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Rodríguez-Pérez LM, López-de-San-Sebastián J, de Diego I, Smith A, Roales-Buján R, Jiménez AJ, Paez-Gonzalez P. A selective defect in the glial wedge as part of the neuroepithelium disruption in hydrocephalus development in the mouse hyh model is associated with complete corpus callosum dysgenesis. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1330412. [PMID: 38450283 PMCID: PMC10915275 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1330412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Dysgenesis of the corpus callosum is present in neurodevelopmental disorders and coexists with hydrocephalus in several human congenital syndromes. The mechanisms that underlie the etiology of congenital hydrocephalus and agenesis of the corpus callosum when they coappear during neurodevelopment persist unclear. In this work, the mechanistic relationship between both disorders is investigated in the hyh mouse model for congenital hydrocephalus, which also develops agenesis of the corpus callosum. In this model, hydrocephalus is generated by a defective program in the development of neuroepithelium during its differentiation into radial glial cells. Methods In this work, the populations implicated in the development of the corpus callosum (callosal neurons, pioneering axons, glial wedge cells, subcallosal sling and indusium griseum glial cells) were studied in wild-type and hyh mutant mice. Immunohistochemistry, mRNA in situ hybridization, axonal tracing experiments, and organotypic cultures from normal and hyh mouse embryos were used. Results Our results show that the defective program in the neuroepithelium/radial glial cell development in the hyh mutant mouse selectively affects the glial wedge cells. The glial wedge cells are necessary to guide the pioneering axons as they approach the corticoseptal boundary. Our results show that the pioneering callosal axons arising from neurons in the cingulate cortex can extend projections to the interhemispheric midline in normal and hyh mice. However, pioneering axons in the hyh mutant mouse, when approaching the area corresponding to the damaged glial wedge cell population, turned toward the ipsilateral lateral ventricle. This defect occurred before the appearance of ventriculomegaly. Discussion In conclusion, the abnormal development of the ventricular zone, which appears to be inherent to the etiology of several forms of congenital hydrocephalus, can explain, in some cases, the common association between hydrocephalus and corpus callosum dysgenesis. These results imply that further studies may be needed to understand the corpus callosum dysgenesis etiology when it concurs with hydrocephalus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis-Manuel Rodríguez-Pérez
- Departamento de Fisiología Humana, Histología Humana, Anatomía Patológica y Educación Física y Deportiva, Universidad de Málaga, Malaga, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Malaga, Spain
| | | | - Isabel de Diego
- Departamento de Anatomía y Medicina Legal e Historia de la Ciencia, Universidad de Málaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Aníbal Smith
- Departamento de Anatomía y Medicina Legal e Historia de la Ciencia, Universidad de Málaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Ruth Roales-Buján
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Universidad de Málaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Antonio J. Jiménez
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Malaga, Spain
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Universidad de Málaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Patricia Paez-Gonzalez
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Malaga, Spain
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Universidad de Málaga, Malaga, Spain
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2
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Lynton Z, Suárez R, Fenlon LR. Brain plasticity following corpus callosum agenesis or loss: a review of the Probst bundles. Front Neuroanat 2023; 17:1296779. [PMID: 38020213 PMCID: PMC10657877 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2023.1296779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The corpus callosum is the largest axonal tract in the human brain, connecting the left and right cortical hemipheres. This structure is affected in myriad human neurodevelopmental disorders, and can be entirely absent as a result of congenital or surgical causes. The age when callosal loss occurs, for example via surgical section in cases of refractory epilepsy, correlates with resulting brain morphology and neuropsychological outcomes, whereby an earlier loss generally produces relatively improved interhemispheric connectivity compared to a loss in adulthood (known as the "Sperry's paradox"). However, the mechanisms behind these age-dependent differences remain unclear. Perhaps the best documented and most striking of the plastic changes that occur due to developmental, but not adult, callosal loss is the formation of large, bilateral, longitudinal ectopic tracts termed Probst bundles. Despite over 100 years of research into these ectopic tracts, which are the largest and best described stereotypical ectopic brain tracts in humans, much remains unclear about them. Here, we review the anatomy of the Probst bundles, along with evidence for their faciliatory or detrimental function, the required conditions for their formation, patterns of etiology, and mechanisms of development. We provide hypotheses for many of the remaining mysteries of the Probst bundles, including their possible relationship to preserved interhemispheric communication following corpus callosum absence. Future research into naturally occurring plastic tracts such as Probst bundles will help to inform the general rules governing axon plasticity and disorders of brain miswiring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zorana Lynton
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Rodrigo Suárez
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Laura R. Fenlon
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
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3
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Schröder S, Yigit G, Li Y, Altmüller J, Büttel HM, Fiedler B, Kretzschmar C, Nürnberg P, Seeger J, Serpieri V, Valente EM, Wollnik B, Boltshauser E, Brockmann K. The genetic spectrum of congenital ocular motor apraxia type Cogan: an observational study, continued. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2023; 18:101. [PMID: 37131188 PMCID: PMC10155342 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-023-02706-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The term congenital ocular motor apraxia (COMA), coined by Cogan in 1952, designates the incapacity to initiate voluntary eye movements performing rapid gaze shift, so called saccades. While regarded as a nosological entity by some authors, there is growing evidence that COMA designates merely a neurological symptom with etiologic heterogeneity. In 2016, we reported an observational study in a cohort of 21 patients diagnosed as having COMA. Thorough re-evaluation of the neuroimaging features of these 21 subjects revealed a previously not recognized molar tooth sign (MTS) in 11 of them, thus leading to a diagnostic reassignment as Joubert syndrome (JBTS). Specific MRI features in two further individuals indicated a Poretti-Boltshauser syndrome (PTBHS) and a tubulinopathy. In eight patients, a more precise diagnosis was not achieved. We pursued this cohort aiming at clarification of the definite genetic basis of COMA in each patient. RESULTS Using a candidate gene approach, molecular genetic panels or exome sequencing, we detected causative molecular genetic variants in 17 of 21 patients with COMA. In nine of those 11 subjects diagnosed with JBTS due to newly recognized MTS on neuroimaging, we found pathogenic mutations in five different genes known to be associated with JBTS, including KIAA0586, NPHP1, CC2D2A, MKS1, and TMEM67. In two individuals without MTS on MRI, pathogenic variants were detected in NPHP1 and KIAA0586, arriving at a diagnosis of JBTS type 4 and 23, respectively. Three patients carried heterozygous truncating variants in SUFU, representing the first description of a newly identified forme fruste of JBTS. The clinical diagnoses of PTBHS and tubulinopathy were confirmed by detection of causative variants in LAMA1 and TUBA1A, respectively. In one patient with normal MRI, biallelic pathogenic variants in ATM indicated variant ataxia telangiectasia. Exome sequencing failed to reveal causative genetic variants in the remaining four subjects, two of them with clear MTS on MRI. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate marked etiologic heterogeneity in COMA with detection of causative mutations in 81% (17/21) in our cohort and nine different genes being affected, mostly genes associated with JBTS. We provide a diagnostic algorithm for COMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Schröder
- Interdisciplinary Pediatric Center for Children with Developmental Disabilities and Severe Chronic Disorders, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gökhan Yigit
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Yun Li
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Janine Altmüller
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG) and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Core Facility Genomics, Berlin, Germany
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Barbara Fiedler
- Division of Neuropediatrics, Department of General Pediatrics, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Peter Nürnberg
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG) and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jürgen Seeger
- Center of Developmental Neurology (SPZ Frankfurt Mitte), Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | - Enza Maria Valente
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Neurogenetics Research Center, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Bernd Wollnik
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence "Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells" (MBExC), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Eugen Boltshauser
- Department of Pediatric Neurology (Emeritus), University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Knut Brockmann
- Interdisciplinary Pediatric Center for Children with Developmental Disabilities and Severe Chronic Disorders, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany.
