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Abstract
While contraceptive drugs have enabled many people to decide when they want to have a baby, more than 100 million unintended pregnancies each year in the world may indicate the contraceptive requirement of many people has not been well addressed yet. The vagina is a well-established and practical route for the delivery of various pharmacological molecules, including contraceptives. This review aims to present an overview of different contraceptive methods focusing on the vaginal route of delivery for contraceptives, including current developments, discussing the potentials and limitations of the modern methods, designs, and how well each method performs for delivering the contraceptives and preventing pregnancy.
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Reactions of 4-aryl-N-hetaryl-2-hydroxy-4-oxobut-2-enamides with hydroxylamine and biological activity of the products. Russ Chem Bull 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-019-2466-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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3
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Rammah MM, Gati W, Mtiraoui H, Rammah MEB, Ciamala K, Knorr M, Rousselin Y, Kubicki MM. Synthesis of Isoxazole and 1,2,3-Triazole Isoindole Derivatives via Silver- and Copper-Catalyzed 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition Reaction. Molecules 2016; 21:307. [PMID: 26959000 PMCID: PMC6273791 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21030307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The CuI- or Ag₂CO₃-catalyzed [3+2] cycloaddition of propargyl-substituted dihydroisoindolin-1-one (3) with arylnitrile oxides 1a-d (Ar = Ph, p-MeC₆H₄, p-MeOC₆H₄, p-ClC₆H₄) produces in good yields novel 3,5-disubstituted isoxazoles 4 of the ethyl-2-benzyl-3-oxo-1-((3-arylisoxazol-5yl)methyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindole-1-carboxylate type. With aryl azides 2a-d (Ar = Ph, p-MeC₆H₄, p-OMeC₆H₄, p-ClC₆H₄), a series of 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles 6 (ethyl-2-benzyl-3-oxo-1-((1-aryl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindole-1-carboxylates) was obtained. The reactions proceed in a regioselective manner affording exclusively racemic adducts 4 and 6. Compared to the uncatalyzed cycloaddition, the yields are significantly improved in the presence of CuI as catalyst, without alteration of the selectivity. The regio- and stereochemistry of the cycloadducts has been corroborated by an X-ray diffraction study of 4a, and in the case of 6a by XH-correlation and HMBC spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Mehdi Rammah
- Laboratory of Heterocyclic Chemistry Natural Products and Reactivity/LCHPNR, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Monastir, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia.
| | - Wafa Gati
- Laboratory of Heterocyclic Chemistry Natural Products and Reactivity/LCHPNR, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Monastir, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia.
| | - Hasan Mtiraoui
- Laboratory of Heterocyclic Chemistry Natural Products and Reactivity/LCHPNR, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Monastir, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia.
| | - Mohamed El Baker Rammah
- Laboratory of Heterocyclic Chemistry Natural Products and Reactivity/LCHPNR, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Monastir, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia.
| | - Kabula Ciamala
- Institut UTINAM-UMR CNRS 6213, Université de Franche-Comté, 16 Route de Gray, 25030 Besançon, France.
| | - Michael Knorr
- Institut UTINAM-UMR CNRS 6213, Université de Franche-Comté, 16 Route de Gray, 25030 Besançon, France.
| | - Yoann Rousselin
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire-UMR CNRS 6302, Université de Bourgogne, 21078 Dijon, France.
| | - Marek M Kubicki
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire-UMR CNRS 6302, Université de Bourgogne, 21078 Dijon, France.
