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Barbuti PA. A-Syn(ful) MAM: A Fresh Perspective on a Converging Domain in Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6525. [PMID: 38928232 PMCID: PMC11203789 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a disease of an unknown origin. Despite that, decades of research have provided considerable evidence that alpha-synuclein (αSyn) is central to the pathogenesis of disease. Mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes (MAMs) are functional domains formed at contact sites between the ER and mitochondria, with a well-established function of MAMs being the control of lipid homeostasis within the cell. Additionally, there are numerous proteins localized or enriched at MAMs that have regulatory roles in several different molecular signaling pathways required for cellular homeostasis, such as autophagy and neuroinflammation. Alterations in several of these signaling pathways that are functionally associated with MAMs are found in PD. Taken together with studies that find αSyn localized at MAMs, this has implicated MAM (dys)function as a converging domain relevant to PD. This review will highlight the many functions of MAMs and provide an overview of the literature that finds αSyn, in addition to several other PD-related proteins, localized there. This review will also detail the direct interaction of αSyn and αSyn-interacting partners with specific MAM-resident proteins. In addition, recent studies exploring new methods to investigate MAMs will be discussed, along with some of the controversies regarding αSyn, including its several conformations and subcellular localizations. The goal of this review is to highlight and provide insight on a domain that is incompletely understood and, from a PD perspective, highlight those complex interactions that may hold the key to understanding the pathomechanisms underlying PD, which may lead to the targeted development of new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Barbuti
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
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2
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Ratan Y, Rajput A, Pareek A, Pareek A, Jain V, Sonia S, Farooqui Z, Kaur R, Singh G. Advancements in Genetic and Biochemical Insights: Unraveling the Etiopathogenesis of Neurodegeneration in Parkinson's Disease. Biomolecules 2024; 14:73. [PMID: 38254673 PMCID: PMC10813470 DOI: 10.3390/biom14010073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative movement disorder worldwide, which is primarily characterized by motor impairments. Even though multiple hypotheses have been proposed over the decades that explain the pathogenesis of PD, presently, there are no cures or promising preventive therapies for PD. This could be attributed to the intricate pathophysiology of PD and the poorly understood molecular mechanism. To address these challenges comprehensively, a thorough disease model is imperative for a nuanced understanding of PD's underlying pathogenic mechanisms. This review offers a detailed analysis of the current state of knowledge regarding the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of PD, with a particular emphasis on the roles played by gene-based factors in the disease's development and progression. This study includes an extensive discussion of the proteins and mutations of primary genes that are linked to PD, including α-synuclein, GBA1, LRRK2, VPS35, PINK1, DJ-1, and Parkin. Further, this review explores plausible mechanisms for DAergic neural loss, non-motor and non-dopaminergic pathologies, and the risk factors associated with PD. The present study will encourage the related research fields to understand better and analyze the current status of the biochemical mechanisms of PD, which might contribute to the design and development of efficacious and safe treatment strategies for PD in future endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashumati Ratan
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali 304022, Rajasthan, India; (A.R.); (A.P.); (A.P.)
| | - Aishwarya Rajput
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali 304022, Rajasthan, India; (A.R.); (A.P.); (A.P.)
| | - Ashutosh Pareek
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali 304022, Rajasthan, India; (A.R.); (A.P.); (A.P.)
| | - Aaushi Pareek
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali 304022, Rajasthan, India; (A.R.); (A.P.); (A.P.)
