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Białkowski J, Rossa R, Ziemiakowicz A, Gohli J, Dymek J, Goczał J. Evolution, types, and distribution of flight control devices on wings and elytra in bark beetles. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6999. [PMID: 38523182 PMCID: PMC10961309 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57658-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Gaining the ability to fly actively was a ground-breaking moment in insect evolution, providing an unprecedented advantage over other arthropods. Nevertheless, active flight was a costly innovation, requiring the development of wings and flight muscles, the provision of sufficient energetic resources, and a complex flight control system. Although wings, flight muscles, and the energetic budget of insects have been intensively studied in the last decades, almost nothing is known regarding the flight-control devices of many crucial insect groups, especially beetles (Coleoptera). Here, we conducted a phylogenetic-informed analysis of flight-related mechanosensors in 28 species of bark beetles (Curculionidae: Scolytinae, Platypodinae), an economically and ecologically important group of insects characterized by striking differences in dispersal abilities. The results indicated that beetle flight apparatus is equipped with different functional types of mechanosensors, including strain- and flow-encoding sensilla. We found a strong effect of allometry on the number of mechanosensors, while no effect of relative wing size (a proxy of flight investment) was identified. Our study constitutes the first step to understanding the drivers and constraints of the evolution of flight-control devices in Coleoptera, including bark beetles. More research, including a quantitative neuroanatomical analysis of beetle wings, should be conducted in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Białkowski
- Department of Forest Ecosystems Protection, University of Agriculture in Krakow, 29 Listopada 54, 31-425, Kraków, Poland
| | - Robert Rossa
- Department of Forest Ecosystems Protection, University of Agriculture in Krakow, 29 Listopada 54, 31-425, Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Ziemiakowicz
- Department of Forest Ecosystems Protection, University of Agriculture in Krakow, 29 Listopada 54, 31-425, Kraków, Poland
| | - Jostein Gohli
- Division of Biotechnology and Plant Health, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, Norway
| | - Jakub Dymek
- Department of Biology and Cell Imaging, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Jakub Goczał
- Department of Forest Ecosystems Protection, University of Agriculture in Krakow, 29 Listopada 54, 31-425, Kraków, Poland.
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2
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Joshi CH, Wiens JJ. Does haplodiploidy help drive the evolution of insect eusociality? Front Ecol Evol 2023. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2023.1118748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the evolution of eusociality in insects has been a long-standing and unsolved challenge in evolutionary biology. For decades, it has been suggested that haplodiploidy plays an important role in the origin of eusociality. However, some researchers have also suggested that eusociality is unrelated to haplodiploidy. Surprisingly, there have been no large-scale phylogenetic tests of this hypothesis (to our knowledge). Here, we test whether haplodiploidy might help explain the origins of eusociality across 874 hexapod families, using three different phylogenetic comparative methods. Two of the methods used support the idea that the evolution of eusociality is significantly associated with haplodiploidy, providing possibly the first phylogenetic support for this decades-old hypothesis across insects. However, some patterns were clearly discordant with this hypothesis, and one phylogenetic test was non-significant. Support for this hypothesis came largely from the repeated origins of eusociality within the haplodiploid hymenopterans (and within thrips). Experimental manipulations of the data show that the non-significant results are primarily explained by the origins of eusociality without haplodiploidy in some groups (i.e., aphids, termites). Overall, our results offer mixed phylogenetic support for the long-standing hypothesis that haplodiploidy helps drive the evolution of eusociality.
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3
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Goczał J, Beutel RG. Beetle elytra: evolution, modifications and biological functions. Biol Lett 2023; 19:20220559. [PMID: 36855857 PMCID: PMC9975656 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2022.0559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Conversion of forewings into hardened covers, elytra, was a ground-breaking morphological adaptation that has contributed to the extraordinary evolutionary success of beetles. Nevertheless, the knowledge of the functional aspects of these structures is still fragmentary and scattered across a large number of studies. Here, we have synthesized the presently available information on the evolution, development, modifications and biological functions of this crucial evolutionary novelty. The formation of elytra took place in the earliest evolution of Coleoptera, very likely already in the Carboniferous, and was achieved through the gradual process of progressive forewing sclerotization and the formation of inward directed epipleura and a secluded sub-elytral space. In many lineages of modern beetles, the elytra have been distinctly modified. This includes multiple surface modifications, a rigid connection or fusion of the elytra, or partial or complete reduction. Beetle elytra can be involved in a very broad spectrum of functions: mechanical protection of hind wings and body, anti-predator strategies, thermoregulation and water saving, water harvesting, flight, hind wing folding, diving and swimming, self-cleaning and burrow cleaning, phoresy of symbiotic organisms, mating and courtship, and acoustic communication. We postulate that the potential of the elytra to take over multiple tasks has enormously contributed to the unparalleled diversification of beetles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Goczał
- Department of Forest Ecosystems Protection, University of Agriculture in Krakow, 29 Listopada 54, 31-425 Krakow, Poland
| | - Rolf G Beutel
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Institut für Zoologie und Evolutionsforschung, 07743 Jena, Germany
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4
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Orr SE, Collins LB, Jima DD, Buchwalter DB. Salinity-induced ionoregulatory changes in the gill proteome of the mayfly, Neocloeon triangulifer. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 316:120609. [PMID: 36368556 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Ecologists have observed declines in the biodiversity of sensitive freshwater organisms in response to increasing concentrations of major ions (salinization). Yet, how changing salinities physiologically challenge aquatic organisms, such as mayflies, remains remarkably understudied. Moreover, it is not well understood the degree to which species respond and acclimate to salinity changes. Our lab is developing the Baetid mayfly, N. triangulifer, as a model organism for physiological research. We have previously described acclimatory changes in both ion flux rates and altered mRNA transcript levels in response to chronic exposures to elevated major ion concentrations at the whole animal level. In the present study, we use shotgun proteomics to identify the specific proteins associated with apical ion transport and how their abundance changes in response to chronic salinity exposures in gills. Gills were isolated from the penultimate nymphal stage of N. triangulifer reared under control culture conditions, elevated NaCl (157 mg L-1 Na), elevated CaCl2 (121 mg L-1 Ca), elevated Ca/MgSO4 (735 mg L-1 SO4). These conditions mirrored those from previously published physiological work. We also acutely exposed nymphs to dilute (50% dilution of culture water with deionized water) to explore proteomic changes in the gills in response to dilute conditions. We report 710 unique peptide sequences among treatment groups, including important apical ion transporters such as Ca-ATPase, Na/K ATPase, and V-ATPase. Treatment with elevated NaCl and Ca/MgSO4 appeared to cause more significant differential protein expression (452 and 345, respectively) compared to CaCl2 and dilute groups (134 and 17, respectively). Finally, we demonstrated the breadth of physiological functions in gills by exploring non-transport related pathways found in our dataset, including ATP synthesis, calcium signaling, and oxidative stress response. We discuss our results in the context of freshwater salinization and the challenges of working with non-model species without fully sequenced and annotated genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Orr
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Leonard B Collins
- Molecular Education, Technology and Research Innovation Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Dereje D Jima
- Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA; Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - David B Buchwalter
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
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5