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Martinez-Loredo E, Izquierdo-Vega JA, Cariño-Cortes R, Cilia-López VG, Madrigal-Santillán EO, Zuñiga-Pérez C, Valadez-Vega C, Moreno E, Sánchez-Gutiérrez M. Effects of Heliopsis longipes ethanolic extract on mouse spermatozoa in vitro. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2015; 54:266-271. [PMID: 25853976 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2015.1033560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Heliopsis longipes (A. Gray) Blake (Asteraceae), a plant native to Mexico, is used in traditional medicine as analgesic and microbicide. The main component in the H. longipes ethanolic extract (HLEE) is affinin, as determined by HPLC/UV-visible and NMR measurement. To date, there is no documented evidence on the spermicidal activity of this extract. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to assess in vitro the effectiveness of HLEE as spermicide. MATERIALS AND METHODS The spermicidal activity of HLEE was evaluated by the Sander-Cramer assay. Spermatozoa were incubated for 20 s with HLEE in concentrations ranging from 75 to 2000 µg/mL to determine the minimum effective concentration (MEC) value. The 50% effective concentration (EC50) of HLEE was estimated by assaying serial dilutions from the MEC. Additionally, sperms were incubated with 125, 250, or 500 µg/mL of HLEE to evaluate the viability and the integrity of sperm membrane. Lipid peroxidation was assessed by the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances assay. RESULTS HLEE caused an inhibition of 100% in spermatozoa motility at a MEC value of 2000 µg/mL; the EC50 value was 125 µg/mL. Additionally, exposure to HLEE at 125, 250, or 500 µg/mL for 30 min decreased sperm viability to 27%, 8%, and 2% of the control value, respectively, and significantly increased the percentage of sperms with structurally disorganized membrane. HLEE also increased significantly the level of lipid peroxidation in sperms with respect to controls. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION The results demonstrate the spermicidal activity of HLEE in vitro and suggest that this action is caused by oxidative damage and alterations in the spermatozoal membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelia Martinez-Loredo
- a Academic Area of Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences at Autonomous University of the State of Hidalgo , Pachuca , Hidalgo , Mexico
| | - Jeannett A Izquierdo-Vega
- a Academic Area of Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences at Autonomous University of the State of Hidalgo , Pachuca , Hidalgo , Mexico
| | - Raquel Cariño-Cortes
- a Academic Area of Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences at Autonomous University of the State of Hidalgo , Pachuca , Hidalgo , Mexico
| | - Virginia Gabriela Cilia-López
- b Department of Environmental Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine at University Autonomous of San Luis Potosi , San Luis Potosi , SLP , Mexico , and
| | - Eduardo O Madrigal-Santillán
- a Academic Area of Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences at Autonomous University of the State of Hidalgo , Pachuca , Hidalgo , Mexico
| | - Clara Zuñiga-Pérez
- a Academic Area of Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences at Autonomous University of the State of Hidalgo , Pachuca , Hidalgo , Mexico
| | - Carmen Valadez-Vega
- a Academic Area of Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences at Autonomous University of the State of Hidalgo , Pachuca , Hidalgo , Mexico
| | - Erika Moreno
- c Department of Molecular Physiology Unit , National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition Salvador Zubiran , Mexico , DF , Mexico
| | - Manuel Sánchez-Gutiérrez
- a Academic Area of Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences at Autonomous University of the State of Hidalgo , Pachuca , Hidalgo , Mexico
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Gaurav C, Goutam R, Rohan KN, Sweta KT, Abhay CS, Amit GK. (Copper-curcumin) β-cyclodextrin vaginal gel: delivering a novel metal-herbal approach for the development of topical contraception prophylaxis. Eur J Pharm Sci 2014; 65:183-91. [PMID: 25266573 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2014.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 08/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Delivering a safe and effective topical vaginal contraceptive is the need of present era. We explored the potential of a metal (copper) and herbal moiety (curcumin) for this topical contraceptive prophylaxis. Complex of copper and curcumin (Cu-Cur) was synthesized and the concerns regarding its aqueous solubility was resolved by including it into the hydrophobic cavity of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) as (Cu-Cur)CD inclusion complex. Dose assessment was made on the basis of in-vitro spermicidal assays and cell cytotoxicity studies. Finally the (Cu-Cur)CD loaded vaginal gel was prepared, characterized and evaluated for in-vitro spermicidal activity and preclinical toxicity studies. Spectral and morphological characterizations confirmed the synthesis of (Cu-Cur) and (Cu-Cur)CD inclusion complex. Spermicidal assays and Hela cell cytotoxic data revealed an optimized 1.5% (Cu-Cur)CD for further studies. 1.5% w/w (Cu-Cur)CD loaded carbopol 974p gel provided 100% motility even at 2-fold dilution and preclinical toxicity studies in Rats and Rabbits revealed its highly safe profile. The hypothesis of considering metal-herbal complex and its cyclodextrin complex has worked and the well planned strategy of including it in (β-CD) cavity provided a preeminent platform for vaginal delivery. In-vitro assays and preclinical toxicity analysis confirmed its potential to be used as highly safe and effective prophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chauhan Gaurav
- DBT Lab, Indo-Soviet Friendship College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
| | - Rath Goutam
- DBT Lab, Indo-Soviet Friendship College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
| | - Kesarkar N Rohan
- Department of Virology, Haffkine Institute for Training Research and Testing, Parel, Mumbai, India
| | - Kothari T Sweta
- Department of Virology, Haffkine Institute for Training Research and Testing, Parel, Mumbai, India
| | - Chowdhary S Abhay
- Department of Virology, Haffkine Institute for Training Research and Testing, Parel, Mumbai, India
| | - Goyal K Amit
- DBT Lab, Indo-Soviet Friendship College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India.