| | - Vivek Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mohan Lal Sukhadia University, Udaipur 313001, Rajasthan, India;
| | - Sonia Sonia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India;
| | - Zeba Farooqui
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA;
| | - Ranjeet Kaur
- Adesh Institute of Dental Sciences and Research, Bathinda 151101, Punjab, India;
| | - Gurjit Singh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA;
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Whole Exome Sequencing Study Identifies Novel Rare Risk Variants for Habitual Coffee Consumption Involved in Olfactory Receptor and Hyperphagia. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14204330. [PMID: 36297015 PMCID: PMC9607528 DOI: 10.3390/nu14204330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Habitual coffee consumption is an addictive behavior with unknown genetic variations and has raised public health issues about its potential health-related outcomes. We performed exome-wide association studies to identify rare risk variants contributing to habitual coffee consumption utilizing the newly released UK Biobank exome dataset (n = 200,643). A total of 34,761 qualifying variants were imported into SKAT to conduct gene-based burden and robust tests with minor allele frequency <0.01, adjusting the polygenic risk scores (PRS) of coffee intake to exclude the effect of common coffee-related polygenic risk. The gene-based burden and robust test of the exonic variants found seven exome-wide significant associations, such as OR2G2 (PSKAT = 1.88 × 10−9, PSKAT-Robust = 2.91 × 10−17), VEZT1 (PSKAT = 3.72 × 10−7, PSKAT-Robust = 1.41 × 10−7), and IRGC (PSKAT = 2.92 × 10−5, PSKAT-Robust = 1.07 × 10−7). These candidate genes were verified in the GWAS summary data of coffee intake, such as rs12737801 (p = 0.002) in OR2G2, and rs34439296 (p = 0.008) in IRGC. This study could help to extend genetic insights into the pathogenesis of coffee addiction, and may point to molecular mechanisms underlying health effects of habitual coffee consumption.
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Ravinther AI, Dewadas HD, Tong SR, Foo CN, Lin YE, Chien CT, Lim YM. Molecular Pathways Involved in LRRK2-Linked Parkinson’s Disease: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911744. [PMID: 36233046 PMCID: PMC9569706 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases affecting the ageing population, with a prevalence that has doubled over the last 30 years. As the mechanism of the disease is not fully elucidated, the current treatments are unable to effectively prevent neurodegeneration. Studies have found that mutations in Leucine-rich-repeat-kinase 2 (LRRK2) are the most common cause of familial Parkinson’s disease (PD). Moreover, aberrant (higher) LRRK2 kinase activity has an influence in idiopathic PD as well. Hence, the aim of this review is to categorize and synthesize current information related to LRRK2-linked PD and present the factors associated with LRRK2 that can be targeted therapeutically. A systematic review was conducted using the databases PubMed, Medline, SCOPUS, SAGE, and Cochrane (January 2016 to July 2021). Search terms included “Parkinson’s disease”, “mechanism”, “LRRK2”, and synonyms in various combinations. The search yielded a total of 988 abstracts for initial review, 80 of which met the inclusion criteria. Here, we emphasize molecular mechanisms revealed in recent in vivo and in vitro studies. By consolidating the recent updates in the field of LRRK2-linked PD, researchers can further evaluate targets for therapeutic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailyn Irvita Ravinther
- Centre for Cancer Research, M. Kandiah Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Hemaniswarri Dewi Dewadas
- Centre for Biomedical and Nutrition Research, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar 31900, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Shi Ruo Tong
- Centre for Cancer Research, M. Kandiah Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chai Nien Foo
- Centre for Cancer Research, M. Kandiah Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Population Medicine, M. Kandiah Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yu-En Lin
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Ting Chien
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Yang Mooi Lim
- Centre for Cancer Research, M. Kandiah Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Pre-Clinical Sciences, M. Kandiah Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia
- Correspondence:
