1
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Xu Q, Jia R, Yang F, Hu P, Li X, Ge S, Jiang S, Chan J, Zhai W, Chen L. Identification of two miRNAs regulating cardiomyocyte proliferation in an Antarctic icefish. iScience 2024; 27:110128. [PMID: 38939105 PMCID: PMC11209021 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.110128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The hemoglobinless Antarctic icefish develop large hearts to compensate for reduced oxygen-carrying capacity, which serves as a naturally occurred model to explore the factors regulating cardiogenesis. Through miRNAome and microRNAome comparisons between an icefish (Chionodraco hamatus) and two red-blooded notothenioids, we discovered significant upregulation of factors in the BMP signaling pathways and altered expression of many miRNAs, including downregulation of 14 miRNAs in the icefish heart. Through knocking down of these miRNAs, we identified two of them, miR-458-3p and miR-144-5p, involved in enlarged heart development. The two miRNAs were found to regulate cardiomyocyte proliferation by targeting bone morphogenetic protein-2 (bmp2). We further validated that activation of the miRNA-bmp2 signaling in the fish heart could be triggered by hypoxic exposure. Our study suggested that a few miRNAs play important roles in the hypoxia-induced cardiac remodeling of the icefish which shed new light on the mechanisms regulating cardiomyocyte proliferation in heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianghua Xu
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Exploitation of Oceanic Fisheries Resources, Ministry of Education, College of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences (Ministry of Science and Technology), Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Ruonan Jia
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Exploitation of Oceanic Fisheries Resources, Ministry of Education, College of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Exploitation of Oceanic Fisheries Resources, Ministry of Education, College of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Hu
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences (Ministry of Science and Technology), Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Resources and Utilization, Ministry of Education, College of Fisheries and Life Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xue Li
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Exploitation of Oceanic Fisheries Resources, Ministry of Education, College of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Saiya Ge
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Exploitation of Oceanic Fisheries Resources, Ministry of Education, College of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shouwen Jiang
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences (Ministry of Science and Technology), Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Resources and Utilization, Ministry of Education, College of Fisheries and Life Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiulin Chan
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Exploitation of Oceanic Fisheries Resources, Ministry of Education, College of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wanying Zhai
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences (Ministry of Science and Technology), Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Resources and Utilization, Ministry of Education, College of Fisheries and Life Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liangbiao Chen
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences (Ministry of Science and Technology), Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Resources and Utilization, Ministry of Education, College of Fisheries and Life Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
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2
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Wu DY, Han XZ, Li T, Sun BJ, Qin XY. How incubation temperature affects hatchling performance in reptiles: an integrative insight based on plasticity in metabolic enzyme. Curr Zool 2024; 70:195-203. [PMID: 38726248 PMCID: PMC11078047 DOI: 10.1093/cz/zoad012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Evaluating the effects of temperature variations on animals plays an important role in understanding the threat of climate warming. The effects of developmental temperature on offspring performance are critical in evaluating the effects of warming temperatures on the fitness of oviparous species, but the physiological and biochemical basis of this developmental plasticity is largely unknown. In this study, we incubated eggs of the turtle Pelodiscus sinensis at low (24 °C), medium (28 °C), and high (32 °C) temperatures, and evaluated the effects of developmental temperature on offspring fitness, and metabolic enzymes in the neck and limb muscles of hatchlings. The hatchlings from eggs incubated at the medium temperature showed better fitness-related performance (righting response and swimming capacity) and higher activities of metabolic enzymes (hexokinase, HK; lactate dehydrogenase, LDH) than hatchlings from the eggs incubated at high or low temperatures. In addition, the swimming speed and righting response were significantly correlated with the HK activities in limb (swimming speed) and neck (righting response) muscles, suggesting that the developmental plasticity of energy metabolic pathway might play a role in determining the way incubation temperature affects offspring phenotypes. Integrating the fitness-related performance and the activities of metabolic enzymes, we predict that the P. sinensis from high latitude would not face the detrimental effects of climate warming until the average nest temperatures reach 32 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Yang Wu
- College of Life and Environment Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservational Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xing-Zhi Han
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Teng Li
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Bao-Jun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservational Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Qin
- College of Life and Environment Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
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3
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Tang Q, Liu Y, Li CH, Zhao JF, Wang T. Comparative Mitogenome Analyses Uncover Mitogenome Features and Phylogenetic Implications of the Reef Fish Family Holocentridae (Holocentriformes). BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1273. [PMID: 37886983 PMCID: PMC10604132 DOI: 10.3390/biology12101273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
To understand the molecular mechanisms and adaptive strategies of holocentrid fish, we sequenced the mitogenome of eight species within the family Holocentridae and compared them with six other holocentrid species. The mitogenomes were found to be 16,507-16,639 bp in length and to encode 37 typical mitochondrial genes, including 13 PCGs, two ribosomal RNAs, and 22 transfer RNA genes. Structurally, the gene arrangement, base composition, codon usage, tRNA size, and putative secondary structures were comparable between species. Of the 13 PCGs, nad6 was the most specific gene that exhibited negative AT-skews and positive GC-skews. Most of the genes begin with the standard codon ATG, except cox1, which begins with the codon GTG. By examining their phylogeny, Sargocentron and Neoniphon were verified to be closely related and to belong to the same subfamily Holocentrinae, while Myripristis and Ostichthys belong to the other subfamily Myripristinae. The subfamilies were clearly distinguished by high-confidence-supported clades, which provide evidence to explain the differences in morphology and feeding habits between the two subfamilies. Selection pressure analysis indicated that all PCGs were subject to purifying selection. Overall, our study provides valuable insight into the habiting behavior, evolution, and ecological roles of these important marine fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Tang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
| | - Yong Liu
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China; (Y.L.); (C.-H.L.); (J.-F.Z.)
- Scientific Observation and Research Station of Xisha Island Reef Fishery Ecosystem of Hainan Province, Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization and Processing of Marine Fishery Resources of Hainan Province, Sanya Tropical Fisheries Research Institute, Sanya 572018, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology Environment, Guangzhou 510300, China
- Observation and Research Station of Pearl River Estuary Ecosystem, Guangzhou 510300, China
| | - Chun-Hou Li
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China; (Y.L.); (C.-H.L.); (J.-F.Z.)
- Scientific Observation and Research Station of Xisha Island Reef Fishery Ecosystem of Hainan Province, Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization and Processing of Marine Fishery Resources of Hainan Province, Sanya Tropical Fisheries Research Institute, Sanya 572018, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology Environment, Guangzhou 510300, China
- Observation and Research Station of Pearl River Estuary Ecosystem, Guangzhou 510300, China
| | - Jin-Fa Zhao
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China; (Y.L.); (C.-H.L.); (J.-F.Z.)
- Scientific Observation and Research Station of Xisha Island Reef Fishery Ecosystem of Hainan Province, Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization and Processing of Marine Fishery Resources of Hainan Province, Sanya Tropical Fisheries Research Institute, Sanya 572018, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology Environment, Guangzhou 510300, China
- Observation and Research Station of Pearl River Estuary Ecosystem, Guangzhou 510300, China
| | - Teng Wang
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China; (Y.L.); (C.-H.L.); (J.-F.Z.)
- Scientific Observation and Research Station of Xisha Island Reef Fishery Ecosystem of Hainan Province, Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization and Processing of Marine Fishery Resources of Hainan Province, Sanya Tropical Fisheries Research Institute, Sanya 572018, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology Environment, Guangzhou 510300, China
- Observation and Research Station of Pearl River Estuary Ecosystem, Guangzhou 510300, China
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4
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Minhas BF, Beck EA, Cheng CHC, Catchen J. Novel mitochondrial genome rearrangements including duplications and extensive heteroplasmy could underlie temperature adaptations in Antarctic notothenioid fishes. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6939. [PMID: 37117267 PMCID: PMC10147917 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34237-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial genomes are known for their compact size and conserved gene order, however, recent studies employing long-read sequencing technologies have revealed the presence of atypical mitogenomes in some species. In this study, we assembled and annotated the mitogenomes of five Antarctic notothenioids, including four icefishes (Champsocephalus gunnari, C. esox, Chaenocephalus aceratus, and Pseudochaenichthys georgianus) and the cold-specialized Trematomus borchgrevinki. Antarctic notothenioids are known to harbor some rearrangements in their mt genomes, however the extensive duplications in icefishes observed in our study have never been reported before. In the icefishes, we observed duplications of the protein coding gene ND6, two transfer RNAs, and the control region with different copy number variants present within the same individuals and with some ND6 duplications appearing to follow the canonical Duplication-Degeneration-Complementation (DDC) model in C. esox and C. gunnari. In addition, using long-read sequencing and k-mer analysis, we were able to detect extensive heteroplasmy in C. aceratus and C. esox. We also observed a large inversion in the mitogenome of T. borchgrevinki, along with the presence of tandem repeats in its control region. This study is the first in using long-read sequencing to assemble and identify structural variants and heteroplasmy in notothenioid mitogenomes and signifies the importance of long-reads in resolving complex mitochondrial architectures. Identification of such wide-ranging structural variants in the mitogenomes of these fishes could provide insight into the genetic basis of the atypical icefish mitochondrial physiology and more generally may provide insights about their potential role in cold adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bushra Fazal Minhas
- Informatics Programs, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, USA
| | - Emily A Beck
- Data Science Initiative, University of Oregon, Eugene, USA
| | - C-H Christina Cheng
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Behavior, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, USA
| | - Julian Catchen
- Informatics Programs, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, USA.