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Zhao J, Tian W, Qi J, Lv D, Liu Y, Jiang Y, Dong G, Chen Q, Zhou Y, Zhu J, Wang H, Sheng C, Lv J. Design and synthesis of phenylisoxazole derivatives as novel human acrosin inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:2802-6. [PMID: 24835199 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.04.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Human acrosin is an attractive target for the discovery of novel male contraceptives. Isoxazole derivative ISO-1, a small-molecule weak human acrosin inhibitor, was used as the starting point for lead optimization. After two rounds of structure-based inhibitor design, a highly potent inhibitor B6 (IC50=1.44 μM) was successfully identified, which showed good selectivity over trypsin and represents one of the most active human acrosin inhibitors up to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juntao Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Wei Tian
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jingjing Qi
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Diya Lv
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yang Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yan Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Guoqiang Dong
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Qianqian Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Youjun Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Ju Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Heling Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Chunquan Sheng
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Jiaguo Lv
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China.
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Zhao J, Sun N, Gao Y, Lv D, Liu Y, Jiang Y, Dong G, Chen Q, Li W, Zhou Y, Zhu J, Sheng C, Lv J. Discovery of novel guanidinophenylpyrazole human acrosin inhibitors by molecular hybridization. MEDCHEMCOMM 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4md00160e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Novel human acrosin inhibitor F3 was rationally designed by molecular hybridization of the phenylpyrazole and guanidinobenzoate inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juntao Zhao
- School of Pharmacy
- Second Military Medical University
- Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Nannan Sun
- School of Pharmacy
- Second Military Medical University
- Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yue Gao
- School of Pharmacy
- Second Military Medical University
- Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Diya Lv
- School of Pharmacy
- Second Military Medical University
- Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yang Liu
- School of Pharmacy
- Second Military Medical University
- Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yan Jiang
- School of Pharmacy
- Second Military Medical University
- Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Guoqiang Dong
- School of Pharmacy
- Second Military Medical University
- Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Qianqian Chen
- School of Pharmacy
- Second Military Medical University
- Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Wei Li
- School of Pharmacy
- Second Military Medical University
- Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Youjun Zhou
- School of Pharmacy
- Second Military Medical University
- Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Ju Zhu
- School of Pharmacy
- Second Military Medical University
- Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Chunquan Sheng
- School of Pharmacy
- Second Military Medical University
- Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jiaguo Lv
- School of Pharmacy
- Second Military Medical University
- Shanghai 200433, China
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8
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Damke E, Tsuzuki JK, Chassot F, Cortez DAG, Ferreira ICP, Mesquita CSS, da-Silva VRS, Svidzinski TIE, Consolaro MEL. Spermicidal and anti-Trichomonas vaginalis activity of Brazilian Sapindus saponaria. Altern Ther Health Med 2013; 13:196. [PMID: 23890053 PMCID: PMC3728232 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-13-196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Sapindus saponaria is used traditionally for curing ulcers, external wounds and inflammations. The spermicidal and anti-Trichomonas activity of S. saponaria and its effect on Lactobacillus acidophilus were evaluated. Methods Water-ethanol (WE) and butanolic (BE) extracts, as well as a purified sample of saponins (SP) from S. saponaria were tested for spermicidal and anti-Trichomonas activity and for their effect on L. acidophilus. Results WE, BE and SP immobilized spermatozoa at a minimum effective concentration (MEC) of 2.5 (gram %) for extracts and 1.25 (gram %) for SP. The effective concentrations that caused 50% immobilization of spermatozoa (EC50) were 0.5 (gram %) for WE and SP, and 0.1 (gram %) for BE. The compounds were effective against Trichomonas vaginalis (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration = 0.156 mg/mL for WE and BE, and 0.078 mg/mL for SP against a clinical strain (CS); and 0.312, 0.156 and 0.078 mg/mL for WE, BE and SP, respectively, against an ATCC strain). In all concentrations tested, the growth of L. acidophilus was not reduced. Conclusion The in vitro study proved the spermicidal and anti-Trichomonas activity of S. saponaria. Complementary in vivo studies should be made for establish the use as a vaginal spermicide, particularly in Brazil and Latin America.
