[Research status of potential therapeutic targets for thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy]

Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) is an autoimmune eye disease that affects visual function and appearance, involving pathological remodeling processes of orbital tissue such as inflammatory reaction, oxidative stress, lipogenesis, and fibrosis. Current clinical first-line treatment options cannot be effective for all patients. This article summarizes the research on potential therapeutic targets of TAO at home and abroad in recent years, including receptor protein targets, immune cell targets, fat suppression targets, anti-fibrosis targets, transcription factor targets, and metabolic regulatory enzyme targets. Both non-natural compounds and natural compounds are introduced, with a view to providing clinical researchers with reference and ideas in the treatment of TAO and promoting the clinical application of new therapeutic drugs.

Mitigation effect of hesperidin on X-ray radiation-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction in Caco-2 cell monolayers

The tight junctions (TJs) and barrier function of the intestinal epithelium are highly sensitive to radiation. However, polyphenols can be used to reverse the effects of radiation. Here, we investigated the effects of hesperidin (hesperetin-7-rhamnoglucoside) on X-ray-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction in human epithelial Caco-2 monolayers. To examine whether hesperidin mitigated the effects of X-ray exposure (2 Gy), cell survival was evaluated and intestinal barrier function was assessed by measuring the transepithelial flux, apparent permeability coefficient (Papp), and barrier integrity. Hesperidin improved the survival of Caco-2 cell monolayers and attenuated X-ray exposure-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction. For fluorescein transport experiments, transepithelial flux and Papp of fluorescein in control group were significantly elevated by X-ray, but were restored to near control by 10 μM hesperidin pretreatment. Further, X-ray exposure decreased the barrier integrity and TJ interruption by reducing TJ-related proteins occludin and claudin-4, whereas cell monolayers pretreated with hesperidin before X-ray exposure were reinstated to control level. It was concluded that hesperidin treatment before X-ray exposure alleviated X-ray-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction through regulation of TJ-related proteins. These results indicate that hesperidin prevents and mitigates X-ray-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction.

X-ray radiation-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction in human epithelial Caco-2 cell monolayers

Radiation therapy and unwanted radiological or nuclear exposure, such as nuclear plant accidents, terrorist attacks, and military conflicts, pose serious health issues to humans. Dysfunction of the intestinal epithelial barrier and the leakage of luminal antigens and bacteria across the barrier have been linked to various human diseases. Intestinal permeability is regulated by intercellular structures, termed tight junctions (TJs), which are disrupted after radiation exposure. In this study, we investigated radiation-induced alterations in TJ-related proteins in an intestinal epithelial cell model. Caco-2 cells were irradiated with 2, 5, and 10 Gy and harvested 1 and 24 h after X-ray exposure. The trypan blue assay revealed that cell viability was reduced in a dose-dependent manner 24 h after X-ray exposure compared to that of non-irradiated cells. However, the WST-8 assay revealed that cell proliferation was significantly reduced only 24 h after radiation exposure to 10 Gy compared to that of non-irradiated cells. In addition, a decreased growth rate and increased doubling time were observed in cells irradiated with X-rays. Intestinal permeability was significantly increased, and transepithelial electrical resistance values were remarkably reduced in Caco-2 cell monolayers irradiated with X-rays compared to non-irradiated cells. X-ray irradiation significantly decreased the mRNA and protein levels of ZO-1, occludin, claudin-3, and claudin-4, with ZO-1 and claudin-3 protein levels decreasing in a dose-dependent manner. Overall, the present study reveals that exposure to X-ray induces dysfunction of the human epithelial intestinal barrier and integrity via the downregulation of TJ-related genes, which may be a key factor contributing to intestinal barrier damage and increased intestinal permeability.

[Research progress on the epidemiology and risk factors of dry eye in children]

The prevalence of dry eye in children is increasing with changes in the environment and the widespread use of electronic products. However, due to poor ability to express themselves and hidden symptoms of children, lack of understanding of dry eye in children, children with dry eye are likely to be misdiagnosed. Dry eye can seriously affect the quality of children's learning, life, vision and visual development. Therefore, it is urgent to raise awareness of clinical workers about dry eye in children, prevent the occurrence of related complications of dry eye, and avoid permanent visual damage to children. This review discusses and summarizes the epidemiology and common risk factors of children with dry eye, with the aim of improving doctors' understanding of dry eye in children.

Hesperidin enhances intestinal barrier function in Caco-2 cell monolayers via AMPK-mediated tight junction-related proteins

The intestinal epithelium is a single-cell layer on the mucosal surface that absorbs food-derived nutrients and functions as a barrier that protects mucosal integrity. Hesperidin (hesperetin-7-rhamnoglucoside) is a flavanone glycoside composed of the flavanone hesperetin and the disaccharide rutinose, which has various physiological benefits, including antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and antiallergic effects. Here, we used human intestinal Caco-2 cell monolayers to examine the effect of hesperidin on intestinal barrier function. Hesperidin-treated Caco-2 cell monolayers displayed enhanced intestinal barrier integrity, as indicated by an increase in transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and a decreased apparent permeability (P_app ) for fluorescein. Hesperidin elevated the mRNA and protein levels of occludin, MarvelD3, JAM-1, claudin-1, and claudin-4, which are encoded by tight junction (TJ)-related genes. Moreover, hesperidin significantly increased the phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), indicating improved intestinal barrier function. Thus, our results suggest that hesperidin enhances intestinal barrier function by increasing the expression of TJ-related occludin, MarvelD3, JAM-1, and claudin-1 via AMPK activation in human intestinal Caco-2 cells.

[A suspected case of delayed encephalopathy after acute hydrogen sulfide poisoning]

The main component of the gas in the fish storage tank is hydrogen sulfide. Hydrogen sulfide poisoning is a common occupational chemical poisoning among fishermen in summer, and acute hydrogen sulfide poisoning can manifest as toxic encephalopathy. This paper analyzes a patient with delayed encephalopathy suspected of acute hydrogen sulfide poisoning. The patient was unconscious for 18 days after waking up for 5 days after acute hydrogen sulfide poisoning. After waking up again, there were symptoms such as decreased limb muscle strength, ataxia, swallowing, dysarthria, and the clinical characteristics were significantly different from those of delayed encephalopathy caused by acute carbon monoxide poisoning, such as decreased cognitive function and damage to extrapyramidal system.

A New Case of Herlyn–Werner–Wunderlich Syndrome: Uterine Didelphys with Unilateral Cervical Dysgenesis, Vaginal Agenesis, Cervical Distal Ureteral Remnant Fistula, Ureterocele, and Renal Agenesis in a Patient with Contralateral Multicystic Dysplastic Kidney

The aim of this study was to present a new case of congenital Herlyn–Werner–Wunderlich syndrome, a rare anomaly of the female reproductive tract, and review the related literature. A 12-year-old girl presented with severe dysmenorrhea since menarche and magnetic resonance imaging showing a bicornuate uterus, double cervix, right hematometra, and hematosalpinx with ipsilateral renal agenesis, accompanied by a remnant distal ureter with hydroureter. A diagnostic cystoscopy and a reduced-port robot-assisted laparoscopy with chromopertubation were performed in order to identify the anomaly. Uterine didelphys and right cervical dysgenesis with ipsilateral vaginal agenesis, cervical distal ureteral remnant fistula, ureterocele, and renal agenesis were diagnosed on the basis of histopathologic findings, and she subsequently underwent a robotic unilateral right total hysterectomy with salpingectomy. This case report reinforces the importance of the intraoperative biopsy for an accurate diagnosis, despite magnetic resonance imaging being considered the gold-standard diagnostic tool.

[Navigation-guided nasal endoscopy for removal of the cavernous hemangioma of the orbital apex through the sphenoid approach]

Objective: To explore the feasibility of navigation-guided nasal endoscopy for removal of the cavernous hemangioma of the orbital apex through the sphenoid approach. Methods: Retrospective case series study. From May 2012 to December 2019, 12 patients (12 eyes) with imaging findings of cavernous hemangioma in the orbital apex were collected at the Eye Hospital Affiliated to Nanchang University, including 3 males and 9 females aged 32 to 59 years. All patients underwent navigation-guided sinusoscopy through the sphenoid approach to remove the cavernous hemangioma of the orbital apex (video attached). Changes of visual function and complications after operation were analyzed. Results: In 3 patients without visual impairment, the postoperative visual function was still normal. Among the remaining 9 patients with preoperative visual impairment, visual function was fully recovered in 3 patients after operation, was improved in 2 patients, and had no change in 4 patients. There were no complications in 3 of the 12 patients, and 9 patients had transient, mildly limited intraocular rotation with diplopia after operation, which all returned to normal within 1 month. Conclusion: Navigation-guided sinus endoscopy through the sphenoid approach is effective and feasible in the removal of the cavernous hemangioma of the orbital apex. (Chin J Ophthalmol, 2021, 57: 837-843).

[Role of CXCL12-CXCR4/CXCR7 signal axis in liver regeneration and liver fibrosis]

Chemokine CXC ligand 12 (CXCL12)-chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) signal axis is involved in the regulation of liver injury repair and the occurrence and development of liver fibrosis. In case of acute and chronic liver injury, the expression of CXCL12 is up-regulated to collect CXCR4-positive immune cells to migrate to the liver. The CXCL12-CXCR4 pathway participates in the occurrence of liver fibrosis by promoting the activation and proliferation of hepatic stellate cells. The emergence of small molecule inhibitors of CXCR4 makes this receptor an attractive target for anti-fibrosis therapy. At present, CXCR4 has been tried as an anti-fibrosis treatment targets for fibrosis of various organs, including pulmonary fibrosis and chronic pancreatitis. However, some studies have shown that simply blocking the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis cannot improve liver fibrosis and even aggravate liver injury. In recent years, with the discovery and understanding of CXCR7, another receptor of CXCR12, the counteracting role of CXCR4-promoting fibrosis pathway and CXCR7-promoting regeneration pathway in liver regeneration and liver fibrosis has been interpreted. Therefore, a full understanding of the regulatory mechanism of CXCL12-CXCR4/CXCR7 pathway, the development of corresponding targeted therapy research for liver disease, and the rebalancing of CXCR4 and CXCR7 are expected to become a new strategy for the liver fibrosis therapy.