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Behavior, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, USA.
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5
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Galli GLJ, Shiels HA, White E, Couturier CS, Stecyk JAW. The air-breathing Alaska blackfish (Dallia pectoralis) suppresses brain mitochondrial reactive oxygen species to survive cold hypoxic winters. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2023; 276:111355. [PMID: 36529208 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2022.111355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The Alaska blackfish (Dallia pectoralis) is the only air-breathing fish in the Arctic. In the summer, a modified esophagus allows the fish to extract oxygen from the air, but this behavior is not possible in the winter because of ice and snow cover. The lack of oxygen (hypoxia) and near freezing temperatures in winter is expected to severely compromise metabolism, and yet remarkably, overwintering Alaska blackfish remain active. To maintain energy balance in the brain and limit the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), we hypothesized that cold hypoxic conditions would trigger brain mitochondrial remodeling in the Alaska blackfish. To address this hypothesis, fish were acclimated to warm (15 °C) normoxia, cold (5 °C) normoxia or cold hypoxia (5 °C, 2.1-4.2 kPa; no air access) for 5-8 weeks. Mitochondrial respiration, ADP affinity and H202 production were measured at 10 °C in isolated brain homogenates with an Oroboros respirometer. Cold acclimation and chronic hypoxia had no effects on mitochondrial aerobic capacity or ADP affinity. However, cold acclimation in normoxia led to a suppression of brain mitochondrial H202 production, which persisted and became more pronounced in the cold hypoxic fish. Overall, our study suggests cold acclimation supresses ROS production in Alaska blackfish, which may protect the fish from oxidative stress when oxygen becomes limited during winter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina L J Galli
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, 46 Grafton Street, Manchester M13 9NT, United Kingdom.
| | - Holly A Shiels
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, 46 Grafton Street, Manchester M13 9NT, United Kingdom
| | - Ed White
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Christine S Couturier
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, AK 99508, United States of America
| | - Jonathan A W Stecyk
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, AK 99508, United States of America
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6
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Katyal G, Ebanks B, Dowle A, Shephard F, Papetti C, Lucassen M, Chakrabarti L. Quantitative Proteomics and Network Analysis of Differentially Expressed Proteins in Proteomes of Icefish Muscle Mitochondria Compared with Closely Related Red-Blooded Species. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11081118. [PMID: 35892974 PMCID: PMC9330239 DOI: 10.3390/biology11081118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Antarctic icefish are unusual in that they are the only vertebrates that survive without the protein haemoglobin. One way to try and understand the biological processes that support this anomaly is to record how proteins are regulated in these animals and to compare what we find to closely related Antarctic fish that do still retain haemoglobin. The part of the cell that most clearly utilises oxygen, which is normally transported by haemoglobin, is the mitochondrion. Therefore, we chose to catalogue all the proteins and their relative quantities in the mitochondria (pl.) from two different muscle types in two species of icefish and two species of red-blooded notothenioids. We used an approach called mass spectrometry to reveal relative amounts of the proteins from the muscles of each fish. We present analysis that shows how the connections and relative quantities of proteins differ between these species. Abstract Antarctic icefish are extraordinary in their ability to thrive without haemoglobin. We wanted to understand how the mitochondrial proteome has adapted to the loss of this protein. Metabolic pathways that utilise oxygen are most likely to be rearranged in these species. Here, we have defined the mitochondrial proteomes of both the red and white muscle of two different icefish species (Champsocephalus gunnari and Chionodraco rastrospinosus) and compared these with two related red-blooded Notothenioids (Notothenia rossii, Trematomus bernacchii). Liquid Chromatography-Mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used to generate and examine the proteomic profiles of the two groups. We recorded a total of 91 differentially expressed proteins in the icefish red muscle mitochondria and 89 in the white muscle mitochondria when compared with the red-blooded related species. The icefish have a relatively higher abundance of proteins involved with Complex V of oxidative phosphorylation, RNA metabolism, and homeostasis, and fewer proteins for striated muscle contraction, haem, iron, creatine, and carbohydrate metabolism. Enrichment analyses showed that many important pathways were different in both red muscle and white muscle, including the citric acid cycle, ribosome machinery and fatty acid degradation. Life in the Antarctic waters poses extra challenges to the organisms that reside within them. Icefish have successfully inhabited this environment and we surmise that species without haemoglobin uniquely maintain their physiology. Our study highlights the mitochondrial protein pathway differences between similar fish species according to their specific tissue oxygenation idiosyncrasies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunjan Katyal
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, UK; (G.K.); (B.E.); (F.S.)
| | - Brad Ebanks
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, UK; (G.K.); (B.E.); (F.S.)
| | - Adam Dowle
- Department of Biology, Bioscience Technology Facility, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK;
| | - Freya Shephard
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, UK; (G.K.); (B.E.); (F.S.)
| | - Chiara Papetti
- Biology Department, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi, 58/b, 35121 Padova, Italy;
| | | | - Lisa Chakrabarti
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, UK; (G.K.); (B.E.); (F.S.)
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK
- Correspondence:
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Ebanks B, Katyal G, Lucassen M, Papetti C, Chakrabarti L. Proteomic analysis of the ATP synthase interactome in notothenioids highlights a pathway that inhibits ceruloplasmin production. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2022; 323:R181-R192. [PMID: 35639858 PMCID: PMC9291420 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00069.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Antarctic notothenioids have unique adaptations that allow them to thrive in sub-zero Antarctic waters. Within the suborder Notothenioidei, species of the family Channichthyidae (icefish) lack haemoglobin and in some instances myoglobin too. In studies of mitochondrial function of notothenioids, few have focussed specifically on ATP synthase. In this study, we find that the icefish Champsocephalus gunnari has a significantly higher level of ATP synthase subunit α expression than in red-blooded Notothenia rossii, but a much smaller interactome than the other species. We characterise the interactome of ATP synthase subunit a in two red-blooded species Trematomus bernacchii, N. rossii, and in the icefish Chionodraco rastrospinosus, and C. gunnari and find that in comparison with the other species, reactome enrichment for C. gunnari lacks chaperonin-mediated protein folding, and fewer oxidative-stress-associated proteins are present in the identified interactome of C. gunnari. Reactome enrichment analysis also identifies a transcript-specific translational silencing pathway for the iron oxidase protein ceruloplasmin, which has previously been reported in studies of icefish as distinct from other red-blooded fish and vertebrates in its activity and RNA transcript expression. Ceruloplasmin protein expression is detected by Western blot in the liver of T. bernacchii, but not in N. rossii, C. rastrospinosus, and C. gunnari. We suggest that the translation of ceruloplasmin transcripts is silenced by the identified pathway in icefish notothenioids, which is indicative of altered iron metabolism and Fe(II) detoxification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad Ebanks
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Gunjan Katyal
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Lisa Chakrabarti
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom.,MRC Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, United Kingdom
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Ansaloni F, Gerdol M, Torboli V, Fornaini NR, Greco S, Giulianini PG, Coscia MR, Miccoli A, Santovito G, Buonocore F, Scapigliati G, Pallavicini A. Cold Adaptation in Antarctic Notothenioids: Comparative Transcriptomics Reveals Novel Insights in the Peculiar Role of Gills and Highlights Signatures of Cobalamin Deficiency. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041812. [PMID: 33670421 PMCID: PMC7918649 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Far from being devoid of life, Antarctic waters are home to Cryonotothenioidea, which represent one of the fascinating cases of evolutionary adaptation to extreme environmental conditions in vertebrates. Thanks to a series of unique morphological and physiological peculiarities, which include the paradigmatic case of loss of hemoglobin in the family Channichthyidae, these fish survive and thrive at sub-zero temperatures. While some of the distinctive features of such adaptations have been known for decades, our knowledge of their genetic and molecular bases is still limited. We generated a reference de novo assembly of the icefish Chionodraco hamatus transcriptome and used this resource for a large-scale comparative analysis among five red-blooded Cryonotothenioidea, the sub-Antarctic notothenioid Eleginops maclovinus and seven temperate teleost species. Our investigation targeted the gills, a tissue of primary importance for gaseous exchange, osmoregulation, ammonia excretion, and its role in fish immunity. One hundred and twenty genes were identified as significantly up-regulated in Antarctic species and surprisingly shared by red- and white-blooded notothenioids, unveiling several previously unreported molecular players that might have contributed to the evolutionary success of Cryonotothenioidea in Antarctica. In particular, we detected cobalamin deficiency signatures and discussed the possible biological implications of this condition concerning hematological alterations and the heavy parasitic loads typically observed in all Cryonotothenioidea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Ansaloni
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (F.A.); (V.T.); (N.R.F.); (S.G.); (P.G.G.); (A.P.)