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Designed Chemical Intervention with Thiols for Prophylactic Contraception. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67365. [PMID: 23826278 PMCID: PMC3694959 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Unlike somatic cells, sperm have several-fold more available-thiols that are susceptible to redox-active agents. The present study explains the mechanism behind the instant sperm-immobilizing and trichomonacidal activities of pyrrolidinium pyrrolidine-1-carbodithioate (PPC), a novel thiol agent rationally created for prophylactic contraception by minor chemical modifications of some known thiol drugs. PPC, and its three derivatives (with potential active-site blocked by alkylation), were synthesized and evaluated against live human sperm and metronidazole-susceptible and resistant Trichomonas vaginalis, in vitro. Sperm hexokinase activity was evaluated by coupled enzyme assay. PPC irreversibly immobilized 100% human sperm in ∼30 seconds and totally eliminated Trichomonas vaginalis more efficiently than nonoxynol-9 and metronidazole. It significantly inhibited (P<0.001) thiol-sensitive sperm hexokinase. However, the molecule completely lost all its biological activities once its thiol group was blocked by alkylation. PPC was subsequently formulated into a mucoadhesive vaginal film using GRaS excipients and evaluated for spermicidal and microbicidal activities (in vitro), and contraceptive efficacy in rabbits. PPC remained fully active in quick-dissolving, mucoadhesive vaginal-film formulation, and these PPC-films significantly reduced pregnancy and fertility rates in rabbits. The films released ∼90% of PPC in simulated vaginal fluid (pH 4.2) at 37°C in 5 minutes, in vitro. We have thus discovered a common target (reactive thiols) on chiefly-anaerobic, redox-sensitive cells like sperm and Trichomonas, which is susceptible to designed chemical interference for prophylactic contraception. The active thiol in PPC inactivates sperm and Trichomonas via interference with crucial sulfhydryl-disulfide based reactions, e.g. hexokinase activation in human sperm. In comparison to non-specific surfactant action of OTC spermicide nonoxynol-9, the action of thiol-active PPC is apparently much more specific, potent and safe. PPC presents a proof-of-concept for prophylactic contraception via manipulation of thiols in vagina for selective targeting of sperm and Trichomonas, and qualifies as a promising lead for the development of dually protective vaginal-contraceptive.