[Prevalence of CYP2C19 gene mutations in patients with coronary heart disease and its biological activation effect in clopidogrel antiplatelet response]

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of CYP2C19 gene mutations on clopidogrel antiplatelet activity in the patients with coronary heart disease treated by percutaneous coronary intervention. Methods: Patients with coronary heart disease, who hospitalized in the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University from March 2011 to June 2019, and healthy individuals with matching genetic background, gender, and age as controls were included in this study. Basic clinical data were analyzed and blood samples of all research subjects were obtained for extraction of DNA, and Sanger first-generation sequencing method was used to detect CYP2C19 gene mutation from full exon and exon and intron junction. CYP2C19 gene variations in patients with coronary heart disease were compared with the 1000 Genomes Browse database and the sequencing results of healthy controls to determine whether the gene variation was a genetic mutation or a genetic polymorphism. After that, PolyPhen-2 prediction software was used to analyze the harmfulness of gene mutations to predict the effect of mutations on protein function. The same dose of CYP2C19 wild-type plasmid and the CYP2C19 gene mutant plasmids were transfected into human normal liver cells HL-7702. After transfection of 24 h, the expression of CYP2C19 protease in each group was detected. The liver S9 protein was incubated with clopidogrel, acted on platelets to detect the platelet aggregation rate and the activity of human vasodilator-activated phosphoprotein (VASP). Results: A total of 1 493 patients with coronary heart disease (59.36%) were enrolled, the average age was (64.5±10.4) years old, of which 1 129 were male (75.62%). Meanwhile, 1 022 healthy physical examination volunteers (40.64%) were enrolled, and the average age was (64.1±11.0) years old, of which 778 were male (76.13%). A total of 5 gene mutations of CYP2C19 gene were identified in 12 patients (0.80%), namely, 4 known mutations T130K (1 case), M136K (6 cases), N277K (3 cases), V472I (1 case) and one new mutation G27V (1 case), no corresponding gene mutation was found in healthy controls. It was found that T130K and M136K were probably damaging, G27V was possibly damaging, and N277K and V472I were benign mutations. In vitro, we demonstrated that the platelet aggregation rate of the M136K gene mutation group was 24.83% lower than that of the wild type (59.58% vs. 34.75%; P<0.05), and the phosphorylated VASP level was 23.0% higher than that of the wild type (1.0 vs. 1.23; P<0.05). However, the platelet aggregation rate and phosphorylated VASP level were similar between of G27V, T130K, N277K, V472I gene mutation groups and wild type group (P>0.05). Conclusions: In this study, 5 gene mutations are defined in patients with coronary heart disease, namely G27V, T130K, M136K, N277K, V472I. In vitro functional studies show that CYP2C19 gene mutation M136K, as a gain-of-function gene mutation, can enhance the activation of CYP2C19 enzyme on clopidogrel, thereby inhibiting the platelet aggregation rate.

Pancreatitis-associated protein-1 suppresses apoptosis in cerulein-stimulated pancreatic acinar cells in response to nuclear factor-kappa B activation

Pancreatitis is a disease for which there are numerous etiologies but no effective treatments. Although the expression of the pancreatitis-associated protein-1 (PAP-1) serves as a marker for the disease, its biological function is unknown. The present study was carried out to determine if PAP-1 performs a protective role against oxidative stress-induced pancreatic cell death. For this purpose, we used cerulein-stimulated pancreatic acinar AR42J cells as an experimental model of acute pancreatitis. First, we demonstrated that PAP-1 gene expression is increased by cerulein in a dose- and time-dependent manner. In parallel, the level of active nuclear factor kappaB (NF-κB) was found to be increased in cells treated with cerulein. To test whether activation of the oxidant-sensitive transcription factor NF-κB is mediated by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase, the primary source of reactive oxygen species, cerulein-stimulated NADPH oxidase activity was suppressed by using the NADPH oxidase inhibitor diphenyleneiodonium and, separately, by anti-sense oligonucleotides directed against NADPH oxidase subunits p22^phox and p47^phox. We observed that a decrease in NADPH oxidase activity resulted in decreased NF-κB activation and decreased PAP-1 gene expression. To determine whether the cerulein-induced NF-κB activation involves PAP-1 expression, cells were transfected to overexpress the MAD3 double-point IκBα mutant. In response, NF-κB activation and PAP-1 gene expression were decreased. Lastly, we observed that the cerulein-induced reduction in cell viability and increase in apoptosis are reversed by overexpression of PAP-1 in PAP-1-transfected cells. Taken together, these results support the postulate that PAP-1 inhibits cerulein-induced apoptosis in response to NADPH oxidase-mediated NF-κB activation in pancreatic acinar cells.

[Advances in the research and application of orbital blowout fracture repair material]

Orbital blowout fractures can easily lead to defects of the orbital wall. In order to restore the continuity of the bone wall and avoid a series of clinical symptoms caused by orbital contents herniation or incarceration, the site of the defect should be reconstructed. The effect of reconstruction depends on the choice of surgical plan and repair material. The typical materials for bone wall defect repair include bone sheet, high density porous polyethylene, titanium mesh, absorbable polymer, bioactive ceramics and tissue engineering bone. This paper reviews the research findings and application of material for repairing of orbital blowout fracture. (Chin J Ophthalmol, 2019, 55: 876-880).

Network Analysis of Y-STR in Six Ethnic Populations in Guangxi and Its Forensic Significances

Abstract

Objective To explore the distribution of genetic structure of Y-SNP and Y-STR genetic markers in different ethnic groups and its application in forensic science. Methods SNaPshot minisequencing was used to detect the polymorphisms of 12 Y-SNP loci in 439 males from 6 ethnic groups, including Guangxi Han, Guangxi Jing, Guangxi Miao, Guangxi Yao, Guangxi Zhuang and Guangxi Dong. DNATyperTM Y26 kit was used to multiplex-amplify 26 Y-STR loci. The PCR products were analyzed by 3130xl genetic analyzer. The network analysis of Y-STR haplotype under the same Y-SNP haplogroup was analyzed by Network 5.0 software. Results Six haplogroups defined by 12 Y-SNP loci were detected in 6 ethnic groups, and 362 haplotypes were detected in 26 Y-STR loci. The haplotype diversity was 0.996 6. In the C haplogroup, the samples from Guangxi Yao, Guangxi Zhuang and Guangxi Dong were clustered on different branches; in the O1 haplogroup, those from Guangxi Zhuang, Guangxi Miao and Guangxi Jing were relatively independent and clustered separately; in the O2 haplogroup, some samples from Guangxi Miao and Guangxi Yao were gathered in a cluster. Conclusion Based on the Y-STR network analysis of samples with identical haplogroup of Y-SNP, some ethnic groups can be preliminarily distinguished, which could be used to infer male suspects' ethnic group through detecting their genetic markers left in the crime scene.

Time-resolved laser-induced desorption spectroscopy (LIDS) for quantified in-situ hydrogen isotope retention measurement and removal from plasma facing materials

A laboratory scale laser induced thermal desorption spectroscopy system is developed and tested on tungsten-deuterium and titanium-deuterium codeposits, and its feasibility as a hydrogenic inventory measurement diagnostic is demonstrated over a range of retention values from 5 × 10¹⁹ m^-2 to 7 × 10²³ m^-2 for absorbed laser power densities as low as 8 MW m^-2. Codeposit layer samples are grown by magnetron sputtering and immersed in a weak argon rf plasma. A 1 kW fiber laser (λ = 1100 nm) heats the samples up to a peak surface temperature ranging from 900 to 1500 K using pulse widths of 0.5 and 1 s. Spectral line emission from Balmer series Dα and Hα from thermally desorbed deuterium and hydrogen, as well as line emission from argon, are monitored as a function of time using an optical spectrometer with maximum temporal resolution of 1 ms. To correct for wall recycling and pumping speed, and to accurately measure the time evolution of the laser-induced thermal desorption, the raw Dα signal is deconvolved with the system response function, which is obtained by injecting a short burst of D₂ to approximate an impulse. Calibration is done with a standard D₂ leak, and laser induced desorption spectroscopy deuterium retention values are found to be in good agreement with companion measurements made using conventional temperature programmed desorption on samples from the same codeposit batch.

[Computer-aided assessment of liver fibrosis progression in patients with chronic hepatitis B: an exploratory research]

Objective: To establish automatic liver fibrosis classification models by using traditional machine learning and deep learning methods and preliminaryly evaluate the efficiency. Methods: Gray scale ultrasound images and corresponding elastic images of 354 patients, 247 males and 107 females, mean age (54±12) years undergoing partial hepatectomy in Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University from November 2014 to January 2016 were enrolled in this study. By using traditional machine learning and deep learning methods, an automatic classification model of liver fibrosis stages (S0 to S4) were established through feature extraction and classification of ultrasound image data sets and the accuracy in different classification categories of each model were calculated, by using liver biopsy as the reference standard. Results: Pathological examination showed 73 cases in pathological stage S0, 40 cases in S1, 49 cases in S2, 41 cases in S3, and 151 cases in S4. The traditional machine classification model based on support vector machine (SVM) classifier and sparse representation classifier and the deep learning classification model based on LeNet-5 neural network, their accuracy rates in the two categories (S0/S1/S2 and S3/S4) were 89.8%, 91.8% and 90.7% respectively; the accuracy rates in the three categories (S0/S1 and S2/S3 and S4) were 75.3%, 79.4% and 82.8% respectively; the accuracy in the three categories (S0 and S1/S2/S3 and S4) were 79.3%, 82.7% and 87.2% respectively. Conclusions: Computer-aided assessment of liver fibrosis progression in patients with chronic hepatitis B has a high accuracy, and can achieve a more detailed classification. This method is expected to be applied in the non-invasive evaluation of liver fibrosis in patients with hepatitis B in clinical work in the future.

Abstract P3-08-12: PIK3CA mutations in breast cancer: Mutational landscape and clinical implications in ER+/HER2- subtype

Introduction: PIK3CA mutation is one of the most frequent genomic alterations in breast cancer. We evaluated PIK3CA mutational status including spatial and temporal heterogeneity, clinical characteristics and prognostic impact focused on ER+/HER2- subtype.