- International School for Advanced Studies, 34136 Trieste, Italy
| | - Marco Gerdol
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (F.A.); (V.T.); (N.R.F.); (S.G.); (P.G.G.); (A.P.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Valentina Torboli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (F.A.); (V.T.); (N.R.F.); (S.G.); (P.G.G.); (A.P.)
| | - Nicola Reinaldo Fornaini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (F.A.); (V.T.); (N.R.F.); (S.G.); (P.G.G.); (A.P.)
- Department of Cell Biology, Charles University, 12800 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Samuele Greco
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (F.A.); (V.T.); (N.R.F.); (S.G.); (P.G.G.); (A.P.)
| | - Piero Giulio Giulianini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (F.A.); (V.T.); (N.R.F.); (S.G.); (P.G.G.); (A.P.)
| | - Maria Rosaria Coscia
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council of Italy, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Andrea Miccoli
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; (A.M.); (F.B.); (G.S.)
| | | | - Francesco Buonocore
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; (A.M.); (F.B.); (G.S.)
| | - Giuseppe Scapigliati
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; (A.M.); (F.B.); (G.S.)
| | - Alberto Pallavicini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (F.A.); (V.T.); (N.R.F.); (S.G.); (P.G.G.); (A.P.)
- Anton Dohrn Zoological Station, 80122 Naples, Italy
- National Institute of Oceanography and Experimental Geophysics, 34010 Trieste, Italy
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9
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Chang CH, Liu ZZ, Lee TH. Changes in hypothermal stress-induced hepatic mitochondrial metabolic patterns between fresh water- and seawater-acclimated milkfish, Chanos chanos. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18502. [PMID: 31811227 PMCID: PMC6897891 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55055-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Milkfish (Chanos chanos) is a tropical euryhaline species. It can acclimate to fresh water (FW) or seawater (SW) and be cultured in both. In winter, cold snaps cause huge losses in milkfish revenue. Compared to FW-acclimated individuals, SW-acclimated milkfish have better low-temperature tolerance. Under hypothermal stress, a stable energy supply is critical to maintain normal liver function. In this study, the levels of key mitochondrial enzymes (citrate synthase (CS) and cytochrome c oxidase (COX)) in milkfish livers were examined. The CS:COX activity ratio in FW milkfish significantly increased under hypothermal stress (18 °C) whereas ATP (the end product of aerobic metabolism) was downregulated. Therefore, the activities of the enzymes involved in mitochondrial amino acid biosynthesis (aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH)) were evaluated to elucidate energy flow in milkfish livers under hypothermal stress. In FW milkfish, GDH activity was upregulated whereas AST activity was downregulated. Nevertheless, the levels of all the aforementioned enzymes did not significantly change in SW milkfish under hypothermal stress. In summary, we clarified the mechanism accounting for the fact that SW milkfish have superior low-temperature tolerance to FW milkfish and demonstrated that SW and FW milkfish have different and unique strategies for regulating energy flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hao Chang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan.,iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan
| | - Zong-Zheng Liu
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Han Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan. .,iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan.
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10
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Bargelloni L, Babbucci M, Ferraresso S, Papetti C, Vitulo N, Carraro R, Pauletto M, Santovito G, Lucassen M, Mark FC, Zane L, Patarnello T. Draft genome assembly and transcriptome data of the icefish Chionodraco myersi reveal the key role of mitochondria for a life without hemoglobin at subzero temperatures. Commun Biol 2019; 2:443. [PMID: 31815198 PMCID: PMC6884616 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0685-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Antarctic fish belonging to Notothenioidei represent an extraordinary example of radiation in the cold. In addition to the absence of hemoglobin, icefish show a number of other striking peculiarities including large-diameter blood vessels, high vascular densities, mitochondria-rich muscle cells, and unusual mitochondrial architecture. In order to investigate the bases of icefish adaptation to the extreme Southern Ocean conditions we sequenced the complete genome of the icefish Chionodraco myersi. Comparative analyses of the icefish genome with those of other teleost species, including two additional white-blooded and five red-blooded notothenioids, provided a new perspective on the evolutionary loss of globin genes. Muscle transcriptome comparative analyses against red-blooded notothenioids as well as temperate fish revealed the peculiar regulation of genes involved in mitochondrial function in icefish. Gene duplication and promoter sequence divergence were identified as genome-wide patterns that likely contributed to the broad transcriptional program underlying the unique features of icefish mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Bargelloni
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
- Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture, and Forestry, University of Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
- Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare (CoNISMa), Piazzale Flaminio 9, 00196 Rome, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Babbucci
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Serena Ferraresso
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Chiara Papetti
- Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare (CoNISMa), Piazzale Flaminio 9, 00196 Rome, Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via G. Colombo 3, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Nicola Vitulo
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Roberta Carraro
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Marianna Pauletto
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Santovito
- Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare (CoNISMa), Piazzale Flaminio 9, 00196 Rome, Italy
| | - Magnus Lucassen
- Section of Integrative Ecophysiology, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz. Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, Bremerhaven, 27570 Germany
| | - Felix Christopher Mark
- Section of Integrative Ecophysiology, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz. Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, Bremerhaven, 27570 Germany
| | - Lorenzo Zane
- Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture, and Forestry, University of Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
- Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare (CoNISMa), Piazzale Flaminio 9, 00196 Rome, Italy
| | - Tomaso Patarnello
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
- Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare (CoNISMa), Piazzale Flaminio 9, 00196 Rome, Italy
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11
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Corliss BA, Delalio LJ, Stevenson Keller TC, Keller AS, Keller DA, Corliss BH, Beers JM, Peirce SM, Isakson BE. Vascular Expression of Hemoglobin Alpha in Antarctic Icefish Supports Iron Limitation as Novel Evolutionary Driver. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1389. [PMID: 31780954 PMCID: PMC6861181 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Frigid temperatures of the Southern Ocean are known to be an evolutionary driver in Antarctic fish. For example, many fish have reduced red blood cell (RBC) concentration to minimize vascular resistance. Via the oxygen-carrying protein hemoglobin, RBCs contain the vast majority of the body's iron, which is known to be a limiting nutrient in marine ecosystems. Since lower RBC levels also lead to reduced iron requirements, we hypothesize that low iron availability was an additional evolutionary driver of Antarctic fish speciation. Antarctic Icefish of the family Channichthyidae are known to have an extreme alteration of iron metabolism due to loss of RBCs and two iron-binding proteins, hemoglobin and myoglobin. Loss of hemoglobin is considered a maladaptive trait allowed by relaxation of predator selection since extreme adaptations are required to compensate for the loss of oxygen-carrying capacity. However, iron dependency minimization may have driven hemoglobin loss instead of a random evolutionary event. Given the variety of functions that hemoglobin serves in the endothelium, we suspected the protein corresponding to the 3' truncated Hbα fragment (Hbα-3'f) that was not genetically excluded by icefish may still be expressed as a protein. Using whole mount confocal microscopy, we show that Hbα-3'f is expressed in the vascular endothelium of icefish retina, suggesting this Hbα fragment may still serve an important role in the endothelium. These observations support a novel hypothesis that iron minimization could have influenced icefish speciation with the loss of the iron-binding portion of Hbα in Hbα-3'f, as well as hemoglobin β and myoglobin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce A Corliss
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Leon J Delalio
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - T C Stevenson Keller
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Alexander S Keller
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | | | - Bruce H Corliss
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States
| | - Jody M Beers
- Department of Biology, College of Charleston, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Shayn M Peirce
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Brant E Isakson
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States
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12
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Biederman AM, Kuhn DE, O'Brien KM, Crockett EL. Mitochondrial membranes in cardiac muscle from Antarctic notothenioid fishes vary in phospholipid composition and membrane fluidity. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 235:46-53. [PMID: 31176865 PMCID: PMC10228150 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2019.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Antarctic notothenioid fishes are highly stenothermal, yet their tolerance for warming is species-dependent. Because a body of literature points to the loss of cardiac function as underlying thermal limits in ectothermic animals, we investigated potential relationships among properties of ventricular mitochondrial membranes in notothenioids with known differences in both cardiac mitochondrial metabolism and organismal thermal tolerance. Fluidity of mitochondrial membranes was quantified by fluorescence depolarization for the white-blooded Chaenocephalus aceratus and the red-blooded Notothenia coriiceps. In these same membranes, lipid compositions and products of lipid peroxidation, the latter of which can disrupt membrane order, were analyzed in both species and in a second icefish, Pseudochaenichthys georgianus. Mitochondrial membranes from C. aceratus were significantly more fluid than those of the more thermotolerant species N. coriiceps (P < .0001). Consistent with this, ratios of total phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) to total phosphatidylcholine (PC) were lower in membranes from both species of icefishes, compared to those of N. coriiceps (P < .05). However, membranes of N. coriiceps displayed a greater unsaturation index (P < .0001). No differences among species were found in membrane products of lipid peroxidation. With rising temperatures, greater contents of PC in mitochondrial membranes from ventricles of icefishes are likely to promote membrane hyperfluidization at a lower temperature than for cardiac mitochondrial membranes from the red-blooded notothenioid. We propose that physical and chemical properties of the mitochondrial membranes may contribute to some of the observed differences in thermal sensitivity of physiological function among these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Biederman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, United States of America
| | - Donald E Kuhn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, United States of America
| | - Kristin M O'Brien
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska 99775, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth L Crockett
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, United States of America.