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Pânzaru MC, Popa S, Lupu A, Gavrilovici C, Lupu VV, Gorduza EV. Genetic heterogeneity in corpus callosum agenesis. Front Genet 2022; 13:958570. [PMID: 36246626 PMCID: PMC9562966 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.958570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The corpus callosum is the largest white matter structure connecting the two cerebral hemispheres. Agenesis of the corpus callosum (ACC), complete or partial, is one of the most common cerebral malformations in humans with a reported incidence ranging between 1.8 per 10,000 livebirths to 230–600 per 10,000 in children and its presence is associated with neurodevelopmental disability. ACC may occur as an isolated anomaly or as a component of a complex disorder, caused by genetic changes, teratogenic exposures or vascular factors. Genetic causes are complex and include complete or partial chromosomal anomalies, autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive or X-linked monogenic disorders, which can be either de novo or inherited. The extreme genetic heterogeneity, illustrated by the large number of syndromes associated with ACC, highlight the underlying complexity of corpus callosum development. ACC is associated with a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations ranging from asymptomatic to neonatal death. The most common features are epilepsy, motor impairment and intellectual disability. The understanding of the genetic heterogeneity of ACC may be essential for the diagnosis, developing early intervention strategies, and informed family planning. This review summarizes our current understanding of the genetic heterogeneity in ACC and discusses latest discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica-Cristina Pânzaru
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania
| | - Setalia Popa
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania
- *Correspondence: Setalia Popa, ; Vasile Valeriu Lupu,
| | - Ancuta Lupu
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania
| | - Cristina Gavrilovici
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania
| | - Vasile Valeriu Lupu
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania
- *Correspondence: Setalia Popa, ; Vasile Valeriu Lupu,
| | - Eusebiu Vlad Gorduza
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania
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Hantel F, Liu H, Fechtner L, Neuhaus H, Ding J, Arlt D, Walentek P, Villavicencio-Lorini P, Gerhardt C, Hollemann T, Pfirrmann T. Cilia-localized GID/CTLH ubiquitin ligase complex regulates protein homeostasis of sonic hedgehog signaling components. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:jcs259209. [PMID: 35543155 PMCID: PMC9264362 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cilia are evolutionarily conserved organelles that orchestrate a variety of signal transduction pathways, such as sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling, during embryonic development. Our recent studies have shown that loss of GID ubiquitin ligase function results in aberrant AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation and elongated primary cilia, which suggests a functional connection to cilia. Here, we reveal that the GID complex is an integral part of the cilium required for primary cilia-dependent signal transduction and the maintenance of ciliary protein homeostasis. We show that GID complex subunits localize to cilia in both Xenopus laevis and NIH3T3 cells. Furthermore, we report SHH signaling pathway defects that are independent of AMPK and mechanistic target of rapamycin (MTOR) activation. Despite correct localization of SHH signaling components at the primary cilium and functional GLI3 processing, we find a prominent reduction of some SHH signaling components in the cilium and a significant decrease in SHH target gene expression. Since our data reveal a critical function of the GID complex at the primary cilium, and because suppression of GID function in X. laevis results in ciliopathy-like phenotypes, we suggest that GID subunits are candidate genes for human ciliopathies that coincide with defects in SHH signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Hantel
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06114 Halle, Germany
| | - Huaize Liu
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06114 Halle, Germany
| | - Lisa Fechtner
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06114 Halle, Germany
| | - Herbert Neuhaus
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06114 Halle, Germany
| | - Jie Ding
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06114 Halle, Germany
| | - Danilo Arlt
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06114 Halle, Germany
| | - Peter Walentek
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg University Faculty of Medicine, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
- CIBSS – Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Christoph Gerhardt
- Department of Medicine, Health and Medical University, 14471 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Thomas Hollemann
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06114 Halle, Germany
| | - Thorsten Pfirrmann
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06114 Halle, Germany
- Department of Medicine, Health and Medical University, 14471 Potsdam, Germany
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6
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Wiegering A, Dildrop R, Vesque C, Khanna H, Schneider-Maunoury S, Gerhardt C. Rpgrip1l controls ciliary gating by ensuring the proper amount of Cep290 at the vertebrate transition zone. Mol Biol Cell 2021; 32:675-689. [PMID: 33625872 PMCID: PMC8108517 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e20-03-0190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A range of severe human diseases called ciliopathies is caused by the dysfunction of primary cilia. Primary cilia are cytoplasmic protrusions consisting of the basal body (BB), the axoneme, and the transition zone (TZ). The BB is a modified mother centriole from which the axoneme, the microtubule-based ciliary scaffold, is formed. At the proximal end of the axoneme, the TZ functions as the ciliary gate governing ciliary protein entry and exit. Since ciliopathies often develop due to mutations in genes encoding proteins that localize to the TZ, the understanding of the mechanisms underlying TZ function is of eminent importance. Here, we show that the ciliopathy protein Rpgrip1l governs ciliary gating by ensuring the proper amount of Cep290 at the vertebrate TZ. Further, we identified the flavonoid eupatilin as a potential agent to tackle ciliopathies caused by mutations in RPGRIP1L as it rescues ciliary gating in the absence of Rpgrip1l.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Wiegering
- Institute for Animal Developmental and Molecular Biology, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.,Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR7622, INSERM U1156, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS) - Developmental Biology Unit, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Renate Dildrop
- Institute for Animal Developmental and Molecular Biology, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christine Vesque
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR7622, INSERM U1156, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS) - Developmental Biology Unit, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Hemant Khanna
- Department of Ophthalmology and Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Sylvie Schneider-Maunoury
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR7622, INSERM U1156, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS) - Developmental Biology Unit, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Christoph Gerhardt
- Institute for Animal Developmental and Molecular Biology, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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Hasenpusch-Theil K, Theil T. The Multifaceted Roles of Primary Cilia in the Development of the Cerebral Cortex. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:630161. [PMID: 33604340 PMCID: PMC7884624 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.630161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary cilium, a microtubule based organelle protruding from the cell surface and acting as an antenna in multiple signaling pathways, takes center stage in the formation of the cerebral cortex, the part of the brain that performs highly complex neural tasks and confers humans with their unique cognitive capabilities. These activities require dozens of different types of neurons that are interconnected in complex ways. Due to this complexity, corticogenesis has been regarded as one of the most complex developmental processes and cortical malformations underlie a number of neurodevelopmental disorders such as intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorders, and epilepsy. Cortical development involves several steps controlled by cell–cell signaling. In fact, recent findings have implicated cilia in diverse processes such as neurogenesis, neuronal migration, axon pathfinding, and circuit formation in the developing cortex. Here, we will review recent advances on the multiple roles of cilia during cortex formation and will discuss the implications for a better understanding of the disease mechanisms underlying neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Hasenpusch-Theil
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Theil
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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8