Methods: We performed targeted ultra-deep sequencing (CancerSCAN™) of breast cancer tissue in a prospective cohort. Burden of disease was assessed by metabolic tumor volume(MTV) in 18F-FDG-PET scan. Association with clinical characteristics or survival were tested in ER+/HER2- subtype, using Chi square test or Kaplan-Meier method.

Results: PIK3CA analyses were performed in 1274 breast cancer specimens from 1091 patients. 957 patients had early breast cancer. PIK3CA alterations were found in 397 patients(36.3%), and frequency of PIK3CA mutation was significantly lower in triple negative breast cancer(19.0%), compared with 40.4% in ER+/HER2-, 40.9% in ER+/HER2+, and 45.2% in ER-/HER2+ subtype(p&lt;0.0001). 158 patients had more than two biopsies. Among 92 patients with second biopsy within one month, 11%(10/92) had spatial heterogeneity of PIK3CA mutation. After neoadjuvant chemotherapy, 10%(3/30) of patients had change of PIK3CA mutational status. Serial biopsy at time of recurrence revealed loss or gain of PIK3CA mutation in 10 out of 59 patients (17%). In ER+/HER2- subtype, PIK3CA had a trend toward longer distant disease free survival without statistical significance. In patients with stage IV ER+/HER2- disease, PIK3CA hotspot mutations were associated with significant longer overall survival(OS) (71.0 vs. 37.8 months, p=0.048) and better progression free survival(PFS) at 1st line palliative treatment (37.7 vs. 9.4 months, p = 0.0004). Frequency of symptomatic recurrence, recurrence as oligometastases, and specific metastatic sites were not associated with PIK3CA mutational status, except that bone metastases at first distant metastases was less prevalent in patients with PIK3CA hotspot mutations(35.6% vs. 53.8% in PIK3CA wt, p=0.048). Metabolic tumor volume(MTV) at time of first distant metastases was not associated with presence of PIK3CA mutation.

Conclusion: We observed variations in PIK3CA mutational status in more than 10% of patients with &gt;1 repeated biopsy. In stage IV ER+/HER2- disease, PIK3CA hotspot mutation seemed to be associated with longer PFS and OS, however metabolic tumor burden was not associated with PIK3CA alterations.

Citation Format: Ahn HK, Park S, Hyun SH, Park K, Lee E, Kim J-Y, Nam SJ, Kim SW, Lee JE, Lee SK, Yu JH, Ahn JS, Im Y-H, Park YH. PIK3CA mutations in breast cancer: Mutational landscape and clinical implications in ER+/HER2- subtype [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2018 Dec 4-8; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P3-08-12.

Abstract P1-09-11: Prognostication of genetic alterations of ESR 1 in estrogen receptor positive metastatic breast cancers using targeted ultra-deep sequencing data analysis

Introduction: Genetic alteration of Estrogen Receptor 1(ESR1) gene have been associated with acquired endocrine resistance and occurred in about 20% of endocrine resistant estrogen receptor(ER)-positive metastatic breast cancer(MBC). Mutations in ligand binding domain of ESR1 lead to constitutive activity of the ER without ligand estrogen and stimulated down stream cell growth signal. Therefore, ESR1 ligand binding domain alteration is known resistant mechanism of aromatase inhibitor. Among these ESR1 mutations, Y537S, one of the ligand binding domain mutations, caused ER antagonist, fulvestrant resistance. Therefore, assessment of ESR1 mutation in ER-positive MBC had significant benefit to further precision medicine for MBCs. In this study, we explored to identify the frequency and type of ESR1 genetic alterations of ER-positive MBC.

Methods: We performed targeted ultra-deep sequencing (CancerSCAN™) using BC tissue specimens. This sequencing was covered entire coding area of ESR1 gene and also detected copy number alteration and translocation of ESR1.

Results: Targeted ultra-deep sequencing of ESR1 was performed using 990 BC tissues. Of 990 tissue samples, 341(34.5%) were MBCs. Of MBCs, 112(11.3%) were ER-positive and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2(HER2)-negative BCs. In ER-positive HER2-negative MBCs (N=112), 21 ESR1 genetic alterations were identified in 19 BCs (17.0%). Nineteen were single nucleotide variats (SNVs) and three were copy number (CN) amplification. Most commonly detected single nucleotide variant (SNV) was D538G (6 of 19, 31.6%) followed by Y537N, Y537S, V382I (4, 2 and 2 cases, respectively). Three mutations occurred in non-ligand binding domain (G415V, V392I and P79A). Two BC samples harbored two ESR1 mutations, respectively (Y537S and D538G, L536P and Y537N). In terms of treatment, 11 of 12 patients with ER-positive MBC harboring ESR1 mutation received palliative endocrine therapies. Eight patients received aromatase inhibitor and two patients received tamoxifen. One patient received letrozole plus palbociclib. In 2 MBCs with Y537S mutation, progression free survival (PFS) of endocrine therapy was 1.4 and 5.3 months. MBCs with D538G had 12.3months of PFS (range, 5.3-23.7(months)) and BCs harboring another ligand binding domain mutations (Y537N, L536H and L536P) had 15.7months of PFS of endocrine therapy (range, 8.4-17.3(months)). BC with mutation observed in non-lignand binding domain had short PFS (1.8 (V392I) and 2.7 (P79A) months, respectively). In terms of ESR1 CN amplification, patients could not receive endocrine therapy because their BCs rapidly progressed and extensive distant metastases were occurred within 3 months after curative surgery.

Conclusion: In this exploratory study, ESR1 genetic alterations were detected in about 20% of ER-positive MBC. The type of genetic alterations varied including SNVs, CNAs. Each locus of ESR1 mutation predicted endocrine resistance. In addition, we might suggest that ESR1 CN amplification is prognostic marker of ER-positive BCs.

Citation Format: Kim J-Y, Park KH, Park W-Y, Nam SJ, Kim SW, Lee JE, Lee SK, Yu JH, Ahn JS, Im Y-H, Park YH. Prognostication of genetic alterations of ESR 1 in estrogen receptor positive metastatic breast cancers using targeted ultra-deep sequencing data analysis [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2018 Dec 4-8; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P1-09-11.

Abstract P4-08-30: Prognostication of immune related gene expression in patients with triple negative breast cancer

Introduction: To date, the role of immunotherapy with check point inhibitors and/or vaccines in the treatment of breast cancer (BC) is still debating, and the main focus of immunotherapy in BC is on triple negative subtype as a target population in many ongoing clinical trials. Translational research into identifying predictive and prognostic immune biomarkers is of particular clinical relevance, but, there are currently no definite prognostic and predictive immune biomarkers in BC, especially in triple negative breast cancer(TNBC). We investigated the expression profiles of immune genes in patients with TNBC to identify the prognostic value of immune genes in search of clinical implications.

Methods : We investigated expression profiles of 770 pan-cancer immune related genes using the nCounter mRNA expression assay (NanoString®) from paraffin-embedded tumor tissues in 200 patients diagnosed as TNBC who received curative surgery at Samsung Medical Center from 2000 to 2004. We analyzed the relationship between stage adjusted level of gene expressions and patients' survival outcomes using Cox regression model.

Results: Of 770 genes, 186 genes were selected from univariate analysis with clinical stage adjustment. In multivariate analysis using Cox regression, expressions of CD1B, CD45, CD53, CT45A1, GTF3C1, IL11RA, IL1RN, LRRN3, MAPK1, NEFL, PRKCE, SPACA3 and RANKL were associated with distant recurrence free survival (p&lt;0.05, respectively). Among these 13 genes, expression of MAPK1, NEFL, CD45, SPACA3 and RANKL were correlated with favorable outcome in terms of distant recurrence free survival (p&lt;0.05, respectively). In terms of overall survival, C3, IL1RL1, IL1RN, IL7 and PRKCE were associated with poor prognosis (p&lt;0.05, respectively) and expression of SAA1 CXCL9 and RANKL resulted in favorable outcome (p&lt;0.05, respectively).

Table 1ParameterParameter EstimateStandard Errorp-valueHazard Ratio95% Confidence Interval(a) distant recurrence free survival     Stage2.487350.680570.000312.0293.169, 45.661CD1B1.141910.2753&lt;.00013.1331.826, 5.374CD531.531650.34851&lt;.00014.6262.336, 9.159CT45A10.426110.134210.00151.5311.177, 1.992GTF3C11.193110.579720.03963.2971.059, 10.271IL11RA1.671120.461750.00035.3182.151, 13.146IL1RN0.980280.24657&lt;.00012.6651.644, 4.321LRRN31.424170.28742&lt;.00014.1542.365, 7.297MAPK1-0.542740.258240.03560.5810.35, 0.964NEFL-1.12170.335610.00080.3260.169, 0.629PRKCE2.378340.49659&lt;.000110.7874.076, 28.549CD45-2.736780.43154&lt;.00010.0650.028, 0.151SPACA3-0.745930.272270.00610.4740.278, 0.809RANKL-1.288920.2976&lt;.00010.2760.154, 0.494(b) overall survival     Stage1.359280.497810.00633.8931.468, 10.329C30.329830.150350.02831.3911.036, 1.867CXCL9-0.379190.100680.00020.6840.562, 0.834IL1RL10.679360.262940.00981.9731.178, 3.303IL1RN0.437130.172370.01121.5481.104, 2.171IL70.507280.206250.01391.6611.109, 2.488PRKCE0.835340.272910.00222.3061.35, 3.936SAA1-0.564250.13449&lt;.00010.5690.437, 0.74RANKL-0.604990.234510.00990.5460.345, 0.865

Conclusion: High expression of IL1RN, PRKCE were associated with short distant recurrence free survival and overall survival in patients with TNBCs who received curative surgery. In contrast, RANKL expression resulted in prolonged distant recurrence free survival and overall survival.

Citation Format: Kim J-Y, Jung HH, Lim JE, Cho EY, Lee SK, Yu JH, Lee JE, Kim SW, Nam SJ, Park YH, Ahn JS, Im Y-H. Prognostication of immune related gene expression in patients with triple negative breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2018 Dec 4-8; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P4-08-30.

Abstract P2-08-52: A predictive model for distant metastasis in breast cancer patients using machine learning

Introduction

Tumor metastasis is a major clinical challenge accounting for the vast majority of cancer related deaths.In previous studies, prediction of distant metastasis was based on subtypes,clinical status and sometimes gene expression were used however clinical application was difficult.