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13
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Kim BM, Amores A, Kang S, Ahn DH, Kim JH, Kim IC, Lee JH, Lee SG, Lee H, Lee J, Kim HW, Desvignes T, Batzel P, Sydes J, Titus T, Wilson CA, Catchen JM, Warren WC, Schartl M, Detrich HW, Postlethwait JH, Park H. Antarctic blackfin icefish genome reveals adaptations to extreme environments. Nat Ecol Evol 2019; 3:469-478. [PMID: 30804520 PMCID: PMC7307600 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-019-0812-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Icefishes (suborder Notothenioidei; family Channichthyidae) are the only vertebrates that lack functional haemoglobin genes and red blood cells. Here, we report a high-quality genome assembly and linkage map for the Antarctic blackfin icefish Chaenocephalus aceratus, highlighting evolved genomic features for its unique physiology. Phylogenomic analysis revealed that Antarctic fish of the teleost suborder Notothenioidei, including icefishes, diverged from the stickleback lineage about 77 million years ago and subsequently evolved cold-adapted phenotypes as the Southern Ocean cooled to sub-zero temperatures. Our results show that genes involved in protection from ice damage, including genes encoding antifreeze glycoprotein and zona pellucida proteins, are highly expanded in the icefish genome. Furthermore, genes that encode enzymes that help to control cellular redox state, including members of the sod3 and nqo1 gene families, are expanded, probably as evolutionary adaptations to the relatively high concentration of oxygen dissolved in cold Antarctic waters. In contrast, some crucial regulators of circadian homeostasis (cry and per genes) are absent from the icefish genome, suggesting compromised control of biological rhythms in the polar light environment. The availability of the icefish genome sequence will accelerate our understanding of adaptation to extreme Antarctic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Mi Kim
- Unit of Polar Genomics, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, Korea
| | - Angel Amores
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
| | - Seunghyun Kang
- Unit of Polar Genomics, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, Korea
| | - Do-Hwan Ahn
- Unit of Polar Genomics, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, Korea
| | - Jin-Hyoung Kim
- Unit of Polar Genomics, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, Korea
| | - Il-Chan Kim
- Department of Polar Life Science, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, Korea
| | - Jun Hyuck Lee
- Unit of Polar Genomics, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, Korea.,Polar Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Sung Gu Lee
- Unit of Polar Genomics, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, Korea.,Polar Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Hyoungseok Lee
- Unit of Polar Genomics, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, Korea.,Polar Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jungeun Lee
- Unit of Polar Genomics, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, Korea.,Polar Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Han-Woo Kim
- Unit of Polar Genomics, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, Korea.,Polar Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Thomas Desvignes
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
| | - Peter Batzel
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
| | - Jason Sydes
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
| | - Tom Titus
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
| | | | - Julian M Catchen
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Illinois, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Wesley C Warren
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Manfred Schartl
- Department of Developmental Biochemistry, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany. .,Hagler Institute for Advanced Study, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA. .,Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
| | - H William Detrich
- Department of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Northeastern University Marine Science Center, Nahant, MA, USA.
| | | | - Hyun Park
- Unit of Polar Genomics, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, Korea. .,Polar Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea.
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14
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Bilyk KT, Zhuang X, Murphy KR, Cheng CHC. A tale of two genes: divergent evolutionary fate of haptoglobin and hemopexin in hemoglobinless antarctic icefishes. J Exp Biol 2019; 222:jeb.188573. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.188573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Evolution of Antarctic notothenioid fishes in the isolated freezing Southern Ocean have led to remarkable trait gains and losses. One of the most extraordinary was the loss of the major oxygen carrier hemoglobin (Hb) in the icefishes (family Channichthyidae). While the mechanisms of this loss and the resulting compensatory changes have been well studied, the impact of Hb loss on the network of genes that once supported its recycling and disposal has remained unexplored. Here we report the functional fate and underlying molecular changes of two such key Hb-supporting proteins across the icefish family - haptoglobin (Hp) and hemopexin (Hx), crucial in removing cytotoxic free Hb and heme respectively. Hp plays a critical role in binding free Hb for intracellular recycling and absent its primary client, icefish Hp transcription is now vanishingly little and translation into a functional protein is nearly silenced. Hp genotype degeneration has manifested in separate lineages of the icefish phylogeny with three distinct nonsense mutations and a deletion-frameshift, as well as mutated polyadenylation signal sequences. Thus, Hb loss appears to have diminished selective constraint on Hp maintenance, resulting in its stochastic, co-evolutionary drift towards extinction. Hx binds free heme for iron recycling in hepatocytes. In contrast to Hp, Hx genotype integrity is preserved in the icefishes and transcription occurs at comparable levels to the red-blooded notothenioids. The persistence of Hx likely owes to continued selective pressure for its function from mitochondrial and non-Hb cellular hemoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin T. Bilyk
- Department of Biology, Western Kentucky University, USA
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana Champaign, USA
| | - Xuan Zhuang
- Department of Ecology & Evolution, University of Chicago, USA
| | - Katherine R. Murphy
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana Champaign, USA
- Laboratories of Analytical Biology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, USA
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15
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Christensen KA, Rondeau EB, Minkley DR, Leong JS, Nugent CM, Danzmann RG, Ferguson MM, Stadnik A, Devlin RH, Muzzerall R, Edwards M, Davidson WS, Koop BF. The Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) genome and transcriptome assembly. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204076. [PMID: 30212580 PMCID: PMC6136826 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Arctic charr have a circumpolar distribution, persevere under extreme environmental conditions, and reach ages unknown to most other salmonids. The Salvelinus genus is primarily composed of species with genomes that are structured more like the ancestral salmonid genome than most Oncorhynchus and Salmo species of sister genera. It is thought that this aspect of the genome may be important for local adaptation (due to increased recombination) and anadromy (the migration of fish from saltwater to freshwater). In this study, we describe the generation of a new genetic map, the sequencing and assembly of the Arctic charr genome (GenBank accession: GCF_002910315.2) using the newly created genetic map and a previous genetic map, and present several analyses of the Arctic charr genes and genome assembly. The newly generated genetic map consists of 8,574 unique genetic markers and is similar to previous genetic maps with the exception of three major structural differences. The N50, identified BUSCOs, repetitive DNA content, and total size of the Arctic charr assembled genome are all comparable to other assembled salmonid genomes. An analysis to identify orthologous genes revealed that a large number of orthologs could be identified between salmonids and many appear to have highly conserved gene expression profiles between species. Comparing orthologous gene expression profiles may give us a better insight into which genes are more likely to influence species specific phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kris A. Christensen
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Centre for Aquaculture and Environmental Research, West Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- University of Victoria, Department of Biology, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
- Simon Fraser University, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Eric B. Rondeau
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Centre for Aquaculture and Environmental Research, West Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- University of Victoria, Department of Biology, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - David R. Minkley
- University of Victoria, Department of Biology, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jong S. Leong
- University of Victoria, Department of Biology, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Cameron M. Nugent
- University of Guelph, Department of Integrative Biology, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Roy G. Danzmann
- University of Guelph, Department of Integrative Biology, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Moira M. Ferguson
- University of Guelph, Department of Integrative Biology, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Agnieszka Stadnik
- Simon Fraser University, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Robert H. Devlin