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Lee CE, Charmantier G, Lorin-Nebel C. Mechanisms of Na + uptake from freshwater habitats in animals. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1006113. [PMID: 36388090 PMCID: PMC9644288 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1006113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Life in fresh water is osmotically and energetically challenging for living organisms, requiring increases in ion uptake from dilute environments. However, mechanisms of ion uptake from freshwater environments are still poorly understood and controversial, especially in arthropods, for which several hypothetical models have been proposed based on incomplete data. One compelling model involves the proton pump V-type H+ ATPase (VHA), which energizes the apical membrane, enabling the uptake of Na+ (and other cations) via an unknown Na+ transporter (referred to as the "Wieczorek Exchanger" in insects). What evidence exists for this model of ion uptake and what is this mystery exchanger or channel that cooperates with VHA? We present results from studies that explore this question in crustaceans, insects, and teleost fish. We argue that the Na+/H+ antiporter (NHA) is a likely candidate for the Wieczorek Exchanger in many crustaceans and insects; although, there is no evidence that this is the case for fish. NHA was discovered relatively recently in animals and its functions have not been well characterized. Teleost fish exhibit redundancy of Na+ uptake pathways at the gill level, performed by different ion transporter paralogs in diverse cell types, apparently enabling tolerance of low environmental salinity and various pH levels. We argue that much more research is needed on overall mechanisms of ion uptake from freshwater habitats, especially on NHA and other potential Wieczorek Exchangers. Such insights gained would contribute greatly to our general understanding of ionic regulation in diverse species across habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol Eunmi Lee
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
- MARBEC, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Guy Charmantier
- MARBEC, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Montpellier, France
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6
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Marín-Miret J, González-Serrano F, Rosas T, Baixeras J, Latorre A, Pérez-Cobas AE, Moya A. Temporal variations shape the gut microbiome ecology of the moth Brithys crini. Environ Microbiol 2022; 24:3939-3953. [PMID: 35243736 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Marín-Miret
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), University of Valencia and CSIC, Valencia, Spain
| | - Francisco González-Serrano
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), University of Valencia and CSIC, Valencia, Spain.,Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Tania Rosas
- Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Joaquín Baixeras
- Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Amparo Latorre
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), University of Valencia and CSIC, Valencia, Spain.,Genomics and Health Area, Foundation for the Promotion of Sanitary and Biomedical Research (FISABIO), Valencia, Spain.,Biomedical Research Center Network of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBEResp), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Elena Pérez-Cobas
- Department of Microbiology, Ramón y Cajal Institute for Health Research (IRYCIS), Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrés Moya
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), University of Valencia and CSIC, Valencia, Spain.,Genomics and Health Area, Foundation for the Promotion of Sanitary and Biomedical Research (FISABIO), Valencia, Spain.,Biomedical Research Center Network of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBEResp), Madrid, Spain
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7
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Haug JT, Müller P, Haug C. Fossil dragonfly-type larva with lateral abdominal protrusions and implications on the early evolution of Pterygota. iScience 2021; 24:103162. [PMID: 34646993 PMCID: PMC8501664 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquatic larvae are known in three early branches of Pterygota: Ephemeroptera (mayflies), Plecoptera (stoneflies), and Odonata (dragonflies, damselflies). A common origin of these larvae has been suggested, yet also counterarguments have been put forward, for example, the different position of larval gills: laterally on the abdomen in Ephemeroptera, terminally in Odonata, variably in Plecoptera. We discuss recent fossil findings and report a new dragonfly-type larva from Kachin amber (Myanmar), which possesses ancestral characters such as a terminal filum, maintained in ephemeropterans, but lost in modern odonatan larvae. The new larva possesses lateral protrusions on the abdominal segments where in other lineages gills occur. Together with other fossils, such as a plecopteran retaining lateral gills on the abdomen, this indicates that lateral protrusions on the abdomen might have well been an ancestral feature, removing one important argument against the idea of an aquatic larva in the ground pattern of Pterygota. A new dragonfly-type larva was found in Kachin amber (Myanmar, 99 million years old). The larva possesses a terminal filum, which is not known in modern dragonfly larvae It also exhibits lateral abdominal protrusions where in other lineages gills occur This find makes an aquatic larva in the ground pattern of Pterygota more likely
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim T Haug
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU Munich), Biocenter, Großhaderner Str. 2, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.,GeoBio-Center at LMU, Richard-Wagner-Str. 10, 80333 München, Germany
| | | | - Carolin Haug
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU Munich), Biocenter, Großhaderner Str. 2, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.,GeoBio-Center at LMU, Richard-Wagner-Str. 10, 80333 München, Germany
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8
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Privalova V, Szlachcic E, Sobczyk Ł, Szabla N, Czarnoleski M. Oxygen Dependence of Flight Performance in Ageing Drosophila melanogaster. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:327. [PMID: 33919761 PMCID: PMC8070683 DOI: 10.3390/biology10040327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Similar to humans, insects lose their physical and physiological capacities with age, which makes them a convenient study system for human ageing. Although insects have an efficient oxygen-transport system, we know little about how their flight capacity changes with age and environmental oxygen conditions. We measured two types of locomotor performance in ageing Drosophila melanogaster flies: the frequency of wing beats and the capacity to climb vertical surfaces. Flight performance was measured under normoxia and hypoxia. As anticipated, ageing flies showed systematic deterioration of climbing performance, and low oxygen impeded flight performance. Against predictions, flight performance did not deteriorate with age, and younger and older flies showed similar levels of tolerance to low oxygen during flight. We suggest that among different insect locomotory activities, flight performance deteriorates slowly with age, which is surprising, given that insect flight is one of the most energy-demanding activities in animals. Apparently, the superior capacity of insects to rapidly deliver oxygen to flight muscles remains little altered by ageing, but we showed that insects can become oxygen limited in habitats with a poor oxygen supply (e.g., those at high elevations) during highly oxygen-demanding activities such as flight.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Marcin Czarnoleski
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland; (V.P.); (E.S.); (Ł.S.); (N.S.)
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9
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Paithankar JG, Ghodke TS, Patil RK. Insight into the evolutionary profile of radio-resistance among insects having intrinsically evolved defence against radiation toxicity. Int J Radiat Biol 2021; 98:1012-1024. [PMID: 33264042 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2020.1859153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Ionizing radiation (IR) has wide-ranging applications in various fields. In agriculture, pest control is one of the important applications, because insect pests have become a threat to the global agriculture industry. IR are used routinely to prevent crop loss and to protect stored food commodities. Radio-sterilization and disinfestation treatments are commonly used procedures for insect pest control. From various studies on insect radio-sterilization and disinfestation, it has been established that compared to vertebrates' insects have high levels of radiation resistance. Therefore, to achieve adequate radio-sterilization/disinfestation; exposure to high doses of IR is necessary. However, studies over decades made a presumption that radiation resistance is general among insects. Recent studies have shown that some insect orders are having high IR resistance and some insect orders are sensitive to IR. These studies have clarified that radiation resistance is not uniform throughout insect class. The present review is an attempt to insight at the evolutionary profile of insect species studied for radio-sterilization and disinfestation treatment and are having the trait of radio-resistance. From various studies on insect radiation resistance and after phylogenetic analysis of insect species it appears that the evolutionary near species have drastically different levels of radio-resistance and trait of radiation resistance appears to be independent of insect evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagdish Gopal Paithankar
- Division of Environmental Health and Toxicology, Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research (NUCSER), Nitte (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India
| | - Tanhaji Sandu Ghodke
- Centre for Applications of Radioisotopes and Radiation Technology (CARRT), Mangalore University, Mangalore, India.,Department of Applied Zoology, Mangalore University, Mangalore, India
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10
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Amiri A, Bandani AR. Callosobruchus embryo struggle to guarantee progeny production. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13269. [PMID: 32764669 PMCID: PMC7413255 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70178-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We conducted a series of experiments to test insect embryo capability to survive and increase reproductive investment during early development after short exposure to essential oils. We used Callosobruchus maculatus as a model insect and eucalyptus leaf and flower essential oils. Both essential oils exhibited toxicity against C. maculatus embryos and adults.