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Liu S, Trupiano MX, Simon J, Guo J, Anton ES. The essential role of primary cilia in cerebral cortical development and disorders. Curr Top Dev Biol 2021; 142:99-146. [PMID: 33706927 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2020.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Primary cilium, first described in the 19th century in different cell types and organisms by Alexander Ecker, Albert Kolliker, Aleksandr Kowalevsky, Paul Langerhans, and Karl Zimmermann (Ecker, 1844; Kolliker, 1854; Kowalevsky, 1867; Langerhans, 1876; Zimmermann, 1898), play an essential modulatory role in diverse aspects of nervous system development and function. The primary cilium, sometimes referred to as the cell's 'antennae', can receive wide ranging inputs from cellular milieu, including morphogens, growth factors, neuromodulators, and neurotransmitters. Its unique structural and functional organization bequeaths it the capacity to hyper-concentrate signaling machinery in a restricted cellular domain approximately one-thousandth the volume of cell soma. Thus enabling it to act as a signaling hub that integrates diverse developmental and homestatic information from cellular milieu to regulate the development and function of neural cells. Dysfunction of primary cilia contributes to the pathophysiology of several brain malformations, intellectual disabilities, epilepsy, and psychiatric disorders. This review focuses on the most essential contributions of primary cilia to cerebral cortical development and function, in the context of neurodevelopmental disorders and malformations. It highlights the recent progress made in identifying the mechanisms underlying primary cilia's role in cortical progenitors, neurons and glia, in health and disease. A future challenge will be to translate these insights and advances into effective clinical treatments for ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siling Liu
- UNC Neuroscience Center and the Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Mia X Trupiano
- UNC Neuroscience Center and the Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Jeremy Simon
- UNC Neuroscience Center and the Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Jiami Guo
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, and the Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - E S Anton
- UNC Neuroscience Center and the Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.
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9
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Barraud S, Delemer B, Poirsier-Violle C, Bouligand J, Mérol JC, Grange F, Higel-Chaufour B, Decoudier B, Zalzali M, Dwyer AA, Acierno JS, Pitteloud N, Millar RP, Young J. Congenital Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism with Anosmia and Gorlin Features Caused by a PTCH1 Mutation Reveals a New Candidate Gene for Kallmann Syndrome. Neuroendocrinology 2021; 111:99-114. [PMID: 32074614 DOI: 10.1159/000506640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Two loci (CHD7 and SOX10) underlying Kallmann syndrome (KS) were discovered through clinical and genetic analysis of CHARGE and Waardenburg syndromes, conditions that include congenital anosmia caused by olfactory bulb (CA/OBs) defects and congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (CHH). We hypothesized that other candidate genes for KS could be discovered by analyzing rare syndromes presenting with these signs. Study Design, Size, Duration: We first investigated a family with Gorlin-Goltz syndrome (GGS) in which affected members exhibited clinical signs suggesting KS. Participants/Materials, Methods: Proband and family members underwent detailed clinical assessment. The proband received detailed neuroendocrine evaluation. Genetic analyses included sequencing the PTCH1 gene at diagnosis, followed by exome analyses of causative or candidate KS/CHH genes, in order to exclude contribution to the phenotypes of additional mutations. Exome analyses in additional 124 patients with KS/CHH probands with no additional GGS signs. RESULTS The proband exhibited CA, absent OBs on magnetic resonance imaging, and had CHH with unilateral cryptorchidism, consistent with KS. Pulsatile Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) therapy normalized serum gonadotropins and increased testosterone levels, supporting GnRH deficiency. Genetic studies revealed 3 affected family members harbor a novel mutation of PTCH1 (c.838G> T; p.Glu280*). This unreported nonsense deleterious mutation results in either a putative truncated Ptch1 protein or in an absence of translated Ptch1 protein related to nonsense mediated messenger RNA decay. This heterozygous mutation cosegregates in the pedigree with GGS and CA with OBs aplasia/hypoplasia and with CHH in the proband suggesting a genetic linkage and an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance. No pathogenic rare variants in other KS/CHH genes cosegregated with these phenotypes. In additional 124 KS/CHH patients, 3 additional heterozygous, rare missense variants were found and predicted in silico to be damaging: p.Ser1203Arg, p.Arg1192Ser, and p.Ile108Met. CONCLUSION This family suggests that the 2 main signs of KS can be included in GGS associated with PTCH1 mutations. Our data combined with mice models suggest that PTCH1 could be a novel candidate gene for KS/CHH and reinforce the role of the Hedgehog signaling pathway in pathophysiology of KS and GnRH neuron migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Barraud
- Department of Endocrinology, Reims University Hospital, Reims, France
- University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Brigitte Delemer
- Department of Endocrinology, Reims University Hospital, Reims, France
- University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | | | - Jérôme Bouligand
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Pharmacogenomics, and Hormonology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- University Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- INSERM U1185, Paris Saclay Medical School, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Jean-Claude Mérol
- Department of Otolaryngology, Reims University Hospital, Reims, France
| | - Florent Grange
- Department of Dermatology, Reims University Hospital, Reims, France
| | | | | | - Mohamad Zalzali
- Department of Endocrinology, Reims University Hospital, Reims, France
| | - Andrew A Dwyer
- Boston College, William F. Connell School of Nursing, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, USA
| | - James S Acierno
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nelly Pitteloud
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Robert P Millar
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jacques Young
- University Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France,
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Bicêtre Hospital, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France,
- INSERM U1185, Paris Saclay Medical School, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France,
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10
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Andreu-Cervera A, Catala M, Schneider-Maunoury S. Cilia, ciliopathies and hedgehog-related forebrain developmental disorders. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 150:105236. [PMID: 33383187 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.105236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Development of the forebrain critically depends on the Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) signaling pathway, as illustrated in humans by the frequent perturbation of this pathway in holoprosencephaly, a condition defined as a defect in the formation of midline structures of the forebrain and face. The Shh pathway requires functional primary cilia, microtubule-based organelles present on virtually every cell and acting as cellular antennae to receive and transduce diverse chemical, mechanical or light signals. The dysfunction of cilia in humans leads to inherited diseases called ciliopathies, which often affect many organs and show diverse manifestations including forebrain malformations for the most severe forms. The purpose of this review is to provide the reader with a framework to understand the developmental origin of the forebrain defects observed in severe ciliopathies with respect to perturbations of the Shh pathway. We propose that many of these defects can be interpreted as an imbalance in the ratio of activator to repressor forms of the Gli transcription factors, which are effectors of the Shh pathway. We also discuss the complexity of ciliopathies and their relationships with forebrain disorders such as holoprosencephaly or malformations of cortical development, and emphasize the need for a closer examination of forebrain defects in ciliopathies, not only through the lens of animal models but also taking advantage of the increasing potential of the research on human tissues and organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Andreu-Cervera
- Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR7622, Institut national pour la Santé et la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) U1156, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine - Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement (IBPS-LBD), 9 Quai Saint-Bernard, 75005 Paris, France; Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández - CSIC, Campus de San Juan; Avda. Ramón y Cajal s/n, 03550 Alicante, Spain
| | - Martin Catala
- Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR7622, Institut national pour la Santé et la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) U1156, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine - Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement (IBPS-LBD), 9 Quai Saint-Bernard, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Sylvie Schneider-Maunoury
- Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR7622, Institut national pour la Santé et la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) U1156, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine - Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement (IBPS-LBD), 9 Quai Saint-Bernard, 75005 Paris, France.
