1
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Lin J, Zou B, Li H, Wang J, Li S, Cao J, Xie D, Wang F. Collagen XVII promotes dormancy of colorectal cancer cells by activating mTORC2 signaling. Cell Signal 2024; 120:111234. [PMID: 38795810 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2024.111234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
Tumor dormancy is the underpinning for cancer relapse and chemoresistance, leading to massive cancer-related death in colorectal cancer (CRC). However, our comprehension of the mechanisms dictating tumor dormancy and strategies for eliminating dormant tumor cells remains restricted. In this study, we identified that collagen XVII (COL17A1), a hemidesmosomal transmembrane protein, can promote the dormancy of CRC cells. The upregulation of COL17A1 was observed to prolong quiescence periods and diminish drug susceptibility of CRC cells. Mechanistically, COL17A1 acts as a scaffold, enhancing the crosstalk between mTORC2 and Akt, thereby instigating the mTORC2-mediated dormant signaling. Notably, the activation of mTORC2 is contingent upon the intracellular domain of COL17A1, regardless of its ectodomain shedding. Our findings underscore a pivotal role of the COL17A1-mTORC2 axis in CRC dormancy, suggesting that mTORC2-specific inhibitors may hold therapeutic prospects for the eradication of dormant tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlong Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, PR China
| | - Bingxu Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, PR China
| | - Hongbo Li
- Department of Musculoskeletal Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Shuman Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou 450008, China
| | - Jinghua Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, PR China
| | - Dan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, PR China; Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China.
| | - Fengwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, PR China.
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2
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Franzén L, Olsson Lindvall M, Hühn M, Ptasinski V, Setyo L, Keith BP, Collin A, Oag S, Volckaert T, Borde A, Lundeberg J, Lindgren J, Belfield G, Jackson S, Ollerstam A, Stamou M, Ståhl PL, Hornberg JJ. Mapping spatially resolved transcriptomes in human and mouse pulmonary fibrosis. Nat Genet 2024:10.1038/s41588-024-01819-2. [PMID: 38951642 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-024-01819-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive lung disease with poor prognosis and limited treatment options. Efforts to identify effective treatments are thwarted by limited understanding of IPF pathogenesis and poor translatability of available preclinical models. Here we generated spatially resolved transcriptome maps of human IPF (n = 4) and bleomycin-induced mouse pulmonary fibrosis (n = 6) to address these limitations. We uncovered distinct fibrotic niches in the IPF lung, characterized by aberrant alveolar epithelial cells in a microenvironment dominated by transforming growth factor beta signaling alongside predicted regulators, such as TP53 and APOE. We also identified a clear divergence between the arrested alveolar regeneration in the IPF fibrotic niches and the active tissue repair in the acutely fibrotic mouse lung. Our study offers in-depth insights into the IPF transcriptional landscape and proposes alveolar regeneration as a promising therapeutic strategy for IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lovisa Franzén
- Safety Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Gene Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martina Olsson Lindvall
- Safety Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Michael Hühn
- Translational Science and Experimental Medicine, Research and Early Development, Respiratory and Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Victoria Ptasinski
- Safety Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Laura Setyo
- Pathology, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Benjamin P Keith
- Quantitative Biology, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Astrid Collin
- Animal Science and Technology, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Steven Oag
- Animal Science and Technology, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Thomas Volckaert
- Bioscience In Vivo, Research and Early Development, Respiratory and Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Annika Borde
- Bioscience In Vivo, Research and Early Development, Respiratory and Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Joakim Lundeberg
- Department of Gene Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Julia Lindgren
- Translational Genomics, Centre for Genomics Research, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Graham Belfield
- Translational Genomics, Centre for Genomics Research, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sonya Jackson
- Late-Stage Development, Respiratory and Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anna Ollerstam
- Safety Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marianna Stamou
- Safety Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Patrik L Ståhl
- Department of Gene Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Jorrit J Hornberg
- Safety Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
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3
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Sproule TJ, Wilpan RY, Low BE, Silva KA, Reyon D, Joung JK, Wiles MV, Roopenian DC, Sundberg JP. Functional analysis of Collagen 17a1: A genetic modifier of junctional epidermolysis bullosa in mice. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0292456. [PMID: 37796769 PMCID: PMC10553217 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0292456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous work strongly implicated Collagen 17a1 (Col17a1) as a potent genetic modifier of junctional epidermolysis bullosa (JEB) caused by a hypomorphic mutation (Lamc2jeb) in mice. The importance of the noncollagenous domain (NC4) of COLXVII was suggested by use of a congenic reduction approach that restricted the modifier effect to 2-3 neighboring amino acid changes in that domain. The current study utilizes TALEN and CRISPR/Cas9 induced amino acid replacements and in-frame indels nested to NC4 to further investigate the role of this and adjoining COLXVII domains both as modifiers and primary risk effectors. We confirm the importance of COLXVI AA 1275 S/G and 1277 N/S substitutions and utilize small nested indels to show that subtle changes in this microdomain attenuate JEB. We further show that large in-frame indels removing up to 1482 bp and 169 AA of NC6 through NC1 domains are surprisingly disease free on their own but can be very potent modifiers of Lamc2jeb/jeb JEB. Together these studies exploiting gene editing to functionally dissect the Col17a1 modifier demonstrate the importance of epistatic interactions between a primary disease-causing mutation in one gene and innocuous 'healthy' alleles in other genes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert Y. Wilpan
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, United States of America
| | - Benjamin E. Low
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, United States of America
| | | | - Deepak Reyon
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - J. Keith Joung
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Michael V. Wiles
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, United States of America
| | | | - John P. Sundberg
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, United States of America
- Department of Dermatology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
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4
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Mai S, Izumi K, Mai Y, Natsuga K, Ishii N, Sawamura D, Schauer F, Kiritsi D, Nishie W, Ujiie H. Native autoantigen complex detects pemphigoid autoantibodies. JID INNOVATIONS 2023; 3:100193. [PMID: 36992950 PMCID: PMC10041560 DOI: 10.1016/j.xjidi.2023.100193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Pemphigoid diseases are a group of autoimmune disorders characterized by subepidermal blistering in the skin and mucosa. Among them, mucous membrane pemphigoid (MMP) autoantibodies are characterized by targeting multiple molecules in the hemidesmosomes, including collagen XVII, laminin-332, and integrin a6/β4. Traditionally, recombinant proteins of the autoantigens have been employed to identify circulating autoantibodies by immune assays. However, developing an efficient detection system for MMP autoantibodies has been challenging because the autoantibodies have heterogeneous profiles and the antibody titers are typically low. In this study, we introduce an ELISA that takes advantage of a native autoantigen complex rather than simple recombinant proteins. We generated HaCaT keratinocytes with a DDDDK-tag knocked in at the COL17A1 locus by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing. Immunoprecipitation using the DDDDK-tag isolated a native complex that contained full-length and processed collagen XVII and integrin α6/β4. Then, we used the complex proteins to prepare an ELISA system and enrolled 55 MMP cases to validate its diagnostic performance. The sensitivity and specificity of the ELISA for detecting MMP autoantibodies were 70.9% and 86.7%, respectively, far superior to those of conventional assays. In autoimmune diseases such as MMP, in which autoantibodies target various molecules, isolating the antigen-protein complexes can help establish a diagnostic system.
