Full-thickness cervix reconstruction via collagen scaffolds in rabbits

Congenital deficiency or extensive cervical injury leads to female genital tract obstruction and cervical laxity, resulting in infertility or miscarriage. Current clinical approaches could be conducted to restore the continuity of cervix. However, full-thickness and large-scale cervical regeneration with complete structural and functional restoration have not been reported. In this study, we fabricated a double-layered collagen membrane (CM) scaffold based on decellularized extracellular matrix. Each layer was adapted to support the growth of epithelial cells and stromal cells, respectively. Further, the thickness and folded "sandwich" structure were tailored to match the cervical structure. When transplanted into rabbit full-thickness and total ectocervix excision models, only CM scaffold groups enabled the regeneration of neo-ectocervix tissue, including epithelium, stroma and muscular layers after 3 and 6 months. The neo-ectocervix regenerated by CM scaffolds exhibited significantly higher expression of secretory glands and estrogen receptors, more secretion of neutral and acidic mucins, showing functional maturity of regenerated epithelium. Notably, CM scaffolds supported the regeneration of stroma and muscular layers. The mechanical strength of neo ectocervix was comparable to that of normal ectocervix. CM scaffolds demonstrate good biocompatibility, support different cell growth, and enhance superior regeneration of epithelium, stromal and muscular tissue, confirming its construction capacity as new strategies for addressing cervical deficiency and damage.

Misdiagnosis of Herlyn-Werner-Wunderlich syndrome combined with pelvic mesothelial cyst: a case report

Herlyn-Werner-Wunderlich syndrome (HWWS) combined with pelvic mesothelial cyst is a rare condition that can be easily misdiagnosed. Our center presents a case study of this disease to provide clinicians with valuable insights for accurate diagnosis and treatment. A 12-year-old girl initially received a misdiagnosis of left lower abdominal ectopic kidney hydronephrosis based on B-ultrasound and renography due to intermittent abdominal pain. However, surgical exploration revealed the correct diagnosis of HWWS with pelvic mesothelial cyst. Postoperative pathology confirmed the presence of a mesothelial cyst in the pelvis. Once the diagnosis was confirmed, the patient was transferred to an adult gynaecology department for further treatment. Two months later, during follow-up via telephone, it was reported that the patient had successfully recovered after undergoing transvaginal oblique septum resection. This case report provides detailed information on the diagnostic process, treatment procedures, and examination results, serving as a valuable reference for clinical practitioners dealing with HWWS combined with pelvic mesothelial cysts while reducing the risk of misdiagnosis and mistreatment.

Müllerian anomalies and endometriosis: associations and phenotypic variations

Müllerian anomalies are congenital conditions characterized by the incomplete development of the female reproductive tract. Women affected by Müllerian anomalies often display additional malformations of the renal, skeletal, and cardiovascular system, and are at a higher risk for infertility and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Several Müllerian anomalies have been reported in association with endometriosis, but it is unclear if all classes or anatomical variations are associated with the disease. Most importantly, both Müllerian anomalies and endometriosis can manifest with a wide degree of variability, adding further complexity to their poorly defined relationship. Retrograde menstruation occurring in obstructive Müllerian anomalies is a well-accepted mechanism for the development of endometriosis. However, endometriosis can occur following surgical correction of the anomaly or in the absence of obstruction. This suggests that other mechanisms may be involved, although the specific pathogenesis remains elusive. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the current state of clinical research on endometriosis in Müllerian anomalies. This review also highlights research and knowledge gaps, informing the development of future experimental designs to address current limitations including heterogeneity of phenotypes, variable comorbidities, and lack of genetic information.

Accessory Cavitated Uterine Malformation (ACUM): An Underdiagnosed, Treatable Cause of Dysmenorrhea

An uncommon and recently identified Müllerian anomaly is the accessory cavitated uterine mass (ACUM). It is distinguished by the presence of a noncommunicating auxiliary cavity inside the uterus, located near and surrounded by uterine smooth muscle, and bordered by functioning endometrium beneath the round ligament's insertion, with a perfectly healthy uterus, ovaries, tubes, and cavity. Given that it is a congenital ailment with a persistent Müllerian duct at the level of the round ligament, primarily resulting from gubernaculum dysfunction, it usually manifests clinically as childhood dysmenorrhea in girls. With a wide spectrum of differential diagnoses, including cystic adenomyoma, myoma, and adenomyosis, ACUM is an uncommon but treatable cause of severe dysmenorrhea and chronic pelvic pain in young girls. While MRI is quite accurate in diagnosing ACUM, it requires a high level of suspicion due to various differential diagnoses, even though ultrasonography can identify ACUM with ease. Similar entities have been misidentified or described in the past as adenomyoma (i.e., existence of histological organization similar to the uterus), cavitated uterus, and cystic adenomyoma (locally confined to myometrium), and myoma (resembles a lump inside the uterus). These are currently all believed to represent ACUM. In this case study and retrospective analysis, we emphasize the unique clinical presentation and care of an imaging discovery of ACUM in a 16-year-old girl.

Clinical and Imaging Characteristics of Herlyn-Werner-Wunderlich Syndrome: a Comprehensive Analysis

PURPOSE

To describe the clinical and imaging characteristics of Herlyn-Werner-Wunderlich syndrome (HWWS).

METHODS

This study presented an observational case series involving consecutive patients diagnosed with HWWS, whose medical records were retrospectively reviewed. From June 2012 to December 2022, there were a total of 85 patients with HWWS enrolled in our study. We obtained the medical history, including demographic characteristics, clinical presentation, treatment, complications, and radiologic examinations performed. Patients > 18 years of age (n = 58) were recontacted.

RESULT

In our analysis, 27 patients were categorised as having complete obstruction, and 58 were categorised as having incomplete obstruction. The mean age at the onset of symptoms and diagnosis of complete obstruction was significantly younger than incomplete obstruction (P < 0.05). For complete obstruction, the median time between menarche and the onset of symptoms was 2.1 years, while for incomplete obstruction, it was 5.3 years. There was a significantly lower incidence of intermittent mucopurulent discharge, irregular vaginal haemorrhage, and occasional examination findings of complete obstruction than incomplete obstruction (P < 0.05). Complete obstruction was significantly associated with dysmenorrhea and pelvic endometriosis compared with incomplete obstruction (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

There are distinct clinical differences between patients with complete obstruction of the hemivagina and those with incomplete obstruction. HWWS can manifest as various combinations of uterine anomalies, communications anomalies, and renal anomalies. Early recognition and treatment can avoid complications and preserve fertility.

KEYSWORDS

Herlyn-Werner-Wunderlich syndrome (HWWS); complete obstruction; incomplete obstruction; obstructed hemivagina; congenital malformation.