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10
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Mao HT, Yang WX. Modes of acrosin functioning during fertilization. Gene 2013; 526:75-9. [PMID: 23747402 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.05.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian fertilization is a complex process that involves gamete recognition, penetration, and fusion. Biochemical studies that identified the role of acrosome components during sperm-ova interaction especially the zona pellucida (ZP) provided major advances in sperm cell biology. Acrosin (a typical serine protease) functions during fertilization in several significant ways which include: a) activation of acrosome components, b) secondary binding with the ZP, and c) hydrolysis of the ZP. However, studies using knockout (KO) acrosin-deficient mice cast doubt on the traditional role of acrosin in fertilization. The KO acrosin-deficient mice exhibit normal fecundity except for delayed fertilization. Despite the doubt cast on the traditional role of acrosin by the KO acrosin-deficient mouse studies, acrosin still remains a major protease involved in multiple processes of fertilization. In this review, we assess the functional profile of acrosin and briefly summarize recent findings on proteases involved in fertilization. We propose a refined scheme for the functional role of acrosin in fertilization. We particularly emphasize the role of acrosin in acrosome exocytosis and activation of other acrosome components based on advanced technology like structural X-ray analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Tao Mao
- The Sperm Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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11
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Tian W, Han G, Zhu J, Qi J, Chen Q, Zhao J, Zheng C, Zhang L, Zhou Y, Lv J. Synthesis and acrosin inhibitory activities of 5-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid amide derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:4177-84. [PMID: 23746472 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Revised: 04/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel 5-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid amide derivatives were designed, synthesized, and their acrosin inhibitory activities in vitro were evaluated. The results of the acrosin inhibitory activity showed that all target compounds were more potent than control TLCK. Compounds AQ-A1, AQ-D3, AQ-D4, AQ-E4 and AQ-E5 exhibited stronger acrosin inhibitory activities than control ISO-1. Especially, compound AQ-E5 displayed the most potent acrosin inhibitory activity in all the compounds, with an IC50 of 0.01μmol/mL. This study provided a new structural class for the development of novel acrosin inhibitory agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Tian
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
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Ning W, Zhu J, Zheng C, Liu X, Song Y, Zhou Y, Zhang X, Zhang L, Sheng C, Lv J. Fragment-Based Design of Novel Quinazolinon Derivatives as Human Acrosin Inhibitors. Chem Biol Drug Des 2013; 81:437-41. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Revised: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Ning
- Department of medicinal Chemistry; School of Pharmacy; Second Military Medical University; 325 Guohe Road; Shanghai; 200433; China
| | - Ju Zhu
- Department of medicinal Chemistry; School of Pharmacy; Second Military Medical University; 325 Guohe Road; Shanghai; 200433; China
| | - Canhui Zheng
- Department of medicinal Chemistry; School of Pharmacy; Second Military Medical University; 325 Guohe Road; Shanghai; 200433; China
| | - Xuefei Liu
- Department of medicinal Chemistry; School of Pharmacy; Second Military Medical University; 325 Guohe Road; Shanghai; 200433; China
| | - Yunlong Song
- Department of medicinal Chemistry; School of Pharmacy; Second Military Medical University; 325 Guohe Road; Shanghai; 200433; China
| | - Youjun Zhou
- Department of medicinal Chemistry; School of Pharmacy; Second Military Medical University; 325 Guohe Road; Shanghai; 200433; China
| | - Xiaomeng Zhang
- Department of medicinal Chemistry; School of Pharmacy; Second Military Medical University; 325 Guohe Road; Shanghai; 200433; China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Department of medicinal Chemistry; School of Pharmacy; Second Military Medical University; 325 Guohe Road; Shanghai; 200433; China
| | - Chunquan Sheng
- Department of medicinal Chemistry; School of Pharmacy; Second Military Medical University; 325 Guohe Road; Shanghai; 200433; China
| | - Jiaguo Lv
- Department of medicinal Chemistry; School of Pharmacy; Second Military Medical University; 325 Guohe Road; Shanghai; 200433; China
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13
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Baptista M, Publicover SJ, Ramalho-Santos J. In vitro effects of cationic compounds on functional human sperm parameters. Fertil Steril 2013; 99:705-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2012.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Revised: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