However, flower essential oil was more toxic. A fetus exposed to essential oils tried to make the best of a bad situation and compensate essential oils harmful effects in the later life stages. Insect progeny production guarantee resulted in a trade-off between reproduction and female longevity. The insect also could alter fitness and reproductive behavior including, mating latency reduction, copulation duration increase, and copulation success rate raise in adulthood. Flower essential oil-exposed embryos were more successful in increasing copulation duration, and leaf essential oil-exposed embryos achieved more copulation success and less mating latency. These consequences persisted until F1 generation that was not directly exposed to essential oil. However, the F2 generation could concur with the harmful effects of essential oils. C. maculatus embryo might use epigenetic mechanisms to guarantee progeny production. Reproductive behavior changes and the trade-off can be evolutionary mechanisms to save species from possible extinction in deleterious situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azam Amiri
- College of Geography and Environmental Planning, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran.
| | - Ali R Bandani
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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11
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Alba-Tercedor J, Alba-Alejandre I, Vega FE. Revealing the respiratory system of the coffee berry borer (Hypothenemus hampei; Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) using micro-computed tomography. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17753. [PMID: 31780747 PMCID: PMC6882887 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54157-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The coffee berry borer (Hypothenemus hampei) is the most economically important insect pest of coffee globally. Micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) was used to reconstruct the respiratory system of this species for the first time; this is the smallest insect (ca. 2 mm long) for which this has been done to date. Anatomical details of the spiracles and tracheal tubes are described, images presented, and new terms introduced. The total volume and the relationship between tracheal lumen diameter, length and volume are also presented. The total length of the tracheal tubes are seventy times the length of the entire animal. Videos and a 3D model for use with mobile devices are included as supplementary information; these could be useful for future research and for teaching insect anatomy to students and the public in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Alba-Tercedor
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Campus de Fuentenueva, 18071, Granada, Spain.
| | - Ignacio Alba-Alejandre
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Campus de Fuentenueva, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Fernando E Vega
- Sustainable Perennial Crops Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA.
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12
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Asano T, Seto Y, Hashimoto K, Kurushima H. Mini-review an insect-specific system for terrestrialization: Laccase-mediated cuticle formation. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 108:61-70. [PMID: 30904465 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2019.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Insects are often regarded as the most successful group of animals in the terrestrial environment. Their success can be represented by their huge biomass and large impact on ecosystems. Among the factors suggested to be responsible for their success, we focus on the possibility that the cuticle might have affected the process of insects' evolution. The cuticle of insects, like that of other arthropods, is composed mainly of chitin and structural cuticle proteins. However, insects seem to have evolved a specific system for cuticle formation. Oxidation reaction of catecholamines catalyzed by a copper enzyme, laccase, is the key step in the metabolic pathway for hardening of the insect cuticle. Molecular phylogenetic analysis indicates that laccase functioning in cuticle sclerotization has evolved only in insects. In this review, we discuss a theory on how the insect-specific "laccase" function has been advantageous for establishing their current ecological position as terrestrial animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsunaki Asano
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan.
| | - Yosuke Seto
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan
| | - Kosei Hashimoto
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kurushima
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan
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13
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Raś M, Iwan D, Kamiński MJ. The tracheal system in post-embryonic development of holometabolous insects: a case study using the mealworm beetle. J Anat 2018; 232:997-1015. [PMID: 29574917 PMCID: PMC5980188 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The tracheal (respiratory) system is regarded as one of the key elements which enabled insects to conquer terrestrial habitats and, as a result, achieve extreme species diversity. Despite this fact, anatomical data concerning this biological system is relatively scarce, especially in an ontogenetic context. The purpose of this study is to provide novel and reliable information on the post-embryonic development of the tracheal system of holometabolous insects using micro-computed tomography methods. Data concerning the structure of the respiratory system acquired from different developmental stages (larvae, pupae and adults) of a single insect species (Tenebrio molitor) are co-analysed in detail. Anatomy of the tracheal system is presented. Sample sizes used (29 individuals) enabled statistical analysis of the results obtained. The following aspects have been investigated (among others): the spiracle arrangement, the number of tracheal ramifications originating from particular spiracles, the diameter of longitudinal trunks, tracheal system volumes, tracheae diameter distribution and fractal dimension analysis. Based on the data acquired, the modularity of the tracheal system is postulated. Using anatomical and functional factors, the following respiratory module types have been distinguished: cephalo-prothoracic, metathoracic and abdominal. These modules can be unambiguously identified in all of the studied developmental stages. A cephalo-prothoracic module aerates organs located in the head capsule, prothorax and additionally prolegs. It is characterised by relatively thick longitudinal trunks and originates in the first thoracic spiracle pair. Thoracic modules support the flight muscles, wings, elytra, meso- and metalegs. The unique feature of this module is the presence of additional longitudinal connections between the neighbouring spiracles. These modules are concentrated around the second prothoracic and the first abdominal spiracle pairs. An abdominal module is characterised by relatively thin ventral longitudinal trunks. Its main role is to support systems located in the abdomen; however, its long visceral tracheae aerate organs situated medially from the flight muscles. Analysis of changes of the tracheal system volume enabled the calculation of growth scaling among body tissues and the volume of the tracheal system. The data presented show that the development of the body volume and tracheal system is not linear in holometabola due to the occurrence of the pupal stage causing a decrease in body volume in the imago and at the same time influencing high growth rates of the tracheal system during metamorphosis, exceeding that ones observed for hemimetabola.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Raś
- Zoological Museum, Museum and Institute of ZoologyPolish Academy of SciencesWarsawPoland
| | - Dariusz Iwan
- Zoological Museum, Museum and Institute of ZoologyPolish Academy of SciencesWarsawPoland
| | - Marcin Jan Kamiński
- Zoological Museum, Museum and Institute of ZoologyPolish Academy of SciencesWarsawPoland
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14
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Ab Majid AH, Dieng H, Ellias SS, Sabtu FS, Abd Rahim AH, Satho T. Olfactory behavior and response of household ants (Hymenoptera) to different types of coffee odor: A coffee-based bait development prospect. JOURNAL OF ASIA-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 21:46-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aspen.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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15