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Zhang J, Li K, Wang X, Smith AM, Ning B, Liu Z, Liu C, Ross CA, Smith WW. Curcumin Reduced H 2O 2- and G2385R-LRRK2-Induced Neurodegeneration. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:754956. [PMID: 34720999 PMCID: PMC8555697 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.754956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 gene (LRRK2) are the most frequent genetic factors contributing to Parkinson's disease (PD). G2385R-LRRK2 increases the risk for PD susceptibility in the Chinese population. However, the pathological role of G2385R-LRRK2 is not clear. In this study, we investigate the roles of G2385R-LRRK2 in neurodegeneration underlying PD pathogenesis using cell biology and pharmacology approaches. We demonstrated that expression of G2385R-LRRK2-induced neurotoxicity in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y and mouse primary neurons. G2385R-LRRK2 increased mitochondrial ROS, activates caspase-3/7, and increased PARP cleavage, resulting in neurotoxicity. Treatment with curcumin (an antioxidant) significantly protected against G2385R-LRRK2-induced neurodegeneration by reducing mitochondrial ROS, caspase-3/7 activation, and PARP cleavage. We also found that the cellular environmental stressor, H2O2 significantly promotes both WT-LRRK2- and G2385R-LRRK2-induced neurotoxicity by increasing mitochondrial ROS, caspase-3/7 activation, and PARP cleavage, while curcumin attenuated this combined neurotoxicity. These findings not only provide a novel understanding of G2385R roles in neurodegeneration and environment interaction but also provide a pharmacological approach for intervention for G2385R-LRRK2-linked PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinru Zhang
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Kai Li
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Amber M Smith
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Bo Ning
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Zhaohui Liu
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cytoneurobiology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Chunfeng Liu
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Christopher A Ross
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Wanli W Smith
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Yeasts as Complementary Model Systems for the Study of the Pathological Repercussions of Enhanced Synphilin-1 Glycation and Oxidation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041677. [PMID: 33562355 PMCID: PMC7915245 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Synphilin-1 has previously been identified as an interaction partner of α-Synuclein (αSyn), a primary constituent of neurodegenerative disease-linked Lewy bodies. In this study, the repercussions of a disrupted glyoxalase system and aldose reductase function on Synphilin-1 inclusion formation characteristics and cell growth were investigated. To this end, either fluorescent dsRed-tagged or non-tagged human SNCAIP, which encodes the Synphilin-1 protein, was expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe yeast strains devoid of enzymes Glo1, Glo2, and Gre3. Presented data shows that lack of Glo2 and Gre3 activity in S. cerevisiae increases the formation of large Synphilin-1 inclusions. This correlates with enhanced oxidative stress levels and an inhibitory effect on exponential growth, which is most likely caused by deregulation of autophagic degradation capacity, due to excessive Synphilin-1 aggresome build-up. These findings illustrate the detrimental impact of increased oxidation and glycation on Synphilin-1 inclusion formation. Similarly, polar-localised inclusions were observed in wild-type S. pombe cells and strains deleted for either glo1+ or glo2+. Contrary to S. cerevisiae, however, no growth defects were observed upon expression of SNCAIP. Altogether, our findings show the relevance of yeasts, especially S. cerevisiae, as complementary models to unravel mechanisms contributing to Synphilin-1 pathology in the context of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Zhou Q, Zhang MM, Liu M, Tan ZG, Qin QL, Jiang YG. LncRNA XIST sponges miR-199a-3p to modulate the Sp1/LRRK2 signal pathway to accelerate Parkinson's disease progression. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:4115-4137. [PMID: 33494069 PMCID: PMC7906184 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In vitro and in vivo models of Parkinson’s disease were established to investigate the effects of the lncRNA XIST/miR-199a-3p/Sp1/LRRK2 axis. The binding between XIST and miR-199a-3p as well as miR-199a-3p and Sp1 were examined by luciferase reporter assay and confirmed by RNA immunoprecipitation analysis. Following the Parkinson’s disease animal behavioural assessment by suspension and swim tests, the brain tissue injuries were evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin, TdT-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labelling, and tyrosine hydroxylase stainings. The results indicated that miR-199a-3p expression was downregulated, whereas that of XIST, Sp1 and LRRK2 were upregulated in Parkinson’s disease. Moreover, miR-199a-3p overexpression or XIST knockdown inhibited the cell apoptosis induced by MPP+ treatment and promoted cell proliferation. The neurodegenerative defects were significantly recovered by treating the cells with shXIST or shSp1, whereas miR-199a-3p inhibition or Sp1 and LRRK2 overexpression abrogated these beneficial effects. Furthermore, the results of our in vivo experiments confirmed the neuroprotective effects of shXIST and miR-199a-3p against MPTP-induced brain injuries, and the Parkinson’s disease behavioural symptoms were effectively alleviated upon shXIST or miR-199a-3p treatment. In summary, the results of the present study showed that lncRNA XIST sponges miR-199a-3p to modulate Sp1 expression and further accelerates Parkinson’s disease progression by targeting LRRK2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, P.R. China