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11
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Hasenpusch-Theil K, Laclef C, Colligan M, Fitzgerald E, Howe K, Carroll E, Abrams SR, Reiter JF, Schneider-Maunoury S, Theil T. A transient role of the ciliary gene Inpp5e in controlling direct versus indirect neurogenesis in cortical development. eLife 2020; 9:e58162. [PMID: 32840212 PMCID: PMC7481005 DOI: 10.7554/elife.58162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
During the development of the cerebral cortex, neurons are generated directly from radial glial cells or indirectly via basal progenitors. The balance between these division modes determines the number and types of neurons formed in the cortex thereby affecting cortical functioning. Here, we investigate the role of primary cilia in controlling the decision between forming neurons directly or indirectly. We show that a mutation in the ciliary gene Inpp5e leads to a transient increase in direct neurogenesis and subsequently to an overproduction of layer V neurons in newborn mice. Loss of Inpp5e also affects ciliary structure coinciding with reduced Gli3 repressor levels. Genetically restoring Gli3 repressor rescues the decreased indirect neurogenesis in Inpp5e mutants. Overall, our analyses reveal how primary cilia determine neuronal subtype composition of the cortex by controlling direct versus indirect neurogenesis. These findings have implications for understanding cortical malformations in ciliopathies with INPP5E mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Hasenpusch-Theil
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
| | - Christine Laclef
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR7622, INSERM U1156, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS) - Developmental Biology UnitParisFrance
| | - Matt Colligan
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
| | - Eamon Fitzgerald
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
| | - Katherine Howe
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
| | - Emily Carroll
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
| | - Shaun R Abrams
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Jeremy F Reiter
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- Chan Zuckerberg BiohubSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Sylvie Schneider-Maunoury
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR7622, INSERM U1156, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS) - Developmental Biology UnitParisFrance
| | - Thomas Theil
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
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12
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Downregulation of GLI3 Expression Mediates Chemotherapy Resistance in Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21145084. [PMID: 32708452 PMCID: PMC7404064 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21145084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant activation of the hedgehog (HH) pathway is observed in many neoplasms, including acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The glioma-associated oncogene homolog (GLI) transcription factors are the main downstream effectors of the HH signaling cascade and are responsible for the proliferation and maintenance of leukemic stem cells, which support chemotherapy resistance and leukemia relapse. Cytarabine (Ara-C)-resistant variants of AML cell lines were established through long-term cultivation with successively increasing Ara-C concentrations. Subsequently, differences in GLI expression were analyzed by RT-qPCR. GLI3 mRNA levels were detectable in parental Kasumi-1, OCI-AML3, and OCI-AML5 cells, whereas GLI3 expression was completely silenced in all resistant counterparts. Therefore, we generated GLI3-knockdown cell lines using small hairpin RNAs (shRNA) and evaluated their sensitivity to Ara-C in vitro. The knockdown of GLI3 partly abolished the effect of Ara-C on colony formation and induction of apoptosis, indicating that GLI3 downregulation results in Ara-C resistance. Moreover, we analyzed the expression of several genes involved in Ara-C metabolism and transport. Knockdown of GLI3 resulted in the upregulation of SAM and HD domain-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1), cytidine deaminase (CDA), and ATP-binding cassette C11 (ABCC11)/multidrug resistance-associated protein 8 (MRP8), each of which has been identified as a predictive marker for Ara-C response in acute myeloid leukemia. Our results demonstrate that GLI3 downregulation is a potential mechanism to induce chemotherapy resistance in AML.
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13
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Ciliary Genes in Renal Cystic Diseases. Cells 2020; 9:cells9040907. [PMID: 32276433 PMCID: PMC7226761 DOI: 10.3390/cells9040907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cilia are microtubule-based organelles, protruding from the apical cell surface and anchoring to the cytoskeleton. Primary (nonmotile) cilia of the kidney act as mechanosensors of nephron cells, responding to fluid movements by triggering signal transduction. The impaired functioning of primary cilia leads to formation of cysts which in turn contribute to development of diverse renal diseases, including kidney ciliopathies and renal cancer. Here, we review current knowledge on the role of ciliary genes in kidney ciliopathies and renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Special focus is given on the impact of mutations and altered expression of ciliary genes (e.g., encoding polycystins, nephrocystins, Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) proteins, ALS1, Oral-facial-digital syndrome 1 (OFD1) and others) in polycystic kidney disease and nephronophthisis, as well as rare genetic disorders, including syndromes of Joubert, Meckel-Gruber, Bardet-Biedl, Senior-Loken, Alström, Orofaciodigital syndrome type I and cranioectodermal dysplasia. We also show that RCC and classic kidney ciliopathies share commonly disturbed genes affecting cilia function, including VHL (von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor), PKD1 (polycystin 1, transient receptor potential channel interacting) and PKD2 (polycystin 2, transient receptor potential cation channel). Finally, we discuss the significance of ciliary genes as diagnostic and prognostic markers, as well as therapeutic targets in ciliopathies and cancer.