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5
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Lim JH, Bae JS, Lee SK, Lee DH. Palmitoyl‑RGD promotes the expression of dermal‑epidermal junction components in HaCaT cells. Mol Med Rep 2022; 26:320. [PMID: 36043531 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2022.12836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
With age, the dermal‑epidermal junction (DEJ) becomes thinner and production of its protein components decreases; this may be associated with increased fragility and wrinkling of skin. Topical treatment with palmitoyl‑Arg‑Gly‑Asp (PAL‑RGD) improves facial wrinkles, skin elasticity and dermal density in humans. In the present study, the effect of PAL‑RGD on expression of DEJ components, such as laminin and collagen, was assessed. Human HaCaT keratinocytes were treated with PAL‑RGD. The protein expression levels of laminin‑332, collagen IV and collagen XVII were examined by western blotting. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR was used to analyze laminin subunit (LAM)A3, LAMB3, LAMC2, collagen type IV α 1 chain (COL4A1) and COL17A1 mRNA expression levels. Western blot analysis showed that the expression levels of proteins comprising the DEJ, including laminin α3, β3 and γ2 and collagen IV and XVII demonstrated a significant dose‑dependent increase following PAL‑RGD treatment. Furthermore, PAL‑RGD treatment significantly enhanced LAMA3, LAMB3, LAMC2, COL4A1 and COL17A1 mRNA expression levels. PAL‑RGD may enhance the DEJ by inducing the expression of laminin‑332, collagen IV and collagen XVII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo Hyuck Lim
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Research and Development Division, Celltrion Inc., Incheon 22014, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Soo Bae
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Research and Development Division, Celltrion Inc., Incheon 22014, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Ki Lee
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Research and Development Division, Celltrion Inc., Incheon 22014, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hun Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
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6
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Wang Y, Kitahata H, Kosumi H, Watanabe M, Fujimura Y, Takashima S, Osada SI, Hirose T, Nishie W, Nagayama M, Shimizu H, Natsuga K. Collagen XVII deficiency alters epidermal patterning. J Transl Med 2022; 102:581-588. [PMID: 35145203 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-022-00738-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Vertebrates exhibit patterned epidermis, exemplified by scales/interscales in mice tails and grooves/ridges on the human skin surface (microtopography). Although the role of spatiotemporal regulation of stem cells (SCs) has been implicated in this process, the mechanism underlying the development of such epidermal patterns is poorly understood. Here, we show that collagen XVII (COL17), a niche for epidermal SCs, helps stabilize epidermal patterns. Gene knockout and rescue experiments revealed that COL17 maintains the width of the murine tail scale epidermis independently of epidermal cell polarity. Skin regeneration after wounding was associated with slender scale epidermis, which was alleviated by overexpression of human COL17. COL17-negative skin in human junctional epidermolysis bullosa showed a distinct epidermal pattern from COL17-positive skin that resulted from revertant mosaicism. These results demonstrate that COL17 contributes to defining mouse tail scale shapes and human skin microtopography. Our study sheds light on the role of the SC niche in tissue pattern formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunan Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kitahata
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Kosumi
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Mika Watanabe
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, Molecular Biotechnology Centre, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Yu Fujimura
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shota Takashima
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Osada
- Department of Dermatology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomonori Hirose
- Department of Molecular Biology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Wataru Nishie
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masaharu Nagayama
- Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shimizu
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ken Natsuga
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
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7
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Nanba D, Toki F, Asakawa K, Matsumura H, Shiraishi K, Sayama K, Matsuzaki K, Toki H, Nishimura EK. EGFR-mediated epidermal stem cell motility drives skin regeneration through COL17A1 proteolysis. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:e202012073. [PMID: 34550317 PMCID: PMC8563287 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202012073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin regenerative capacity declines with age, but the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. Here we demonstrate a functional link between epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling and type XVII collagen (COL17A1) proteolysis on age-associated alteration of keratinocyte stem cell dynamics in skin regeneration. Live-imaging and computer simulation experiments predicted that human keratinocyte stem cell motility is coupled with self-renewal and epidermal regeneration. Receptor tyrosine kinase array identified the age-associated decline of EGFR signaling in mouse skin wound healing. Culture experiments proved that EGFR activation drives human keratinocyte stem cell motility with increase of COL17A1 by inhibiting its proteolysis through the secretion of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1 (TIMP1). Intriguingly, COL17A1 directly regulated keratinocyte stem cell motility and collective cell migration by coordinating actin and keratin filament networks. We conclude that EGFR-COL17A1 axis-mediated keratinocyte stem cell motility drives epidermal regeneration, which provides a novel therapeutic approach for age-associated impaired skin regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Nanba
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fujio Toki
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kyosuke Asakawa
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Matsumura
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken Shiraishi
- Department of Dermatology, Ehime University School of Medicine, Toon, Japan
| | - Koji Sayama
- Department of Dermatology, Ehime University School of Medicine, Toon, Japan
| | - Kyoichi Matsuzaki
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, International University of Health and Welfare, School of Medicine, Narita, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Toki
- Research Center for Nuclear Physics, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Health Care Division, Health and Counseling Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Emi K. Nishimura