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Everaars J, Settele J, Dormann CF. Fragmentation of nest and foraging habitat affects time budgets of solitary bees, their fitness and pollination services, depending on traits: Results from an individual-based model. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0188269. [PMID: 29444076 PMCID: PMC5812554 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Solitary bees are important but declining wild pollinators. During daily foraging in agricultural landscapes, they encounter a mosaic of patches with nest and foraging habitat and unsuitable matrix. It is insufficiently clear how spatial allocation of nesting and foraging resources and foraging traits of bees affect their daily foraging performance. We investigated potential brood cell construction (as proxy of fitness), number of visited flowers, foraging habitat visitation and foraging distance (pollination proxies) with the model SOLBEE (simulating pollen transport by solitary bees, tested and validated in an earlier study), for landscapes varying in landscape fragmentation and spatial allocation of nesting and foraging resources. Simulated bees varied in body size and nesting preference. We aimed to understand effects of landscape fragmentation and bee traits on bee fitness and the pollination services bees provide, as well as interactions between them, and the general consequences it has to our understanding of the system. This broad scope gives multiple key results. 1) Body size determines fitness more than landscape fragmentation, with large bees building fewer brood cells. High pollen requirements for large bees and the related high time budgets for visiting many flowers may not compensate for faster flight speeds and short handling times on flowers, giving them overall a disadvantage compared to small bees. 2) Nest preference does affect distribution of bees over the landscape, with cavity-nesting bees being restricted to nesting along field edges, which inevitably leads to performance reductions. Fragmentation mitigates this for cavity-nesting bees through increased edge habitat. 3) Landscape fragmentation alone had a relatively small effect on all responses. Instead, the local ratio of nest to foraging habitat affected bee fitness positively through reduced local competition. The spatial coverage of pollination increases steeply in response to this ratio for all bee sizes. The nest to foraging habitat ratio, a strong habitat proxy incorporating fragmentation could be a promising and practical measure for comparing landscape suitability for pollinators. 4) The number of flower visits was hardly affected by resource allocation, but predominantly by bee size. 5) In landscapes with the highest visitation coverage, bees flew least far, suggesting that these pollination proxies are subject to a trade-off between either longer pollen transport distances or a better pollination coverage, linked to how nests are distributed over the landscape rather than being affected by bee size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen Everaars
- Department of Computational Landscape Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Ecological Modelling, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Josef Settele
- Department of Community Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Halle, Germany
| | - Carsten F. Dormann
- Department of Computational Landscape Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
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Branstetter MG, Childers AK, Cox-Foster D, Hopper KR, Kapheim KM, Toth AL, Worley KC. Genomes of the Hymenoptera. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2018; 25:65-75. [PMID: 29602364 PMCID: PMC5993429 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2017.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Hymenoptera is the second-most sequenced arthropod order, with 52 publically archived genomes (71 with ants, reviewed elsewhere), however these genomes do not capture the breadth of this very diverse order (Figure 1, Table 1). These sequenced genomes represent only 15 of the 97 extant families. Although at least 55 other genomes are in progress in an additional 11 families (see Table 2), stinging wasps represent 35 (67%) of the available and 42 (76%) of the in progress genomes. A more comprehensive catalog of hymenopteran genomes is needed for research into the evolutionary processes underlying the expansive diversity in terms of ecology, behavior, and physiological traits within this group. Additional sequencing is needed to generate an assembly for even 0.05% of the estimated 1 million hymenopteran species, and we recommend premier level assemblies for at least 0.1% of the >150,000 named species dispersed across the order. Given the haplodiploid sex determination in Hymenoptera, haploid male sequencing will help minimize genome assembly issues to enable higher quality genome assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Branstetter
- Pollinating Insect-biology, Management, Systematics Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Logan, UT 84322, United States
| | - Anna K Childers
- Bee Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705, United States
| | - Diana Cox-Foster
- Pollinating Insect-biology, Management, Systematics Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Logan, UT 84322, United States
| | - Keith R Hopper
- Beneficial Insects Introduction Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Newark, DE 19713, United States
| | - Karen M Kapheim
- Utah State University, Department of Biology, Logan, UT 84322, United States
| | - Amy L Toth
- Iowa State University, Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology and Department of Entomology, Ames, IA 50011, United States
| | - Kim C Worley
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, and Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, United States
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Pallarés S, Arribas P, Bilton DT, Millán A, Velasco J, Ribera I. The chicken or the egg? Adaptation to desiccation and salinity tolerance in a lineage of water beetles. Mol Ecol 2017; 26:5614-5628. [PMID: 28833872 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Transitions from fresh to saline habitats are restricted to a handful of insect lineages, as the colonization of saline waters requires specialized mechanisms to deal with osmotic stress. Previous studies have suggested that tolerance to salinity and desiccation could be mechanistically and evolutionarily linked, but the temporal sequence of these adaptations is not well established for individual lineages. We combined molecular, physiological and ecological data to explore the evolution of desiccation resistance, hyporegulation ability (i.e., the ability to osmoregulate in hyperosmotic media) and habitat transitions in the water beetle genus Enochrus subgenus Lumetus (Hydrophilidae). We tested whether enhanced desiccation resistance evolved before increases in hyporegulation ability or vice versa, or whether the two mechanisms evolved in parallel. The most recent ancestor of Lumetus was inferred to have high desiccation resistance and moderate hyporegulation ability. There were repeated shifts between habitats with differing levels of salinity in the radiation of the group, those to the most saline habitats generally occurring more rapidly than those to less saline ones. Significant and accelerated changes in hyporegulation ability evolved in parallel with smaller and more progressive increases in desiccation resistance across the phylogeny, associated with the colonization of meso- and hypersaline waters during global aridification events. All species with high hyporegulation ability were also desiccation-resistant, but not vice versa. Overall, results are consistent with the hypothesis that desiccation resistance mechanisms evolved first and provided the physiological basis for the development of hyporegulation ability, allowing these insects to colonize and diversify across meso- and hypersaline habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Pallarés
- Department of Ecology and Hydrology, Facultad de Biología, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Paula Arribas
- Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group, IPNA-CSIC, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - David T Bilton
- Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological and Marine Sciences, Plymouth University, Plymouth, UK
| | - Andrés Millán
- Department of Ecology and Hydrology, Facultad de Biología, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Josefa Velasco
- Department of Ecology and Hydrology, Facultad de Biología, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Ignacio Ribera
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Barcelona, Spain
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18
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Scheibener S, Conley JM, Buchwalter D. Sulfate transport kinetics and toxicity are modulated by sodium in aquatic insects. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2017; 190:62-69. [PMID: 28692867 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The salinization of freshwater ecosystems is emerging as a major ecological issue. Several anthropogenic causes of salinization (e.g. surface coal mining, hydro-fracking, road de-icing, irrigation of arid lands, etc.) are associated with biodiversity losses in freshwater ecosystems. Because insects tend to dominate freshwater ecology, it is important that we develop a better understanding of how and why different species respond to salinity matrices dominated by different major ions. This study builds upon previous work demonstrating that major ion toxicity to the mayfly Neocloeon triangulifer was apparently due to the ionic composition of water rather than specific conductance. Synthetic waters with low Ca:Mg ratios and high SO4:Na ratios produced toxicity, whereas waters with higher Ca:Mg ratios and lower SO4:Na ratios were not toxic to mayflies at comparable conductivities. Here we used a radiotracer approach to show that Mg did not competitively exclude Ca uptake at environmentally realistic ratios in 4 aquatic insect species. We characterized SO4 uptake kinetics in 5 mayflies and assessed the influence of different ions on SO4 uptake. Dual label experiments show an inverse relationship between SO4 and Na transport rates as SO4 was held constant and Na was increased, suggesting that Na (and not Cl or HCO3) is antagonistic to SO4 transport. Based on this observation, we tested the hypothesis that increasing Na would protect against SO4 induced toxicity in a Na-dependent manner. Increasing Na from 0.7 to 10.9mM improved 96-h survivorship associated with 20.8mM SO4 from 44% to 73% in a concentration dependent manner. However, when Na reached 21.8mM, survivorship decreased to 16%, suggesting that other interactive effects of major ions caused toxicity under those conditions. Thus, the combination of elevated sulfate and low sodium commonly observed in streams affected by mountaintop coal mining has the potential to cause toxicity in sensitive aquatic insects. Overall, it is important that we develop a better understanding of major ion toxicity to effectively mitigate and protect freshwater biodiversity from salinization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane Scheibener