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Putoux A, Baas D, Paschaki M, Morlé L, Maire C, Attié-Bitach T, Thomas S, Durand B. Altered GLI3 and FGF8 signaling underlies acrocallosal syndrome phenotypes in Kif7 depleted mice. Hum Mol Genet 2020; 28:877-887. [PMID: 30445565 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Acrocallosal syndrome (ACLS) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by agenesis or hypoplasia of corpus callosum (CC), polydactyly, craniofacial dysmorphism and severe intellectual deficiency. We previously identified KIF7, a key ciliary component of the Sonic hedgehog (SHH) pathway, as being a causative gene for this syndrome, thus including ACLS in the group of ciliopathies. In both humans and mice, KIF7 depletion leads to abnormal GLI3 processing and over-activation of SHH target genes. To understand the pathological mechanisms involved in CC defects in this syndrome, we took advantage of a previously described Kif7-/- mouse model to demonstrate that in addition to polydactyly and neural tube closure defects, these mice present CC agenesis with characteristic Probst bundles, thus recapitulating major ACLS features. We show that CC agenesis in these mice is associated with specific patterning defects of the cortical septum boundary leading to altered distribution of guidepost cells required to guide the callosal axons through the midline. Furthermore, by crossing Kif7-/- mice with Gli3Δ699 mice exclusively producing the repressive isoform of GLI3 (GLI3R), we demonstrate that decreased GLI3R signaling is fully responsible for the ACLS features in these mice, as all phenotypes are rescued by increasing GLI3R activity. Moreover, we show that increased FGF8 signaling is responsible in part for CC defects associated to KIF7 depletion, as modulating FGF8 signaling rescued CC formation anteriorly in Kif7-/- mice. Taken together our data demonstrate that ACLS features rely on defective GLI3R and FGF8 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Putoux
- Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, Équipe GENDEV, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,Service de Génétique et Centre de Référence des Anomalies du Développement de la Région Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, CHU de Lyon, France
| | - Dominique Baas
- Institut NeuroMyoGène, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5310, INSERM U-1217, Lyon, France
| | - Marie Paschaki
- Institut NeuroMyoGène, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5310, INSERM U-1217, Lyon, France
| | - Laurette Morlé
- Institut NeuroMyoGène, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5310, INSERM U-1217, Lyon, France
| | - Charline Maire
- Institut NeuroMyoGène, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5310, INSERM U-1217, Lyon, France
| | - Tania Attié-Bitach
- Laboratory of Embryology and Genetics of Congenital Malformations, INSERM UMR1163, Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.,Department of Histology-Embryology and Cytogenetics, Necker Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Thomas
- Laboratory of Embryology and Genetics of Congenital Malformations, INSERM UMR1163, Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Bénédicte Durand
- Institut NeuroMyoGène, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5310, INSERM U-1217, Lyon, France
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15
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Postel M, Karam A, Pézeron G, Schneider-Maunoury S, Clément F. A multiscale mathematical model of cell dynamics during neurogenesis in the mouse cerebral cortex. BMC Bioinformatics 2019; 20:470. [PMID: 31521111 PMCID: PMC6744691 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-019-3018-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neurogenesis in the murine cerebral cortex involves the coordinated divisions of two main types of progenitor cells, whose numbers, division modes and cell cycle durations set up the final neuronal output. To understand the respective roles of these factors in the neurogenesis process, we combine experimental in vivo studies with mathematical modeling and numerical simulations of the dynamics of neural progenitor cells. A special focus is put on the population of intermediate progenitors (IPs), a transit amplifying progenitor type critically involved in the size of the final neuron pool. Results A multiscale formalism describing IP dynamics allows one to track the progression of cells along the subsequent phases of the cell cycle, as well as the temporal evolution of the different cell numbers. Our model takes into account the dividing apical progenitors (AP) engaged into neurogenesis, both neurogenic and proliferative IPs, and the newborn neurons. The transfer rates from one population to another are subject to the mode of division (proliferative, or neurogenic) and may be time-varying. The model outputs are successfully fitted to experimental cell numbers from mouse embryos at different stages of cortical development, taking into account IPs and neurons, in order to adjust the numerical parameters. We provide additional information on cell kinetics, such as the mitotic and S phase indexes, and neurogenic fraction. Conclusions Applying the model to a mouse mutant for Ftm/Rpgrip1l, a gene involved in human ciliopathies with severe brain abnormalities, reveals a shortening of the neurogenic period associated with an increased influx of newborn IPs from apical progenitors at mid-neurogenesis. Our model can be used to study other mouse mutants with cortical neurogenesis defects and can be adapted to study the importance of progenitor dynamics in cortical evolution and human diseases. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12859-019-3018-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Postel
- Sorbonne Université, Université Paris-Diderot SPC, CNRS, Laboratoire Jacques-Louis Lions, LJLL, Paris, France.
| | - Alice Karam
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR7622, Inserm U1156, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), Laboratoire de Biologie du développement (LBD), Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Pézeron
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR7622, Inserm U1156, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), Laboratoire de Biologie du développement (LBD), Paris, France.,Current address: Laboratoire Physiologie Moléculaire et Adaptation, UMR 7221 CNRS, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Schneider-Maunoury
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR7622, Inserm U1156, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), Laboratoire de Biologie du développement (LBD), Paris, France
| | - Frédérique Clément
- Inria, Université Paris-Saclay, Palaiseau, France.,LMS, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Palaiseau, France
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16
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Thomas S, Boutaud L, Reilly ML, Benmerah A. Cilia in hereditary cerebral anomalies. Biol Cell 2019; 111:217-231. [DOI: 10.1111/boc.201900012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Thomas
- Laboratory of Embryology and Genetics of Human MalformationINSERM UMR 1163Paris Descartes UniversityImagine Institute 75015 Paris France
| | - Lucile Boutaud
- Laboratory of Embryology and Genetics of Human MalformationINSERM UMR 1163Paris Descartes UniversityImagine Institute 75015 Paris France
| | - Madeline Louise Reilly
- Laboratory of Hereditary Kidney Diseases, INSERM UMR 1163Paris Descartes UniversityImagine Institute 75015 Paris France
- Paris Diderot University 75013 Paris France
| | - Alexandre Benmerah
- Laboratory of Hereditary Kidney Diseases, INSERM UMR 1163Paris Descartes UniversityImagine Institute 75015 Paris France
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17
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Dissecting the neurological phenotype in children with callosal agenesis, interhemispheric cysts and malformations of cortical development. J Neurol 2019; 266:1167-1181. [PMID: 30796522 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-019-09247-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe the neurological phenotype of children with prenatal diagnosis of agenesis of corpus callosum (ACC) and interhemispheric cysts associated with malformations of cortical development (MCD). METHODS We reviewed the neuroimaging, neurologic, EEG, and genetic data of 36 patients (21 males, mean age 7 years) with ACC and interhemispheric cysts. Associations were tested with Chi-squared and Fisher exact tests. RESULTS According to the 2001 Barkovich classification, we found 4 type 1c (11.1%), 6 type 2a (16.6%), 18 type 2b (50%, 6/18 girls with Aicardi syndrome), and 9 type 2c cysts (22.2%). EEG showed specific epileptic activity in 27/36 patients (75%). Epilepsy was diagnosed in 16 subjects (16/36, 44.4%), including all Aicardi patients, and was associated with cognitive impairment (p = 0.032). Severe intellectual disability and epilepsy were associated with type 2b cysts, always due to Aicardi patients (p < 0.05). After excluding Aicardi patients, all subjects with type 2b cysts had mild neurological phenotype. Patients with 2a and 2c cysts more frequently had normal cognition (83.3% and 62.5% of cases, respectively). Patients with type 1c cyst mostly had mild/moderate cognitive impairment. Severe neurologic deficits were associated with 1c cysts and 2b cysts with Aicardi syndrome (p < 0.05). Multilobar and/or bilateral MCD were associated with severe neurological and epileptic phenotypes (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Once excluded Aicardi syndrome, most patients with ACC and interhemispheric cysts have a mild clinical phenotype characterized by borderline/normal cognition and minor neurological signs. Despite the high prevalence of EEG epileptic abnormalities, epilepsy in these cases is infrequent and usually responsive to antiepileptic drugs.