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Aging and Regeneration, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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8
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Lothong M, Sakares W, Rojsitthisak P, Tanikawa C, Matsuda K, Yodsurang V. Collagen XVII inhibits breast cancer cell proliferation and growth through deactivation of the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0255179. [PMID: 34293053 PMCID: PMC8297889 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Collagen XVII (COL17), a cell-matrix adhesion protein, has been found to be suppressed in breast cancer. Our previous data demonstrated a preventive role of COL17 in breast cancer invasiveness. The present study used the stable COL17-overexpressing MCF7 and MDA-MB-231 cells to reveal an anti-proliferative effect of COL17 on breast cancer cell through mTOR deactivation. Cell proliferation was negatively correlated with the expression level of COL17 in a concentration-dependent manner in both conventional and three-dimensional (3D) culture systems. The correlation was confirmed by decreased expression of the proliferative marker Ki67 in COL17-expressing cells. In addition, overexpression of COL17 reduced the clonogenicity and growth of the cells. We demonstrated that COL17 affects the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway by deactivation of AKT, mTOR and downstream effectors, particularly 4EBP1. Moreover, mice xenografted with high COL17-expressing cells exhibited delayed tumor progression and prolonged survival time. The high expression of COL17A1 gene encoding COL17 is associated with low-proliferation tumors, extended tumor-free period, and overall survival of breast cancer patients. In conclusion, our results revealed the novel function of COL17 using in vitro and in vivo models and elucidated the related pathway in breast cancer cell growth and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muttarin Lothong
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Watchara Sakares
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pornchai Rojsitthisak
- Natural Products for Ageing and Chronic Diseases Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Food and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chizu Tanikawa
- Laboratory of Genome Technology, Human Genome Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Matsuda
- Laboratory of Genome Technology, Human Genome Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Laboratory of Clinical Genome Sequencing, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Varalee Yodsurang
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Preclinical Toxicity and Efficacy Assessment of Medicines and Chemicals Research Cluster, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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9
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Schreurs O, Balta MG, Karatsaidis A, Schenck K. Composition of hemidesmosomes in basal keratinocytes of normal buccal mucosa and oral lichen planus. Eur J Oral Sci 2020; 128:369-378. [PMID: 32870574 DOI: 10.1111/eos.12732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic inflammatory disease displaying ultrastructural disturbances in epithelial hemidesmosomes. The expression of several key hemidesmosomal components in OLP as well as in normal buccal mucosa is, however, unknown. The aim of the study was therefore to examine intracellular and extracellular components involved in hemidesmosomal attachment, in OLP (n = 20) and in normal buccal mucosa (n = 10), by immunofluorescence. In normal buccal mucosa, laminin-α3γ2, integrin-α6β4, CD151, collagen α-1(XVII) chain, and dystonin showed linear expression along the basal membrane, indicating the presence of type I hemidesmosomes. Plectin stained most epithelial cell membranes and remained unphosphorylated at S4642. In OLP, most hemidesmosomal molecules examined showed disturbed expression consisting of discontinuous increases, apicolateral location, and/or intracellular accumulation. Plectin showed S4642-phosphorylation at the basement membrane, and deposits of laminin-α3 and laminin-γ2 were found within the connective tissue. The disturbed expression of hemidesmosomal proteins in OLP indicates deficient attachment of the basal cell layer, which can contribute to detachment and cell death of basal keratinocytes seen in the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olav Schreurs
- Institute of Oral Biology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Maria G Balta
- Institute of Oral Biology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Karl Schenck
- Institute of Oral Biology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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10
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Shao S, Xu Q, Yu X, Pan R, Chen Y. Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors and their potential immune modulatory functions. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 209:107503. [PMID: 32061923 PMCID: PMC7102585 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) inhibitors (DPP4is) are oral anti-diabetic drugs (OADs) for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) through inhibiting the degradation of incretin peptides. Numerous investigations have been focused on the effects of DPP4is on glucose homeostasis. However, there are limited evidences demonstrating their Potential modulatory functions in the immune system. DPP4, originally known as the lymphocyte cell surface protein CD26, is widely expressed in many types of immune cells including CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, B cells, NK cells, dendritic cells, and macrophages; and regulate the functions of these cells. In addition, DPP4 is capable of modulating plenty of cytokines, chemokines and peptide hormones. Accordingly, DPP4/CD26 is speculated to be involved in various immune/inflammatory diseases and DPP4is may become a new drug class applied in these diseases. This review focuses on the regulatory effects of DPP4is on immune functions and their possible underlying mechanisms. Further clinical studies will be necessitated to fully evaluate the administration of DPP4is in diabetic patients with or without immune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiying Shao
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji hospital, Tongji medical college, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430030, PR China
| | - QinQin Xu
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji hospital, Tongji medical college, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430030, PR China
| | - Xuefeng Yu
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji hospital, Tongji medical college, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430030, PR China
| | - Ruping Pan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tongji hospital, Tongji medical college, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430030, PR China
| | - Yong Chen
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji hospital, Tongji medical college, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430030, PR China.