Assisted reproductive technology outcomes in women with congenital uterine anomalies: a systematic review

PURPOSE

The present systematic review aimed to assess the fecundity of women with congenital uterine anomalies (CUAs) undergoing assisted reproductive technology (ART).

METHODS

The present systematic review of the literature was reported according to the PRISMA guidelines. We systematically searched PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase and Scopus, from database inception to 17th October 2023. Studies were deemed eligible only if they included women with CUAs clearly fitting into one of the categories of the ASRM Müllerian anomalies classification 2021.

RESULTS

Data relevant to the reproductive outcomes of women with CUAs who underwent ART were extracted from 55 studies. Regarding Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser (MRKH) syndrome, studies on gestational surrogacy reported a live birth rate (LBR) ranging from 37 to 54%. Uterus transplant, although still experimental, showed promising results. Most studies reported a negative impact of unicornuate uterus and partial or complete septate uterus on both the miscarriage rate (MR) and the live birth rate (LBR). The reproductive prognosis of women with unicornuate uterus was shown to be particularly poor in case of twin pregnancy. Uterus didelphys, bicornuate and arcuate uterus seem not to negatively impact the ART reproductive outcomes. Uterus didelphys was associated with an increased risk of preterm birth (PTB), cesarean section and low birth weight (LBW).

CONCLUSION

Women with CUAs should be informed regarding the impact (if any) of their congenital anomaly on both the chances of success of ART and on pregnancy-related complications. Elective single embryo transfer (eSET) should always be the first choice in patients with an increased baseline obstetric risk.

Vaginal clear cell adenocarcinoma in Herlyn-Werner-Wunderlich syndrome: A case report

BACKGROUND

Herlyn-Werner-Wunderlich (HWW) syndrome is a rare Müllerian duct anomaly, characterized by a combination of urogenital abnormalities. The occurrence of primary cervico-vaginal carcinomas in patients with HWW syndrome is exceptionally rare, posing significant challenges for screening, early diagnosis, and effective management.

CASE SUMMARY

We report a rare case of primary clear cell carcinoma of the vagina complicated in a 40-year-old woman with HWW syndrome. The patient presented with irregular vaginal bleeding for 4 years. On gynecological examination, an oblique vaginal septum was suspected. Surgical resection of the vaginal septum revealed a communicating fistula and a tumor on the left vagina and the left side of the septum, which was confirmed as clear cell carcinoma. One month later, she underwent a radical hysterectomy, vaginectomy, bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, and pelvic lymph node dissection. Due to significant side effects, she completed only one course of chemotherapy. A year later, lung metastasis was detected and continued to grow. A thoracoscopic wedge resection of the right upper lobe was performed 4 years after the initial surgery. We also conducted a systemic review of the literature on primary cervical or vaginal carcinoma in HWW syndrome to explore this rare entity.

CONCLUSION

Cervico-vaginal adenocarcinomas in patients with HWW syndrome are occult, and require early surgical intervention and regular imaging surveillance.

Gynecologic and Obstetric Pathologies from Birth to Menopause: Unveiling the Journey and Charting the Future

Gynecologic and obstetric pathologies encompass a vast array of conditions that affect women's health throughout their lives [...].

Comparing the Diagnostic Efficacy of 3D Ultrasound and MRI in the Classification of Müllerian Anomalies

BACKGROUND

Müllerian anomalies significantly impact female reproductive health. This study aims to compare the diagnostic efficacy of three-dimensional ultrasound (3D-US) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in detecting and classifying these anomalies.

METHODS

A retrospective analysis of 150 patients with Müllerian anomalies was conducted at Saveetha Medical College and Hospital from March 2018 to March 2024. MRI and 3D-US examinations were performed and analyzed independently by two radiologists. Anomalies were classified according to European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology (ESHRE)/European Society for Gynaecological Endoscopy (ESGE) and American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM) guidelines.

RESULTS

The septate uterus was the most prevalent anomaly, observed in 53 patients (35.3%). MRI demonstrated superior diagnostic accuracy (AUC 0.92) compared to 3D-US (AUC 0.88). Significant associations were found between presenting symptoms and specific anomaly types (p < 0.05). Inter-rater reliability between the two radiologists, with respect to classification of anomalies, was high (Cohen's kappa 0.85).

DISCUSSION

MRI's superior soft-tissue contrast and multiplanar capabilities make it the gold standard for evaluating complex uterine malformations. 3D-US offers valuable real-time imaging and is particularly effective in assessing septum characteristics. The combined use of MRI and 3D-US enhances diagnostic precision and facilitates tailored management strategies.

CONCLUSION

Integrating MRI and 3D-US in clinical practice improves diagnostic accuracy and treatment planning for Müllerian anomalies, ultimately enhancing patient outcomes.

Australasian Recurrent Pregnancy Loss Clinical Management Guideline 2024 Part I

Guidelines for the investigation and management of recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) have been developed in Europe, USA and UK, but there is currently no Australasian guideline. The Australasian Certificate of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility Consensus Expert Panel on Trial Evidence group has prepared a two-part guideline to provide guidance on the management of RPL. In Part I chromosomal, anatomical, and endocrine factors are outlined along with relevant recommendations for clinical management, levels of evidence and grades of consensus. In Part II thrombophilia, autoimmune factors, infective, inflammatory, and endometrial causes, environmental and lifestyle factors, male factor and unexplained causes will be outlined.

Laparoscopic Uterine Preservation and Vaginal Reconstruction in a 13-Year-Old Girl with Uterus Didelphys, Bilateral Vesicovaginal Fistulas, and Transverse Vaginal Septum

BACKGROUND

Complex female genital tract malformations account for 1.2% of all female genitourinary malformations. Although exceedingly rare, they can cause severe gynecologic symptoms in young women and lead to fertility problems.

CASE

We present the case of a 13-year-old girl with primary amenorrhea referred for cyclic abdominal lower pain and menouria. Detailed diagnostics revealed uterus didelphys, transverse vaginal septum, and bilateral vesicovaginal fistulas. Laparoscopic left hemi-hysterectomy and salpingectomy were performed. The vesicovaginal fistula on the right side was excised, and the proximal vagina was anastomosed with the distal dimple. Since the operation, the patient has been pain-free and menstruating regularly from the right uterus.

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

Preservation of the uterus should be considered in any case of complex female genital tract malformation and, as successful laparoscopic treatment advocates, a minimally invasive approach is feasible.