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Justin M Conley
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - David Buchwalter
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
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Villastrigo A, Fery H, Manuel M, Millán A, Ribera I. Evolution of salinity tolerance in the diving beetle tribe Hygrotini (Coleoptera, Dytiscidae). ZOOL SCR 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/zsc.12255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Villastrigo
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra); Barcelona Spain
| | | | - Michaël Manuel
- UPMC Univ Paris 06; CNRS; Evolution Paris-Seine UMR7138; Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine; Sorbonne Universités; Paris France
| | - Andrés Millán
- Department of Ecology and Hydrology; University of Murcia; Murcia Spain
| | - Ignacio Ribera
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra); Barcelona Spain
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20
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Getahun MN, Thoma M, Lavista-Llanos S, Keesey I, Fandino RA, Knaden M, Wicher D, Olsson SB, Hansson BS. Intracellular regulation of the insect chemoreceptor complex impacts odour localization in flying insects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 219:3428-3438. [PMID: 27591307 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.143396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Flying insects are well known for airborne odour tracking and have evolved diverse chemoreceptors. While ionotropic receptors (IRs) are found across protostomes, insect odorant receptors (ORs) have only been identified in winged insects. We therefore hypothesized that the unique signal transduction of ORs offers an advantage for odour localization in flight. Using Drosophila, we found expression and increased activity of the intracellular signalling protein PKC in antennal sensilla following odour stimulation. Odour stimulation also enhanced phosphorylation of the OR co-receptor Orco in vitro, while site-directed mutation of Orco or mutations in PKC subtypes reduced the sensitivity and dynamic range of OR-expressing neurons in vivo, but not IR-expressing neurons. We ultimately show that these mutations reduce competence for odour localization of flies in flight. We conclude that intracellular regulation of OR sensitivity is necessary for efficient odour localization, which suggests a mechanistic advantage for the evolution of the OR complex in flying insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merid N Getahun
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department Evolutionary Neuroethology, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, Jena D-07745, Germany
| | - Michael Thoma
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department Evolutionary Neuroethology, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, Jena D-07745, Germany
| | - Sofia Lavista-Llanos
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department Evolutionary Neuroethology, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, Jena D-07745, Germany
| | - Ian Keesey
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department Evolutionary Neuroethology, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, Jena D-07745, Germany
| | - Richard A Fandino
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department Evolutionary Neuroethology, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, Jena D-07745, Germany
| | - Markus Knaden
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department Evolutionary Neuroethology, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, Jena D-07745, Germany
| | - Dieter Wicher
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department Evolutionary Neuroethology, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, Jena D-07745, Germany
| | - Shannon B Olsson
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department Evolutionary Neuroethology, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, Jena D-07745, Germany
| | - Bill S Hansson
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department Evolutionary Neuroethology, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, Jena D-07745, Germany
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21
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Scheibener SA, Richardi VS, Buchwalter DB. Comparative sodium transport patterns provide clues for understanding salinity and metal responses in aquatic insects. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2016; 171:20-29. [PMID: 26730725 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2015.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The importance of insects in freshwater ecosystems has led to their extensive use in ecological monitoring programs. As freshwater systems are increasingly challenged by salinization and metal contamination, it is important to understand fundamental aspects of aquatic insect physiology (e.g., osmoregulatory processes) that contribute to insect responses to these stressors. Here we compared the uptake dynamics of Na as NaCl, NaHCO3 and Na2SO4 in the caddisfly Hydropsyche betteni across a range of Na concentrations (0.06-15.22 mM) encompassing the vast majority of North American freshwater ecosystems. Sulfate as the major anion resulted in decreased Na uptake rates relative to the chloride and bicarbonate salts. A comparison of Na (as NaHCO3) turnover rates in the caddisfly Hydropsyche sparna and the mayfly Maccaffertium sp. revealed different patterns in the 2 species. Both species appeared to tightly regulate their whole body sodium concentrations (at ∼47±1.8 μmol/g wet wt) across a range of Na concentrations (0.06-15.22 mM) over 7 days. However, at the highest Na concentration (15.22 mM), Na uptake rates in H. sparna (419.1 μM Na g(-1) hr(-1) wet wt) appeared close to saturation while Na uptake rates in Maccaffertium sp. were considerably faster (715 g μM Na g(-1) hr(-1) wet wt) and appeared to not be close to saturation. Na efflux studies in H. sparna revealed that loss rates are commensurate with uptake rates and are responsive to changes in water Na concentrations. A comparison of Na uptake rates (at 0.57 mM Na) across 9 species representing 4 major orders (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera and Diptera) demonstrated profound physiological differences across species after accounting for the influence of body weight. Faster Na uptake rates were associated with species described as being sensitive to salinization in field studies. The metals silver (Ag) and copper (Cu), known to be antagonistic to Na uptake in other aquatic taxa did not generally exhibit this effect in aquatic insects. Ag only reduced Na uptake at extremely high concentrations, while Cu generally stimulated Na uptake in aquatic insects, rather than suppress it. These results help explain the lack of insect responses to dissolved metal exposures in traditional toxicity testing and highlight the need to better understand fundamental physiological processes in this ecologically important faunal group.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Scheibener
- Department of Biological Sciences, Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - V S Richardi
- Department of Zoology, Entomology Program, Universidade Federal do Parana, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - D B Buchwalter
- Department of Biological Sciences, Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
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22
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Gudowska A, Drobniak SM, Schramm BW, Labecka AM, Kozlowski J, Bauchinger U. Hold your breath beetle-Mites! Evolution 2015; 70:249-55. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.12827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Gudowska
- Institute of Environmental Sciences; Jagiellonian University; ul. Gronostajowa 7 30-387 Kraków Poland
| | - Szymon M. Drobniak
- Institute of Environmental Sciences; Jagiellonian University; ul. Gronostajowa 7 30-387 Kraków Poland
| | - Bartosz W. Schramm
- Institute of Environmental Sciences; Jagiellonian University; ul. Gronostajowa 7 30-387 Kraków Poland
| | - Anna Maria Labecka
- Institute of Environmental Sciences; Jagiellonian University; ul. Gronostajowa 7 30-387 Kraków Poland
| | - Jan Kozlowski
- Institute of Environmental Sciences; Jagiellonian University; ul. Gronostajowa 7 30-387 Kraków Poland
| | - Ulf Bauchinger
- Institute of Environmental Sciences; Jagiellonian University; ul. Gronostajowa 7 30-387 Kraków Poland
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23
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Harrison JF. Handling and Use of Oxygen by Pancrustaceans: Conserved Patterns and the Evolution of Respiratory Structures. Integr Comp Biol 2015; 55:802-15. [DOI: 10.1093/icb/icv055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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24