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11
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Jones VA, Patel PM, Gibson FT, Cordova A, Amber KT. The Role of Collagen XVII in Cancer: Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Beyond. Front Oncol 2020; 10:352. [PMID: 32266137 PMCID: PMC7096347 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations in the extracellular matrix (ECM) likely facilitate the first steps of cancer cell metastasis and supports tumor progression. Recent data has demonstrated that alterations in collagen XVII (BP180), a transmembrane protein and structural component of the ECM, can have profound effects on cancer invasiveness. Collagen XVII is a homotrimer of three α1 (XVII) chains. Its intracellular domain contains binding sites for plectin, integrin β4, and BP230, while the extracellular domain facilitates interactions between the cell and the ECM. Collagen XVII and its shed ectodomain have been implicated in cell motility and adhesion and are believed to promote tumor development and invasion. A strong association of collagen XVII ectodomain shedding and tumor invasiveness occurs in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Aberrant expression of collagen XVII has been reported in many epithelial cancers, ranging from squamous cell carcinoma to colon, pancreatic, mammary, and ovarian carcinoma. Thus, in this review, we focus on collagen XVII's role in neoplasia and tumorigenesis. Lastly, we discuss the importance of targeting collagen XVII and its ectodomain shedding as a novel strategy to curb tumor growth and reduce metastatic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia A Jones
- Skin Immunology Laboratory, Department of Dermatology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Payal M Patel
- Skin Immunology Laboratory, Department of Dermatology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Frederick T Gibson
- Skin Immunology Laboratory, Department of Dermatology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Adriana Cordova
- Skin Immunology Laboratory, Department of Dermatology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Kyle T Amber
- Skin Immunology Laboratory, Department of Dermatology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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12
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Natsuga K, Watanabe M, Nishie W, Shimizu H. Life before and beyond blistering: The role of collagen XVII in epidermal physiology. Exp Dermatol 2019; 28:1135-1141. [PMID: 29604146 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Type XVII collagen (COL17) is a transmembranous protein that is mainly expressed in the epidermal basal keratinocytes. Epidermal-dermal attachment requires COL17 expression at the hemidesmosomes of the epidermal basement membrane zone because congenital COL17 deficiency leads to junctional epidermolysis bullosa and acquired autoimmunity to COL17 induces bullous pemphigoid. Recently, in addition to facilitating epidermal-dermal attachment, COL17 has been reported to serve as a niche for hair follicle stem cells, to regulate proliferation in the interfollicular epidermis and to be present along the non-hemidesmosomal plasma membrane of epidermal basal keratinocytes. This review focuses on the physiological properties of COL17 in the epidermis, its role in maintaining stem cells and its association with signalling pathways. We propose possible solutions to unanswered questions in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Natsuga
- Department of Dermatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Mika Watanabe
- Department of Dermatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Wataru Nishie
- Department of Dermatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shimizu
- Department of Dermatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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13
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Kumagai Y, Nio-Kobayashi J, Ishida-Ishihara S, Tachibana H, Omori R, Enomoto A, Ishihara S, Haga H. The intercellular expression of type-XVII collagen, laminin-332, and integrin-β1 promote contact following during the collective invasion of a cancer cell population. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 514:1115-1121. [PMID: 31101337 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.05.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells can invade as a population in various cancer tissues. This phenomenon is called collective invasion, which is associated with the metastatic potential and prognosis of cancer patients. The collectiveness of cancer cells is necessary for collective invasion. However, the mechanism underlying the generation of collectiveness by cancer cells is not well known. In this study, the phenomenon of contact following, where neighboring cells move in the same direction via intercellular adhesion, was investigated. An experimental system was created to observe the two-dimensional invasion using a collagen gel overlay to study contact following in collective invasion. The role of integrin-β1, one of the major extracellular matrix (ECM) receptors, in contact following was examined through the experimental system. Integrin-β1 was localized to the intercellular site in squamous carcinoma cells. Moreover, the intercellular adhesion and contact following were suppressed by treatment of an integrin-β1 inhibitory antibody. ECM proteins such as laminin-332 and type-XVII collagen were also localized to the intercellular site and critical for contact following. Collectively, it was demonstrated that the activity of integrin-β1 and expression of ECM proteins in the intercellular site promote contact following in the collective invasion of a cancer cell population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Kumagai
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, N10-W8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Junko Nio-Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Histology and Cytology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, N15-W7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Sumire Ishida-Ishihara
- Department of Advanced Transdisciplinary Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, N10-W8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Hiromi Tachibana
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, N10-W8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Omori
- Division of Bioinformatics, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, N20-W10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 001-0020, Japan
| | - Atsushi Enomoto
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Seiichiro Ishihara
- Department of Advanced Transdisciplinary Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, N10-W8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan; Soft Matter GI-CoRE, Hokkaido University, N21-W11, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 001-0021, Japan
| | - Hisashi Haga
- Department of Advanced Transdisciplinary Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, N10-W8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan; Soft Matter GI-CoRE, Hokkaido University, N21-W11, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 001-0021, Japan.
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14
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Kroeger J, Hoppe E, Galiger C, Has C, Franzke CW. Amino acid substitution in the C-terminal domain of collagen XVII reduces laminin-332 interaction causing mild skin fragility with atrophic scarring. Matrix Biol 2019; 80:72-84. [PMID: 30316981 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The behavior of a cell depends on how its adhesion molecules interact with the cellular microenvironment. Hemidesmosomal collagen XVII essentially contributes to cell adhesion and modulates keratinocyte directionality and proliferation during skin regeneration, however only little is known about the involved interactions. Here, we used keratinocytes from patients with junctional epidermolysis bullosa with late onset, which exclusively produce a collagen XVII mutant with the p.R1303Q mutation within its extracellular C-terminus. Although this mutant was normally expressed and targeted to the membrane and the expression of integrins α3β1, α6β4 and of laminin-332 was unchanged, the keratinocytes were less adhesive, showed migratory defects and decreased clonogenic growth. Since the p.R1303Q substitution is located within the predicted laminin-332 binding site of collagen XVII, we anticipated an altered collagen XVII-laminin-332 interaction. Indeed, the pR1303Q collagen XVII ectodomain showed decreased binding capability to laminin-332 and was less co-localized with pericellular laminin-332 molecules in cell culture. Thus, aberrant collagen XVII-laminin-332 interaction results in reduced cell adhesion, destabilized cell motility and decreased clonogenicity, which in turn lead to blister formation, delayed wound healing and skin atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Kroeger
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Esther Hoppe
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Célimène Galiger
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Cristina Has
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Claus-Werner Franzke
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Germany; Institute for Prevention and Cancer Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Germany.