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Chen Q, Tian W, Han G, Qi J, Zheng C, Zhou Y, Ding L, Zhao J, Zhu J, Lv J, Sheng C. Design and synthesis of novel benzoheterocyclic derivatives as human acrosin inhibitors by scaffold hopping. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 59:176-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Revised: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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Liu X, Chen Q, Zhu J, Fan Y, Ding L, Zhao J, Han G, Tian W, Qi J, Zhou Y, Lv J. Synthesis and acrosin inhibitory activity of methyl 5-substituted-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl carbamate derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:3554-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2011] [Revised: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Ding L, Zhu J, Zheng C, Sheng C, Qi J, Liu X, Han G, Zhao J, Lv J, Zhou Y. Synthesis and acrosin inhibitory activity of substituted 4-amino-N-(diaminomethylene) benzenesulfonamide derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:6674-7. [PMID: 21983437 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.09.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Revised: 09/08/2011] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
A series of new substituted 4-amino-N-(diaminomethylene) benzenesulfonamides were synthesized and their in vitro acrosin inhibitory activities were evaluated. Most of the compounds showed potent acrosin inhibitory activities with compounds 4o and 4p being significantly more potent than the control compound N-alpha-tosyl-L-lysyl-chloromethyl-ketone (TLCK). The compounds provide a new scaffold for the development of acrosin inhibitory agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Ding
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
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Discovery of novel human acrosin inhibitors by virtual screening. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2011; 25:977-85. [DOI: 10.1007/s10822-011-9476-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2010] [Accepted: 01/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Qi J, Zhu J, Liu X, Ding L, Zheng C, Han G, Lv J, Zhou Y. Synthesis and acrosin inhibitory activities of substituted ethyl 5-(4-aminophenyl)-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylate derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:5822-5. [PMID: 21880490 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.07.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2011] [Revised: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 07/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel ethyl 5-(4-aminophenyl)-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylate derivatives were designed and synthesized and their in vitro acrosin inhibitory activities were evaluated. Most of the compounds exhibited acrosin inhibitory activities. Among them, three compounds (5l, 5n, and 5v) were more potent than that of the control TLCK. These provide a new structural type for the development of novel contraceptive acrosin inhibitory agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Qi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
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19
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Abstract
Metronidazole, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved drug against trichomoniasis, is nonspermicidal and thus cannot offer pregnancy protection when used vaginally. Furthermore, increasing resistance of Trichomonas vaginalis to 5-nitro-imidazoles is a cause for serious concern. On the other hand, the vaginal spermicide nonoxynol-9 (N-9) does not protect against sexually transmitted diseases and HIV in clinical situations but may in fact increase their incidence due to its nonspecific, surfactant action. We therefore designed dually active, nonsurfactant molecules that were capable of killing Trichomonas vaginalis (both metronidazole-susceptible and -resistant strains) and irreversibly inactivating 100% human sperm at doses that were noncytotoxic to human cervical epithelial (HeLa) cells and vaginal microflora (lactobacilli) in vitro. Anaerobic energy metabolism, cell motility, and defense against reactive oxygen species, which are key to survival of both sperm and Trichomonas in the host after intravaginal inoculation, depend crucially on availability of free thiols. Consequently, molecules were designed with carbodithioic acid moiety as the major pharmacophore, and chemical variations were incorporated to provide high excess of reactive thiols for interacting with accessible thiols on sperm and Trichomonas. We report here the in vitro activities, structure-activity relationships, and safety profiles of these spermicidal antitrichomonas agents, the most promising of which was more effective than N-9 (the OTC spermicide) in inactivating human sperm and more efficacious than metronidazole in killing Trichomonas vaginalis (including metronidazole-resistant strain). It also significantly reduced the available free thiols on human sperm and inhibited the cytoadherence of Trichomonas on HeLa cells. Experimentally in vitro, the new compounds appeared to be safer than N-9 for vaginal use.