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Centre for Aquaculture and Environmental Research, West Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | | | - William S. Davidson
- Simon Fraser University, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ben F. Koop
- University of Victoria, Department of Biology, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
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16
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Chan J, Hu X, Wang C, Xu Q. miRNA-152 targets GATA1 to regulate erythropoiesis in Chionodraco hamatus. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 501:711-717. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.05.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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17
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O'Brien KM, Crockett EL, Philip J, Oldham CA, Hoffman M, Kuhn DE, Barry R, McLaughlin J. The loss of hemoglobin and myoglobin does not minimize oxidative stress in Antarctic icefishes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 221:jeb.162503. [PMID: 29361578 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.162503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The unusual pattern of expression of hemoglobin (Hb) and myoglobin (Mb) among Antarctic notothenioid fishes provides an exceptional model system for assessing the impact of these proteins on oxidative stress. We tested the hypothesis that the lack of oxygen-binding proteins may reduce oxidative stress. Levels and activity of pro-oxidants and small-molecule and enzymatic antioxidants, and levels of oxidized lipids and proteins in the liver, oxidative skeletal muscle and heart ventricle were quantified in five species of notothenioid fishes differing in the expression of Hb and Mb. Levels of ubiquitinated proteins and rates of protein degradation by the 20S proteasome were also quantified. Although levels of oxidized proteins and lipids, ubiquitinated proteins, and antioxidants were higher in red-blooded fishes than in Hb-less icefishes in some tissues, this pattern did not persist across all tissues. Expression of Mb was not associated with oxidative damage in the heart ventricle, whereas the activity of citrate synthase and the contents of heme were positively correlated with oxidative damage in most tissues. Despite some tissue differences in levels of protein carbonyls among species, rates of degradation by the 20S proteasome were not markedly different, suggesting either alternative pathways for eliminating oxidized proteins or that redox tone varies among species. Together, our data indicate that the loss of Hb and Mb does not correspond with a clear pattern of either reduced oxidative defense or oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin M O'Brien
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska, 99775, USA
| | | | - Jacques Philip
- Center for Alaska Native Health Research, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska, 99775, USA
| | - Corey A Oldham
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska, 99775, USA
| | - Megan Hoffman
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska, 99775, USA
| | - Donald E Kuhn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, 45701, USA
| | - Ronald Barry
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska, 99775, USA
| | - Jessica McLaughlin
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska, 99775, USA
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18
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Wen B, Zhang N, Jin SR, Chen ZZ, Gao JZ, Liu Y, Liu HP, Xu Z. Microplastics have a more profound impact than elevated temperatures on the predatory performance, digestion and energy metabolism of an Amazonian cichlid. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2018; 195:67-76. [PMID: 29288934 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge on the impacts of microplastics (MPs) pollution on freshwater environments and biota remains limited. Meanwhile, freshwater ecosystems have been threatened by elevated temperatures caused by climate change. To date, no information exists on how MPs-especially under elevated temperature conditions-affect predatory performance, digestive processes and metabolic pathways in freshwater organisms. Here, we examined MPs, elevated temperature and their combined effects on juveniles (0+ group) of an Amazonian cichlid, the discus fish (Symphysodon aequifasciatus). For 30 days, fish were exposed to ambient or elevated temperatures (i.e., 28 or 31 °C) in the absence or presence of MPs (i.e., 0 or 200 μg/L). The following metrics were quantified: MPs accumulation; predatory performance; and biomarkers involved in neurotransmission, digestion and energy production. The results showed that survival rate and body length were not affected by MPs, elevated temperatures or their combination. Elevated temperatures resulted in an increase in MP concentrations in fish bodies. Exposure to MPs decreased the post-exposure predatory performance (PEPP) at ambient temperatures but not at elevated temperatures. Elevated temperatures, however, had no effect on the PEPP but antagonistically interacted with MPs, leading to similar predatory performances under present and future conditions. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was only affected by MPs and decreased in the presence of MPs, indicating adverse effects in nervous and neuromuscular function and, thus, potentially in predatory performance. Trypsin activity was only influenced by MPs and decreased during exposure to MPs. Elevated temperatures or MPs alone increased the amylase activity but interacted antagonistically. Lipase activity was not influenced by either of the two stressors. In contrast, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was affected by MPs or elevated temperatures alone and decreased with both stressors. Such results indicate deficits in the digestive capabilities of early-stage S. aequifasciatus under elevated temperature conditions and especially during exposure to MPs. Electron transport system (ETS) activity was not influenced by either of the two stressors. Both elevated temperatures and MPs alone increased LDH activity; however, the interaction between the two stressors cancelled activity but was still higher than activity in present conditions. Citrate synthase (CS) activity decreased with elevated temperature but increased during exposure to MPs. Cytochrome c oxidase (COX) activity was only influenced by MPs and increased in the presence of MPs. Thus, S. aequifasciatus juveniles exposed to elevated temperatures and MPs not only relied on anaerobic glycolysis for energy production but also depended on aerobic metabolism in the presence of MPs. Overall, these findings suggested that MPs showed a greater impact than elevated temperatures on the predatory performance, digestion and energy production of S. aequifasciatus. Nevertheless, juvenile survival and growth were minimally impacted, and thus, S. aequifasciatus could cope with near-future temperature increases and MP exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wen
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Shi-Rong Jin
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Zai-Zhong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
| | - Jian-Zhong Gao
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
| | - Ying Liu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Han-Peng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Zhe Xu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
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19
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Keenan KA, Grove TJ, Oldham CA, O'Brien KM. Characterization of mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase in notothenioid fishes. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 204:9-26. [PMID: 27836743 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Hearts of Antarctic icefishes (suborder Notothenioidei, family Channichthyidae) have higher densities of mitochondria, and mitochondria have higher densities of phospholipids, compared to red-blooded notothenioids. Glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (GPAT) catalyzes the rate-limiting step in glycerolipid biosynthesis. There are four isoforms of GPAT in vertebrates; GPAT1 and GPAT2 are localized to the outer mitochondrial membrane, whereas GPAT3 and GPAT4 are localized to the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. We hypothesized that transcript levels of GPAT1 and/or GPAT2 would mirror densities of mitochondrial phospholipids and be higher in the icefish Chaenocephalus aceratus compared to the red-blooded species Notothenia coriiceps. Transcript levels of GPAT1 were quantified in heart ventricles and liver using qRT-PCR. Additionally, GPAT1 cDNA was sequenced in the Antarctic notothenioids, C. aceratus and N. coriiceps, and in the sub-Antarctic notothenioid, Eleginops maclovinus, to identify amino acid substitutions that may maintain GPAT1 function at cold temperature. Transcript levels of GPAT1 were higher in liver compared to heart ventricles but were not significantly different between the two species. In contrast, transcripts of GPAT2 were only detected in ventricle where they were 6.6-fold higher in C. aceratus compared to N. coriiceps. These data suggest GPAT1 may be more important for synthesizing triacylglycerol, whereas GPAT2 may regulate synthesis of phospholipids. GPAT1 amino acid sequences are highly conserved among the three notothenioids with 97.9-98.7% identity. Four amino acid substitutions within the cytosolic region of Antarctic notothenioid GPAT1 may maintain conformational changes necessary for binding and catalysis at cold temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Keenan
- University of Alaska Fairbanks, Institute of Arctic Biology, Fairbanks, AK 99775, United States
| | - Theresa J Grove
- Department of Biology, Valdosta State University, Valdosta, GA 31698, United States
| | - Corey A Oldham
- University of Alaska Fairbanks, Institute of Arctic Biology, Fairbanks, AK 99775, United States
| | - Kristin M O'Brien
- University of Alaska Fairbanks, Institute of Arctic Biology, Fairbanks, AK 99775, United States.