In this study, we develop the easy to use prediction tool for distant metastasis using clinical characteristics and gene profiles which came from CancerSCANTM, Next Generation Sequencing based targeted-sequencing platform designed at Samsung Medical Center(SMC).

Methods

We performed a retrospective chart review of 326 breast cancer patients who underwent surgery and CancerSCAN TM between Jan 2001 and Dec 2014 at SMC. Median follow up period was 83 months (Range 1˜190). Cancer scanTM cover 381 genes but 27 genes and 34 occasions (loss of function, mutation or copy number variation) were selected for analysis through gradient boosting and Wilcoxon Signed rank test. Azure Machine Learning is a cloud service that enables the execution of machine learning processes.This was accomplished using the steps of (1) edit the data, (2) split the data, (3) train the model, (4) score the model, and (5) evaluate the model. We split the modeling data into training and testing sets using a randomized 50–50 split. Two-class Decision Forest method was used. After deploying the Azure ML predictive model as a web service, we used a Representational State Transfer application programming interface to send data and obtained predictions in real-time.

Results

No distant metastasis group and distant metastasis group consisted of 267 and 59 patients, respectively. HR-/HER2+ and 50 years old and over patients were higher in metastasis group (p-value = 0.003 and p-value = 0.000). Nuclear grade 3 and N2,3 were higher in metastasis group (p-value = 0.010 and p-value = 0.000, p-value = 0.001 respectively). Stage III was also higher in metastasis group (p-value = 0.000). Among 59 patients with distantmetastasis, multiple sites metastasis was 21 cases (35.6%) and then lung metastasis was 19 cases (32.2%). In the 21 cases of multiple sites metastasis, triple sites was 6 cases (28.6%) and double sites was 15 cases (71.4%). PIK3CA mutation was the most frequent gene variation in all patients (34.5% of no metastasis group and 27.1% of metastasis group) but there was no difference between two groups(p-value = 0.278). BRCA 1 loss of function and BRCA2 loss of function were more frequent in metastasis group than no metastasis group(p-value = 0.033 and p-value = 0.024, respectively) but total counts was too small. We assessed the area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for predictive value. The AUC of ROC curve was 1.000 and also accuracy, precision, recall were 1.000. In addition, we conducted internal validation using 83 patients during 2015. When we applied a 0.5 threshold value with our predictive model, true negative was 81 and true positive was 2 among 83 patients. Finally, the accuracy of validation was 1.000.

Conclusion

Our predicted model could represent a useful and easy-to-access tool for the selection of patients with distant metastasis. After additional evaluation with large data and external validation, worldwide use of our model could be expected.

Citation Format: Kim I, Choi HJ, Ryu JM, Lee SK, Yu JH, Kim SW, Nam SJ, Seo SW, Lee JE. A predictive model for distant metastasis in breast cancer patients using machine learning [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2018 Dec 4-8; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P2-08-52.

Abstract PD5-08: Neoadjuvant chemotherapy alters the genomic landscape and immune microenvironment of breast cancers

Understanding how standard-of-care drug treatments affect tumor intrinsic biology and microenvironment is critical for elucidating drug resistance mechanisms and developing better combination therapies as well as new therapies. To characterize the effects of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) on the genome, transcriptome and tumor infiltrating leukocytes (TILs), we have conducted whole exome and whole transcriptome sequencing of a large longitudinal breast cancer cohort consisting of 146 cases and 281 paired tumor samples. In total, 52 (38%) patients achieved pathologic complete response (pCR) while 85 patients (62%) had residual disease with standard chemotherapy regimen. Tumor biopsies were collected for each patient at three time points – pre-treatment, three weeks after the first cycle of anthracycline and cyclophosphamide (AC) and at the time of surgery after 3 more cycles of AC followed by 4 cycles of taxane or taxane plus Herceptin in case of HER2+ subtype. We detected 5,955 protein-altering somatic mutations affecting 4,414 genes in pretreatment samples and 502 acquired mutations in surgery samples affecting 477 genes including 19recurrently mutated genes such as TP53 and NOTCH1. Across all subtypes, 4,346 genes were differentially expressed (DE) following NAC treatment and significantly enriched in pathways such as cell cycle, ER signaling, PI3K/mTOR, immune and metabolism. Expression-based virtual microdissection analysis indicated that NAC treatment induced an increase in the fractions of stromal and adjacent normal tissue compartment, consistent with observed reduction in tumor cellularity. To assess the NAC induced changes in the molecular landscape of these tumors, we compared molecular features including gene expression signatures, mutation prevalence and copy number alteration between three time points while adjusting for confounding effects of molecular subtype and tumor cellularity. We found that NAC induced dynamic changes in gene expression signatures associated with proliferation and immunomodulatory treatment response. We further validated the observed pattern of change in TILs through histopathology and digital imaging analyses. In pretreatment tumors, 116 genes were DE between patients with pCR vs. those with residual disease with significant enrichment in immune/inflammatory pathways. Further, pre-treatment TIL levels were found to be significantly associated with pCR, echoing previous reports in breast cancers that implicated anti-tumor immunity in mediating the efficacy of chemotherapies. Our analyses also revealed associations between NAC response and baseline genomic attributes such as genomic alterations that affect DNA damage repair pathways. Taken together, these results suggest that NAC induced a multitude of changes on the genomic landscape and immune microenvironment of breast cancers, some of which point to combination strategies with immunomodulatory therapies and therapies that target DNA damage repair.

Citation Format: Kan Z, Lal S, Ding Y, Lee JE, Lee S-H, Lee SK, Yu JH, Choi Y-l, Kim SW, Nam SJ, Kim J-Y, Ram S, Powell E, Ching K, Cho SY, Bonato V, Deng S, Park W-Y, Rejto P, Bienkowska J, Park Y-H. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy alters the genomic landscape and immune microenvironment of breast cancers [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2018 Dec 4-8; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(4 Suppl):Abstract nr PD5-08.

Abstract P4-01-11: Genomic alterations of cell-free DNA in early breast cancer patients with recurrence

Cell-free DNA (cfDNA), as a non-invasive strategy, provides substantial benefit to overcome tumor heterogeneity. Surveillance of recurrence after standard treatment in early breast cancer (BC) using cfDNA, enables to detect minimal residual disease (MRD), also to identify genomic alterations driving recurrences. We aimed to assess the role of cfDNA in detecting MRD by investigating genomic alterations of 1)primary, recurred tumor and 2)cfDNA at time of recurrence using deep targeted sequencing. Fifty-four early BC patients were enrolled prospectively between 2014 and 2017 at time of recurrence. Median disease free interval was 28.5 months (rage 6.2-49.8). 62.7% (32/51) were hormone receptor (HR) positive (28 HRpos/HER2neg, 4 HRpos/HER2pos), 11.8% (6/51) were HRneg/HER2pos and 25.5% (13/51) were triple negative BCs. 59.3% (32/54) patients developed loco-regional recurrence (15 local recurrence only, 13 regional only, 4 with both) and distant metastasis was observed among 40.7% (22/54) patients. Cell-free DNA was extracted from 5cc blood at time of recurrence. Deep targeted sequencing was performed using customized NGS panel –encompassing 426 cancer-related target coding region, 242 fusion and amplification-related region- of cfDNA and FFPE(formalin fixed paraffin embedded) tumor samples archived from surgical resection or biopsy. Deep targeted sequencing data was successfully performed in 72.1% (31/43) plasma samples and sequencing yield was significantly lower when stored for more than 2yrs (46.2% vs 83.3%).

Mutations of cfDNA and tumor (primary, recurred) were analyzed. Mean sequencing depth of cfDNA and FFPE were x425.7 and x777.6 respectively. Median number of pathogenic mutations found in primary tumor, cfDNA and recurred tumor were 27(range 12-99), 25(range 8-85) and 9(range 0-23). Among mutations found in primary tumor, 27.4% were shared mutations (range 8.1%-72.7%) with recurred tumor and 26.1% were shared mutations (range 4.7%-69.2%) observed in cfDNA sample. Among mutations found in recurred tumor, 40.9% were observed in cfDNA (range 17.7-87.5%). In primary tumor, median number of mutations with allelic fraction (MAF)&gt;10% were 12 (range 4-21) and at least one mutation was found in cfDNA at time of recurrence. Among mutations with MAF&gt;10%, 59.4% and 69.1% were found in cfDNA and recurred tumor. Known oncogenic mutations of PIK3CA, TP53, GATA3, AKT1, ESR1, RELN, ERBB2, ERBB3, BRCA1 mutation were found. PIK3CA gene (p.H1047R) was found in two cases both in primary tumor and cfDNA at recurrence (MAF 11.4% vs 5.3% and 12.3% vs 15.4%) suggesting de novo driver mutation. One patient developed regional recurrence during adjuvant aromatase inhibitor with ESR1 V392I mutation in both cfDNA and recurred tumor (MAF 48.1 and 54.5%), while another patient's recurred tumor during aromatase inhibitor harbored ESR1 D538G mutation exclusively in recurred tumor with MAF &lt;1%. Both patients had no ESR1 hotpot mutation in primary tumor.

Our data showed sequencing yield of 83.3% in plasma samples within 2yr. Pathogenic mutations in primary tumor, especially when MAF&gt;10%, half of them was observed in cfDNA at time of recurrence. ESR1 mutation should be included in cfDNA surveillance for patients undergoing endocrine therapy even absent in primary tumor.

Citation Format: Kim J, Jo WK, Kim KY, Kim BJ, Lee SB, Lee HJ, Yu JH, Kim HJ, Chung IY, Ko BS, Kim S-B, Jung KH, Ahn JH, Chang S, Lee JW, Son BH, Ahn SH. Genomic alterations of cell-free DNA in early breast cancer patients with recurrence [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2018 Dec 4-8; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P4-01-11.