| | - Ming-Ming Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, P.R. China
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Gang Tan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, P.R. China
| | - Qi-Lin Qin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Gang Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, P.R. China
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Wei L, He F, Zhang W, Chen W, Yu B. Analysis of master transcription factors related to Parkinson's disease through the gene transcription regulatory network. Arch Med Sci 2021; 17:1184-1190. [PMID: 34522247 PMCID: PMC8425256 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2019.89460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study investigated the relationships between differentially co-expressed gene pairs or links (DCLs) and transcription factors (TFs) in the gene transcription regulatory network (GTRN) to clarify the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). MATERIAL AND METHODS Microarray dataset GSE7621 from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) was used to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and perform Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis. Differentially co-expressed genes (DCGs) and DCLs were identified by the DCGL package in R soft-ware. DCLs that were potentially related to the regulation mechanisms, and corresponding TFs, were identified using the DR sort function in the DCGL V2.0 package. The GTRN was constructed with these DCLs-TFs, and visualized with Cytoscape software. RESULTS A total of 131 DEGs, including 77 up-regulated DEGs and 54 down-regulated DEGs, were identified, which were mainly enriched for plasma membrane, cell activities, and metabolism. We found that ICAM1-LTBP and CTHRC1-UTP3 might alter gene regulation relationships in PD. The GTRN was constructed with DCLs-TFs, including 348 nodes (118 TFs and 230 DCGs) and 1045 DCLs. These TFs (AHR, SP1, PAX5, etc.) could regulate many target genes (e.g. ICAM1 and LTBP) in the GTRN of PD. CONCLUSIONS ICAM1 and LTBP may play a role in PD symptom development and pathology, and might be regulated by important TFs (AHR, SP1, PAX5, etc.) identified in the GTRN of PD. These findings may help elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying PD and find a novel drug target for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wei
- Department of Rehabilitation, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei He
- Department of Rehabilitation, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenhua Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
- School of International Medical Technology, Shanghai Sanda University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Yu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
- School of International Medical Technology, Shanghai Sanda University, Shanghai, China
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Wang X, Wu T, Zhang J, Guo G, He X, Pei Z, Liu Z, Liu CF, Ross CA, Smith WW. Transmembrane Protein 230 Mediates a Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase-1-Linked Apoptosis. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:235. [PMID: 32848711 PMCID: PMC7426619 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.00235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in transmembrane protein 230 (TMEM230) gene are suggested to be associated with the autosomal dominant Parkinson’s disease (PD) with typical movement disorders and Lewy body pathology. However, the normal functions and the pathological roles of TMEM230 are not clear. In this study, we used TMEM230 isoform II constructs including wild-type (WT) and four reported PD-linked mutation constructs (Y92C, R141L, 184Wext*5, and 184PGext*5). Ectopic expression of WT and PD-linked mutant TMEM230 variants in cultured cells dramatically induced apoptotic cell death compared with that of vector control cells. Mutant TMEM230 caused cell toxicity at an increased severity than WT TMEM230. Moreover, expression of TMEM230 increased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, decreased cellular ATP, activated caspase 3/7, and increased poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP1) cleavage. Treatment with N-acetylcysteine (NAC; an ROS scavenger) or Z-VAD-FMK (a caspase inhibitor) significantly attenuated TMEM230-induced apoptosis in both cultured cells and primary neurons. Our results indicated that TMEM230 mediated a PARP1-linked apoptotic cell death pathway. These findings not only provide the novel insight into the biological roles of TMEM230 in the PARP1-linked pathway but also provide a TMEM230-induced cell death mechanism underlying PD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University Medical College (SUMC), Suzhou, China.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Tengteng Wu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinru Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Gongbo Guo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - XiaoFei He