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15
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Ujiie H, Yoshimoto N, Natsuga K, Muramatsu K, Iwata H, Nishie W, Shimizu H. Immune Reaction to Type XVII Collagen Induces Intramolecular and Intermolecular Epitope Spreading in Experimental Bullous Pemphigoid Models. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1410. [PMID: 31275329 PMCID: PMC6593113 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Bullous pemphigoid (BP), the most common autoimmune blistering disease, is induced by autoantibodies to type XVII collagen (COL17). Previous studies demonstrated that COL17 harbors several epitopes targeted by autoreactive T and B cells and that the target epitopes change sequentially during the disease course. To elucidate the details of the humoral immune response to COL17, we used an active BP mouse model in which BP is induced by the adoptive transfer of spleen cells from wild-type mice immunized with human COL17-expressing skin grafting to immunodeficient COL17-humanized (Rag-2-/-, mouse Col17-/-, human COL17+) mice. By immunoblot analysis, antibodies to the NC16A domain and other extracellular domains (ECDs) of COL17 were detected earlier than antibodies to intracellular domains (ICDs) in the active BP model. Time course analysis by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay demonstrated a delayed peak of antibodies to ICD epitopes in active BP model. The blockade of CD40-CD40 ligand interaction soon after the adoptive transfer suppressed the production of antibodies to the non-collagenous 16A (NC16A) domain but not to an ICD epitope, suggesting the sequential activation from T and B cells against the ECD epitopes including the NC16A domain to those against ICD epitopes in vivo. Both wild-type mice immunized with a fragment of the NC16A domain and the recipients of those spleen cells produced IgG antibodies to ICD and ECD epitopes, showing intramolecular epitope spreading from the NC16A domain to other epitopes of COL17. Furthermore, we found that a portion of the active BP model mice show intermolecular epitope spreading from human COL17 to murine BP230. The appearance of antibodies to ICD epitopes of COL17 or of antibodies to murine BP230 did not correlate with the skin changes in the mice, suggesting that those antibodies have low pathogenicity. These results suggest that the immune response to the ECD epitopes of COL17, especially to the NC16A domain, triggers intramolecular, and intermolecular epitope spreading to ICD epitopes of COL17 and to murine BP230. These novel findings provide insight into the mechanism of epitope spreading in organ-specific, antibody-mediated autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Ujiie
- Department of Dermatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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16
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Tasanen K, Varpuluoma O, Nishie W. Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitor-Associated Bullous Pemphigoid. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1238. [PMID: 31275298 PMCID: PMC6593303 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bullous pemphigoid (BP) is an organ-specific autoantibody-mediated blistering skin disease that mainly affects the elderly. Typical clinical features include the widespread blisters, often preceded by and/or associated with itchy urticarial or eczema-like lesions. BP patients have circulating autoantibodies against BP180 and/or the plakin family protein BP230 both of which are components of hemidesmosomes in basal keratinocytes. Most BP autoantibodies particularly target the epitopes within the non-collagenous NC16A domain of BP180. Clinical findings and murine models of BP have provided evidence of a pathogenic role of anti-NC16A autoantibodies. However, it is largely unknown what triggers the breakage of immunotolerance against BP180 in elderly individuals. The incidence of BP has been increased over the past two decades in several countries. Aside from aging populations, the factors behind this phenomenon are still not fully understood. Neurodegenerative diseases such as multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, and certain dementias are independent risk factors for BP. Recently several case reports have described BP in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) patients who have been treated with dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP-4i or gliptins), which are a widely used class of anti-DM drugs. The association between the use of DPP-4is, particularly vildagliptin, and BP risk has been confirmed by several epidemiological studies. Evidence suggests that cases of gliptin-associated BP in Japan display certain features that set them apart from cases of “regular” BP. These include a “non-inflammatory” phenotype, targeting by antibodies of different immunodominant BP180 epitopes, and a specific association with the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) types. However, recent studies in European populations have found no major differences between the clinical and immunological characteristics of gliptin-associated BP and “regular” BP. The DPP-4 protein (also known as CD26) is ubiquitously expressed and has multiple functions in various cell types. The different effects of the inhibition of DPP-4/CD26 activity include, for example, tissue modeling and regulation of inflammatory cells such as T lymphocytes. Although the pathomechanism of gliptin-associated BP is currently largely unknown, investigation of the unique effect of gliptins in the induction of BP may provide a novel route to better understanding of how immunotolerance against BP180 breaks down in BP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaisa Tasanen
- PEDEGO Research Unit, Department of Dermatology, Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Outi Varpuluoma
- PEDEGO Research Unit, Department of Dermatology, Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Wataru Nishie
- Department of Dermatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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17
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Spörrer M, Prochnicki A, Tölle RC, Nyström A, Esser PR, Homberg M, Athanasiou I, Zingkou E, Schilling A, Gerum R, Thievessen I, Winter L, Bruckner-Tuderman L, Fabry B, Magin TM, Dengjel J, Schröder R, Kiritsi D. Treatment of keratinocytes with 4-phenylbutyrate in epidermolysis bullosa: Lessons for therapies in keratin disorders. EBioMedicine 2019; 44:502-515. [PMID: 31078522 PMCID: PMC6603805 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.04.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Missense mutations in keratin 5 and 14 genes cause the severe skin fragility disorder epidermolysis bullosa simplex (EBS) by collapsing of the keratin cytoskeleton into cytoplasmic protein aggregates. Despite intense efforts, no molecular therapies are available, mostly due to the complex phenotype of EBS, comprising cell fragility, diminished adhesion, skin inflammation and itch. Methods We extensively characterized KRT5 and KRT14 mutant keratinocytes from patients with severe generalized EBS following exposure to the chemical chaperone 4-phenylbutyrate (4-PBA). Findings 4-PBA diminished keratin aggregates within EBS cells and ameliorated their inflammatory phenotype. Chemoproteomics of 4-PBA-treated and untreated EBS cells revealed reduced IL1β expression- but also showed activation of Wnt/β-catenin and NF-kB pathways. The abundance of extracellular matrix and cytoskeletal proteins was significantly altered, coinciding with diminished keratinocyte adhesion and migration in a 4-PBA dose-dependent manner. Interpretation Together, our study reveals a complex interplay of benefits and disadvantages that challenge the use of 4-PBA in skin fragility disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Spörrer
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ania Prochnicki
- Institute of Neuropathology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Regine C Tölle