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20
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Metabolic and regulatory responses involved in cold acclimation in Atlantic killifish, Fundulus heteroclitus. J Comp Physiol B 2016; 187:463-475. [PMID: 27787665 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-016-1042-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Ectotherms often respond to prolonged cold exposure by increasing mitochondrial capacity via elevated mitochondrial volume density [V V(mit,f)]. In fish, higher V V(mit,f) is typically associated with increased expression of nuclear respiratory factor 1 (Nrf1), a transcription factor that induces expression of nuclear-encoded respiratory genes. To examine if nrf1 expression or the expression of other genes that regulate mitochondrial biogenesis contribute to changes in whole-organism metabolic rate during cold acclimation, we examined the time course of changes in the expression of these genes and in metabolic rate in Atlantic killifish, Fundulus heteroclitus. Cold acclimation rapidly decreased metabolic rate, but increased the expression of nrf1 more gradually, with a time course that depended on how rapidly the fish were transitioned to low temperature. Cold-induced nrf1 expression was not associated with increases in biochemical indicators of mitochondrial respiratory capacity, suggesting that cold-induced mitochondrial biogenesis may occur without increases in oxidative capacity in this species. These observations imply that changes in nrf1 expression and metabolic rate due to cold acclimation occur through different physiological mechanisms, and that increases in V V(mit,f) are likely not directly related to changes in metabolic rate with cold acclimation in this species. However, nrf1 expression differed between northern and southern killifish subspecies regardless of acclimation temperature, consistent with observed differences in metabolic rate and V V(mit,f) at 5 °C between these subspecies. Taken together, these results reveal substantial complexity in the regulation of V V(mit,f) and mitochondrial capacity with temperature in fish and the relationship of these parameters to metabolic rate.
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21
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Keenan K, Hoffman M, Dullen K, O'Brien KM. Molecular drivers of mitochondrial membrane proliferation in response to cold acclimation in threespine stickleback. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2016; 203:109-114. [PMID: 27613226 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about how the synthesis of mitochondrial phospholipids is integrated into mitochondrial biogenesis in fish or mammals. Glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (GPAT; EC 2.3.1.15) catalyzes the addition of fatty acyl CoA to the sn-1 position of glycerol-3-phosphate, in what is considered the rate-limiting step in phospholipid biosynthesis. Previous studies have shown that mitochondrial volume density increases in oxidative skeletal muscle but not liver of Gasterosteus aculeatus (threespine stickleback) in response to cold acclimation. We hypothesized that maximal activity of GPAT would increase in oxidative skeletal muscle but not liver during cold acclimation, coinciding with mitochondrial biogenesis. GPAT activity was measured in liver and oxidative skeletal (pectoral adductor) muscle of threespine stickleback acclimated to 8°C or 20°C. In addition, mRNA levels of enzymes involved in phospholipid synthesis, including cytidine diphosphodiacylglycerol synthase-1 (CDS1), CDS2, GPAT1, GPAT2 and 1-acylglycerol 3-phosphate acyltransferase-2 (AGPAT2), were quantified in liver and pectoral muscle of stickleback harvested during cold acclimation. GPAT activity and transcript levels of AGPAT2 increased in response to cold acclimation in pectoral muscle but not liver. Transcript levels of GPAT1 increased in liver but not pectoral muscle. Overall our results suggest that the activity of GPAT, and possibly AGPAT as well, increase during cold acclimation and may contribute to mitochondrial phospholipid biosynthesis required for mitochondrial biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Keenan
- University of Alaska Fairbanks, Institute of Arctic Biology, Fairbanks, AK 99775, United States
| | - Megan Hoffman
- University of Alaska Fairbanks, Institute of Arctic Biology, Fairbanks, AK 99775, United States
| | - Kristin Dullen
- University of Alaska Fairbanks, Institute of Arctic Biology, Fairbanks, AK 99775, United States
| | - Kristin M O'Brien
- University of Alaska Fairbanks, Institute of Arctic Biology, Fairbanks, AK 99775, United States.
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22
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O'Brien KM. New Lessons from an Old Fish: What Antarctic Icefishes May Reveal about the Functions of Oxygen-Binding Proteins. Integr Comp Biol 2016; 56:531-41. [PMID: 27252192 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icw062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The loss of expression of the oxygen-binding protein hemoglobin (Hb) in the family Channichthyidae (suborder Notothenioidei) of Antarctic fishes is considered a disaptation that has persisted because of the unusual conditions prevailing in the Southern Ocean during the evolution of the family. The loss of expression of the intracellular oxygen-binding protein myoglobin (Mb) in heart ventricles is more of a conundrum because it occurred at four points during the radiation of the family, suggesting weakened selective pressure maintaining expression of the protein. Yet, studies have shown that when present, Mb enhances function. Here, I discuss potential reasons for weakened selective pressure maintaining Mb expression in light of the multiple functions proposed for Mb. Additionally, I discuss results from recent studies exploring the possibility that the loss of Hb and Mb may be advantageous because it reduces the production of reactive oxygen species, levels of oxidized proteins, and the energetic costs associated with replacing oxidatively damaged proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin M O'Brien
- University of Alaska Fairbanks, Institute of Arctic Biology, Department of Biology and Wildlife, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
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23
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Uncommon functional properties of the first piscine 26S proteasome from the Antarctic notothenioid Trematomus bernacchii. Biosci Rep 2016; 36:BSR20160022. [PMID: 26933238 PMCID: PMC4832319 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20160022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The antioxidant defense mechanisms have a great impact on the life of Antarctic organisms. The present study could represent the first evidence of a direct involvement of the 26S proteasome in the antioxidant defense systems of fish adapted to cold. Protein homoeostasis is a fundamental process allowing the preservation of functional proteins and it has a great impact on the life of the Antarctic organisms. However, the effect of low temperatures on protein turnover is poorly understood and the cold-adaptation of the degradation machinery remains an unresolved issue. As the 26S proteasome represents the main proteolytic system devoted to the controlled degradation of intracellular proteins, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the functions of this complex in the notothenioid Trematomus bernacchii, in order to better understand its role in the physiology of Antarctic fish. To this aim, we purified and characterized the 26S proteasome from T. bernacchii and isolated the cDNAs codifying seven of the 14 subunits belonging to the proteasome 20S core particle. Results provided evidences of the high resistance of the piscine 26S proteasome to oxidative agents and of its ‘uncommon’ ability to efficiently hydrolyse oxidized bovine serum albumin (BSA), suggesting that this enzymatic complex could play a key role in the antioxidant defense systems in fish inhabiting permanently cold marine environments. These unique properties were also reflected by the 3D model analysis, which revealed a higher structural stability of the piscine complex respect to the murine template. Finally, a comparative analysis, performed in a variety of tissues collected from T. bernacchii and the temperate fish Dicentrarchus labrax, showed a lower protein retention in the cold-adapted fish, possibly due to a better efficiency of its degradation machinery.
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Jayashankar V, Mueller IA, Rafelski SM. Shaping the multi-scale architecture of mitochondria. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2016; 38:45-51. [PMID: 26907992 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are complex organelles with a highly regulated architecture across all levels of organization. The architecture of the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM) provides a crucial platform for many mitochondrial functions while mitochondrial network architecture is crucial for coordinating these activities throughout the cell. This review summarizes the recent findings regarding the most important shaping factors that regulate IMM organization, how IMM architecture supports bioenergetic functions and how IMM morphology adapts to meet other physiological needs of the cell. This review also highlights recent work suggesting that the functional connectivity of mitochondrial networks can be achieved not just by matrix continuity but also by inter-mitochondrial contact sites, which generate conductive continuity within a matrix-discontinuous mitochondrial network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishali Jayashankar
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology and Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Irina A Mueller
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology and Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Susanne M Rafelski
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology and Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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25
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Xu Q, Cai C, Hu X, Liu Y, Guo Y, Hu P, Chen Z, Peng S, Zhang D, Jiang S, Wu Z, Chan J, Chen L. Evolutionary suppression of erythropoiesis via the modulation of TGF-β signalling in an Antarctic icefish. Mol Ecol 2015; 24:4664-78. [PMID: 26268413 DOI: 10.1111/mec.13344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The Antarctic icefish, a family (Channichthyidae) of teleosts within the perciform suborder Notothenioidei, are the only known vertebrates without oxygen-transporting haemoglobins and that are largely devoid of circulating erythrocytes. To elucidate the evo-devo mechanisms underpinning the suppressed erythropoiesis in the icefish, we conducted comparative studies on the transcriptomes and microRNAomes of the primary haematopoietic tissues between an icefish (Chionodraco hamatus) and two red-blooded notothenioids (Trematomus bernacchii and Gymnodraco acuticeps). We identified substantial remodelling of the haematopoietic programs in the icefish through which erythropoiesis is selectively suppressed. Experimental verification showed that erythropoietic suppression in the icefish may be attributable to the upregulation of TGF-β signalling, which coincides with reductions in multiple transcription factors essential for erythropoiesis and the upregulation of hundreds of microRNAs, the majority (> 80%) of which potentially target erythropoiesis regulating factors. Of the six microRNAs selected for verification, three miRNAs (miR-152, miR-1388 and miR-16b) demonstrated suppressive functions on GATA1 and ALAS2, which are two factors important for erythroid differentiation, resulting in reduced numbers of erythroids in microinjected zebra fish embryos. Codon substitution analyses of the genes of the TGF-β superfamily revealed signs of positive selection in TGF-β1 and endoglin in the lineages leading to Antarctic notothenioids. Both genes are previously known to function in erythropoietic suppression. These findings implied a general trend of erythropoietic suppression in the cold-adapted notothenioid lineages through evolutionary modulation of the multi-functional TGF-β signalling pathway. This trend is more pronounced in the haemoglobin-less icefish, which may pre-emptively hinder the otherwise defective erythroids from production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianghua Xu
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Exploitation of Oceanic Fisheries Resources, Ministry of Education, College of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Distant-water Fisheries, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Chang Cai
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Exploitation of Oceanic Fisheries Resources, Ministry of Education, College of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Xingxing Hu