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Faircloth BC, Branstetter MG, White ND, Brady SG. Target enrichment of ultraconserved elements from arthropods provides a genomic perspective on relationships among Hymenoptera. Mol Ecol Resour 2015; 15:489-501. [PMID: 25207863 PMCID: PMC4407909 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.12328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Revised: 08/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Gaining a genomic perspective on phylogeny requires the collection of data from many putatively independent loci across the genome. Among insects, an increasingly common approach to collecting this class of data involves transcriptome sequencing, because few insects have high-quality genome sequences available; assembling new genomes remains a limiting factor; the transcribed portion of the genome is a reasonable, reduced subset of the genome to target; and the data collected from transcribed portions of the genome are similar in composition to the types of data with which biologists have traditionally worked (e.g. exons). However, molecular techniques requiring RNA as a template, including transcriptome sequencing, are limited to using very high-quality source materials, which are often unavailable from a large proportion of biologically important insect samples. Recent research suggests that DNA-based target enrichment of conserved genomic elements offers another path to collecting phylogenomic data across insect taxa, provided that conserved elements are present in and can be collected from insect genomes. Here, we identify a large set (n = 1510) of ultraconserved elements (UCEs) shared among the insect order Hymenoptera. We used in silico analyses to show that these loci accurately reconstruct relationships among genome-enabled hymenoptera, and we designed a set of RNA baits (n = 2749) for enriching these loci that researchers can use with DNA templates extracted from a variety of sources. We used our UCE bait set to enrich an average of 721 UCE loci from 30 hymenopteran taxa, and we used these UCE loci to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships spanning very old (≥220 Ma) to very young (≤1 Ma) divergences among hymenopteran lineages. In contrast to a recent study addressing hymenopteran phylogeny using transcriptome data, we found ants to be sister to all remaining aculeate lineages with complete support, although this result could be explained by factors such as taxon sampling. We discuss this approach and our results in the context of elucidating the evolutionary history of one of the most diverse and speciose animal orders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brant C Faircloth
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
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25
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Pallarés S, Arribas P, Bilton DT, Millán A, Velasco J. The comparative osmoregulatory ability of two water beetle genera whose species span the fresh-hypersaline gradient in inland waters (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae, Hydrophilidae). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124299. [PMID: 25886355 PMCID: PMC4401727 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A better knowledge of the physiological basis of salinity tolerance is essential to understanding the ecology and evolutionary history of organisms that have colonized inland saline waters. Coleoptera are amongst the most diverse macroinvertebrates in inland waters, including saline habitats; however, the osmoregulatory strategies they employ to deal with osmotic stress remain unexplored. Survival and haemolymph osmotic concentration at different salinities were examined in adults of eight aquatic beetle species which inhabit different parts of the fresh-hypersaline gradient. Studied species belong to two unrelated genera which have invaded saline waters independently from freshwater ancestors; Nebrioporus (Dytiscidae) and Enochrus (Hydrophilidae). Their osmoregulatory strategy (osmoconformity or osmoregulation) was identified and osmotic capacity (the osmotic gradient between the animal's haemolymph and the external medium) was compared between species pairs co-habiting similar salinities in nature. We show that osmoregulatory capacity, rather than osmoconformity, has evolved independently in these different lineages. All species hyperegulated their haemolymph osmotic concentration in diluted waters; those living in fresh or low-salinity waters were unable to hyporegulate and survive in hyperosmotic media (> 340 mosmol kg(-1)). In contrast, the species which inhabit the hypo-hypersaline habitats were effective hyporegulators, maintaining their haemolymph osmolality within narrow limits (ca. 300 mosmol kg(-1)) across a wide range of external concentrations. The hypersaline species N. ceresyi and E. jesusarribasi tolerated conductivities up to 140 and 180 mS cm(-1), respectively, and maintained osmotic gradients over 3500 mosmol kg(-1), comparable to those of the most effective insect osmoregulators known to date. Syntopic species of both genera showed similar osmotic capacities and in general, osmotic responses correlated well with upper salinity levels occupied by individual species in nature. Therefore, osmoregulatory capacity may mediate habitat segregation amongst congeners across the salinity gradient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Pallarés
- Department of Ecology and Hydrology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Paula Arribas
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David T. Bilton
- Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre, School of Marine Science and Engineering, Plymouth University, Plymouth, United Kingdom
| | - Andrés Millán
- Department of Ecology and Hydrology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Josefa Velasco
- Department of Ecology and Hydrology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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26
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Gordon MS, Notar JC. Can systems biology help to separate evolutionary analogies (convergent homoplasies) from homologies? PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 117:19-29. [PMID: 25620424 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2015.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Convergent evolutionary analogies (homoplasies) of many kinds occur in diverse phylogenetic clades/lineages on both the animal and plant branches of the Tree of Life. Living organisms whose last common ancestors lived millions to hundreds of millions of years ago have later converged morphologically, behaviorally or at other levels of functionality (from molecular genetics through biochemistry, physiology and other organismic processes) as a result of long term strong natural selection that has constrained and channeled evolutionary processes. This happens most often when organisms belonging to different clades occupy ecological niches, habitats or environments sharing major characteristics that select for a relatively narrow range of organismic properties. Systems biology, broadly defined, provides theoretical and methodological approaches that are beginning to make it possible to answer a perennial evolutionary biological question relating to convergent homoplasies: Are at least some of the apparent analogies actually unrecognized homologies? This review provides an overview of the current state of knowledge of important aspects of this topic area. It also provides a resource describing many homoplasies that may be fruitful subjects for systems biological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm S Gordon
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Julia C Notar
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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27
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Leonardi MS, Aznar FJ, Crespo EA, Lazzari CR. Uncovering deep mysteries: the underwater life of an amphibious louse. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 71:164-169. [PMID: 25449903 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2014.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Despite the incredible success of insects in colonizing almost every habitat, they remain virtually absent in one major environment--the open sea. A variety of hypotheses have been raised to explain why just a few insect species are present in the ocean, but none of them appears to be fully explanatory. Lice belonging to the family Echinophthiriidae are ectoparasites on different species of pinnipeds and river otters, i.e. they have amphibious hosts, who regularly perform long excursions into the open sea reaching depths of hundreds of meters (thousands of feets). Consequently, lice must be able to support not only changes in their surrounding media, but also extreme variations in hydrostatic pressure as well as breathing in a low oxygen atmosphere. In order to shed some light on the way lice can survive during the diving excursions of their hosts, we have performed a series of experiments to test the survival capability of different instars of Antarctophthirus microchir (Phthiraptera: Anoplura) from South American sea lions Otaria flavescens, when submerged into seawater. These experiments were aimed at analyzing: (a) immersion tolerance along the louse life; (b) lice's ability to obtain oxygen from seawater; (c) physiological responses and mechanisms involved in survival underwater. Our experiments showed that the forms present in non-diving pups--i.e. eggs and first-instar nymphs--were unable to tolerate immersion in water, while following instars and adults, all usually found in diving hosts, supported it very well. Furthermore, as long as the level of oxygen dissolved in water was higher, the lice survival capability underwater increased, and the recovery period after returning to air declined. These results are discussed in relation to host ecology, host exploitation and lice functional morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Claudio R Lazzari
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR CNRS 7261 - Université François Rabelais, Tours, France.