Hemihysterectomy in a patient with uterus didelphys, vaginal septum and ipsilateral renal agenesis: A case report and literature review

Uterus didelphys is a rare Müllerian anomaly, often diagnosed during menarche or in women with a personal history of infertility and/or recurrent pregnancy loss. Its association with other genitourinary anomalies is frequent and may determine the existence of established syndromes. This case report refers to a 13-year-old female patient diagnosed with OHVIRA syndrome (Obstructed Hemivagina with Ipsilateral Renal Agenesis), a condition wherein the presence of a didelphic uterus is associated with hemivagina obstruction and ipsilateral renal agenesis. The patient presented with cyclic pelvic pain, related to the presence of hematocolpos and hematometra, which persisted despite several surgical approaches, including vaginal septum excision and correction of cervical stenosis. The recurrence of the condition indicated exploratory laparotomy, revealing two hemi-uteri and two uterine cervixes, with hematometra on the right. A subtotal hemihysterectomy was performed on the right. Post-procedure, the patient developed with regular menstrual cycles and improvement of pelvic pain complaints. Given the limited prevalence and low index of suspicion, the potential requirement for surgical intervention and its potential impact on reproductive future, diagnosing and treating OHVIRA syndrome and other Müllerian anomalies poses notable challenges in clinical practice. Hence, sharing different therapeutic approaches of a rare diagnosis with the scientific community is of paramount importance to aid in early diagnosis and effective management of similar clinical cases.

Applicability and Suitability of the Embryological-Clinical Classification of Female Genital Malformations: A Systematic Review

Complex urogenital malformations are clinically highly relevant; thus, they must be appropriately diagnosed and classified before initiating treatment. Background/Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the applicability and suitability of the embryological-clinical classification of female genital malformations. Methods: A systematic review of cases of genital malformations reported in the literature from 2000 to 2020 was conducted. Case reports and series with the following combinations: "female genital tract" AND (malformation OR anomaly OR müllerian anomaly OR uterine anomaly OR cervical anomaly OR vaginal anomaly OR cloacal anomaly OR urogenital sinus); and "female genital tract" AND (renal agenesis OR ectopic ureter) were searched. A total of 3124 articles were identified, of which 824 cases of genital malformation were extracted. The characteristics of each malformation were included in a database for further analyses. Results: Using the embryological-clinical classification, 89.9% of the published cases and 86.5% of the 52 cases defined as unclassifiable by their authors have been classified in this review. In 73 cases (72.2%), the classification of the malformation using the AFS system was incomplete because although the type of uterine anomaly of the AFS classification matched that of the embryological-clinical classification, characteristics of the urinary system or the vagina were overlooked when using the AFS system. Following a dispersion matrix, we have been able to show that the embryological-clinical classification system is able to classify and subclassify the genitourinary malformations more accurately. Conclusions: The applicability of the embryological-clinical classification has been confirmed after classifying most of the cases of genital malformation previously published. This system also provides a more complete and accurate classification than other classifying systems exclusively based on Müllerian duct development or uterovaginal parameters, demonstrating its suitability.

Unilateral Genital Tract Obstruction with Ipsilateral Renal Anomaly Syndrome: Classification, Clinical Manifestations, and Precise Diagnose

Purpose

To recommend the classification of unilateral genital tract obstruction with ipsilateral renal anomaly (UGTOIRA) syndrome into five types based on the site of obstruction, and to analyze the clinical manifestations and precise diagnosis of the syndrome.

Methods

The data, including demographic characteristics, symptoms, and precise diagnoses from 59 patients over the last decade, were retrospectively analyzed. Data analysis was conducted using the statistical software package SPSS 26.0.

Results

All 59 patients diagnosed with UGTOIRA syndrome were classified into five types based on the site of obstruction: Type I (vaginal obstruction) (45, 76.3%), Type II (cervicovaginal obstruction) (7, 11.9%), Type III (cervical obstruction) (3, 5.1%), Type IV (unilateral partial cervical aplasia) (3, 5.1%), and Type V (Unilateral isthmus atresia) (1, 1.7%). Of these cases, there were 34 cases (57.6%) with communication and 25 cases (42.4%) without communication between the left and right genital tracts. The chief complaints included dysmenorrhea alone in 28 cases (47.5%), dysmenorrhea accompanied by blood dripping after menstruation in 12 cases (20.3%), blood dripping after menstruation alone in 14 cases (23.7%), purulent vaginal secretions in one case (1.7%), vaginal pain in one case (1.7%), irregular menstruation in one case (l.7%), and infertility in two cases (3.4%). The precise diagnostic criteria include the affected side, abnormalities in the kidney and ureter, the site of obstruction, the location of blood accumulation, the size of the ipsilateral genital tract, whether there is communication and its site, the type based on the site of obstruction, and the presence and type of complications.

Conclusion

This classification of UGTOIRA syndrome encompasses the anatomical features of all cases reported in our study. Only by fully understanding the anatomical characteristics of this syndrome and identifying its clinical manifestations can clinicians make precise diagnoses as early as possible and provide individualized management.

Clinical features and management of women with Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser syndrome in a Thai population

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to describe the clinical features, associated extragenital anomalies, and management of Mayer- Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser (MRKH) syndrome in a Thai population.

METHODS

This retrospective study analyzed the medical records of 96 patients with MRKH syndrome diagnosed and treated at a university hospital and tertiary referral center in southern Thailand between 2000 and 2022.

RESULTS

The study included 96 patients with MRKH syndrome. The most common symptom was primary amenorrhea (88.5%), followed by difficulty or inability to engage in sexual intercourse (9.4%) and pelvic mass (2.1%). Notably, 80.3% of the patients did not have extragenital malformations and were diagnosed with MRKH type I (typical form), whereas 19.7% were categorized as MRKH type II (atypical form). Skeletal malformations were the most frequent extragenital anomalies and were present in 19.5% of patients, with scoliosis being the most common skeletal condition. Other extragenital malformations included renal (8.5%) and neurological (1.0%) abnormalities. Clinical vaginal examination revealed complete atresia in 21.8% and vaginal hypoplasia (median vaginal length, 3 cm) in 78.2% of the patients. Half of the patients did not receive treatment because they had not engaged in sexual intercourse. In this cohort, 41.7% of the patients had no difficulty performing sexual intercourse. Hence, self-dilation therapy or concomitant dilation was recommended. Only eight patients (8.3%) underwent surgical reconstruction of the vagina.

CONCLUSION

This study confirmed the complexity and heterogeneity of the phenotypic manifestations of MRKH, including the degree of vaginal atresia and types and rates of associated malformations.

Pregnancy Outcomes in Patients with Obstructed Hemivagina Ipsilateral Renal Agenesis

STUDY OBJECTIVE

Obstructed hemivagina with ipsilateral renal agenesis (OHVIRA) is a rare congenital Müllerian anomaly. We sought to explore the impact of OHVIRA on pregnancy outcomes.