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Exploitation of Oceanic Fisheries Resources, Ministry of Education, College of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Yun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Exploitation of Oceanic Fisheries Resources, Ministry of Education, College of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Yanan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Exploitation of Oceanic Fisheries Resources, Ministry of Education, College of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Peng Hu
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Resources and Utilization, Ministry of Education, College of Fisheries and Life Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Zuozhou Chen
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Resources and Utilization, Ministry of Education, College of Fisheries and Life Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Sihua Peng
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Resources and Utilization, Ministry of Education, College of Fisheries and Life Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Dongsheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Resources and Utilization, Ministry of Education, College of Fisheries and Life Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Shouwen Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Resources and Utilization, Ministry of Education, College of Fisheries and Life Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Zhichao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Resources and Utilization, Ministry of Education, College of Fisheries and Life Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Jiulin Chan
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Exploitation of Oceanic Fisheries Resources, Ministry of Education, College of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Liangbiao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Resources and Utilization, Ministry of Education, College of Fisheries and Life Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
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26
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Gudbrandsson J, Ahi EP, Franzdottir SR, Kapralova KH, Kristjansson BK, Steinhaeuser SS, Maier VH, Johannesson IM, Snorrason SS, Jonsson ZO, Palsson A. The developmental transcriptome of contrasting Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) morphs. F1000Res 2015; 4:136. [PMID: 27635217 PMCID: PMC5007756 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.6402.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Species and populations with parallel evolution of specific traits can help illuminate how predictable adaptations and divergence are at the molecular and developmental level. Following the last glacial period, dwarfism and specialized bottom feeding morphology evolved rapidly in several landlocked Arctic charrSalvelinus alpinuspopulations in Iceland. To study the genetic divergence between small benthic morphs and limnetic morphs, we conducted RNA-sequencing charr embryos at four stages in early development. We studied two stocks with contrasting morphologies: the small benthic (SB) charr from Lake Thingvallavatn and Holar aquaculture (AC) charr.The data reveal significant differences in expression of several biological pathways during charr development. There was also an expression difference between SB- and AC-charr in genes involved in energy metabolism and blood coagulation genes. We confirmed differing expression of five genes in whole embryos with qPCR, includinglysozymeandnatterin-likewhich was previously identified as a fish-toxin of a lectin family that may be a putative immunopeptide. We also verified differential expression of 7 genes in the developing head that associated consistently with benthic v.s.limnetic morphology (studied in 4 morphs). Comparison of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) frequencies reveals extensive genetic differentiation between the SB and AC-charr (~1300 with more than 50% frequency difference). Curiously, three derived alleles in the otherwise conserved 12s and 16s mitochondrial ribosomal RNA genes are found in benthic charr.The data implicate multiple genes and molecular pathways in divergence of small benthic charr and/or the response of aquaculture charr to domestication. Functional, genetic and population genetic studies on more freshwater and anadromous populations are needed to confirm the specific loci and mutations relating to specific ecological traits in Arctic charr.
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27
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Gudbrandsson J, Ahi EP, Franzdottir SR, Kapralova KH, Kristjansson BK, Steinhaeuser SS, Maier VH, Johannesson IM, Snorrason SS, Jonsson ZO, Palsson A. The developmental transcriptome of contrasting Arctic charr ( Salvelinus alpinus) morphs. F1000Res 2015; 4:136. [PMID: 27635217 PMCID: PMC5007756 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.6402.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Species and populations with parallel evolution of specific traits can help illuminate how predictable adaptations and divergence are at the molecular and developmental level. Following the last glacial period, dwarfism and specialized bottom feeding morphology evolved rapidly in several landlocked Arctic charr
Salvelinus alpinus populations in Iceland. To study the genetic divergence between small benthic morphs and limnetic morphs, we conducted RNA-sequencing charr embryos at four stages in early development. We studied two stocks with contrasting morphologies: the small benthic (SB) charr from Lake Thingvallavatn and Holar aquaculture (AC) charr. The data reveal significant differences in expression of several biological pathways during charr development. There was also an expression difference between SB- and AC-charr in genes involved in energy metabolism and blood coagulation genes. We confirmed differing expression of five genes in whole embryos with qPCR, including
lysozyme and
natterin-like which was previously identified as a fish-toxin of a lectin family that may be a putative immunopeptide. We also verified differential expression of 7 genes in the developing head that associated consistently with benthic v.s.limnetic morphology (studied in 4 morphs). Comparison of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) frequencies reveals extensive genetic differentiation between the SB and AC-charr (~1300 with more than 50% frequency difference). Curiously, three derived alleles in the otherwise conserved 12s and 16s mitochondrial ribosomal RNA genes are found in benthic charr. The data implicate multiple genes and molecular pathways in divergence of small benthic charr and/or the response of aquaculture charr to domestication. Functional, genetic and population genetic studies on more freshwater and anadromous populations are needed to confirm the specific loci and mutations relating to specific ecological traits in Arctic charr.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Gudbrandsson
- Institute of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, 101, Iceland
| | - Ehsan P Ahi
- Institute of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, 101, Iceland
| | - Sigridur R Franzdottir
- Institute of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, 101, Iceland
| | - Kalina H Kapralova
- Institute of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, 101, Iceland
| | | | - S Sophie Steinhaeuser
- Institute of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, 101, Iceland
| | - Valerie H Maier
- Institute of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, 101, Iceland
| | - Isak M Johannesson
- Institute of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, 101, Iceland
| | - Sigurdur S Snorrason
- Institute of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, 101, Iceland
| | - Zophonias O Jonsson
- Institute of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, 101, Iceland
| | - Arnar Palsson
- Institute of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, 101, Iceland
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Riccio A, Gogliettino M, Palmieri G, Balestrieri M, Facchiano A, Rossi M, Palumbo S, Monti G, Cocca E. A New APEH Cluster with Antioxidant Functions in the Antarctic Hemoglobinless Icefish Chionodraco hamatus. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125594. [PMID: 25946123 PMCID: PMC4422685 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Acylpeptide hydrolase (APEH) is a ubiquitous cytosolic protease that plays an important role in the detoxification of oxidised proteins. In this work, to further explore the physiological role of this enzyme, two apeh cDNAs were isolated from the Chionodraco hamatus icefish, which lives in the highly oxygenated Antarctic marine environment. The encoded proteins (APEH-1(Ch) and APEH-2(Ch)) were characterised in comparison with the uniquely expressed isoform from the temperate fish Dicentrarchus labrax (APEH-1Dl) and the two APEHs from the red-blooded Antarctic fish Trematomus bernacchii (APEH-1(Tb) and APEH-2(Tb)). Homology modelling and kinetic characterisation of the APEH isoforms provided new insights into their structure/function properties. APEH-2 isoforms were the only ones capable of hydrolysing oxidised proteins, with APEH-2(Ch) being more efficient than APEH-2(Tb) at this specific function. Therefore, this ability of APEH-2 isoforms is the result of an evolutionary adaptation due to the pressure of a richly oxygenated environment. The lack of expression of APEH-2 in the tissues of the temperate fish used as the controls further supported this hypothesis. In addition, analysis of gene expression showed a significant discrepancy between the levels of transcripts and those of proteins, especially for apeh-2 genes, which suggests the presence of post-transcriptional regulation mechanisms, triggered by cold-induced oxidative stress, that produce high basal levels of APEH-2 mRNA as a reserve that is ready to use in case of the accumulation of oxidised proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Riccio
- National Research Council, Institute of Biosciences and BioResources (CNR-IBBR), Napoli, Italy
| | - Marta Gogliettino
- National Research Council, Institute of Biosciences and BioResources (CNR-IBBR), Napoli, Italy
| | - Gianna Palmieri
- National Research Council, Institute of Biosciences and BioResources (CNR-IBBR), Napoli, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Marco Balestrieri
- National Research Council, Institute of Biosciences and BioResources (CNR-IBBR), Napoli, Italy
| | - Angelo Facchiano
- National Research Council, Institute of Food Sciences (CNR-ISA), Avellino, Italy
| | - Mosè Rossi
- National Research Council, Institute of Biosciences and BioResources (CNR-IBBR), Napoli, Italy
| | - Stefania Palumbo
- National Research Council, Institute of Biosciences and BioResources (CNR-IBBR), Napoli, Italy
| | | | - Ennio Cocca
- National Research Council, Institute of Biosciences and BioResources (CNR-IBBR), Napoli, Italy
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29
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Hearts of some Antarctic fishes lack mitochondrial creatine kinase. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2014; 178:30-6. [PMID: 25151023 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2014] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Creatine kinase (CK; EC 2.7.3.2) functions as a spatial and temporal energy buffer, dampening fluctuations in ATP levels as ATP supply and demand change. There are four CK isoforms in mammals, two cytosolic isoforms (muscle [M-CK] and brain [B-CK]), and two mitochondrial isoforms (ubiquitous [uMtCK] and sarcomeric [sMtCK]). Mammalian oxidative muscle couples expression of sMtCK with M-CK, creating an energy shuttle between mitochondria and myofibrils. We hypothesized that the expression pattern and activity of CK would differ between hearts of red- and white-blooded Antarctic notothenioid fishes due to their striking differences in cardiac ultrastructure. Hearts of white-blooded icefishes (family Channichthyidae) have significantly higher mitochondrial densities compared to red-blooded species, decreasing the diffusion distance for ATP between mitochondria and myofibrils and potentially minimizing the need for CK. The distribution of CK isoforms was evaluated using western blotting and maximal activity of CK was measured in mitochondrial and cytosolic fractions and tissue homogenates of heart ventricles of red- and white-blooded notothenioids. Transcript abundance of sMtCK and M-CK was also quantified. Overall, CK activity is similar between hearts of red- and white-blooded notothenioids but hearts of icefishes lack MtCK and have higher activities of M-CK in the cytosol compared to red-blooded fishes. The absence of MtCK may compromise cardiac function under stressful conditions when ATP supply becomes limiting.