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Haug JT, Haug C, Garwood RJ. Evolution of insect wings and development - new details from Palaeozoic nymphs. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2014; 91:53-69. [PMID: 25400084 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The nymphal stages of Palaeozoic insects differ significantly in morphology from those of their modern counterparts. Morphological details for some previously reported species have recently been called into question. Palaeozoic insect nymphs are important, however - their study could provide key insights into the evolution of wings, and complete metamorphosis. Here we review past work on these topics and juvenile insects in the fossil record, and then present both novel and previously described nymphs, documented using new imaging methods. Our results demonstrate that some Carboniferous nymphs - those of Palaeodictyopteroidea - possessed movable wing pads and appear to have been able to perform simple flapping flight. It remains unclear whether this feature is ancestral for Pterygota or an autapomorphy of Palaeodictyopteroidea. Further characters of nymphal development which were probably in the ground pattern of Pterygota can be reconstructed. Wing development was very gradual (archimetaboly). Wing pads did not protrude from the tergum postero-laterally as in most modern nymphs, but laterally, and had well-developed venation. The modern orientation of wing pads and the delay of wing development into later developmental stages (condensation) appears to have evolved several times independently within Pterygota: in Ephemeroptera, Odonatoptera, Eumetabola, and probably several times within Polyneoptera. Selective pressure appears to have favoured a more pronounced metamorphosis between the last nymphal and adult stage, ultimately reducing exploitation competition between the two. We caution, however, that the results presented herein remain preliminary, and the reconstructed evolutionary scenario contains gaps and uncertainties. Additional comparative data need to be collected. The present study is thus seen as a starting point for this enterprise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim T Haug
- Functional Morphology, Department of Biology II, GeoBio-Center, LMU Munich, Großhaderner Str. 2, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Carolin Haug
- Functional Morphology, Department of Biology II, GeoBio-Center, LMU Munich, Großhaderner Str. 2, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Russell J Garwood
- The Manchester X-Ray Imaging Facility, School of Materials, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M139PL, U.K.,School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M139PL, U.K
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29
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Contreras HL, Heinrich EC, Bradley TJ. Hypotheses regarding the discontinuous gas exchange cycle (DGC) of insects. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2014; 4:48-53. [PMID: 28043408 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2014.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The evolutionary origin of the insect respiratory pattern referred to as the discontinuous gas exchange cycle (DGC) has been a topic of extensive discussion among insect physiologists for at least 50 years. This pattern has often been thought to reduce respiratory water loss (RWL). However, because this pattern does not consistently conserve water among all taxa, other hypotheses have been proposed to try and explain the significance of the DGC. In this review we briefly describe the different hypotheses postulated to date. We conclude that the DGC is primarily a respiratory pattern deriving from the simultaneous regulation of O2 and CO2. It may nonetheless have additional adaptive functions in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidy L Contreras
- Biology Department, University of La Verne, 1950 3rd Street, La Verne, CA 91750, United States.
| | - Erica C Heinrich
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2525, United States
| | - Timothy J Bradley
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2525, United States
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Poteat MD, Buchwalter DB. Phylogeny and size differentially influence dissolved Cd and Zn bioaccumulation parameters among closely related aquatic insects. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:5274-5281. [PMID: 24730589 DOI: 10.1021/es501096a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Evolutionarily distinct lineages can vary markedly in their accumulation of, and sensitivity to, contaminants. However, less is known about variability among closely related species. Here, we compared dissolved Cd and Zn bioaccumulation in 19 species spanning two species-rich aquatic insect families: Ephemerellidae (order Ephemeroptera (mayflies)), generalized to be metal sensitive, and Hydropsychidae (order Trichoptera (caddisflies)), generalized to be metal tolerant. Across all species, Zn and Cd uptake rate constants (k(u)s), efflux rate constants (k(e)s) and bioconcentration factors (BCFs) strongly covaried, suggesting that these metals share transport pathways in these distinct lineages. K(u)s and BCFs were substantially larger in Ephemerellidae than in Hydropsychidae, whereas k(e)s did not dramatically differ between the two families. Body size played an important role in driving ku differences among species, but had no influence on k(e)s. While familial differences in metal bioconcentration were striking, each family exhibited tremendous variability in all bioaccumulation parameters. At finer levels of taxonomic resolution (within families), phylogeny did not account for differences in metal bioaccumulation. These findings suggest that intrafamily variability can be profound and have important practical implications in that we need to better understand how well "surrogate species" represent their fellow congeners and family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica D Poteat
- Environmental and Molecular Toxicology Program, Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
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31
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Mazo C, Theobald JC. To keep on track during flight, fruitflies discount the skyward view. Biol Lett 2014; 10:20131103. [PMID: 24554476 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2013.1103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
When small flying insects go off their intended course, they use the resulting pattern of motion on their eye, or optic flow, to guide corrective steering. A change in heading generates a unique, rotational motion pattern and a change in position generates a translational motion pattern, and each produces corrective responses in the wingbeats. Any image in the flow field can signal rotation, but owing to parallax, only the images of nearby objects can signal translation. Insects that fly near the ground might therefore respond more strongly to translational optic flow that occurs beneath them, as the nearby ground will produce strong optic flow. In these experiments, rigidly tethered fruitflies steered in response to computer-generated flow fields. When correcting for unintended rotations, flies weight the motion in their upper and lower visual fields equally. However, when correcting for unintended translations, flies weight the motion in the lower visual fields more strongly. These results are consistent with the interpretation that fruitflies stabilize by attending to visual areas likely to contain the strongest signals during natural flight conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantell Mazo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, , Miami, FL 33199, USA
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32
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Arribas P, Andújar C, Abellán P, Velasco J, Millán A, Ribera I. Tempo and mode of the multiple origins of salinity tolerance in a water beetle lineage. Mol Ecol 2013; 23:360-73. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.12605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Revised: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Arribas
- Departamento de Ecología e Hidrología; Universidad de Murcia; Murcia 30100 Spain
| | - Carmelo Andújar
- Departamento de Zoología y Antropología Física; Universidad de Murcia; Murcia 30100 Spain
| | - Pedro Abellán
- Departamento de Ecología e Hidrología; Universidad de Murcia; Murcia 30100 Spain
| | - Josefa Velasco
- Departamento de Ecología e Hidrología; Universidad de Murcia; Murcia 30100 Spain
| | - Andrés Millán
- Departamento de Ecología e Hidrología; Universidad de Murcia; Murcia 30100 Spain
| | - Ignacio Ribera
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra); Barcelona 08003 Spain
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33
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Johnson B, Borowiec M, Chiu J, Lee E, Atallah J, Ward P. Phylogenomics Resolves Evolutionary Relationships among Ants, Bees, and Wasps. Curr Biol 2013; 23:2058-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2013.08.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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The effect of ambient humidity on the foraging behavior of the hawkmoth Manduca sexta. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2013; 199:1053-63. [PMID: 23756587 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-013-0829-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The foraging decisions of flower-visiting animals are contingent upon the need of an individual to meet both energetic and osmotic demands. Insects can alter their food preferences to prioritize one need over the other, depending on environmental conditions. In this study, preferences in nectar sugar concentrations (0, 12, 24 %) were tested in the hawkmoth Manduca sexta, in response to different levels of ambient humidity (20, 40, 60, and 80 % RH). Moths altered their foraging behavior when placed in low humidity environments by increasing the volume of nectar imbibed and by consuming more dilute nectar. When placed in high humidity environments the total volume imbibed decreased, because moths consumed less from dilute nectars (water and 12 % sucrose). Survivorship was higher with higher humidity. Daily foraging patterns changed with relative humidity (RH): moths maximized their nectar consumption earlier, at lower humidities. Although ambient humidity had an impact on foraging activity, activity levels and nectar preferences, total energy intake was not affected. These results show that foraging decisions made by M. sexta kept under different ambient RH levels allow individuals to meet their osmotic demands while maintaining a constant energy input.