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Nyström
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Philipp R Esser
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Melanie Homberg
- Institute of Biology and SIKT, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ioannis Athanasiou
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Eleni Zingkou
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Achim Schilling
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany; Experimental Otolaryngology, ENT Hospital, Head and Neck Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Richard Gerum
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ingo Thievessen
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lilli Winter
- Institute of Neuropathology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Leena Bruckner-Tuderman
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ben Fabry
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas M Magin
- Institute of Biology and SIKT, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jörn Dengjel
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Switzerland; Department of Dermatology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Rolf Schröder
- Institute of Neuropathology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dimitra Kiritsi
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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18
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Nishie W. Dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor-associated bullous pemphigoid: a recently recognized autoimmune blistering disease with unique clinical, immunological and genetic characteristics. Immunol Med 2019; 42:22-28. [PMID: 31169082 DOI: 10.1080/25785826.2019.1619233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bullous pemphigoid (BP) is an organ-specific autoantibody-mediated autoimmune blistering skin disorder that tends to affect the elderly. Tense blister formation associated with itchy urticarial erythema is clinically observed in BP, and subepidermal blister formation with eosinophilic infiltration is a histopathological characteristic. BP autoantibodies target two hemidesmosomal components in basal keratinocytes: BP180 and BP230. Anti-BP180 autoantibodies play major roles in blister formation. Although the autoantibody-mediated pathomechanism of blister formation has been extensively studied, little is known about how and why immune tolerance to BP180 may be broken in certain elderly individuals. Recently, BP has been increasingly reported in diabetes mellites (DM) patients receiving dipeptidyl peptidase-IV inhibitors (DPP4is), which are widely used anti-DM drugs. Pharmacovigilance and cohort studies have revealed that DPP4is, especially vildagliptin, teneligliptin, and linagliptin, are a potential risk factor for BP onset. Interestingly, it has been revealed that Japanese DPP4i-BP tends to show a non-inflammatory phenotype, with less erythema than normal BP, and that DPP4i-BP autoantibodies target distinct epitopes on BP180. In addition, human leukocyte antigen-DQB1*03:01 was identified as the major haplotype in Japanese DPP4i-BP. This review summarizes the latest understanding of the pathogenesis of BP, with a special focus on the recently recognized DPP4i-BP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Nishie
- a Department of Dermatology , Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine , Sapporo , Japan
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19
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Tie D, Da X, Natsuga K, Yamada N, Yamamoto O, Morita E. Bullous Pemphigoid IgG Induces Cell Dysfunction and Enhances the Motility of Epidermal Keratinocytes via Rac1/Proteasome Activation. Front Immunol 2019; 10:200. [PMID: 30809225 PMCID: PMC6379344 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Bullous pemphigoid (BP) is an autoimmune disease characterized by the formation of blisters, in which autoantibodies mainly target type XVII collagen (ColXVII) expressed in basal keratinocytes. BP IgG is known to induce the internalization of ColXVII from the plasma membrane of keratinocytes through macropinocytosis. However, the cellular dynamics following ColXVII internalization have not been completely elucidated. BP IgG exerts a precise effect on cultured keratinocytes, and the morphological/functional changes in BP IgG-stimulated cells lead to the subepidermal blistering associated with BP pathogenesis. Based on the electron microscopy examination, BP IgG-stimulated cells exhibit alterations in the cell membrane structure and the accumulation of intracellular vesicles. These morphological changes in the BP IgG-stimulated cells are accompanied by dysfunctional mitochondria, increased production of reactive oxygen species, increased motility, and detachment. BP IgG triggers the cascade leading to metabolic impairments and stimulates cell migration in the treated keratinocytes. These cellular alterations are reversed by pharmacological inhibitors of Rac1 or the proteasome pathway, suggesting that Rac1 and proteasome activation are involved in the effects of BP IgG on cultured keratinocytes. Our study highlights the role of keratinocyte kinetics in the direct functions of IgG in patients with BP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duerna Tie
- Department of Dermatology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Japan
| | - Xia Da
- Department of Dermatology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Japan
| | - Ken Natsuga
- Department of Dermatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Nanako Yamada
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine of Sensory and Motor Organs, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | - Osamu Yamamoto
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine of Sensory and Motor Organs, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | - Eishin Morita
- Department of Dermatology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Japan,*Correspondence: Eishin Morita
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20
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Condrat I, He Y, Cosgarea R, Has C. Junctional Epidermolysis Bullosa: Allelic Heterogeneity and Mutation Stratification for Precision Medicine. Front Med (Lausanne) 2019; 5:363. [PMID: 30761300 PMCID: PMC6362712 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2018.00363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Junctional epidermolysis bullosa (JEB) is a hereditary blistering disease caused by reduced dermal-epidermal adhesion due to deficiencies of one of the proteins, laminin-332, type XVII collagen, integrin α6β4 or integrin α3. Significant progress has been achieved in the development of therapies for EB, such as bone-marrow transplantation, local or systemic injections with fibroblasts or mesenchymal stromal cells, readthrough of premature termination codons, or exon skipping. These were tailored in particular for dystrophic EB, which is caused by type VII collagen deficiency and have not yet reached broad clinical practice. Recently, pioneering combined gene and stem cell therapy was successful in treating one boy with junctional EB. Beside these exclusive approaches, no specific therapy to amend the major clinical features, skin and mucosal blistering and non-healing wounds is available to date. Here we extend the mutational spectrum of junctional EB, provide a stratification of COL17A1 mutations and discuss potential molecular therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Condrat
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Yinghong He
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Rodica Cosgarea
- Department of Dermatology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Cristina Has
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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21