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18
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The Ciliopathy Gene Ftm/Rpgrip1l Controls Mouse Forebrain Patterning via Region-Specific Modulation of Hedgehog/Gli Signaling. J Neurosci 2019; 39:2398-2415. [PMID: 30692221 PMCID: PMC6435827 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2199-18.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are essential for CNS development. In the mouse, they play a critical role in patterning the spinal cord and telencephalon via the regulation of Hedgehog/Gli signaling. However, despite the frequent disruption of this signaling pathway in human forebrain malformations, the role of primary cilia in forebrain morphogenesis has been little investigated outside the telencephalon. Here we studied development of the diencephalon, hypothalamus and eyes in mutant mice in which the Ftm/Rpgrip1l ciliopathy gene is disrupted. At the end of gestation, Ftm−/− fetuses displayed anophthalmia, a reduction of the ventral hypothalamus and a disorganization of diencephalic nuclei and axonal tracts. In Ftm−/− embryos, we found that the ventral forebrain structures and the rostral thalamus were missing. Optic vesicles formed but lacked the optic cups. In Ftm−/− embryos, Sonic hedgehog (Shh) expression was virtually lost in the ventral forebrain but maintained in the zona limitans intrathalamica (ZLI), the mid-diencephalic organizer. Gli activity was severely downregulated but not lost in the ventral forebrain and in regions adjacent to the Shh-expressing ZLI. Reintroduction of the repressor form of Gli3 into the Ftm−/− background restored optic cup formation. Our data thus uncover a complex role of cilia in development of the diencephalon, hypothalamus and eyes via the region-specific control of the ratio of activator and repressor forms of the Gli transcription factors. They call for a closer examination of forebrain defects in severe ciliopathies and for a search for ciliopathy genes as modifiers in other human conditions with forebrain defects. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway is essential for proper forebrain development as illustrated by a human condition called holoprosencephaly. The Hh pathway relies on primary cilia, cellular organelles that receive and transduce extracellular signals and whose dysfunctions lead to rare inherited diseases called ciliopathies. To date, the role of cilia in the forebrain has been poorly studied outside the telencephalon. In this paper we study the role of the Ftm/Rpgrip1l ciliopathy gene in mouse forebrain development. We uncover complex functions of primary cilia in forebrain morphogenesis through region-specific modulation of the Hh pathway. Our data call for further examination of forebrain defects in ciliopathies and for a search for ciliopathy genes as modifiers in human conditions affecting forebrain development.
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19
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Choi YJ, Laclef C, Yang N, Andreu-Cervera A, Lewis J, Mao X, Li L, Snedecor ER, Takemaru KI, Qin C, Schneider-Maunoury S, Shroyer KR, Hannun YA, Koch PJ, Clark RA, Payne AS, Kowalczyk AP, Chen J. RPGRIP1L is required for stabilizing epidermal keratinocyte adhesion through regulating desmoglein endocytosis. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1007914. [PMID: 30689641 PMCID: PMC6366717 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cilia-related proteins are believed to be involved in a broad range of cellular processes. Retinitis pigmentosa GTPase regulator interacting protein 1-like (RPGRIP1L) is a ciliary protein required for ciliogenesis in many cell types, including epidermal keratinocytes. Here we report that RPGRIP1L is also involved in the maintenance of desmosomal junctions between keratinocytes. Genetically disrupting the Rpgrip1l gene in mice caused intraepidermal blistering, primarily between basal and suprabasal keratinocytes. This blistering phenotype was associated with aberrant expression patterns of desmosomal proteins, impaired desmosome ultrastructure, and compromised cell-cell adhesion in vivo and in vitro. We found that disrupting the RPGRIP1L gene in HaCaT cells, which do not form primary cilia, resulted in mislocalization of desmosomal proteins to the cytoplasm, suggesting a cilia-independent function of RPGRIP1L. Mechanistically, we found that RPGRIP1L regulates the endocytosis of desmogleins such that RPGRIP1L-knockdown not only induced spontaneous desmoglein endocytosis, as determined by AK23 labeling and biotinylation assays, but also exacerbated EGTA- or pemphigus vulgaris IgG-induced desmoglein endocytosis. Accordingly, inhibiting endocytosis with dynasore or sucrose rescued these desmosomal phenotypes. Biotinylation assays on cell surface proteins not only reinforced the role of RPGRIP1L in desmoglein endocytosis, but also suggested that RPGRIP1L may be more broadly involved in endocytosis. Thus, data obtained from this study advanced our understanding of the biological functions of RPGRIP1L by identifying its role in the cellular endocytic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon Ja Choi
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States of America
| | - Christine Laclef
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR7622, Inserm U1156, IBPS-Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement, Paris, France
| | - Ning Yang
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States of America
| | - Abraham Andreu-Cervera
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR7622, Inserm U1156, IBPS-Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement, Paris, France
| | - Joshua Lewis
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Xuming Mao
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Li Li
- Department of Dermatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Elizabeth R Snedecor
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States of America
| | - Ken-Ichi Takemaru
- Department of Pharmacology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States of America
| | - Chuan Qin
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Science; and Comparative Medical Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Sylvie Schneider-Maunoury
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR7622, Inserm U1156, IBPS-Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement, Paris, France
| | - Kenneth R Shroyer
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States of America
| | - Yusuf A Hannun
- Department of Medicine and Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States of America
| | - Peter J Koch
- Department of Dermatology and Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Richard A Clark
- Department of Dermatology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States of America
| | - Aimee S Payne
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Andrew P Kowalczyk
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Jiang Chen
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States of America
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Science; and Comparative Medical Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Department of Dermatology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States of America
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20
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Wiegering A, Rüther U, Gerhardt C. The ciliary protein Rpgrip1l in development and disease. Dev Biol 2018; 442:60-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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21
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Hasenpusch-Theil K, West S, Kelman A, Kozic Z, Horrocks S, McMahon AP, Price DJ, Mason JO, Theil T. Gli3 controls the onset of cortical neurogenesis by regulating the radial glial cell cycle through Cdk6 expression. Development 2018; 145:dev.163147. [PMID: 30093555 PMCID: PMC6141774 DOI: 10.1242/dev.163147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The cerebral cortex contains an enormous number of neurons, allowing it to perform highly complex neural tasks. Understanding how these neurons develop at the correct time and place and in accurate numbers constitutes a major challenge. Here, we demonstrate a novel role for Gli3, a key regulator of cortical development, in cortical neurogenesis. We show that the onset of neuron formation is delayed in Gli3 conditional mouse mutants. Gene expression profiling and cell cycle measurements indicate that shortening of the G1 and S phases in radial glial cells precedes this delay. Reduced G1 length correlates with an upregulation of the cyclin-dependent kinase gene Cdk6, which is directly regulated by Gli3. Moreover, pharmacological interference with Cdk6 function rescues the delayed neurogenesis in Gli3 mutant embryos. Overall, our data indicate that Gli3 controls the onset of cortical neurogenesis by determining the levels of Cdk6 expression, thereby regulating neuronal output and cortical size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Hasenpusch-Theil
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Hugh Robson Building, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Stephen West
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Hugh Robson Building, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Alexandra Kelman
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Hugh Robson Building, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Zrinko Kozic
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Hugh Robson Building, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Sophie Horrocks
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Hugh Robson Building, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Andrew P McMahon
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Eli and Edythe Broad-CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, W.M. Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - David J Price
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Hugh Robson Building, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - John O Mason
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Hugh Robson Building, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Thomas Theil
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Hugh Robson Building, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
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22