METHODS

A retrospective chart review identified 8 patients with an OHVIRA diagnosis and at least 1 documented pregnancy. Data collected included demographic characteristics, age at diagnosis and repair, gynecologic history, and pregnancy outcomes. Descriptive analysis was performed.

RESULTS

Twenty-three pregnancies were identified among the 8 patients (range 1-5 pregnancies per patient), resulting in 9 term births, 6 preterm births, and 8 first-trimester spontaneous abortions. The most common pregnancy complications were fetal growth restriction (2/15) and preeclampsia with severe features (2/15). The average gestational age at delivery was 37 2/7 weeks; however, 60% (9/15) of live births were at term. Two patients delivered after going into preterm labor, one of whom also had preterm premature rupture of membranes. Of the 15 live births, there were 10 cesarean deliveries, 4 vaginal deliveries, and 1 forceps-assisted vaginal delivery. Three patients (30%) underwent primary cesarean deliveries due to fetal malpresentation. Five live births were repeat cesarean deliveries, and 2 were unscheduled cesareans, at 34 and 36 weeks, due to preeclampsia with severe features.

CONCLUSION

This study is among the first to examine pregnancy outcomes in patients with OHVIRA. Among these patients, there were 23 total pregnancies, with higher incidences of spontaneous abortion, preterm birth, breech presentation, and cesarean delivery compared with the general population. This descriptive data set addresses a knowledge gap to help clinicians more effectively advise patients with OHVIRA about pregnancy outcomes.

Accessory and cavitated uterine masses: a case series and review of the literature

Objectives

The purpose of this study is to report nine patients of young women who underwent a surgical treatment of an accessory and cavitated uterine mass (ACUM) in our hospital between 2014 and 2022 and review all cases described in the literature.

Material and methods

The principal outcomes measured are the imaging techniques used to determine the diagnosis, the type of surgery used and the post-operative evolution of symptoms. We also report and analyse the 79 patients found in the literature since 1996 in addition to our 9 patients.

Results

Surgical excision is the only long-lasting treatment. Small invasive surgery with laparoscopic access is the gold standard and most widely used (83.0%). Some new therapeutic procedures have been recently described of which ethanol sclerotherapy seems very promising. Post-operatively, 54.5% of patients have a complete relief of symptoms. MRI is the best imaging technique to identify ACUM. Finally, we refine the description of this pathology and give a more precise definition of it.

Conclusion

Through our literature review and the analysis of our cases, we want to underline an important diagnostic criterion of this pathology: the fallopian tube on the homolateral side of the ACUM never communicates with the latter. It is a capital element for differential diagnosis.

Partial bicorporeal uterus with unexpected cervical findings and a longitudinal obstructing vaginal septum - a case report

Mullerian duct anomalies are prevalent in 4-7% of the female population and come in many different shapes and forms. A lot of effort has already gone into trying to classify these anomalies, and some are still found that do not match any of the subcategories. We report a 49-year-old patient, presenting with abdominal pressure and recent onset of abnormal vaginal bleeding. A laparoscopic hysterectomy was performed, which revealed a U3a-C(?)-V2 mullerian anomaly with three cervical ostia. The origin of the third ostium remains unclear. Early and correct diagnosis of Mullerian anomalies is of the utmost importance to provide individually tailored care and to avoid unnecessary surgeries.

Obstructed hemivagina and ipsilateral renal agenesis (OHVIRA) syndrome: A case report

INTRODUCTION

Obstructed hemivagina and ipsilateral renal agenesis (OHVIRA) is a rare urogenital malformation. The clinical symptoms of OHVIRA include uterine morphology abnormality, persistent vaginal discharge, and renal anomaly or agenesis. Delayed diagnosis can lead to complications, such as pelvic inflammatory disease, adhesion to the oviduct, and endometriosis.

PRESENTATION OF CASE

We report the case of a 12-year-old girl who presented with severe dysmenorrhea and abnormal vaginal discharge. The patient was diagnosed with OHVIRA based on magnetic resonance imaging findings. The patient underwent combined transvaginal and laparoscopic surgery for drainage of hematocolpos and adhesiolysis of the pelvic cavity. The patient had an uncomplicated recovery and normal menstrual cycle after surgery.

DISCUSSION

OHVIRA is a rare syndrome, of which delayed diagnosis may result in the development of endometriosis.

CONCLUSION

We report that a combined laparoscopic and transvaginal approach was useful for treating OHVIRA with oviductal hematoma.

Urogenital sinus malformation: From development to management

Urogenital sinus (UGS) malformation, also known as persistent urogenital sinus (PUGS), is a rare congenital malformation of the urogenital system. It arises when the urethra and vaginal opening fail to form properly in the vulva and fuse incorrectly. PUGS can occur as an isolated abnormality or as part of a complex syndrome, and is frequently associated with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). The management of PUGS is not well-established, and there are no standardized guidelines on when to perform surgery or how to follow up with patients over the long term. In this review, we discuss the embryonic development, clinical evaluation, diagnosis, and management of PUGS. We also review case reports and research findings to explore best practices for surgery and follow-up care, in hopes of increasing awareness of PUGS and improving patient outcomes.

Septum Resection Prior to In Vitro Fertilization-Embryo Transfer: A Retrospective Controlled Study

OBJECTIVES

To investigate the effectiveness of surgery for septate uterus in infertile patients before in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer (IVF-ET).

METHODS

The data of 937 infertile patients with septate uterus and achieved singleton pregnancy after IVF-ET from January 2014 to December 2015 were retrospectively analyzed. Thousand five hundred seventy-eight infertile patients with a normal uterus who achieved singleton pregnancy during the same period were selected as the control group. Patients with septate uterus were divided into two groups according to whether the septum was resected. The pregnancy and perinatal outcomes of the surgical group and the nonsurgical group were compared with the control group. The secondary infertility patients who were surgically corrected septa were also chosen as self-controls and an analysis was performed on their fertility outcomes pre- and post-surgery.

RESULTS

Compared with the control group, the surgical group had increased rates of early miscarriage, preterm delivery, and low birthweight and a significantly reduced live birth rate (P < .05). The outcomes of the nonsurgical and control groups were similar. Using secondary infertility patients who were surgically corrected septa as self-controls, after surgery, the rates of miscarriage and ectopic pregnancy were significantly lower and the live birth rate was significantly higher (P ≤ .001); however, perinatal mortality was not significantly different before and after surgery.

CONCLUSIONS

Patients with a septum depth greater than 10 mm or 5-10 mm associated with a history of unexplained recurrent miscarriage, IVF failure, or infertility might benefit from resection of the uterine septum with hysteroscopic metroplasty.