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Has C, Nyström A, Saeidian AH, Bruckner-Tuderman L, Uitto J. Epidermolysis bullosa: Molecular pathology of connective tissue components in the cutaneous basement membrane zone. Matrix Biol 2018; 71-72:313-329. [PMID: 29627521 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Epidermolysis bullosa (EB), a group of heritable skin fragility disorders, is characterized by blistering, erosions and chronic ulcers in the skin and mucous membranes. In some forms, the blistering phenotype is associated with extensive mutilating scarring and development of aggressive squamous cell carcinomas. The skin findings can be associated with extracutaneous manifestations in the ocular as well as gastrointestinal and vesico-urinary tracts. The phenotypic heterogeneity reflects the presence of mutations in as many as 20 different genes expressed in the cutaneous basement membrane zone, and the types and combinations of the mutations and their consequences at the mRNA and protein levels contribute to the spectrum of severity encountered in different subtypes of EB. This overview highlights the molecular genetics of EB based on mutations in the genes encoding type VII and XVII collagens as well as laminin-332. The mutations identified in these protein components of the extracellular matrix attest to their critical importance in providing stability to the cutaneous basement membrane zone, with implications for heritable and acquired diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Has
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Nyström
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Amir Hossein Saeidian
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Leena Bruckner-Tuderman
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jouni Uitto
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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22
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Nauroy P, Guiraud A, Chlasta J, Malbouyres M, Gillet B, Hughes S, Lambert E, Ruggiero F. Gene profile of zebrafish fin regeneration offers clues to kinetics, organization and biomechanics of basement membrane. Matrix Biol 2018; 75-76:82-101. [PMID: 30031067 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
How some animals regenerate missing body parts is not well understood. Taking advantage of the zebrafish caudal fin model, we performed a global unbiased time-course transcriptomic analysis of fin regeneration. Biostatistics analyses identified extracellular matrix (ECM) as the most enriched gene sets. Basement membranes (BMs) are specialized ECM structures that provide tissues with structural cohesion and serve as a major extracellular signaling platform. While the embryonic formation of BM has been extensively investigated, its regeneration in adults remains poorly studied. We therefore focused on BM gene expression kinetics and showed that it recapitulates many aspects of development. As such, the re-expression of the embryonic col14a1a gene indicated that col14a1a is part of the regeneration-specific program. We showed that laminins and col14a1a genes display similar kinetics and that the corresponding proteins are spatially and temporally controlled during regeneration. Analysis of our CRISPR/Cas9-mediated col14a1a knockout fish showed that collagen XIV-A contributes to timely deposition of laminins. As changes in ECM organization can affect tissue mechanical properties, we analyzed the biomechanics of col14a1a-/- regenerative BM using atomic force microscopy (AFM). Our data revealed a thinner BM accompanied by a substantial increase of the stiffness when compared to controls. Further AFM 3D-reconstructions showed that BM is organized as a checkerboard made of alternation of soft and rigid regions that is compromised in mutants leading to a more compact structure. We conclude that collagen XIV-A transiently acts as a molecular spacer responsible for BM structure and biomechanics possibly by helping laminins integration within regenerative BM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Nauroy
- Université de Lyon, ENSL, CNRS, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, 46 allée d'Italie, F-69364 Lyon, France
| | - Alexandre Guiraud
- Université de Lyon, ENSL, CNRS, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, 46 allée d'Italie, F-69364 Lyon, France
| | - Julien Chlasta
- BioMeca, ENSL, Université de Lyon, 46 allée d'Italie, F-69364 Lyon, France
| | - Marilyne Malbouyres
- Université de Lyon, ENSL, CNRS, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, 46 allée d'Italie, F-69364 Lyon, France
| | - Benjamin Gillet
- Université de Lyon, ENSL, CNRS, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, 46 allée d'Italie, F-69364 Lyon, France
| | - Sandrine Hughes
- Université de Lyon, ENSL, CNRS, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, 46 allée d'Italie, F-69364 Lyon, France
| | - Elise Lambert
- Université de Lyon, ENSL, CNRS, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, 46 allée d'Italie, F-69364 Lyon, France
| | - Florence Ruggiero
- Université de Lyon, ENSL, CNRS, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, 46 allée d'Italie, F-69364 Lyon, France.
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23
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Abstract
Skin fragility refers to a large group of conditions in which the ability of the skin to provide protection against trivial mechanical trauma is diminished, resulting in the formation of blisters, erosions, wounds, or scars. Acquired and physiological skin fragility is common; genetic disorders are rare but give insight into the molecular mechanisms ensuring skin stability. The paradigm is represented by inherited epidermolysis bullosa. This review is focused on recent advances in understanding the molecular basis of genetic skin fragility, including emerging concepts, controversies, unanswered questions, and opinions of the author. In spite of the advanced knowledge on the genetic causes of skin fragility, the molecular pathology is still expanding. Open questions in understanding the molecular basis of genetic skin fragility are the following: what are the causes of phenotypes which remain genetically unsolved, and what are the molecular modifiers which might explain phenotypic differences among individuals with similar mutations? New mutational mechanisms and new genes have recently been discovered and are briefly described here. Comprehensive next-generation sequencing-based genetic testing improved mutation detection and facilitated the identification of the genetic basis of unclear and new phenotypes. Characterization of the biochemical and cell biological consequences of the genetic variants is challenging and laborious but may represent the basis for personalized therapeutic approaches. Molecular modifiers of skin fragility have been uncovered in particular animal and genetic models but not in larger cohorts of patients. This scientific progress is the basis for revisions of the epidermolysis bullosa classification and for innovative therapeutic approaches designed for this intractable condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Has
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hauptstrasse 7, DE-79104, Freiburg, Germany
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24