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Hasenpusch-Theil K, Watson JA, Theil T. Direct Interactions Between Gli3, Wnt8b, and Fgfs Underlie Patterning of the Dorsal Telencephalon. Cereb Cortex 2018; 27:1137-1148. [PMID: 26656997 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhv291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A key step in the development of the cerebral cortex is a patterning process, which subdivides the telencephalon into several molecularly distinct domains and is critical for cortical arealization. This process is dependent on a complex network of interactions between signaling molecules of the Fgf and Wnt gene families and the Gli3 transcription factor gene, but a better knowledge of the molecular basis of the interplay between these factors is required to gain a deeper understanding of the genetic circuitry underlying telencephalic patterning. Using DNA-binding and reporter gene assays, we here investigate the possibility that Gli3 and these signaling molecules interact by directly regulating each other's expression. We show that Fgf signaling is required for Wnt8b enhancer activity in the cortical hem, whereas Wnt/β-catenin signaling represses Fgf17 forebrain enhancer activity. In contrast, Fgf and Wnt/β-catenin signaling cooperate to regulate Gli3 expression. Taken together, these findings indicate that mutual interactions between Gli3, Wnt8b, and Fgf17 are crucial elements of the balance between these factors thereby conferring robustness to the patterning process. Hence, our study provides a framework for understanding the genetic circuitry underlying telencephalic patterning and how defects in this process can affect the formation of cortical areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Hasenpusch-Theil
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, Hugh Robson Building, University of Edinburgh, EdinburghEH8 9XD, UK
| | - Julia A Watson
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, Hugh Robson Building, University of Edinburgh, EdinburghEH8 9XD, UK
| | - Thomas Theil
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, Hugh Robson Building, University of Edinburgh, EdinburghEH8 9XD, UK
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23
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Youn YH, Han YG. Primary Cilia in Brain Development and Diseases. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2018; 188:11-22. [PMID: 29030052 PMCID: PMC5745523 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2017.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The primary cilium, a sensory appendage that is present in most mammalian cells, plays critical roles in signaling pathways and cell cycle progression. Mutations that affect the structure or function of primary cilia result in ciliopathies, a group of developmental and degenerative diseases that affect almost all organs and tissues. Our understanding of the constituents, development, and function of primary cilia has advanced considerably in recent years, revealing pathogenic mechanisms that potentially underlie ciliopathies. In the brain, the primary cilia are crucial for early patterning, neurogenesis, neuronal maturation and survival, and tumorigenesis, mostly through regulating cell cycle progression, Hedgehog signaling, and WNT signaling. We review these advances in our knowledge of primary cilia, focusing on brain development, and discuss the mechanisms that may underlie brain abnormalities in ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Ha Youn
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, Neurobiology and Brain Tumor Program, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Young-Goo Han
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, Neurobiology and Brain Tumor Program, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee.
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24
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Liu M, Xu P, Guan Z, Qian X, Dockery P, Fitzgerald U, O'Brien T, Shen S. Ulk4 deficiency leads to hypomyelination in mice. Glia 2017; 66:175-190. [PMID: 29034508 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Brain nerve fibers are insulated by myelin which is produced by oligodendrocytes. Defects in myelination are increasingly recognized as a common pathology underlying neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders, which are associated with deletions of the Unc-51-like kinase 4 (ULK4) gene. Key transcription factors have been identified for oligodendrogenesis, but little is known about their associated regulators. Here we report that Ulk4 acts as a key regulator of myelination. Myelination is reduced by half in the Ulk4tm1a/tm1a hypomorph brain, whereas expression of axonal marker genes Tubb3, Nefh, Nefl and Nefm remains unaltered. Transcriptome analyses reveal that 8 (Gfap, Mbp, Mobp, Plp1, Slc1a2, Ttr, Cnp, Scd2) of the 10 most significantly altered genes in the Ulk4tm1a/tm1a brain are myelination-related. Ulk4 is co-expressed in Olig2+ (pan-oligodendrocyte marker) and CC1+ (mature myelinated oligodendrocyte marker) cells during postnatal development. Major oligodendrogeneic transcription factors, including Olig2, Olig1, Myrf, Sox10, Sox8, Sox6, Sox17, Nkx2-2, Nkx6-2 and Carhsp1, are significantly downregulated in the mutants. mRNA transcripts enriched in oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs), the newly formed oligodendrocytes (NFOs) and myelinating oligodendrocytes (MOs), are significantly attenuated. Expression of stage-specific oligodendrocyte factors including Cspg4, Sox17, Nfasc, Enpp6, Sirt2, Cnp, Plp1, Mbp, Ugt8, Mag and Mog are markedly decreased. Indirect effects of axon caliber and neuroinflammation may also contribute to the hypomyelination, as Ulk4 mutants display smaller axons and increased neuroinflammation. This is the first evidence demonstrating that ULK4 is a crucial regulator of myelination, and ULK4 may therefore become a novel therapeutic target for hypomyelination diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Liu
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland (NUI) Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Ping Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Engineering Research Center for Protein Drugs, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Zhenlong Guan
- Department of Physiology, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiaohong Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Engineering Research Center for Protein Drugs, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Peter Dockery
- Anatomy, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland (NUI) Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Una Fitzgerald
- National Centre for Biomedical Engineering Science, Galway Neuroscience Centre, National University of Ireland (NUI) Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Timothy O'Brien
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland (NUI) Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Sanbing Shen
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland (NUI) Galway, Galway, Ireland
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25
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Schock EN, Brugmann SA. Discovery, Diagnosis, and Etiology of Craniofacial Ciliopathies. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2017; 9:cshperspect.a028258. [PMID: 28213462 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a028258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Seventy-five percent of congenital disorders present with some form of craniofacial malformation. The frequency and severity of these malformations makes understanding the etiological basis crucial for diagnosis and treatment. A significant link between craniofacial malformations and primary cilia arose several years ago with the determination that ∼30% of ciliopathies could be primarily defined by their craniofacial phenotype. The link between the cilium and the face has proven significant, as several new "craniofacial ciliopathies" have recently been diagnosed. Herein, we reevaluate public disease databases, report several new craniofacial ciliopathies, and propose several "predicted" craniofacial ciliopathies. Furthermore, we discuss why the craniofacial complex is so sensitive to ciliopathic dysfunction, addressing tissue-specific functions of the cilium as well as its role in signal transduction relevant to craniofacial development. As a whole, these analyses suggest a characteristic facial phenotype associated with craniofacial ciliopathies that can perhaps be used for rapid discovery and diagnosis of similar disorders in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth N Schock
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, and Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229
| | - Samantha A Brugmann
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, and Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229
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26
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Ulk4 Is Essential for Ciliogenesis and CSF Flow. J Neurosci 2017; 36:7589-600. [PMID: 27445138 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0621-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Ciliopathies are an emerging class of devastating disorders with pleiotropic symptoms affecting both the central and peripheral systems and commonly associated with hydrocephalus. Even though ciliary components and three master transcriptional regulators have been identified, little is known about the signaling molecules involved. We previously identified a novel gene, Unc51-like-kinase 4 (ULK4), as a risk factor of neurodevelopmental disorders. Here we took multidisciplinary approaches and uncovered essential roles of Ulk4 in ciliogenesis. We show that Ulk4 is predominantly expressed in the ventricular system, and Ulk4(tm1a/tm1a) ependymal cells display reduced/disorganized cilia with abnormal axonemes. Ulk4(tm1a/tm1a) mice exhibit dysfunctional subcommissural organs, obstructive aqueducts, and impaired CSF flow. Mechanistically, we performed whole-genome RNA sequencing and discovered that Ulk4 regulates the Foxj1 pathway specifically and an array of other ciliogenesis molecules. This is the first evidence demonstrating that ULK4 plays a vital role in ciliogenesis and that deficiency of ULK4 can cause hydrocephalus and ciliopathy-related disorders. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Ciliopathies are an emerging class of devastating disorders with pleiotropic symptoms affecting both the central and peripheral systems. Ciliopathies are commonly associated with hydrocephalus, and Unc51-like-kinase 4 (Ulk4) has been identified as one of 12 genes causing hydrocephalus in mutants. Here we uncover an essential role of Ulk4 in ciliogenesis. Ulk4 is predominantly expressed in the ventricles, and mutant ependymal cells display reduced/disorganized/nonfunctional motile cilia with abnormal axonemes and impaired CSF flow. Ulk4 modulates expression of the master regulator of ciliogenesis, Foxj1, and other ciliogenesis molecules. This is the first report demonstrating a vital role of Ulk4 in ciliogenesis. ULK4 deficiency may be implicated in human hydrocephalus and other ciliopathy-related disorders.