A woman with a normal uterus and duplicated cervices: A case report and review of a Müllerian anomaly

Müllerian duct anomalies (MDAs) are common and can lead to problems with menstrual flow, pregnancy, and fertility. This is a case report of a 21-year-old woman with an incidentally found bicollis uterus with vaginal septum, which challenges the previously held principles of embryology and further supports the current theories that explain these transitional forms of female reproductive anomalies. Due to the irregularity found during the physical examination, detailed imaging with magnetic resonance helped to delineate the anatomy of the reproductive system and genitourinary (GU) tract, uncovering and confirming the anatomical abnormality. Due to the concern for future implications, especially during pregnancy, surgical excision of the vaginal septum was performed. This unique anomaly bolsters a discussion on the outcomes and implications of these unknown rare anomalies in various settings.

MRI presentations of Müllerian duct anomalies in association with unilateral renal agenesis

AIM

To evaluate the presentations of Müllerian duct anomalies (MDAs) associated with unilateral renal agenesis (URA) on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

From 2014 to 2021, 92 patients with MDAs coexisting with URA who had undergone MRI were reviewed, and imaging patterns were analysed.

RESULTS

Based on the different imaging patterns, there were 74 cases of Herlyn-Werner-Wunderlich (HWW) syndrome (80.4%), nine cases of unicornuate uterus (10.9%), and nine cases of Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser (MRKH) syndrome (8.7%). In HWW syndrome, URA was ipsilateral to the vaginal or cervical obstruction. All the nine cases of unicornuate uterus were obstructive, and the most common subtype was unicornuate uterus with a non-communicating functioning rudimentary horn. The other two cases of unicornuate uterus with no rudimentary horn were obstructed due to cervical os obliteration, one of which was complicated with contralateral absent ovary. URA was contralateral to the unicornuate uterus in all cases. In MRKH syndrome, seven patients had bilateral rudiments and ovaries, all of which were unilaterally or bilaterally located above the pelvic brim, and URA was ipsilateral to the ectopic ovary in all cases. The other two patients had unilateral absent rudiment, ovary, and ipsilateral URA.

CONCLUSIONS

MRI presentations of URA-associated MDAs are diverse, with HWW syndrome being the most common form, followed by different patterns of unicornuate uterus and MRKH syndrome. An ectopic or absent ovary might be associated with URA in MRKH syndrome and unicornuate uterus.

Clinical Features and Prognostic Factors of Cervical Clear Cell Adenocarcinoma: A Retrospective Analysis of 74 Cases from a Tertiary Hospital

The retrospective study aimed to analyze the clinical characteristics, primary treatment, and prognosis of cervical clear cell adenocarcinoma in a tertiary referral center. The medical data of cervical clear cell adenocarcinoma patients treated in our institution between 1993 and 2020 were reviewed. Their clinical characteristics and information on treatment and follow-up were collected. Seventy-four cases were included. Six early-stage patients successfully preserved their fertility. Forty-five patients underwent a radical hysterectomy. Patients with pathological risk factors all received adjuvant treatment including chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and chemoradiation. Fifteen patients without risk factors underwent surveillance and five patients received adjuvant chemotherapy for poorly differentiated disease. Twenty cases had radiation for primary treatment. Six of them underwent surgery after chemoradiotherapy, and five had pathological residual disease, including three who had pathological risk factors. The median follow-up interval was 36 months, with a 3-year OS and PFS rate of 82.4% and 81.4%, respectively. No recurrence or death was observed in patients with fertility-sparing treatment. FIGO stage was prognostic factors of PFS (P = .001) and OS(P = .006) and lymph node status was that of PFS (P = .023). FIGO stage and lymph node status were prognostic factors for survival. Fertility-sparing treatment is a safe option for young patients in early stage. Early-stage patients without risk factors may benefit from postoperative surveillance. Occult tumor after chemoradiotherapy is common, and surgical resection is recommended when operable residual disease is detected.

Hysteroscopic metroplasty for the treatment of the dysmorphic uterus: A SWOT analysis

Introduction

Dysmorphic uterus or T-shaped uterus is an increasingly frequent diagnosis among the infertile population that has been associated to worse reproductive results. Hysteroscopic metroplasty is a safe and simple procedure that can improve the reproductive outcomes in this group of patients, although the benefits of this procedure remains controversial due to the lack of adequate scientific evidence.

Objective

To analyze the hysteroscopic metroplasty using the SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats) methodology.

Data sources

An electronic search from inception each database up to December 2021 including the following databases was conducted: PubMed-MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, The Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar.

Methods of study selection

Studies reporting outcomes of patients undergoing hysteroscopic metroplasty were included.

Tabulation

Not applicable.

Integration and Results

Clinical evidence from the included studies suggests an improvement in reproductive results after performing hysteroscopic metroplasty especially in women with recurrent pregnancy loss and previous infertility, but all of them have relevant methodological limitations. For this reason, benefits, risks and alternatives of this intervention should be considered with caution.

Conclusions

Evidence from published data shows a probable association between dysmorphic uterus and poor reproductive outcomes. Hysteroscopic metroplasty in patients with dysmorphic uterus could improve pregnancy outcomes, but there is need of properly designed prospective controlled studies to determine the benefits of this technique.

3D printing technique applied in vaginoplasty: A case report

Background

We present the first case report of the treatment of congenital vaginal atresia by 3D-printed patient-specific vaginal scaffold from China.

Case presentation

A 17-year-old female patient was referred to our department for treatment of congenital vaginal atresia and complications arising from previous failed operations. Pelvic examination was conducted to understand the morphological characteristics and severity of stenosis, and based on which we designed our prototypes of vaginal scaffold using software UG NX10.0. We finally obtained our patient-specific mold, which was 50 mm in length, 28 mm in diameter, 2 mm of thickness with a whole weight of 7.6 g, and it was made of polycaprolactone. After removing scar tissues caused by vaginal stenosis, an 8 cm long artificial tunnel was created, and then the polycaprolactone (PCL) vaginal mold was placed and sutured. The patient had no discomfort after surgery and was discharged 3 days after the surgery. Follow-up for 1 year after surgery, through hysteroscopy and colposcopy, it was found that the cervix was smooth, the vaginal wall was covered with stratified squamous epithelium, and the vaginal wall was soft and lubricated, which was close to a normal vagina. The incompletely absorbed mold was taken out one year after the operation. Hysteroscopy and colposcopy were performed one year and two years after the mold was taken out. The vagina was unobstructed and the length was about 12 cm. The appearance of the vaginal wrinkles was normal. The patient's quality of sexual life was good.

Conclusion

Our team tried to treat congenital vaginal atresia by 3D-printed patient-specific vaginal scaffold, which can effectively reduce patient complications and reduce patient pain. Through long-term follow-up, we found that this technique has achieved favorable results and improved the patient's quality of sexual life.