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Synthesis characterization and biological evaluation of some alkoxyphthalimide derivatives of 3-(4-substituted phenyl)-6,6-diphenyl-3,3a-dihydro-2H-imidazo[2,1-b]pyrazolo[3,4-d][1,3]thiazol-7(6H)-one. Med Chem Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-010-9392-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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21
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Jain RK, Jain A, Kumar R, Verma V, Maikhuri JP, Sharma VL, Mitra K, Batra S, Gupta G. Functional attenuation of human sperm by novel, non-surfactant spermicides: precise targeting of membrane physiology without affecting structure. Hum Reprod 2010; 25:1165-76. [PMID: 20176593 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deq036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have attempted to identify structural, physiological and other targets on human sperm vulnerable to the spermicidal action of two novel series of non-detergent molecules, reported to irreversibly immobilize human sperm in <30 s, apparently without disrupting plasma membrane. METHODS Three sperm samples were studied. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy were used to assess structural aberrations of sperm membrane; plasma membrane potential and intracellular pH measurements (fluorometric) were used to detect changes in sperm physiology; reactive oxygen species (ROS, fluorometric) and superoxide dismutase activity (colorimetric) were indicators of oxidative stress; and sperm dynein ATPase activity demonstrated alterations in motor energy potential, in response to spermicide treatment. Post-ejaculation tyrosine phosphorylation of human sperm proteins (immunoblotting) was a marker for functional integrity. RESULTS Disulfide esters of carbothioic acid (DSE compounds) caused complete sperm attenuation at > or =0.002% concentration with hyper-polarization of sperm membrane potential (P < 0.001), intracellular alkalinization (P < 0.01), ROS generation (P < 0.05) and no apparent effect on sperm (n = 150) membrane structure. Isoxazolecarbaldehyde compounds required > or =0.03% for spermicidal action and caused disrupted outer acrosomal membrane structure, depolarization of membrane potential (P < 0.001), intracellular acidification (P < 0.01) and ROS generation (P < 0.01). Detergent [nonoxynol-9 (N-9)] action was sustainable at > or =0.05% and involved complete breakdown of structural and physiological membrane integrity with ROS generation (P < 0.001). All spermicides caused functional attenuation of sperm without inhibiting motor energetics. Unlike N-9, DSE-37 (vaginal dose, 200 microg) completely inhibited pregnancy in rats and vaginal epithelium was unchanged (24 h,10 mg). CONCLUSIONS The study reveals a unique mechanism of action for DSE spermicides. DSE-37 holds promise as a safe vaginal contraceptive. CDRI Communication No. 7545.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev K Jain
- Division of Endocrinology, Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR), Lucknow 226 001, India
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22
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Jain RK, Jain A, Maikhuri JP, Sharma VL, Dwivedi AK, Kiran Kumar S, Mitra K, Bajpai VK, Gupta G. In vitro testing of rationally designed spermicides for selectively targeting human sperm in vagina to ensure safe contraception†. Hum Reprod 2008; 24:590-601. [DOI: 10.1093/humrep/den415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Zairi A, Serres C, Tangy F, Jouannet P, Hani K. In vitro spermicidal activity of peptides from amphibian skin: Dermaseptin S4 and derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:266-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.09.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2007] [Revised: 09/14/2007] [Accepted: 09/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Wong EWP, Mruk DD, Cheng CY. Biology and regulation of ectoplasmic specialization, an atypical adherens junction type, in the testis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2007; 1778:692-708. [PMID: 18068662 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2007.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2007] [Revised: 10/30/2007] [Accepted: 11/09/2007] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Anchoring junctions are cell adhesion apparatus present in all epithelia and endothelia. They are found at the cell-cell interface (adherens junction (AJ) and desmosome) and cell-matrix interface (focal contact and hemidesmosome). In this review, we focus our discussion on AJ in particular the dynamic changes and regulation of this junction type in normal epithelia using testis as a model. There are extensive restructuring of AJ (e.g., ectoplasmic specialization, ES, a testis-specific AJ) at the Sertoli-Sertoli cell interface (basal ES) and Sertoli-elongating spermatid interface (apical ES) during the seminiferous epithelial cycle of spermatogenesis to facilitate the migration of developing germ cells across the seminiferous epithelium. Furthermore, recent findings have shown that ES also confers cell orientation and polarity in the seminiferous epithelium, illustrating that some of the functions initially ascribed to tight junctions (TJ), such as conferring cell polarity, are also part of the inherent properties of the AJ (e.g., apical ES) in the testis. The biology and regulation based on recent studies in the testis are of interest to cell biologists in the field, in particular their regulation, which perhaps is applicable to tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elissa W P Wong