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Zhong Pei
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhaohui Liu
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cytoneurobiology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University Medical College (SUMC), Suzhou, China
| | - Chun-Feng Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University Medical College (SUMC), Suzhou, China.,Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Christopher A Ross
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Wanli W Smith
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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10
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Synphilin-1 Interacts with AMPK and Increases AMPK Phosphorylation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124352. [PMID: 32570982 PMCID: PMC7352261 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
A role for the cytoplasmic protein synphilin-1 in regulating energy balance has been demonstrated recently. Expression of synphilin-1 increases ATP levels in cultured cells. However, the mechanism by which synphilin-1 alters cellular energy status is unknown. Here, we used cell models and biochemical approaches to investigate the cellular functions of synphilin-1 on the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathway, which may affect energy balance. Overexpression of synphilin-1 increased AMPK phosphorylation (activation). Moreover, synphilin-1 interacted with AMPK by co-immunoprecipitation and GST (glutathione S-transferase) pull-down assays. Knockdown of synphilin-1 reduced AMPK phosphorylation. Overexpression of synphilin-1 also altered AMPK downstream signaling, i.e., a decrease in acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC) phosphorylation, and an increase in p70S6K phosphorylation. Treatment of compound C (an AMPK inhibitor) reduced synphilin-1 binding with AMPK. In addition, compound C diminished synphilin-1-induced AMPK phosphorylation, and the increase in cellular ATP (adenosine triphosphate) levels. Our results demonstrated that synphilin-1 couples with AMPK, and they exert mutual effects on each other to regulate cellular energy status. These findings not only identify novel cellular actions of synphilin-1, but also provide new insights into the roles of synphilin-1 in regulating energy currency, ATP.
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11
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Li H, Yu L, Li M, Chen X, Tian Q, Jiang Y, Li N. MicroRNA-150 serves as a diagnostic biomarker and is involved in the inflammatory pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2020; 8:e1189. [PMID: 32077254 PMCID: PMC7196454 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.1189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dysregulation of microRNAs (miRNAs) has been reported to be involved in the neuroinflammatory pathogenesis of PD. This study aimed to investigate the serum expression of microRNA‐150 (miR‐150) in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients and further uncover the regulatory effect of miR‐150 on neuroinflammation. Methods Quantitative Real‐Time PCR was used to measure the expression of miR‐150. A receiver operating characteristic curve was applied to evaluate the diagnostic value of miR‐150. The effect of miR‐150 on neuroinflammation was analyzed by examining its correlation with proinflammatory cytokines and gain‐of‐function experiments in microglia treated with LPS. Results Serum miR‐150 expression was downregulated in PD patients compared with the healthy controls, and served as a candidate diagnostic biomarker for the screening of PD cases. Negative correlation was found between miR‐150 levels and the levels of procytokines in PD patients. By the treatment of LPS, microglia BV2 cells had a reduced expression of miR‐150, and the enhanced neuroinflammatory responses were inhibited by the overexpression of miR‐150. AKT3 was verified as a target of miR‐150 in BV2 cells. Conclusion All the data of this study revealed that the decreased serum miR‐150 serves as a potential diagnostic biomarker. The methods to increase miR‐150 expression may have a beneficial effect in PD via suppressing the neuroinflammation by targeting AKT3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiting Li
- Department of Neurology, Shengli Oilfield Central Hospital, Dongying, Shandong, China