Preoperative MRI presentations of Herlyn-Werner-Wunderlich syndrome

Herlyn-Werner-Wunderlich (HWW) syndrome is a rare complex female urogenital anomaly, with diverse anatomical presentations. Due to obstruction, most patients with HWW syndrome need to be addressed surgically. The treatment strategy should be tailored to the different anatomical variants of each patient. Therefore, a detailed and comprehensive preoperative evaluation is needed. In this review, we describe the embryology and clinical manifestations of HWW syndrome and discuss and illustrate its diverse preoperative magnetic resonance imaging presentations to guide clinical treatment.

Clinical and Genetic Characteristics of a Cohort with Distal Vaginal Atresia

Distal vaginal atresia is a rare abnormality of female reproductive tract in which the vagina is closed or absent. The distal vagina may be replaced by fibrous tissue and the condition is often not diagnosed until a girl fails to begin having periods at puberty. Although it is a congenital disorder, potential genetic causes of distal vaginal atresia are still unknown. We recruited a cohort of 39 patients with distal vaginal atresia and analyzed their phenotypic and genetic features. In addition to the complaint of distal vaginal atresia, approximately 17.9% (7/39) of the patients had other Müllerian anomalies, and 17.9% (7/39) of the patients had other structural abnormalities, including renal-tract, skeletal and cardiac anomalies. Using genome sequencing, we identified two fragment duplications on 17q12 encompassing HNF1B and LHX1, two dosage-sensitive genes with candidate pathogenic variants, in two unrelated patients. A large fragment of uniparental disomy was detected in another patient, affecting genes involved in cell morphogenesis and connective tissue development. Additionally, we reported two variants on TBX3 and AXL, leading to distal vaginal atresia in mutated mouse model, in our clinical subjects for the first time. Essential biological functions of these detected genes with pathogenic variants included regulating reproductive development and cell fate and patterning during embryogenesis. We displayed the comprehensive clinical and genetic characteristic of a cohort with distal vaginal atresia and they were highly heterogeneous both phenotypically and genetically. The duplication of 17q12 in our cohort could help to expand its phenotypic spectrum and potential contribution to the distal vaginal atresia. Our findings of pathogenic genetic variants and associated phenotypes in our cohort could provide evidence and new insight for further research attempting to reveal genetic causes of distal vaginal atresia.

The Impact of Uterus Didelphys on Fertility and Pregnancy

Uterus didelphys occurs as a result of abnormal fusion of the paramesonephric ducts and is characterized by complete duplication of uterine horns, cervix, and very often also the vagina or presence of longitudinal vaginal septum. Most women with a uterus didelphys are asymptomatic; some cases may coincide with dyspareunia or dysmenorrhea. The anomaly is associated with a higher risk of miscarriage, preterm labor, breech delivery, and decreased live births. We present the case of a 26-year-old woman (primigravida) who was known to have uterus didelphys. The diagnosis was made when the patient was 23 years old using ultrasound and hysteroscopy. The patient became pregnant after 18 months of efforts. The patient was referred to prenatal care in the 13th week of pregnancy with vaginal bleeding. In the 23rd week of pregnancy, gestation cholelithiasis was diagnosed. The pregnancy progressed without obstetric complications and the fetus developed normally. Due to the vaginal septum and fact that the patient felt stressed, the pregnancy was terminated at term by cesarean section. We concluded that uterus didelphys can be asymptomatic making an early diagnosis difficult. A pregnancy belongs to a high-risk group and more attention should be paid to this case. Cesarean section should be considered, especially in case of the presence of vaginal septum.

Hydrometrocolpos in Infants: Etiologies and Clinical Presentations

Hydrometrocolpos (HMC) is a rare condition where fluids or secretions accumulate in the vagina (hydrocolpos) or up to the uterus (hydrometrocolpos). This case series study reports three infants with different etiologies and presentations of HMC and aims to review literature for proper workup upon initial diagnosis. The first neonate antenatally presented with a huge cystic mass. HMC secondary to imperforate hymen was proved, and hymenotomy was performed at 2 days of age. The second participant presented with persistent urogenital sinus and hematopoietic chimerism, possibly due to transfusion from her twin brother via placenta anastomoses. At 2 months of corrected age, she had difficult defecating, and sonogram revealed HMC with normal appearance of uterus and ovaries. Regular follow-ups and surgical reconstruction will be conducted before puberty. The third patient had cloacal malformation and multiple congenital anomalies at birth. Vesicovaginal fistula-related HMC was detected and managed with surgical drainage in the neonate stage. The girl began menstruation with dysmenorrhea at 12 years. The image studies demonstrated hematometrocolpos secondary to left-side hemivaginal septum, uterine didelphy, and ipsilateral renal agenesis, indicating Herlyn–Werner–Wunderlich syndrome. HMC can be diagnosed easily via sonogram. Careful external genitalia examinations help to identify persistent urogenital sinus or cloacal malformation. Occasionally, the HMC may be part of syndrome manifestations or associated with sex chromosome anomalies. Clinicians may conduct surveillance of renal, cardiac, and skeletal systems as well as chromosome study for early diagnosis and management.

Management of the congenital solitary kidney: consensus recommendations of the Italian Society of Pediatric Nephrology

In recent years, several studies have been published on the prognosis of children with congenital solitary kidney (CSK), with controversial results, and a worldwide consensus on management and follow-up is lacking. In this consensus statement, the Italian Society of Pediatric Nephrology summarizes the current knowledge on CSK and presents recommendations for its management, including diagnostic approach, nutritional and lifestyle habits, and follow-up. We recommend that any antenatal suspicion/diagnosis of CSK be confirmed by neonatal ultrasound (US), avoiding the routine use of further imaging if no other anomalies of kidney/urinary tract are detected. A CSK without additional abnormalities is expected to undergo compensatory enlargement, which should be assessed by US. We recommend that urinalysis, but not blood tests or genetic analysis, be routinely performed at diagnosis in infants and children showing compensatory enlargement of the CSK. Extrarenal malformations should be searched for, particularly genital tract malformations in females. An excessive protein and salt intake should be avoided, while sport participation should not be restricted. We recommend a lifelong follow-up, which should be tailored on risk stratification, as follows: low risk: CSK with compensatory enlargement, medium risk: CSK without compensatory enlargement and/or additional CAKUT, and high risk: decreased GFR and/or proteinuria, and/or hypertension. We recommend that in children at low-risk periodic US, urinalysis and BP measurement be performed; in those at medium risk, we recommend that serum creatinine also be measured; in high-risk children, the schedule has to be tailored according to kidney function and clinical data.