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
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25
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Jain RK, Maikhuri JP, Kiran Kumar STVS, Sharma VL, Dwivedi AK, Mitra K, Bajpai VK, Gupta G. Novel disulphide esters of carbothioic acid as potent, non-detergent spermicides with low toxicity to Lactobacillus and HeLa cells in vitro. Hum Reprod 2006; 22:708-16. [PMID: 17114195 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/del448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The design, synthesis, characterization and evaluation of a novel series of non-detergent spermicides has led to the discovery of two unique molecules (DSE-36 and DSE-37) that were approximately 25 times more potent spermicides than nonoxynol-9 (N-9). METHODS Normal human spermatozoa were used to assess the spermicidal activity (Sander-Cramer Assay), the effect on sperm-membrane integrity [hypo-osmotic swelling test (HOST)], supravital staining and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the induction of apoptosis [fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) Annexin-V and JC-1 labelling using flow cytometry] by the new class of compounds. HeLa and Lactobacillus cultures were used to assess the cytotoxicity of compounds and their compatibility to normal vaginal flora, respectively. RESULTS Compounds DSE-36 and DSE-37 exhibited a strong spermicidal activity [minimum effective concentration (MEC) = 0.002%], which was approximately 25 times more potent than that of N-9 and Sapindus saponins (MEC = 0.05%). As compared with surfactants, DSE-36 and DSE-37 were found to be safer at MEC towards the growth and survival of Lactobacilli and HeLa cells in vitro and to have a milder effect on sperm plasma membrane. At EC(50) both induced apoptosis in sperm cells as characterized by increased labelling with Annexin-V and decreased polarization of sperm mitochondria. CONCLUSION Preliminary studies have revealed that in sharp contrast to the non-specific surfactant action of N-9, DSE-36 and DSE-37 have a highly potent, mechanism-based, detrimental action on human sperm. The unique ability of these non-detergent molecules to selectively kill sperm and spare Lactobacilli and HeLa cells at MEC values much lower than that required for N-9 indicates their potential as superior ingredients for formulation into microbicidal contraceptives.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Jain
- Division of Endocrinology, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Padesh, India
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Kiran Kumar STVS, Sharma VL, Kumar M, Shukla PK, Tiwari P, Jain RK, Maikhuri JP, Singh D, Gupta G, Singh MM. Synthesis of benzenepropanamine analogues as non-detergent spermicides with antitrichomonas and anticandida activities. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:6593-600. [PMID: 16793275 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2006] [Revised: 06/01/2006] [Accepted: 06/02/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Fifteen analogues of benzenepropanamine were synthesized and evaluated for their spermicidal as well as microbicidal activities against Trichomonas vaginalis and Candida spp. Several compounds showed appreciable dual activities. Compound 12 exhibited good spermicidal (MEC=0.1%) along with substantial anticandidal (MIC=0.05%) activities, while compounds 3 and 6 showed significant microbicidal activities with moderate spermicidal effect. The SAR of these structures is being discussed here in this communication. It is concluded that suitable structural modifications in this class of compounds at 3-amino position may lead to a potent spermicide with associated microbicidal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S T V S Kiran Kumar
- Division of Medicinal and Process Chemistry, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226001, India
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27
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Kumar VSK, Sharma VL, Tiwari P, Singh D, Maikhuri JP, Gupta G, Singh MM. The spermicidal and antitrichomonas activities of SSRI antidepressants. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:2509-12. [PMID: 16464584 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.01.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2005] [Revised: 01/17/2006] [Accepted: 01/20/2006] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The study investigated spermicidal and antitrichomonas activities of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressants with a view to generate new lead for development of dual-function spermicidal microbicides, which is an urgent global need. Fluoxetine, Sertraline, and Fluvoxamine exhibited both spermicidal and anti-STI (antitrichomonas) activities in vitro, whereas Paroxetine and Citalopram showed only the spermicidal activity. Fluoxetine exhibited better activity profile than the other antidepressant drugs with its spermicidal and antitrichomonas activities being comparable to that of the OTC contraceptive Nonoxynol-9. The non-detergent nature of Fluoxetine and a much lower spermicidal ED50 value (than N-9) may add considerably to its merit as a candidate for microbicidal contraceptive. Thus, the antidepressants exhibiting both spermicidal and antitrichomonas activities might provide useful lead for the development of novel, dual-function spermicidal contraceptives.
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Affiliation(s)
- V S Kiran Kumar
- Division of Medicinal and Process Chemistry, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow-226001, India
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