| | - Ling Yu
- Department of Neurology, Shengli Oilfield Central Hospital, Dongying, Shandong, China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Neurology, Shengli Oilfield Central Hospital, Dongying, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaohui Chen
- Department of Neurology, Shengli Oilfield Central Hospital, Dongying, Shandong, China
| | - Qun Tian
- Department of Neurology, Shengli Oilfield Central Hospital, Dongying, Shandong, China
| | - Yanyan Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Shengli Oilfield Central Hospital, Dongying, Shandong, China
| | - Nan Li
- Department of Neurology, Shengli Oilfield Central Hospital, Dongying, Shandong, China
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Dopaminergic neuron injury in Parkinson's disease is mitigated by interfering lncRNA SNHG14 expression to regulate the miR-133b/ α-synuclein pathway. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 11:9264-9279. [PMID: 31683259 PMCID: PMC6874444 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This study explored the influence of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) SNHG14 on α-synuclein (α-syn) expression and Parkinson’s disease (PD) pathogenesis. Firstly, we found that the expression level of SNHG14 was elevated in brain tissues of PD mice. In MN9D cells, the rotenone treatment (1μmol/L) enhanced the binding between transcriptional factor SP-1 and SNHG14 promoter, thus promoting SNHG14 expression. Interference of SNHG14 ameliorated the DA neuron injury induced by rotenone. Next, we found an interaction between SNHG14 and miR-133b. Further study showed that miR-133b down-regulated α-syn expression by targeting its 3’-UTR of mRNA and SNHG14 could reverse the negative effect of miR-133b on α-syn expression. Interference of SNHG14 reduced rotenone-induced DA neuron damage through miR-133b in MN9D cells and α-syn was responsible for the protective effect of miR-133b. Similarly, interference of SNHG14 mitigated neuron injury in PD mouse model. All in all, silence of SNHG14 mitigates dopaminergic neuron injury by down-regulating α-syn via targeting miR-133b, which contributes to improving PD.
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Yan C, Liu J, Gao J, Sun Y, Zhang L, Song H, Xue L, Zhan L, Gao G, Ke Z, Liu Y, Liu J. IRE1 promotes neurodegeneration through autophagy-dependent neuron death in the Drosophila model of Parkinson's disease. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:800. [PMID: 31641108 PMCID: PMC6805898 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-2039-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Abnormal aggregation of misfolded pathological proteins in neurons is a prominent feature of neurodegenerative disorders including Parkinson’s disease (PD). Perturbations of proteostasis at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) triggers ER stress, activating the unfolded protein response (UPR). Chronic ER stress is thought to underlie the death of neurons during the neurodegenerative progression, but the precise mechanism by which the UPR pathways regulate neuronal cell fate remains incompletely understood. Here we report a critical neurodegenerative role for inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1), the evolutionarily conserved ER stress sensor, in a Drosophila model of PD. We found that IRE1 was hyperactivated upon accumulation of α-synuclein in the fly photoreceptor neurons. Ectopic overexpression of IRE1 was sufficient to trigger autophagy-dependent neuron death in an XBP1-independent, JNK-dependent manner. Furthermore, IRE1 was able to promote dopaminergic neuron loss, progressive locomotor impairment, and shorter lifespan, whereas blocking IRE1 or ATG7 expression remarkably ameliorated the progression of α-synuclein-caused Parkinson’s disease. These results provide in vivo evidence demonstrating that the IRE1 pathway drives PD progression through coupling ER stress to autophagy-dependent neuron death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Yan
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.,School of Medicine, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453003, China
| | - Jingqi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Jiamei Gao
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Ying Sun
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China.,The State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Haiyun Song
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Lei Xue
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Lixing Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Guanjun Gao
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Zunji Ke
- Department of Biochemistry, Basic Medical College, Shanghai University of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences; the Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
| | - Jingnan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China. .,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China.