A New Case of Herlyn–Werner–Wunderlich Syndrome: Uterine Didelphys with Unilateral Cervical Dysgenesis, Vaginal Agenesis, Cervical Distal Ureteral Remnant Fistula, Ureterocele, and Renal Agenesis in a Patient with Contralateral Multicystic Dysplastic Kidney

The aim of this study was to present a new case of congenital Herlyn–Werner–Wunderlich syndrome, a rare anomaly of the female reproductive tract, and review the related literature. A 12-year-old girl presented with severe dysmenorrhea since menarche and magnetic resonance imaging showing a bicornuate uterus, double cervix, right hematometra, and hematosalpinx with ipsilateral renal agenesis, accompanied by a remnant distal ureter with hydroureter. A diagnostic cystoscopy and a reduced-port robot-assisted laparoscopy with chromopertubation were performed in order to identify the anomaly. Uterine didelphys and right cervical dysgenesis with ipsilateral vaginal agenesis, cervical distal ureteral remnant fistula, ureterocele, and renal agenesis were diagnosed on the basis of histopathologic findings, and she subsequently underwent a robotic unilateral right total hysterectomy with salpingectomy. This case report reinforces the importance of the intraoperative biopsy for an accurate diagnosis, despite magnetic resonance imaging being considered the gold-standard diagnostic tool.

Diagnosis and Therapy of Female Genital Malformations (Part 2). Guideline of the DGGG, OEGGG and SGGG (S2k Level, AWMF Registry Number 015/052, May 2019)

Objectives Female genital malformations may be present in the form of individual entities, they may involve neighboring organs or they may occur in the context of complex syndromes. Given the anatomical structures of the vulva, vagina, uterus and uterine appendages, the clinical picture of malformations varies greatly. Methods This S2k-guideline was developed by representative members from different medical specialties and professions as part of the guidelines program of the DGGG, SGGG and OEGGG. The recommendations and statements were developed and voted on using a structured consensus process with neutral moderation. Recommendations This guideline is the first comprehensive summary of female genital malformations from infancy to adulthood which covers clinical examinations, diagnostic workups and treatment options. Additional chapters have been included on complex urogenital malformations, vascular malformations, psychosomatic care, and tumor risk.

Usefulness of Endoscopy for Female Genital Plastic Surgery: A Series of 4 Cases with Genital Malformations

BACKGROUND Female genital plastic surgery is rare and requires specific patient anatomical information to successfully carry out the appropriate procedure for each female genital malformation. Performing endoscopic surgery can increase the amount of information intraoperatively. We report on our experience of proactively using endoscopy to obtain additional intraoperative information to perform the appropriate surgical procedure suited to each female genital malformation, and evaluate the usefulness of concurrent endoscopy for improved surgical outcomes. CASE REPORT In Case 1, an 18-year-old woman underwent colpoplasty for Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser syndrome using the laparoscopic Davydov procedure, wherein the pelvic peritoneum was precisely dissected using light from a laparoscope as a guide. In Case 2, a 25-year-old woman presented with suspected Wunderlich syndrome. Since the junction of the affected uterus with the normal uterus was unclear on preoperative imaging, we performed total hysterectomy of the affected uterus after identifying the anatomical structure by hysteroscopy. In Case 3, a 12-year-old girl with obstructed hemivagina and ipsilateral renal anomaly (OHVIRA) syndrome underwent transvaginal fenestration of the obstructed vaginal wall to prevent future menstrual molimen. Simultaneous hysteroscopy and laparoscopy allowed us to determine the location of a unilateral vaginal wall cyst and drain it safely. In Case 4, a 29-year-old woman had OHVIRA syndrome, and we conducted a laparoscope-based fenestration of the cervical canal safely and accurately. CONCLUSIONS Our series showed how, even for gynecological malformations without established standards for surgical procedure, a safe and minimally invasive surgery can be ensured if the amount of anatomical information is increased via endoscopy.

Unilateral Obstructed Müllerian Anomalies: A Series of Unusual Variants of Known Anomalies

BACKGROUND

Obstructed Müllerian anomalies in adolescents can be grouped into complete outflow obstruction or unilateral outflow obstruction. The challenge with unilateral obstructions is that diagnosis can be delayed for weeks to years, as menstruation occurs normally through the patent side and thus obstruction is often not initially considered in the differential diagnosis.

CASES

In this case series, we present 3 unusual and challenging cases of unilateral Müllerian obstructions in adolescent female patients, along with strategies for diagnosis and management. Each case involves a unique variation of a recognized Müllerian anomaly that was initially misdiagnosed, leading to a significant delay in definitive diagnosis and treatment.

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

These cases highlight that even among the well-described Müllerian anomalies, there can be unusual variations. Patients who do not respond to initial management or who develop new symptoms should be further evaluated to confirm the correct diagnosis Tools that may be helpful in making the correct diagnosis include imaging studies that use contrast dye to better delineate cavities and their connections, magnetic resonance imaging with a radiologist experienced in Müllerian anomalies, and an examination under anesthesia. A definitive diagnosis is critical to the successful management of these conditions, and individualized management plans are required for each patient depending on their specific anomaly and their preferences for treatment.

Comparison between prepubertal and postpubertal patients with obstructed hemivagina and ipsilateral renal anomaly syndrome

BACKGROUND

Obstructive hemivagina with ipsilateral renal anomaly (OHVIRA) syndrome is a rare, complex congenital anomaly with an unknown prevalence. However, case reports and small studies on OHVIRA syndrome have increased rapidly in the last 20 years, which may be related to increased use of imaging, surgical techniques, and prenatal sonography.

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to analyze and compare patients with OHVIRA syndrome diagnosed in the prepubertal and postpubertal periods to understand the disease characteristics and improve clinical management.

STUDY DESIGN

A retrospective cohort study was conducted including 65 patients with OHVIRA syndrome who were diagnosed between January 2004 and September 2018 at a tertiary university hospital.

RESULTS

Among the 65 patients, 44 patients were diagnosed with OHVIRA syndrome during the prepubertal period and 21 patients were diagnosed postpubertally. Compared with postpubertally diagnosed patients with OHVIRA syndrome, those diagnosed prepubertally were mostly asymptomatic at initial presentation (82% versus [vs.] 0%, P < 0.001), had a higher incidence of ectopic ureter (68% vs. 24%, P = 0.001), and presented with a higher incidence of multicystic dysplastic kidney (61% vs. 19%, P = 0.01). Approximately half of the patients with prepubertal OHVIRA syndrome (53%) showed spontaneous resolution of hemivaginal fluid within 5 years. Among the patients with postpubertally diagnosed OHVIRA syndrome, those in the pain-dominant group had a larger amount of hemivaginal fluid than those in the painless discharge-dominant group (54% vs. 10%, P = 0.036). Superimposed infection of hemivaginal fluid was markedly present in the discharge-dominant group (9% vs. 75%, P = 0.006).