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27
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Al-Qattan MM, Shamseldin HE, Salih MA, Alkuraya FS. GLI3-related polydactyly: a review. Clin Genet 2017; 92:457-466. [PMID: 28224613 DOI: 10.1111/cge.12952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
GLI3 mutations are known to be associated with nine syndromes/conditions in which polydactyly is a feature. In this review, the embryology, pathogenesis, and animal models of GLI3-related polydactyly are discussed first. This is followed by a detailed review of the genotype-phenotype correlations. Based on our review of the literature and our clinical experiences, we recommend viewing GLI3-related syndromes/conditions as four separate entities; each characterized by a specific pattern of polydactyly. These four entities are: the preaxial polydactyly type IV-Greig-acrocallosal spectrum, postaxial polydactyly types A/B, Pallister-Hall syndrome (PHS), and oral-facial-digital overlap syndrome. We also provide illustrative clinical examples from our practice including a family with a novel GLI3 mutation causing PHS. The review also introduces the term 'Forme Fruste' preaxial polydactyly and gives several conclusions/recommendations including the recommendation to revise the current criteria for the clinical diagnosis of PHS.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Al-Qattan
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - H E Shamseldin
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - M A Salih
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - F S Alkuraya
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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28
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Foerster P, Daclin M, Asm S, Faucourt M, Boletta A, Genovesio A, Spassky N. mTORC1 signaling and primary cilia are required for brain ventricle morphogenesis. Development 2016; 144:201-210. [PMID: 27993979 PMCID: PMC5394754 DOI: 10.1242/dev.138271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Radial glial cells (RCGs) are self-renewing progenitor cells that give rise to neurons and glia during embryonic development. Throughout neurogenesis, these cells contact the cerebral ventricles and bear a primary cilium. Although the role of the primary cilium in embryonic patterning has been studied, its role in brain ventricular morphogenesis is poorly characterized. Using conditional mutants, we show that the primary cilia of radial glia determine the size of the surface of their ventricular apical domain through regulation of the mTORC1 pathway. In cilium-less mutants, the orientation of the mitotic spindle in radial glia is also significantly perturbed and associated with an increased number of basal progenitors. The enlarged apical domain of RGCs leads to dilatation of the brain ventricles during late embryonic stages (ventriculomegaly), which initiates hydrocephalus during postnatal stages. These phenotypes can all be significantly rescued by treatment with the mTORC1 inhibitor rapamycin. These results suggest that primary cilia regulate ventricle morphogenesis by acting as a brake on the mTORC1 pathway. This opens new avenues for the diagnosis and treatment of hydrocephalus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Foerster
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), INSERM U1024, and CNRS UMR 8197, PSL Research University, 46 rue d'Ulm, Paris 75005, France
| | - Marie Daclin
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), INSERM U1024, and CNRS UMR 8197, PSL Research University, 46 rue d'Ulm, Paris 75005, France
| | - Shihavuddin Asm
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), INSERM U1024, and CNRS UMR 8197, PSL Research University, 46 rue d'Ulm, Paris 75005, France
| | - Marion Faucourt
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), INSERM U1024, and CNRS UMR 8197, PSL Research University, 46 rue d'Ulm, Paris 75005, France
| | - Alessandra Boletta
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Auguste Genovesio
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), INSERM U1024, and CNRS UMR 8197, PSL Research University, 46 rue d'Ulm, Paris 75005, France
| | - Nathalie Spassky
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), INSERM U1024, and CNRS UMR 8197, PSL Research University, 46 rue d'Ulm, Paris 75005, France
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29
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Control of Hedgehog Signalling by the Cilia-Regulated Proteasome. J Dev Biol 2016; 4:jdb4030027. [PMID: 29615591 PMCID: PMC5831775 DOI: 10.3390/jdb4030027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hedgehog signalling pathway is evolutionarily highly conserved and essential for embryonic development of invertebrates and vertebrates. Consequently, impaired Hedgehog signalling results in very severe human diseases, ranging from holoprosencephaly to Pallister-Hall syndrome. Due to this great importance for human health, the focus of numerous research groups is placed on the investigation of the detailed mechanisms underlying Hedgehog signalling. Today, it is known that tiny cell protrusions, known as primary cilia, are necessary to mediate Hedgehog signalling in vertebrates. Although the Hedgehog pathway is one of the best studied signalling pathways, many questions remain. One of these questions is: How do primary cilia control Hedgehog signalling in vertebrates? Recently, it was shown that primary cilia regulate a special kind of proteasome which is essential for proper Hedgehog signalling. This review article will cover this novel cilia-proteasome association in embryonic Hedgehog signalling and discuss the possibilities provided by future investigations on this topic.
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30
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Gerhardt C, Leu T, Lier JM, Rüther U. The cilia-regulated proteasome and its role in the development of ciliopathies and cancer. Cilia 2016; 5:14. [PMID: 27293550 PMCID: PMC4901515 DOI: 10.1186/s13630-016-0035-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary cilium is an essential structure for the mediation of numerous signaling pathways involved in the coordination and regulation of cellular processes essential for the development and maintenance of health. Consequently, ciliary dysfunction results in severe human diseases called ciliopathies. Since many of the cilia-mediated signaling pathways are oncogenic pathways, cilia are linked to cancer. Recent studies demonstrate the existence of a cilia-regulated proteasome and that this proteasome is involved in cancer development via the progression of oncogenic, cilia-mediated signaling. This review article investigates the association between primary cilia and cancer with particular emphasis on the role of the cilia-regulated proteasome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Gerhardt
- Institute for Animal Developmental and Molecular Biology, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Tristan Leu
- Institute for Animal Developmental and Molecular Biology, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Johanna Maria Lier
- Institute for Animal Developmental and Molecular Biology, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ulrich Rüther
- Institute for Animal Developmental and Molecular Biology, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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