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14
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Zou R, Zhang D, Lv L, Shi W, Song Z, Yi B, Lai B, Chen Q, Yang S, Hua P. Bioinformatic gene analysis for potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets of atrial fibrillation-related stroke. J Transl Med 2019; 17:45. [PMID: 30760287 PMCID: PMC6375208 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-019-1790-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atrial fibrillation (AF) is one of the most prevalent sustained arrhythmias, however, epidemiological data may understate its actual prevalence. Meanwhile, AF is considered to be a major cause of ischemic strokes due to irregular heart-rhythm, coexisting chronic vascular inflammation, and renal insufficiency, and blood stasis. We studied co-expressed genes to understand relationships between atrial fibrillation (AF) and stroke and reveal potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets of AF-related stroke. METHODS AF-and stroke-related differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified via bioinformatic analysis Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) datasets GSE79768 and GSE58294, respectively. Subsequently, extensive target prediction and network analyses methods were used to assess protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks, Gene Ontology (GO) terms and pathway enrichment for DEGs, and co-expressed DEGs coupled with corresponding predicted miRNAs involved in AF and stroke were assessed as well. RESULTS We identified 489, 265, 518, and 592 DEGs in left atrial specimens and cardioembolic stroke blood samples at < 3, 5, and 24 h, respectively. LRRK2, CALM1, CXCR4, TLR4, CTNNB1, and CXCR2 may be implicated in AF and the hub-genes of CD19, FGF9, SOX9, GNGT1, and NOG may be associated with stroke. Finally, co-expressed DEGs of ZNF566, PDZK1IP1, ZFHX3, and PITX2 coupled with corresponding predicted miRNAs, especially miR-27a-3p, miR-27b-3p, and miR-494-3p may be significantly associated with AF-related stroke. CONCLUSION AF and stroke are related and ZNF566, PDZK1IP1, ZFHX3, and PITX2 genes are significantly associated with novel biomarkers involved in AF-related stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongjun Zou
- Department of Cardio-Vascular Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Dingwen Zhang
- Department of Cardio-Vascular Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Lei Lv
- Department of Cardio-Vascular Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Wanting Shi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, China
| | - Zijiao Song
- Department of Endocrinology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Bin Yi
- Department of Cardio-Vascular Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Bingjia Lai
- Department of Radiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Qian Chen
- The Second Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Beihua University, Jilin, 132011, China
| | - Songran Yang
- The Biobank of Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China. .,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
| | - Ping Hua
- Department of Cardio-Vascular Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
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Zhou F, Ju J, Fang Y, Fan X, Yan S, Wang Q, Wei P, Duan F, Miao F, Hu Z, Wang M. Salidroside protected against MPP
+
‐induced Parkinson's disease in PC12 cells by inhibiting inflammation, oxidative stress and cell apoptosis. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2018; 66:247-253. [PMID: 30548933 DOI: 10.1002/bab.1719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgerythe Affiliated Hospital of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine Xianyang China
- Department of NeurosurgeryFirst Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an China
| | - Jing Ju
- Operation RoomXianyang IRICO Hospital Xianyang China
| | - Yongjun Fang
- Department of Neurosurgerythe Affiliated Hospital of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine Xianyang China
| | - Xiaoxuan Fan
- Department of Neurosurgerythe Affiliated Hospital of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine Xianyang China
| | - Shuguang Yan
- Department of Neurosurgerythe Affiliated Hospital of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine Xianyang China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Combination of Acupuncture and Medicine Innovation Research CenterShaanxi University of Chinese Medicine Xianyang China
| | - Pengfang Wei
- Department of Neurosurgerythe Affiliated Hospital of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine Xianyang China
| | - Fuliang Duan
- Department of Chinese and Western Medicinethe Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine Xianyang China
| | - Feng Miao
- Department of Cerebropathythe Affiliated Hospital of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine Xianyang China
| | - Zhenyuan Hu
- Department of Neurosurgerythe Affiliated Hospital of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine Xianyang China
| | - Maode Wang
- Department of NeurosurgeryFirst Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an China
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16