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Melters DP, Paliulis LV, Korf IF, Chan SWL. Holocentric chromosomes: convergent evolution, meiotic adaptations, and genomic analysis. Chromosome Res 2012; 20:579-93. [PMID: 22766638 DOI: 10.1007/s10577-012-9292-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
In most eukaryotes, the kinetochore protein complex assembles at a single locus termed the centromere to attach chromosomes to spindle microtubules. Holocentric chromosomes have the unusual property of attaching to spindle microtubules along their entire length. Our mechanistic understanding of holocentric chromosome function is derived largely from studies in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, but holocentric chromosomes are found over a broad range of animal and plant species. In this review, we describe how holocentricity may be identified through cytological and molecular methods. By surveying the diversity of organisms with holocentric chromosomes, we estimate that the trait has arisen at least 13 independent times (four times in plants and at least nine times in animals). Holocentric chromosomes have inherent problems in meiosis because bivalents can attach to spindles in a random fashion. Interestingly, there are several solutions that have evolved to allow accurate meiotic segregation of holocentric chromosomes. Lastly, we describe how extensive genome sequencing and experiments in nonmodel organisms may allow holocentric chromosomes to shed light on general principles of chromosome segregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniël P Melters
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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36
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Garwood R, Ross A, Sotty D, Chabard D, Charbonnier S, Sutton M, Withers PJ. Tomographic reconstruction of neopterous carboniferous insect nymphs. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45779. [PMID: 23049858 PMCID: PMC3458060 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Two new polyneopteran insect nymphs from the Montceau-les-Mines Lagerstätte of France are presented. Both are preserved in three dimensions, and are imaged with the aid of X-ray micro-tomography, allowing their morphology to be recovered in unprecedented detail. One-Anebos phrixos gen. et sp. nov.-is of uncertain affinities, and preserves portions of the antennae and eyes, coupled with a heavily spined habitus. The other is a roachoid with long antennae and chewing mouthparts very similar in form to the most generalized mandibulate mouthparts of extant orthopteroid insects. Computer reconstructions reveal limbs in both specimens, allowing identification of the segments and annulation in the tarsus, while poorly developed thoracic wing pads suggest both are young instars. This work describes the morphologically best-known Palaeozoic insect nymphs, allowing a better understanding of the juveniles' palaeobiology and palaeoecology. We also consider the validity of evidence from Palaeozoic juvenile insects in wing origin theories. The study of juvenile Palaeozoic insects is currently a neglected field, yet these fossils provide direct evidence on the evolution of insect development. It is hoped this study will stimulate a renewed interest in such work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell Garwood
- School of Materials, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.
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37
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Charette M, Darveau CA, Perry SF, Rundle HD. Evolutionary consequences of altered atmospheric oxygen in Drosophila melanogaster. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26876. [PMID: 22046390 PMCID: PMC3203924 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Accepted: 10/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Twelve replicate populations of Drosophila melanogaster, all derived from a common ancestor, were independently evolved for 34+ generations in one of three treatment environments of varying PO(2): hypoxia (5.0-10.1 kPa), normoxia (21.3 kPa), and hyperoxia (40.5 kPa). Several traits related to whole animal performance and metabolism were assayed at various stages via "common garden" and reciprocal transplant assays to directly compare evolved and acclimatory differences among treatments. Results clearly demonstrate the evolution of a greater tolerance to acute hypoxia in the hypoxia-evolved populations, consistent with adaptation to this environment. Greater hypoxia tolerance was associated with an increase in citrate synthase activity in fly homogenate when compared to normoxic (control) populations, suggesting an increase in mitochondrial volume density in these populations. In contrast, no direct evidence of increased performance of the hyperoxia-evolved populations was detected, although a significant decrease in the tolerance of these populations to acute hypoxia suggests a cost to adaptation to hyperoxia. Hyperoxia-evolved populations had lower productivity overall (i.e., across treatment environments) and there was no evidence that hypoxia or hyperoxia-evolved populations had greatest productivity or longevity in their respective treatment environments, suggesting that these assays failed to capture the components of fitness relevant to adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Charette
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Steve F. Perry
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Howard D. Rundle
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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38
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VandenBrooks JM, Munoz EE, Weed MD, Ford CF, Harrison MA, Harrison JF. Impacts of Paleo-Oxygen Levels on the Size, Development, Reproduction, and Tracheal Systems of Blatella germanica. Evol Biol 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11692-011-9138-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Contreras HL, Bradley TJ. The effect of ambient humidity and metabolic rate on the gas-exchange pattern of the semi-aquatic insectAquarius remigis. J Exp Biol 2011; 214:1086-91. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.050971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYWe have examined the effects of temperature on metabolic rate and respiratory pattern in the water strider Aquarius remigis. As temperature was increased from 10 to 30°C, the metabolic rate of the insects increased and the respiratory pattern transitioned from discontinuous, to cyclic, to continuous. The discontinuous gas-exchange cycle (DGC) was observed even in insects standing on water when the respirometry chamber was being perfused with humid (>95% relative humidity) air. Comparisons of insects at 20°C in humid and dry air showed no statistically significant differences in metabolic rate or respiratory pattern (P>0.05). The proportion of time that the spiracles were closed was greater at 10°C than at 20°C (P<0.01), and greater at 20°C than at 30°C (P<0.05). These results are compatible with the hypothesis that the respiratory patterns of insects are determined by the relationship between oxygen supply and oxygen demand. There was no evidence in this insect that humidity had any effect on the respiratory pattern. The results are discussed in the context of the ongoing discussion in the literature of the origin, maintenance and adaptive significance of the DGC in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidy L. Contreras
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2525, USA
| | - Timothy J. Bradley
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2525, USA
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40
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Bradshaw WE, Holzapfel CM. Circadian clock genes, ovarian development and diapause. BMC Biol 2010; 8:115. [PMID: 20828372 PMCID: PMC2933584 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7007-8-115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Accepted: 08/31/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Insects, like most organisms, have an internal circadian clock that oscillates with a daily rhythmicity, and a timing mechanism that mediates seasonal events, including diapause. In research published in BMC Biology, Ikeno et al. show that downregulation of the circadian clock genes period and cycle affects expression of ovarian diapause in the insect Riptortus pedestris. They interpret these important results as support for Erwin Bünning's (1936) hypothesis that the circadian clock constitutes the basis of photoperiodism. However, their observations could also be the result of pleiotropic effects of the individual clock genes. See research article http://www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7007/8/116
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Affiliation(s)
- William E Bradshaw
- Center for Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403-5289, USA
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