Tuning the electrical and optical anisotropy of a monolayer black phosphorus magnetic superlattice

We investigate theoretically the effects of modulated periodic perpendicular magnetic fields on the electronic states and optical absorption spectrum in monolayer black phosphorus (phosphorene). We demonstrate that different phosphorene magnetic superlattice (PMS) orientations can give rise to distinct energy spectra, i.e. tuning the intrinsic electronic anisotropy. Rashba spin-orbit coupling (RSOC) develops a spin-splitting energy dispersion in this phosphorene magnetic superlattice. Anisotropic momentum-dependent carrier distributions along/perpendicular to the magnetic strips are demonstrated. The manipulations of these exotic electronic properties by tuning superlattice geometry, magnetic field and the RSOC term are addressed systematically. Accordingly, we find bright-to-dark transitions in the ground-state electron-hole pair transition rate spectrum and the PMS orientation-dependent anisotropic optical absorption spectrum. This feature offers us a practical way of modulating the electronic anisotropy in phosphorene by magnetic superlattice configurations and detecting this modulation capability by using an optical technique.

Abstract P6-09-08: Identification of ESR1 mutation in breast cancers using targeted ultra-deep sequencing data analysis

Introduction: Estrogen Receptor 1 (ESR1) gene encodes an estrogen receptor, which regulates cell proliferation and promotes tumor progression in estrogen receptor(ER)-positive breast cancer (BC). Therefore, endocrine therapy that inhibiting ER downstream signal, is the most effective treatment strategy in ER-positive BC. However, about 25% of patients with primary disease and almost all patients with metastases will present with or eventually develop endocrine resistance. And genetic alteration of ESR1 is now identified as the endocrine resistance mechanism. However, a few data from clinical trials or public data base exists and could not reflect real world clinic. Therefore, we aimed to identify the frequency and type of ESR1 genetic alterations in BCs through this large scaled study.

Methods: We performed targeted ultra-deep sequencing (CancerSCAN™) using BC tissue specimens. This sequencing was covered entire coding area of ESR1 gene and also detected copy number alteration and translocation of ESR1.

Results: Targeted ultra-deep sequencing of ESR1 was performed using 618 BC tissues. Of 618 tissue samples, 253(40.9%) were MBCs, 362(58.6%) were early BCs (EBCs) and 3 were not identified. In terms of subtypes, 220 ER-positive BCs, 122 ER-positive and HER2-positive BCs, 119 HER2-positive and 153 triple-negative BCs (TNBCs) were included. BCs from patients under 40 year-old were 277(44.8%)(Median: 43.0, range: 23.5 -75.6). ESR1 genetic alterations were identified in 21 BCs (5 EBCs and 16 MBCs). In EBCs, 3 cases were observed in TNBCs and 2 cases were in ER-positive BCs (2.6% and 1.2%, respectively). All five EBC were treatment naïve status. Of 16 cases of ESR1 alterations in MBCs, 10 cases of ESR1 alterations were detected in ER-positive BCs (17.6%), 5cases in ER and HER2-positive BCs(6.7%) and 1 in HER2-positive BCs (1.2%). All ER-positive MBCs were treated with more than one line of endocrine therapy. Most commonly detected genetic alteration was single nucleotide variant (SNV) (15 of 21, 71.4%). Thirteen were in ligand binding domain and two cases occurred in activation function-1 (AF-1) domain (P79A and G145S). D538G and V392I were most frequently mutated loci followed by Y537N (3, 3 and 2 cases, respectively) and only metastatic ER-positive BCs harbored ESR1 activating mutation. Four copy number (CN) amplification in 2 ER-positive and 2 ER and HER2-positive BCs, one CN deletion in TNBC and one ESR1 fusion in ER and HER2-positive BC were also detected (19.0%, 4.8% and 4.8%, respectively). In frame ESR1 fusion was occurred between ESR1 and NPHS1 genes.

Conclusion: In this experimental study, ESR1 genetic alterations were frequently detected in ER-positive MBC but ER-negative or EBC also harbored. The type of genetic alterations varied including SNVs, CN alterations and translocation and ESR1-NPHS1 fusion is the novel genetic alteration that has not been reported. To identify the role of ESR1 genetic alteration in ER-negative BCs and novel translocation, further functional validation would be warranted (Clinical trials.gov Number :NCT02591966).

Citation Format: Kim J-Y, Park K, Park W-Y, Nam SJ, Kim SW, Lee JE, Lee SK, Jung HH, Yu JH, Ahn JS, Im Y-H, Park YH. Identification of ESR1 mutation in breast cancers using targeted ultra-deep sequencing data analysis [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2017 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2017 Dec 5-9; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P6-09-08.

Ovo-vegetarian diet is associated with lower systemic blood pressure in Taiwanese women

OBJECTIVE

This study was designed to investigate blood pressure (BP) profiles among Taiwanese women with different dietary patterns.

STUDY DESIGN

Cross-sectional study.

METHODS

A total of 269 non-hypertensive Taiwanese women, 40 years of age or older, were surveyed using structured questionnaires, and measurements of BP and physiological parameters were made. To assess differences among vegans, ovo-vegetarians, and meat eaters in terms of BP, demographic, and health behavior data, the chi-squared and Fisher's exact tests were employed for categorical variables, and analysis of variance and independent t-tests were performed for continuous variables. Multiple regression analysis was used to examine the relationship between BP and dietary patterns while controlling for potential confounding factors.

RESULTS

A significant difference was found among the three test groups in terms of age, education, employment, stress, and waist-hip ratio. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) significantly differed among the three groups. After controlling for age, body weight, waist circumference, and hip circumference, the three groups were observed to be a significant risk factor of the SBP and DBP. The SBP and DBP of the ovo-vegetarian group were significantly lower than those of the meat-eater group. No significant differences were found between the vegan and meat-eater groups in terms of SBP and DBP.

CONCLUSION

Dietary pattern is a likely risk factor for SBP and DBP outcomes in Taiwanese women. In particular, the SBP and DBP of ovo-vegetarians are the lowest among the values observed for all dietary patterns. This finding suggests that an ovo-vegetarian diet is beneficial for long-term BP control and prevention of hypertension in females.

Abstract P6-09-50: Impact of young age on recurrence and mortality after surgery in breast cancer: 15 years active surveillance

Introduction:Substantial efforts have been made to find factors associated with breast cancer (BC) recurrence and mortality after BC treatment. So far TNM stage, ER, PR, and HER2 status are considered as the major predictive markers of BC recurrence and used for treatment decision. However, most of these factors were evaluated independent from other important confounders such as age, stage, and various anti-cancer treatments because they were mostly derived from clinical trials. In Korea, up to 50% of BC patients are premenopausal women, it is not clear how age at diagnosis affect the progression and outcomes of the disease considering all known prognostic factors including TNM stage, ER, PR, and HER2 status. We aim to evaluate the impact of young age on recurrence and mortality after surgery among Korean women with BC.

Methods: This is a retrospective cohort study conducted using the data from BC registry from 2000 to 2016 at Samsung Medical Cancer, Seoul, Korea. Patients who received curative BC surgery and who had histologically-confirmed invasive BC between 2000 to 2011 were included in the study. Patients who second primary cancer or double primary cancer were excluded. Information local, regional, or distant recurrence and death until May 2016 was collected using electronic medical records and National Health Statistics. Cumulative incidence rates of distant recurrence and morality at 3-years, 5-years and 10-years were calculated using a competing-risk model. Cox proportional hazards analysis were conducted with 3 different models to take into account for potential confounding factors including age, body mass index (BMI), stage and subtype at breast cancer diagnosis, chemotherapy, radiotherapy and hormone therapy.

Results:There were 7360 BC patients with curative BC surgery between 2000 and 2011, and the average follow up duration was 75.4 months. The mean age at diagnosis was 48.4 years old (Standard deviation (SD)=±10), and 6.2% (n=459) was diagnosed younger than 35. Of total, 13.3% were stage III BC and 73.4% of patients had hormone receptor positive BC. The cumulative incidence (95%CI) of recurrence at 3, 5, and 10 years was 4.4% (3.9-4.9), 7.5% (6.8-8.2), and 14.8% (12.9-16.7) respectively. The incidence of mortality at 3, 5, and 10 years was 1.8% (1.5-2.1), 3.8% (3.3-4.3), and 10.2% (9.1-11.5) respectively. Patients who were diagnosed BC under 35 years of age had 2.14 (95% confidence interval (CI):1.74-3.10) and 1.62 (95% CI:1.02-2.56) times higher risk of distant recurrence and mortality compared to patients whose age at diagnosis were between 50 to 60 after adjusting all well-known prognostic factors including stage, subtype, and BMI at diagnosis, chemotherapy, radiotherapy and hormone therapy.

Conclusions: Young age at diagnosis (&lt;35) was the most significant predictor on BC recurrence and mortality independently from BC stage and subtype. Further study is warranted to explain biologic background for the differences in outcomes in young women with BC.

Citation Format: Kim J-Y, Cho J, Kim H, Kang D, Jung HA, Lee S-H, Bae S, Yu JH, Lee SK, Kim SW, Lee JE, Nam SJ, Ahn JS, Im Y-H, Guallar E, Park YH. Impact of young age on recurrence and mortality after surgery in breast cancer: 15 years active surveillance [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2016 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2016 Dec 6-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P6-09-50.

Abstract P1-02-11: Clinical utility of serial monitoring of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA)in patients with neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) for locally advanced breast cancer (LABC)

Introduction: Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) is a new biomarker which could guide further treatment. Characterization of tumor mutation profiles is required for informed choice of therapy, given that biological agents target specific pathways and effectiveness may be modulated by specific mutations. It would have clinical utility for neoadjuvant setting also. Thus, we assess the potency of ctDNA to predict tumor response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy(NAC) in locally advanced breast cancer(LABC).

Methods: We performed targeted deep sequencing of 30 plasma DNAs and 10 matched germline DNAs from 10 LABC patients. Serial plasma DNAs were collected at diagnosis, after 1st NAC and curative surgery. For the target enrichment, we designed RNA baits covering a total of ~202kb regions of human genome including a total of 83 cancer-related genes. We constructed the sequencing libraries according to the optimized protocol that we recently reported and sequenced on Illumina HiSeq2500 aiming a mean sequencing depth of ~10,000. After excluding unmapped reads, PCR duplicates and off-target reads, the coverage depths for plasma DNA and germline DNA samples were 2,627x and 4,833x on average, respectively. NAC response was measured by residual cancer burden(RCB) score, calculated as a continuous index combining pathologic measurements of primary tumor and nodal metastases for prediction of distant relapse-free survival.