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Freire P, Muñoz C, Stingl G. IgE autoreactivity in bullous pemphigoid: eosinophils and mast cells as major targets of pathogenic immune reactants. Br J Dermatol 2017; 177:1644-1653. [PMID: 28868796 PMCID: PMC5814899 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.15924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bullous pemphigoid (BP) is an autoimmune disease characterized by tense blisters that are usually preceded by urticarial eruptions. Affected patients exhibit IgG and/or IgE autoantibodies against BP180 and/or BP230. Their relative importance in disease pathogenesis has not been fully elucidated. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to provide a better characterization of the circulating and tissue-resident IgE in patients with BP at the serological, structural and functional levels. METHODS Sera (n = 19) and skin (n = 33) from patients with BP were analysed via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunofluorescence, respectively. RESULTS The results obtained show that many patients with BP exhibit elevated IgE levels in the serum and in the skin. In the skin, it is very rarely and only sparsely found along the basement membrane zone, but is prominently present on mast cells and eosinophils. At least a portion of these IgE antibodies are BP-specific, as evidenced by serum ELISA and by the colocalization of BP180 and FcεRI-bound IgE on mast cells and/or eosinophils. An important role of these immune reactants can be inferred from our additional finding that cross-linking of IgE, derived from BP sera, on FcεRI-expressing rat basophils with BP180 results in robust degranulation of these cells. CONCLUSIONS We propose the existence of a disease pathway alternative to IgG and complement that may well be responsible for some of the clinical features of this autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- P.C. Freire
- Department of DermatologyDivision of Immunology, Allergy and Infectious DiseasesMedical University of ViennaVienna1090Austria
| | - C.H. Muñoz
- Department of DermatologyDivision of Immunology, Allergy and Infectious DiseasesMedical University of ViennaVienna1090Austria
| | - G. Stingl
- Department of DermatologyDivision of Immunology, Allergy and Infectious DiseasesMedical University of ViennaVienna1090Austria
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25
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Toyonaga E, Nishie W, Izumi K, Natsuga K, Ujiie H, Iwata H, Yamagami J, Hirako Y, Sawamura D, Fujimoto W, Shimizu H. C-Terminal Processing of Collagen XVII Induces Neoepitopes for Linear IgA Dermatosis Autoantibodies. J Invest Dermatol 2017; 137:2552-2559. [PMID: 28842325 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2017.07.831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 07/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Transmembrane collagen XVII (COL17) is a hemidesmosomal component of basal keratinocytes that can be targeted by autoantibodies in autoimmune blistering disorders, including linear IgA dermatosis (LAD). COL17 can be physiologically cleaved within the juxtamembranous extracellular NC16A domain, and LAD autoantibodies preferentially react with the processed ectodomains, indicating that the processing induces neoepitopes. However, the details of how neoepitopes develop have not been elucidated. In this study, we show that C-terminal processing of COL17 also plays a role in inducing neoepitopes for LAD autoantibodies. First, the mAb hC17-ect15 targeting the 15th collagenous domain of COL17 was produced, which showed characteristics similar to LAD autoantibodies. The mAbs preferentially reacted with C-terminally deleted (up to 682 amino acids) recombinant COL17, suggesting that C-terminal processing shows neoepitopes on the 15th collagenous domain. The LAD autoantibodies also react with C-terminal deleted COL17. Therefore, neoepitopes for LAD autoantibodies also develop after C-terminal processing. Finally, the passive transfer of the mAb hC17-ect15 into human COL17-expressing transgenic mice failed to induce blistering disease, suggesting that neoepitope-targeting antibodies are not always pathogenic. In summary, this study shows that C-terminal processing induces dynamic structural changes and neoepitopes for LAD autoantibodies on COL17.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Toyonaga
- Department of Dermatology, Hokkaido University, Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Wataru Nishie
- Department of Dermatology, Hokkaido University, Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Kentaro Izumi
- Department of Dermatology, Hokkaido University, Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ken Natsuga
- Department of Dermatology, Hokkaido University, Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Ujiie
- Department of Dermatology, Hokkaido University, Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Iwata
- Department of Dermatology, Hokkaido University, Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Jun Yamagami
- Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Hirako
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Daisuke Sawamura
- Department of Dermatology, Hirosaki University, Graduate School of Medicine, Aomori, Japan
| | - Wataru Fujimoto
- Department of Dermatology, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shimizu
- Department of Dermatology, Hokkaido University, Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.
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26
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Iwata H, Kamaguchi M, Ujiie H, Nishimura M, Izumi K, Natsuga K, Shinkuma S, Nishie W, Shimizu H. Macropinocytosis of type XVII collagen induced by bullous pemphigoid IgG is regulated via protein kinase C. J Transl Med 2016; 96:1301-1310. [PMID: 27775687 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2016.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Macropinocytosis is an endocytic pathway that is involved in the nonselective fluid uptake of extracellular fluid. Bullous pemphigoid (BP) is an autoimmune subepidermal blistering disease associated with autoantibodies to type XVII collagen (COL17), which is a component of hemidesmosome. When keratinocytes are treated with BP-IgG, COL17 internalizes into cells by way of the macropinocytosis. We investigated the mechanism of COL17 macropinocytosis using DJM-1 cells, a cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma cell line. First, non-hemidesmosomal COL17 was preferentially depleted by stimulation with the BP-IgG in the DJM-1 cells. To investigate the signaling involved in COL17-macropinocytosis, the inhibition of small GTPase family members Rac1 and Cdc42 was found to strongly repress COL17 internalization; in addition, the Rho inhibitor also partially blocked that internalization, suggesting these small GTPases are involved in signaling to mediate COL17-macropinocytosis. Western blotting using Phostag-SDS-PAGE demonstrated high levels of COL17 phosphorylation in DJM-1 cells under steady-state condition. Treatment with BP-IgG increased the intracellular calcium level within a minute, and induced the overabundant phosphorylation of COL17. The overabundant phosphorylation of COL17 was suppressed by a protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor. In addition, PKC inhibitor repressed COL17 endocytosis using cell culture and organ culture systems. Finally, the depletion of COL17 was not observed in the HEK293 cells transfected COL17 without intracellular domain. These results suggest that COL17 internalization induced by BP-IgG may be mediated by a PKC pathway. In summary, BP-IgG initially binds to COL17 distributed on the plasma membrane, and COL17 may be internalized by means of a macropinocytic pathway related to the phosphorylation of the intracellular domain by PKC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Iwata
- Department of Dermatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Mayumi Kamaguchi
- Department of Oral Diagnosis and Medicine Hokkaido University, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Ujiie
- Department of Dermatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Machiko Nishimura
- Department of Dermatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Izumi
- Department of Dermatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ken Natsuga
- Department of Dermatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Satoru Shinkuma
- Department of Dermatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Wataru Nishie
- Department of Dermatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shimizu
- Department of Dermatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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