für Biochemie, Emil-Fischer-Zentrum, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Wegner
- Institut für Biochemie, Emil-Fischer-Zentrum, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
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Overexpression of p54 nrb/NONO induces differential EPHA6 splicing and contributes to castration-resistant prostate cancer growth. Oncotarget 2018. [PMID: 29535823 PMCID: PMC5828187 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The non-POU domain-containing octamer binding protein p54nrb/NONO is a multifunctional nuclear protein involved in RNA splicing, processing, and transcriptional regulation of nuclear hormone receptors. Through chromosome copy number analysis via whole-exome sequencing, we revealed amplification of the chromosome Xq11.22-q21.33 locus containing the androgen receptor (AR) and NONO genes in androgen-independent, castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC)-like LNCaP-SF cells. Moreover, NONO was frequently amplified and overexpressed in patients with CRPC. RNA sequencing data revealed that a truncated ephrin type-A receptor 6 (EPHA6) splice variant (EPHA6-001) was overexpressed in LNCaP-SF cells, and knockdown of NONO or EPHA6-001 prevented EPHA6-001 expression and reduced proliferation and invasion by LNCaP-SF cells grown under androgen deprivation conditions. Growth inhibition and differential splicing of EPHA6 mRNA by p54nrb/NONO were confirmed in gene silencing experiments in 22Rv1 PCa cells. Importantly, NONO knockdown in LNCaP-SF cells led to reduced tumor growth in castrated mice. These findings indicate that p54nrb/NONO is amplified and overexpressed in CRPC cells and clinical samples, and facilitates CRPC growth by mediating aberrant EPHA6 splicing. We therefore propose that p54nrb/NONO constitutes a novel and attractive therapeutic target for CRPC.
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