Results: We analyzed ctDNA and primary tumor tissues from 10 patients with LABC scheduled NAC followed by operation in Samsung Medical Center. Of ten LABCs, one excluded from analysis because of angiosarcoma of breast. Five samples were triple-negative breast cancers (BCs), 2 were HER2 positive BCs and others were ER positive BCs. In tumor response, 1 patient had pathologic complete response (pCR), 1 had RCB class I, 4 and 3 patients did RCB class II and III.

Of 83 genes, in analysis of ctDNA at BC diagnosis, we found 2 to 6 mutations in each samples and 3 mutations were detected averagely. Most common mutation was TP53 (6 patients), followed by PIK3CA mutation. By measuring these mutations in serial ctDNA, we found that ctDNA had disappeared after first cycle of NAC in patient with pCR. In two patients with RCB class I, ctDNA had decreased by more than 10 percent (the level of ctDNA(pg/ml): 455.9 to 30.4, 5.8 to 0.0) of primary plasma sample after first NAC. Two patients increased level of ctDNA had tumor response with RCB class III and one patient had distant tumor recurrence within 3 months after curative surgery. However, correlation between the level of ctDNA and initial stage was not observed.

Patient No.Initial stageSurgical stageRCB scoreRCB classct DNA at diagnosis (pg/5ml)ctDNA after 1st NAG (pg/5ml)Tumor recurrence12A11.3331455.930.4No22B00pCR446.60.0No33B2A1.31515.80.0No42A12.132246.255.4No52B11.7972107.811.6No63B3A4.09033401.15075.5Yes73A2B3.92235088.68536.7No

Conclusions: This preliminary result suggests that serial monitoring of ctDNA would be a potiential surrogate marker to predict tumor response and recurrence during NAC in LABC patients. Further results with long-term outcomes are warranted.

Citation Format: Kim J-Y, Park D, Jung HH, Bae SY, Yu JH, Lee SK, Kim SW, Lee JE, Nam SJ, Ahn JS, Im Y-H, Park YH. Clinical utility of serial monitoring of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA)in patients with neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) for locally advanced breast cancer (LABC) [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2016 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2016 Dec 6-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P1-02-11.

Abstract P6-09-36: Tamoxifen resistance: EGFR expression in hormone receptor-positive and HER2 negative breast cancer

Purpose: Crosstalk between growth factor receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and the estrogen receptor (ER) represents one of the most important mechanisms of endocrine resistance. EGFR and HER2 have been recognized as prominent factors associated with endocrine resistance. Most previous studies did not identify subgroups by HER2 overexpression and/or included breast cancer with HER2 overexpression. Accordingly, we analyzed HR positive (HR+) tumors without HER2 overexpression (HER2-).

Methods: We analyzed the clinical data of 2,166 patients with HR+HER2- breast tumors, between January 2007 and July 2013.We included only patients who had endocrine therapy with tamoxifen. Immunostaining for EGFR was interpreted as positive when at least 10% of the tumor cells showed moderate to strong membrane staining.

Results: EGFR expression (EGFR+) was present in 109 patients (5%). EGFR expression was significantly associated with more advanced stage and higher grades. In the univariate analyses, EGFR+ tumors were associated with poorer prognosis than EGFR- tumors (5-year DFS, EGFR+ vs. EGFR-, 91.2% vs. 96.6%, P &lt;0.001; 5-year OS, EFGR+ vs EGFR-, 93.1 % vs. 99.4%, P &lt; 0.001). In the multivariate analysis, EGFR+ tumors had a hazard ratio of 2.63 (95% CI 1.14 -6.05) for DFS. EGFR+ tumors had a hazard ratio of 8.8 (95% CI 2.68-132.25) for OS.

Conclusion: EGFR expression could be prognostic factor in hormone receptor-positive and HER2 negative breast cancer, for tamoxifen resistance.

Citation Format: Bae SY, Nam SJ, Lee SK, Kim SW, Lee JE, Yu JH. Tamoxifen resistance: EGFR expression in hormone receptor-positive and HER2 negative breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2016 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2016 Dec 6-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P6-09-36.

[Recurrent syncope related to catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia due to de novo RyR2-R2401H mutation]

Objective: To explore the clinical and molecular genetic features of a Chinese patient with catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT). Methods: Clinical data including resting electrocardiography, echocardiography and treadmill exercise testing of a patient with CPVT admitted to our department in March 2013 were analyzed, and the peripheral venous blood samples of the patient and his family members and 400 ethnicity-matched healthy controls were obtained. All exons and exon-intron boundaries of the six CPVT-related genes including RYR2, CASQ2, TRDN, CALM1, KCNJ2 and ANKB were sequenced to detect the variants related to CPVT. The relationship between the genotypes and phenotypes was analyzed to direct the target therapy. Results: Recurrent syncope induced either by exercise or extreme frightened fear was observed in this patient. There was no positive family history of syncope or sudden death. The resting electrocardiography and echocardiography of the patient were normal, while the exercise testing revealed bidirectional and polymorphic ventricular tachycardia. A cardiac ryanodine receptor gene mutation (R2401H) was identified in this patient, while this mutation was absent in his parents and sister and 400 controls. No variant was detected in the remaining five candidate genes. Treatment with high dose of metoprolol succinate (118.75 mg/d) was effective and patient was free of syncopal attack during the 2 years follow-up. Conclusion: This is the first report on RyR2-R2401H mutation in Chinese patient with CPVT, and high dose of metoptolol is the effective therapy option for CPVT related to RyR2 mutation.

Insulin pump for the treatment of diabetes in combination with ulcerative foot infections

Ulcerative foot infection is a chronic complication frequently seen in diabetic patients, and can result in disability. To evaluate insulin pump treatment for type 2 diabetes in combination with ulcerative foot infection, we selected 168 diabetic patients who developed foot ulcers and received treatment from April 2012 to April 2014 in the People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou, Henan, China. The patients were divided into a treatment group and a control group, 84 in each group. Besides anti-infection treatment, patients in the control group were given multiple subcutaneous insulin injection (MSII), while patients in the treatment group were given continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII). Ulcer area, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), C-reactive protein (CRP) and count of white blood cells (WBC) were recorded before treatment, one week after treatment, two weeks after treatment and four weeks after treatment; moreover, ulcer healing condition was recorded four weeks after treatment and the related factors were analyzed. Patients in the treatment group showed an obviously narrowed ulcer area two and four weeks after treatment (P less than 0.05) and significantly lowered levels of FPG, CRP and WBC in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd weeks after treatment (P less than 0.05); four weeks after treatment, 88.1% of patients in the treatment group and 66.7% in the control group had healed well, and the difference between two groups was statistically significant (χ2=5.509, P=0.019). Multi-factor logistic regression analysis indicated that levels of FPG, CRP and WBC at baseline and four weeks after treatment had a positive correlation to ulcer healing (P less than 0.05). All the above findings suggest that insulin pump can improve ulcer healing of patients suffering from diabetic foot ulcers as it effectively controls blood glucose level, restrains inflammatory reaction and prevents spreading of infection.

Abstract P5-13-06: Concurrent gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist administration with chemotherapy improves neoadjuvant chemotherapy responses in young premenopausal breast cancer patients

Background

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist therapy for ovarian function preservation shows promising results. This study aimed to determine the oncologic efficacy of GnRH agonist treatment concurrent with chemotherapy in a neoadjuvant setting.

Patients and Methods

A retrospective analysis was performed on 332 cases of invasive breast cancer in patients who were &lt;40 years old at diagnosis and received GnRH agonists concurrent with neoadjuvant chemotherapy (GnRH agonist group) or neoadjuvant chemotherapy alone (neochemotherapy-alone group) at Asan Medical Center from December 2010 to September 2014. Pathologic complete response rates (pCR) and Ki-67 changes were evaluated between the two groups. For hormone receptor (HR)-positive tumors, the clinical response and preoperative endocrine prognostic index (PEPI) score also were evaluated.

Results

The median age was 32 ± 3.9 and 36 ± 3.0 years old in the GnRH agonist group and neochemotherapy-alone group, respectively (P &lt; .001). Adjusted for tumor size, grade, lymph node metastasis, HR status, and chemotherapy regimen, the GnRH agonist group exhibited a higher pCR rate with an odds ratio (OR) of 2.98 (95% CI, 1.37–6.34) and more decreased Ki-67 expression during treatment (P = 0.05) than the neochemotherapy-alone group. In HR-negative tumors, the GnRH agonist group showed a higher pCR rate (multivariate OR = 3.50; 95% CI, 1.37–8.95) and more decreased Ki-67 expression (P = 0.047). In HR-positive breast cancer, the pCR rate, change in Ki-67 index, and clinical response were higher and preoperative prognostic index (PEPI) scores were lower in the GnRH agonist group, but not significant between the two treatment groups.

Conclusion

Concurrent administration of GnRH agonists during neoadjuvant chemotherapy improved pCR rates and suppressed Ki-67 expression especially in HR-negative tumors.

Citation Format: Yoon TI, Kim HJ, Yu JH, Sohn G, Ko BS, Lee JW, Son BH, Ahn SH. Concurrent gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist administration with chemotherapy improves neoadjuvant chemotherapy responses in young premenopausal breast cancer patients. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Thirty-Eighth Annual CTRC-AACR San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium: 2015 Dec 8-12; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P5-13-06.

Abstract P3-07-56: Predictive value of tertiary lymphoid structure assessed by high endothelial venule count in neoadjuvant setting of triple-negative breast cancer

Background

Tertiary lymphoid structure (TLS) is an ectopic lymph node-like structure characterized by lymphoid aggregation with high endothelial venules (HEVs), and is an important source of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). TILs have a strong prognostic and predictive significance, particularly in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). We previously analyzed expression of immune-related genes in pre-neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) biopsy samples using NanoString assay and showed that gene expression of follicular helper T cell marker CXCL13, which is closely associated with TLSs, was an independent predictive factor for pathologic complete remission (pCR) in TNBC. However, measuring gene expression of biopsy sample is not easy to perform in daily pathology practice. Therefore, we evaluated TLSs by assessing hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stained slides and immunohistochemistry, and investigated their clinical importance.