CONCLUSIONS

Clinical characteristics of patients with OHVIRA syndrome are altered based on the time of initial diagnosis. Follow-up and timely intervention should be proceeded accordingly.

Hysterolaparoscopy: A Gold Standard for Diagnosing and Treating Infertility and Benign Uterine Pathology

BACKGROUND

Combined hysteroscopy and laparoscopy is a valuable method for diagnosing and treating infertility and benign uterine pathology. Both procedures are minimally invasive, reliable, and safe, with a low complication rate.

AIM

In this review, we expose the efficiency and safety of hysterolaparoscopy in the management of infertility and other benign uterine pathologies.

METHOD

We performed a systematic literature review on several databases: PubMed®/MEDLINE, PMC, Crossref.org, and Web of Science in the last 10 years.

INCLUSION CRITERIA

Women of reproductive age with primary or secondary infertility and/or benign uterine pathology.

EXCLUSION CRITERIA

pre-puberty, menopause, couple with male infertility.

CONCLUSION

Hysterolaparoscopy is a useful tool to assess infertility and simultaneously diagnose and treat pelvic and uterine lesions.

Herlyn-Werner-Wunderlich syndrome: A report of three cases in adolescents and adult woman

We report three cases with Herlyn-Werner-Wunderlich syndrome in adolescents and young female. The objective of this report was to describe the clinical presentation, ultrasound (US) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of Herlyn-Werner-Wunderlich syndrome. The three patients were 12, 13 and 34 years old, respectively. The reason for admission and clinical symptoms varied between the 3 patients, including menstrual cramps, vaginal bleeding, and dull pain in the hypogastric region. Nevertheless, the sonographic and MRI findings of all three cases were typical for HWWS, including didelphys uterus, obstructed hemivagina, and ipsilateral renal agenesis.

Imaging features of Robert's uterus: Case series of a rare Mullerian duct anomaly

The diagnosis of Mullerian duct anomaly is crucial because of strong association with infertility, endometriosis and miscarriage. Robert's uterus is a rare variant of septate uterus. Patients present with recurrent abdominal pain and severe dysmenorrhoea. Magnetic resonance imaging is the investigation of choice. In this case series, we present the imaging features of four such cases.

Renal agenesis-related genes are associated with Herlyn-Werner-Wunderlich syndrome

OBJECTIVE

To explore the genetic causes of Herlyn-Werner-Wunderlich syndrome (HWWS) using whole-exome sequencing.

DESIGN

Retrospective genetic study.

SETTING

Academic medical center.

PATIENT(S)

Twelve patients with HWWS.

INTERVENTION(S)

Whole-exome sequencing was performed for each patient. Sanger sequencing was used to confirm the potential causative genetic variants. In silico analysis and American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics guidelines were used to classify the pathogenicity of each variant.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S)

Rare sequence variants associated with müllerian duct development and renal agenesis were identified and included in subsequent analyses.

RESULT(S)

A total of 11 variants were identified in 10 of 12 patients (83.3%) and were considered to constitute a molecular genetic diagnosis of HWWS. These 11 variants were related to 9 genes: CHD1L, TRIM32, TGFBR3, WNT4, RET, FRAS1, FAT1, FOXF1, and PCSK5. All variants were heterozygous and confirmed by Sanger sequencing. The changes included one frameshift variant, one splice-site variant, and eight missense variants. All of the identified variants were absent or rare in Genome Aggregation Database East Asian populations. One of the 11 variants (9.1%) was classified as a pathogenic variant according to the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics guidelines, and 8 of the 11 variants (72.7%) were classified as variants of uncertain significance.

CONCLUSION(S)

To our knowledge, this is the first report of the genetic causes of HWWS. Renal agenesis-related genes, such as CHD1L, TRIM32, RET, and WNT4, may be associated with HWWS. Identification of these variants can not only help us understand the etiology of HWWS and the relationship between reproductive tract development and urinary system development, but additionally improve the level of genetic counseling for HWWS.

Herlyn-Werner-Wunderlich syndrome and its complications: A report of two cases and literature review

Herlyn–Werner–Wunderlich syndrome (HWWS) is a rare congenital malformation characterized by uterus didelphys, unilateral blind hemivagina, and ipsilateral renal agenesis. The obstructed vagina affects menstrual flow, leading to related clinical symptoms after menarche. However, the age of onset, initial symptoms, and clinical complications differ among patients owing to the different types of vaginal septum. Herein, we report 2 cases. The first case is of a 20-year-old woman who presented with fever; she was diagnosed with vaginitis and pelvic inflammation due to the vaginal septum with ostiole. The second case is of a 12-year-old girl who complained of abdominal pain; she was diagnosed as having pelvic inflammation, omentitis, and suppurative appendicitis due to the atretic vaginal septum.

Herlyn-Werner-Wunderlich Syndrome: A Case Report on a Congenital Uterine Anomaly With Literature Review

During fetal development, abnormalities during Mullerian duct formation can lead to varied types of uterine, cervical, or vaginal anomalies. Herlyn-Werner-Wunderlich Syndrome (HWWS) is a rare, congenital Mullerian duct anomaly characterized by the triad of uterine didelphys, obstructed hemi-vagina, and ipsilateral renal agenesis. If the diagnosis is delayed or missed, permanent sequalae such as chronic pain, infection, and infertility can result. This is a case of a 16-year-old woman with heavy vaginal bleeding and menstrual cramping in which sonography was used in the diagnosis of HWWS. Sonography plays a vital role in this diagnosis, as it is the most common initial imaging examination. For this reason, it is important that the characteristics of uterine anomalies, like HWWS, be recognized with sonography. It is important that this diagnosis is made early and treatment can be initiated to prevent irreversible complications.

Vaginal bleeding in a misdiagnosed Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser syndrome

The Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser (MRKH) syndrome, a spectrum of anomalies arising from incomplete development of the Müllerian ducts, is characterised by congenital aplasia of the uterus and upper part of the vagina, often in the absence of other phenotypical abnormalities. We report the case of a 13-year-old girl referred to our endocrinology unit after an incidental finding of uterine agenesis during laparoscopy to correct suspected ovarian torsion. Initial transabdominal ultrasonography found no uterus. Given her normal secondary sex characteristics, karyotype and hormone profile, MRKH syndrome was initially diagnosed. However, after vaginal bleeding compatible with menstruation, repeat transabdominal ultrasonography and MRI revealed a left-deviated unicornuate uterus.