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Shishido T, Nagano Y, Araki M, Kurashige T, Obayashi H, Nakamura T, Takahashi T, Matsumoto M, Maruyama H. Synphilin-1 has neuroprotective effects on MPP +-induced Parkinson's disease model cells by inhibiting ROS production and apoptosis. Neurosci Lett 2018; 690:145-150. [PMID: 30316984 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Synphilin-1, a cytoplasmic protein, interacts with α-synuclein which is one of the main constituents of Lewy bodies and plays an important role in the pathology of Parkinson's disease (PD), in neurons. This interaction indicates that synphilin-1 may also play a central role in PD. However, the biological functions of synphilin-1 are not fully understood, and whether synphilin-1 is neurotoxic or neuroprotective remains controversial. This study examined the function of synphilin-1 in a PD model in vitro. We used an inhibitor of mitochondrial complex I, 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+). We established human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cell lines that stably expressed human synphilin-1. We found that overexpression of synphilin-1 increased SH-SY5Y cell viability after MPP+ treatment. We further found that synphilin-1 significantly suppressed apoptotic changes in nuclei, including nuclear condensation and fragmentation, after MPP+ treatment. We showed that synphilin-1 significantly decreased MPP+-induced cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved poly-ADP-ribose polymerase levels by using western blotting. Production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by MPP+ was significantly reduced in cells expressing synphilin-1 compared to those expressing empty vector. Synphilin-1 inhibited MPP+-induced cytochrome c release from mitochondria into the cytosol. These data suggested that synphilin-1 may function to protect against dopaminergic cell death by preserving mitochondrial function and inhibiting early steps in the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. Taken together, our results indicated that synphilin-1 may play neuroprotective roles in PD pathogenesis by inhibiting ROS production and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeo Shishido
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Therapeutics, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, 1-2-3 Minami-ku Kasumi, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Yoshito Nagano
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Therapeutics, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, 1-2-3 Minami-ku Kasumi, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan.
| | - Mutsuko Araki
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Therapeutics, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, 1-2-3 Minami-ku Kasumi, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Takashi Kurashige
- Department of Neurology, NHO Kure Medical Center, 3-1 Aoyama-cho, Kure, Hiroshima, 737-0023, Japan
| | - Hitomi Obayashi
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Therapeutics, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, 1-2-3 Minami-ku Kasumi, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nakamura
- Department of Internal Medicine, Oyamada Memorial Spa Hospital, 5538-1 Yamada-cho, Yokkaichi, Mie, 512-1111, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Takahashi
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Therapeutics, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, 1-2-3 Minami-ku Kasumi, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Masayasu Matsumoto
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Therapeutics, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, 1-2-3 Minami-ku Kasumi, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan; Sakai City Medical Center, Sakai City Hospital Organization, 1-1-1 Ebaraji-cho Nishi-ku, Sakai, Osaka, 593-8304, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Maruyama
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Therapeutics, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, 1-2-3 Minami-ku Kasumi, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
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17
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Differential expression of miR-34a, miR-141, and miR-9 in MPP+-treated differentiated PC12 cells as a model of Parkinson's disease. Gene 2018; 662:54-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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18
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Goswami P, Joshi N, Singh S. Neurodegenerative signaling factors and mechanisms in Parkinson's pathology. Toxicol In Vitro 2017. [PMID: 28627426 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic and progressive degenerative disorder of central nervous system which is mainly characterized by selective loss of dopaminergic neurons in the nigrostrial pathway. Clinical symptoms of this devastating disease comprise motor impairments such as resting tremor, bradykinesia, postural instability and rigidity. Current medications only provide symptomatic relief but fail to halt the dopaminergic neuronal death. While the etiology of dopaminergic neuronal death is not fully understood, combination of various molecular mechanisms seems to play a critical role. Studies from experimental animal models have provided crucial insights into the molecular mechanisms in disease pathogenesis and recognized possible targets for therapeutic interventions. Recent findings implicate the involvement of abnormal protein accumulation and phosphorylation, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative damage and deregulated kinase signaling as key molecular mechanisms affecting the normal function as well survival of dopaminergic neurons. Here we discuss the relevant findings on the PD pathology related mechanisms and recognition of the cell survival mechanisms which could be used as targets for neuroprotective strategies in preventing this devastating disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Goswami
- Neuronal Cell Death Mechanisms Laboratory, Toxicology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Neeraj Joshi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Helen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, USA
| | - Sarika Singh
- Neuronal Cell Death Mechanisms Laboratory, Toxicology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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