Methods

A total of 108 patients diagnosed with primary TNBC and treated with NAC (anthracycline, cyclophosphamide, and taxane) were included. The amounts of TILs and TLSs were histopathologically measured in H&E slides. Immunohistochemical studies were done in 55 cases with available tissue samples. The numbers of CD3-, CD8-, and CD20- immunopositive cells in tumor areas were counted by the image analyzer. MECA79- immunopositive HEV densities were calculated. Their relationship to CXCL13 gene expression by NanoString assay was also analyzed.

Results

The overall rate of pCR was 30.6% (33 of 108 tumors). Lower pre-NAC clinical T stage and higher level of TIL and TLS assessed by H&E slides were predictors of pCR in all cases. The mean number of MECA 79-immunopositive HEV in pre-NAC biopsy samples was 12 (range, 0-72). The amounts of TILs and TLSs, numbers of CD3-, CD8-, and CD20- positive cells, HEV density, and expression of CXCL13 showed good correlation with one another. Higher HEV density, CD20- positive cell number, and CXCL13 expression were predictors of pCR. Higher CD8- positive cell numbers and CXCL13 expression were associated with better disease-free survival rate.

Conclusion

The amount of TLSs assessed by H&E slides and MECA 79-immunopositive HEV densities was well correlated with level of TILs, numbers of CD3-, CD8-, and CD20-positive cells, and gene expression of CXCL13, and was significantly associated with pCR in TNBCs. Therefore, assessing HEV density by MECA 79 immunohistochemistry in pre-NAC biopsy samples might be an objective and valuable tool for predicting pCR of TNBC in routine pathology practice. Further investigation of mechanism of TLS development might help to improve immunotherapeutic strategy.

Citation Format: Song IH, Lee HJ, Park IA, Yu JH, Ahn J-H, Gong G. Predictive value of tertiary lymphoid structure assessed by high endothelial venule count in neoadjuvant setting of triple-negative breast cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Thirty-Eighth Annual CTRC-AACR San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium: 2015 Dec 8-12; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P3-07-56.

NAMPT suppresses glucose deprivation-induced oxidative stress by increasing NADPH levels in breast cancer

Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) is a rate-limiting enzyme involved in NAD+ biosynthesis. Although NAMPT has emerged as a critical regulator of metabolic stress, the underlying mechanisms by which it regulates metabolic stress in cancer cells have not been completely elucidated. In this study, we determined that breast cancer cells expressing a high level of NAMPT were resistant to cell death induced by glucose depletion. Furthermore, NAMPT inhibition suppressed tumor growth in vivo in a xenograft model. Under glucose deprivation conditions, NAMPT inhibition was found to increase the mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, leading to cell death. This cell death was rescued by treatment with antioxidants or NAD+. Finally, we showed that NAMPT increased the pool of NAD+ that could be converted to NADPH through the pentose phosphate pathway and inhibited the depletion of reduced glutathione under glucose deprivation. Collectively, our results suggest a novel mechanism by which tumor cells protect themselves against glucose deprivation-induced oxidative stress by utilizing NAMPT to maintain NADPH levels.

Usefulness of normal saline for sealing the needle track after CT-guided lung biopsy

AIM

To determine whether the use of normal saline for sealing the needle track can reduce the incidence of pneumothorax and chest tube placement after computed tomography (CT)-guided lung biopsy.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A prospective, randomised, controlled trial enrolling 322 patients was conducted. All patients were randomly assigned to one of two groups: those in whom the needle track was not sealed with normal saline (n=161, Group A) and those who did receive normal saline (n=161, Group B). CT-guided biopsy was performed with coaxial technique. Normal saline, which ranged from 1-3 ml, was injected while the trocar needle was being withdrawn. Patient characteristics, lesion, and procedure variables were analysed as potential risk variables for occurrence of pneumothorax and chest tube placement.

RESULTS

The incidence of pneumothorax was 26.1% in Group A and 6.2% in Group B (p<0.001). Nine patients in Group A and one patient in Group B required chest tube placement (p=0.010). Using multiple logistic regression analysis, smaller lesion size, greater needle-pleural angle, longer lesion-pleural distance, presence of emphysema, and no sealing the needle track with normal saline were significantly associated with an increased risk of pneumothorax, and that the latter three factors were also associated with an increased risk of pneumothorax requiring chest tube placement.

CONLUSION

Normal saline for sealing the needle track significantly reduces the incidence of pneumothorax and prevents subsequent chest tube placement after CT-guided lung biopsy.

Effects of tryptophan supplementation on growth performance, antioxidative activity, and meat quality of ducks under high stocking density

High stocking density (STD) could affect duck welfare and production. The objective of our study was to investigate whether dietary tryptophan (TRP) supplementation could alleviate the detrimental effects of high STD on ducks. White Pekin ducks at 4 to 6 wk of age were raised at 11 birds/m(2) and fed diets containing 0.18, 0.48, 0.78, or 1.08% TRP for 21 d. Growth performance, concentrations of TRP and metabolites in the blood and hypothalamus, antioxidative activities in serum and tissue, meat quality, serum uric acid, and urea nitrogen were measured. Weight gain and feed efficiency were significantly improved by TRP supplementation at ≥ 0.48 and ≥ 0.78% (P < 0.05 and P < 0.001, respectively). Serum TRP, hypothalamic TRP, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), 5-hydroxyindoleacitic acid (5-HIAA), and 5-HIAA/5-HT were also increased significantly (P < 0.01). These increases plateaued at 0.48% TRP, and no further improvement was obtained by adding more TRP to the diet. Dietary TRP supplementation significantly increased levels of total antioxidant capacity, glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and catalase (CAT) in serum; GSH-Px in liver; and GSH-Px and CAT in breast muscle (P < 0.05). Malondialdehyde levels in breast muscle decreased (P < 0.001). Drip loss of breast muscle and pH decline at 45 min postmortem were reduced by TRP supplementation (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively). Meat color was similar among different treatments (P > 0.05). Breast muscle shear force was increased significantly when dietary TRP level increased to 1.08% (P < 0.01). For ducks raised at 11 birds/m², dietary TRP supplementation could alleviate stress and improve growth performance, antioxidative activity, and meat quality.

Early third trimester maternal response to glucose challenge and pregnancy outcome in Chinese women-relationship between upper distribution level and recommended diagnostic criteria

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between upper distribution levels of glucose values in the 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and recommended diagnostic criteria for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and adverse pregnancy outcomes.

SUBJECTS/METHODS

The distribution of the OGTT 2-h values of 13,501 pregnant women, which were below the World Health Organization (WHO) threshold for overt diabetes mellitus (DM), and managed in one teaching hospital in China, was reviewed and related to maternal characteristics and pregnancy outcomes.

RESULTS

For the entire group, the 90th and 95th percentile values of the OGTT 2-h glucose level, respectively, were close to the diagnostic cutoff values of the WHO and International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups (IADPSG) criteria. For adverse maternal outcomes, glucose level above the 90th percentile value was associated with increased hypertensive disorders, whereas no difference was seen with cutoff using the 95th percentile value. For perinatal outcomes, the 90th percentile was associated with increased neonatal intensive care unit admission and hypoglycemia, whereas the 95th percentile showed in addition association with phototherapy for jaundice and 5th-minute Apgar score <7. Although no differences in the incidence of adverse pregnancy outcomes were found using the different cutoffs, the >95th percentile cutoff value would have missed out 33.3-56.7% of the cases of adverse outcomes that would otherwise have been attributed to GDM.

CONCLUSIONS

Further studies are warranted to clarify which diagnostic criterion is most appropriate universally to identify adverse pregnancy outcomes attributed to GDM, and which could be mitigated with treatment specific for GDM.

Comparison of alfuzosin 10 mg with or without propiverine 10 mg, 20 mg in men with lower urinary tract symptom and an overactive bladder: randomised, single-blind, prospective study

PURPOSE

The efficacy and safety of treatment with alfuzosin 10 mg plus propiverine 10 or 20 mg in men with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and an overactive bladder were investigated.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In this parallel-arm, prospective, multicentre, single-blind study, men who were ≥ 40 years old, had an International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) of ≥ 8, an Overactive Bladder Symptom Score (OABSS) of ≥ 3 and an OABSS urgency item score of ≥ 2 were randomised in a 1 : 1 :1 ratio to receive alfuzosin 10 mg alone (Group A) or with propiverine 10 mg (Group B) or 20 mg (Group C) for 8 weeks. Four and 8 weeks after commencing treatment, OABSS was measured along with IPSS, maximal urinary flow rate (Qmax ) and postvoid residual volume (PVR). Adverse events were recorded.

RESULTS

A total of 135 men, including 43 in Group A, 48 in Group B and 44 in Group C, completed the study. Relative to baseline, all groups demonstrated significant reductions in OABSS and the IPSS after eight treatment weeks (p < 0.005). The improvement of OABSS in Group C was significantly greater than Group A and B (Group A: 0.70 ± 1.94; Group B: 2.50 ± 2.98; Group C: 4.30 ± 3.40; p < 0.005). An observed improvement of Qmax and PVR in the three groups did not achieve statistical significance. Overall adverse event rates were higher in Group C but not significant compared with others.

CONCLUSION

In patients with LUTS and overactive bladder, combined therapy with alfuzosin 10 mg plus propiverine 20 mg was significantly more effective than alfuzosin monotherapy and propiverine 10 mg combined therapy in terms of improving OABSS while not significantly affecting Qmax or PVR.

Enhanced carbohydrate craving in patients with poorly controlled Type 2 diabetes mellitus

AIMS

Although hyperphagia is a common manifestation of diabetes mellitus, data on food craving in patients with diabetes are limited. This study compared food craving in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus and a control group without diabetes.

METHODS

A total of 210 subjects (105 with Type 2 diabetes and 105 age-, sex- and BMI-matched control subjects) participated in two food craving surveys. The surveys were as follows: the General Food Cravings Questionnaire--Trait, which assesses the general trait of food craving; and the Food Cravings Questionnaire--State, which assesses the state of food craving or current desire for high-carbohydrate or high-fat foods in response to pictures of food. Follow-up Food Cravings Questionnaire--State surveys were administered approximately 3 months later to the subjects with diabetes. Survey results were analysed to assess relationships between food craving and glycaemic control.

RESULTS

The General Food Cravings Questionnaire--Trait scores in the group with Type 2 diabetes and the control group were not significantly different. The group with Type 2 diabetes had higher carbohydrate craving scores, but lower fat craving scores, than the control group. Carbohydrate craving scores in subjects with diabetes were positively correlated with HbA(1c). In follow-up surveys, carbohydrate craving scores declined in patients with improved glycaemic control.

CONCLUSIONS

The surveys showed that patients with Type 2 diabetes had higher carbohydrate cravings and lower fat cravings than the age-, sex- and BMI-matched control group. Carbohydrate craving in patients with diabetes was associated with poor glycaemic control.

Effect of multiple invasive foci on breast cancer outcomes according to the molecular subtypes: a report from the Korean Breast Cancer Society

BACKGROUND

In this study, the prognostic impact of the presence of the multifocal or multicentric tumor (MMT) and its association with molecular subtypes were investigated.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

We investigated the breast cancer metastasis and survival in patients with multifocal or multicentric invasive foci in the same breast. The study population includes 2882 patients in the Seoul National University Hospital Breast Care Center (SNUHBCC) dataset and 41 179 patients in Korean Breast Cancer Registry (KBCR) dataset.

RESULTS

From SNUHBCC dataset, we observed a significant role of MMT in developing distant metastasis and death when the tumors were triple-negative subtype. This subtype-specific prognostic importance of MMT in overall survival was also seen in KBCR dataset (HR, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.02-1.69). In tumors <2 cm, the hazard ratios (HRs) for node metastasis and death were similar along the tumor size change in triple-negative subtype, while other subtypes showed a stepwise increment, suggesting the biologic importance of small invasive foci in this subtype.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results demonstrate the prognostic importance of MMT in patients with triple-negative breast cancers. Small additional invasive foci in triple-negative breast cancer patients should be considered as clinically relevant tumor deposits.

Assessment of the fatty liver index as an indicator of hepatic steatosis for predicting incident diabetes independently of insulin resistance in a Korean population

AIMS

Fatty liver disease, especially non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, is considered to be the hepatic manifestation of the metabolic syndrome, both closely associated with insulin resistance. Furthermore, fatty liver disease assessed by ultrasonography is known to be a predictor of the development of Type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, it remains unclear whether fatty liver disease plays a role in the pathogenesis of Type 2 diabetes independently of insulin resistance. In this study, we investigated whether fatty liver disease assessed by the fatty liver index can predict the development of Type 2 diabetes independently of systemic insulin resistance.

METHODS

We examined the clinical and laboratory data of 7860 subjects without diabetes who underwent general routine health evaluations at the Asan Medical Center in 2007 and had returned for follow-up examinations in 2011. Fatty liver index was calculated using an equation that considers serum triglyceride levels, γ-glutamyltransferase, waist circumference and BMI.

RESULTS

During a 4-year period, 457 incident diabetes cases (5.8%) were identified. The odds ratios for the development of Type 2 diabetes were significantly higher in the group with a fatty liver index ≥ 60 (fatty liver index-positive) than in the group with a fatty liver index < 20 (fatty liver index-negative) after adjusting for various confounding variables including homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance. Odds ratios were significant regardless of the insulin resistance status at baseline.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results suggest that fatty liver index as a simple surrogate indicator of hepatic steatosis is valuable in identifying subjects at high risk for Type 2 diabetes. In addition, fatty liver disease itself contributes to the development of Type 2 diabetes independently of systemic insulin resistance.

Abstract P3-01-02: Correlation of Mammographic breast density and tumor characteristics in Korean breast cancer patients

Introduction: Western studies have demonstrated high breast density as a strong risk factor for breast cancer, it is poorly understood whether breast density affects the diverse phenotypes of breast cancer. We examined the association between various tumor characteristics and mammographic breast density in women with breast cancer.

Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional analysis in 910 Korean women diagnosed with breast cancer to evaluate the associations between breast density and tumor size, lymph node status, lymphovascular invasion, histologic grade, estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, HER2. Breast density was classified as fatty (percent density less than 50% by a computer-assisted thresholding program, named “Cumulus™”; n = 470) or dense (percent density 50% or more; n = 440) for the cancer-free breast at the time of operation. Logistic regression was used to examine whether the relationships were modified by adjustment for body mass index, age at diagnosis, age at first birth, menopausal status, history of breast-feeding, and breast cancer staging.

Results: Total 910 patients were involved, the mean age and median age at the operation was 48 years old (range 20–82), and the mean percent density was 48.09 (SD = 9.62 %: normally distributed, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test p = 0.32). Crude analysis shows that tumor size over than 0.5cm were more likely to have dense breasts compared with women with a tumor size &lt;=0.5 cm (OR = 3.21, 95% CI = 1.59–6.45, p = 0.001 for tumor sizes 0.6–1.0cm; OR = 2.02, 95% CI = 1.09–3.74, p = 0.03 for tumor sizes 1.1–1.5cm; OR = 1.8, 95% CI = 0.97–3.33, p = 0.06 for tumor sizes 1.6–2.0cm; and OR = 1.64, 95% CI = 0.92–2.94, p = 0.1 for tumor sizes 2.1cm or more). PD and histologic grade shows reverse association between histologic grade 1 and grade 2,3. Progesteron receptor positive patients tend to have more dense(OR = 1.27, 95% CI=0.97–1.66, p = 0.07) breast than receptor negative patients, although after adjustment of age the statistical significant disappeared. Percent density was not significantly associated with, ER (p = 0.74), HER2 (p = 0.72).

Restoring transmission of irradiated image fiber bundles

Image fiber bundles are employed in fusion experiments and other high radiation environments where they are used to transmit an image from an unprotected objective lens to a radiation shielded camera. Due to their exposure to neutron and gamma radiation the transmission of these expensive image fiber bundles can rapidly degrade, especially at the shorter visible wavelengths, and require costly replacement. A cost-effective, non-destructive heat treatment process in which entire fiber bundles are heated gradually in air to 150°-200°C and held for tens of hours has been shown to recover much of the transmission lost due to the radiation induced absorption. The restoration process can be repeated multiple times without a loss in effectiveness, although some physical degradation of inter-fiber alignment has been observed. The results and the apparatus used for the successful restoration of the transmission of multiple image fiber bundles across their entire wavelength band will be presented.

Frequency-resolved nonlinear turbulent energy transfer into zonal flows in strongly heated L-mode plasmas in the HL-2A tokamak

The absolute rate of nonlinear energy transfer among broadband turbulence, low-frequency zonal flows (ZFs) and geodesic acoustic modes (GAMs) was measured for the first time in fusion-grade plasmas using two independent methods across a range of heating powers. The results show that turbulent kinetic energy from intermediate frequencies (20-80 kHz) was transferred into ZFs and GAMs, as well as into fluctuations at higher frequencies (>80  kHz). As the heating power was increased, the energy transfer from turbulence into GAMs and the GAM amplitudes increased, peaked and then decreased, while the energy transfer into the ZFs and the ZFs themselves increased monotonically with heating power. Thus there exists a competition between ZFs and GAMs for the transfer of turbulent energy, and the transfer into ZFs becomes dominant as the heating power is increased. The poloidal-radial Reynolds stress and the mean radial electric field profiles were also measured at different heating powers and found to be consistent with the energy transfer measurement. The results suggest that ZFs play an important role in the low-to-high (L-H) plasma confinement transition.

P3-09-06: Changes of Serum Vitamin D According to the Breast Cancer Treatment

Background: Vitamin D deficiency is associated with increased breast cancer risk and decreased breast cancer survival. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of breast cancer adjuvant treatment to the vitamin D status, as measured by the serum hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) in breast cancer patients.

Patients and Methods: For 589 patients who was diagnosed as a non metastatic breast cancer in 2009 at the asan medical center, blood was prospectively analyzed in batches for serum 25 OHD level at basal and at 6 and 12month. We excluded the patients who took a vitamin D supplementation and got a neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Vitamin D sufficiency was defined as serum as 30ng/ml or greater, insufficiency as 20 to 29 ng/ml and insufficiency as less than 20ng/ml.

Results: At baseline, mean serum 25OHD was greater in summer (April to Oct) than Winter(Nov to May) (28.2ng/ml vs 32.9ng/ml respectively, p=0.000). The patients who did not get a chemotherapy and antihormonal therapy as baseline, the patient with chemotherapy showed decreased serum 25OHD level than who without chemotherapy in 6 month but not in 12 month (p=0.003, vs p=0.156 respectively). The patients who had taken anti-hormonal therapy showed significant increasing serum 25OHD in 6 month and 12 months (p=0.000 both). For the patients who got both chemotherapy and anti-hormonal therapy, the changes of serum 25OHD level is smaller than the patients who got a chemotherapy only.

For the patients who got a chemotherapy, 57% of patients were vitamin D sufficient at baseline, but 27% of patients in 6 month and 49% in 12 month (p=0.001).

Conclusion: Vitamin D status was worsen during chemotherapy but recovered after chemotherapy. Anti hormonal therapy make the serum vitamin D level increased. The translational research about the effect of chemotherapy and anti-hormonal therapy to the vitamin D status should be warranted.

Citation Information: Cancer Res 2011;71(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P3-09-06.

Plasma blob generation due to cooperative elliptic instability

Using fast-camera measurements the generation mechanism of plasma blobs is investigated in the linear device CSDX. During the ejection of plasma blobs the plasma is dominated by an m=1 mode, which is a counterrotating vortex pair. These flows are known to be subject to the cooperative elliptic instability, which is characterized by a cooperative disturbance of the vortex cores and results in a three-dimensional breakdown of two-dimensional flows. The first experimental evidence of a cooperative elliptic instability preceding the blob-ejection is provided in terms of the qualitative evolution of the vortex geometries and internal wave patterns.

Generation of a sheared plasma rotation by emission, propagation, and absorption of drift wave packets

Collisional electron drift wave turbulence generates drift wave packet structures with density and vorticity fluctuations in the central plasma pressure gradient region of a linear plasma device. Tracking these packets reveals that they follow an outward directed spiral-shaped trajectory in the (r,θ) plane, are azimuthally stretched, and develop anisotropy as they approach an axisymmetric, radially sheared azimuthal flow located at the plasma boundary. Nonlinear energy transfer measurements and time-delay analysis confirm that structure absorption amplifies the sheared flow. Similar mechanisms likely operate at the edge of confined toroidal plasmas and should lead to the amplification of sheared flows at the boundary of these devices as well.