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Strobel A, Leo E, Pörtner HO, Mark FC. Elevated temperature and PCO2 shift metabolic pathways in differentially oxidative tissues of Notothenia rossii. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 166:48-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2013.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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31
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Coppe A, Agostini C, Marino IAM, Zane L, Bargelloni L, Bortoluzzi S, Patarnello T. Genome evolution in the cold: Antarctic icefish muscle transcriptome reveals selective duplications increasing mitochondrial function. Genome Biol Evol 2013. [PMID: 23196969 PMCID: PMC3595028 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evs108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Antarctic notothenioids radiated over millions of years in subzero waters, evolving peculiar features, such as antifreeze glycoproteins and absence of heat shock response. Icefish, family Channichthyidae, also lack oxygen-binding proteins and display extreme modifications, including high mitochondrial densities in aerobic tissues. A genomic expansion accompanying the evolution of these fish was reported, but paucity of genomic information limits the understanding of notothenioid cold adaptation. We reconstructed and annotated the first skeletal muscle transcriptome of the icefish Chionodraco hamatus providing a new resource for icefish genomics (http://compgen.bio.unipd.it/chamatusbase/, last accessed December 12, 2012). We exploited deep sequencing of this energy-dependent tissue to test the hypothesis of selective duplication of genes involved in mitochondrial function. We developed a bioinformatic approach to univocally assign C. hamatus transcripts to orthology groups extracted from phylogenetic trees of five model species. Chionodraco hamatus duplicates were recorded for each orthology group allowing the identification of duplicated genes specific to the icefish lineage. Significantly more duplicates were found in the icefish when transcriptome data were compared with whole-genome data of model species. Indeed, duplicated genes were significantly enriched in proteins with mitochondrial localization, involved in mitochondrial function and biogenesis. In cold conditions and without oxygen-carrying proteins, energy production is challenging. The combination of high mitochondrial densities and the maintenance of duplicated genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis and aerobic respiration might confer a selective advantage by improving oxygen diffusion and energy supply to aerobic tissues. Our results provide new insights into the genomic basis of icefish cold adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Coppe
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Agripolis, Legnaro (Padova), Italy
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Dos Santos RS, Galina A, Da-Silva WS. Cold acclimation increases mitochondrial oxidative capacity without inducing mitochondrial uncoupling in goldfish white skeletal muscle. Biol Open 2012; 2:82-7. [PMID: 23336079 PMCID: PMC3545271 DOI: 10.1242/bio.20122295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Goldfish have been used for cold acclimation studies, which have focused on changes in glycolytic and oxidative enzymes or alterations in lipid composition in skeletal muscle. Here we examine the effects of cold acclimation on the functional properties of isolated mitochondria and permeabilized fibers from goldfish white skeletal muscle, focusing on understanding the types of changes that occur in the mitochondrial respiratory states. We observed that cold acclimation promoted a significant increase in the mitochondrial oxygen consumption rates. Western blot analysis showed that UCP3 was raised by ∼1.5-fold in cold-acclimated muscle mitochondria. Similarly, we also evidenced a rise in the adenine nucleotide translocase content in cold-acclimated muscle mitochondria compared to warm-acclimated mitochondria (0.96±0.05 vs 0.68±0.02 nmol carboxyatractyloside mg(-1) protein). This was followed by a 2-fold increment in the citrate synthase activity, which suggests a higher mitochondrial content in cold-acclimated goldfish. Even with higher levels of UCP3 and ANT, the effects of activator (palmitate) and inhibitors (carboxyatractyloside and GDP) on mitochondrial parameters were similar in both warm- and cold-acclimated goldfish. Thus, we propose that cold acclimation in goldfish promotes an increase in functional oxidative capacity, with higher mitochondrial content without changes in the mitochondrial uncoupling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinaldo Sousa Dos Santos
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Programa de Bioquímica e Biofísica Celular, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária , Rio de Janeiro 21941-902 , Brazil
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Mueller IA, Grim JM, Beers JM, Crockett EL, O'Brien KM. Inter-relationship between mitochondrial function and susceptibility to oxidative stress in red- and white-blooded Antarctic notothenioid fishes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 214:3732-41. [PMID: 22031737 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.062042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
It is unknown whether Antarctic fishes can defend themselves against oxidative stress induced by elevations in temperature. We hypothesized that Antarctic icefishes, lacking the oxygen-binding protein hemoglobin, might be more vulnerable to temperature-induced oxidative stress compared with red-blooded notothenioids because of differences in their mitochondrial properties. Mitochondria from icefishes have higher densities of phospholipids per mg of mitochondrial protein compared with red-blooded species, and these phospholipids are rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), which can promote the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Additionally, previous studies have shown that multiple tissues in icefishes have lower levels of antioxidants compared with red-blooded species. We quantified several properties of mitochondria, including proton leak, rates of ROS production, membrane composition and susceptibility to lipid peroxidation (LPO), the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and total antioxidant power (TAOP) in mitochondria isolated from hearts of icefishes and red-blooded notothenioids. Mitochondria from icefishes were more tightly coupled than those of red-blooded fishes at both 2°C and 10°C, which increased the production of ROS when the electron transport chain was disrupted. The activity of SOD and TAOP per mg of mitochondrial protein was equivalent between icefishes and red-blooded species, but TAOP normalized to mitochondrial phospholipid content was significantly lower in icefishes compared with red-blooded fishes. Additionally, membrane susceptibility to peroxidation was only detectable in icefishes at 1°C and not in red-blooded species. Together, our results suggest that the high density of mitochondrial phospholipids in hearts of icefishes may make them particularly vulnerable to oxidative stress as temperatures rise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina A Mueller
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
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Abstract
Summary
Mitochondrial biogenesis is induced in response to cold temperature in many organisms. The effect is particularly pronounced in ectotherms such as fishes, where acclimation to cold temperature increases mitochondrial density. Some polar fishes also have exceptionally high densities of mitochondria. The net effect of increasing mitochondrial density is threefold. First, it increases the concentration of aerobic metabolic enzymes per gram of tissue, maintaining ATP production. Second, it elevates the density of mitochondrial membrane phospholipids, enhancing rates of intracellular oxygen diffusion. Third, it reduces the diffusion distance for oxygen and metabolites between capillaries and mitochondria. Although cold-induced mitochondrial biogenesis has been well documented in fishes, little is known about the molecular pathway governing it. In mammals, the co-transcriptional activator peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC-1α) is thought to coordinate the three components of mitochondrial biogenesis: the synthesis of mitochondrial proteins, the synthesis of phospholipids and the replication of mitochondrial DNA. Some components of the mitochondrial biogenic pathway are conserved between fishes and mammals, yet the pathway appears more versatile in fishes. In some tissues of cold-acclimated fishes, the synthesis of mitochondrial proteins increases in the absence of an increase in phospholipids, whereas in some polar fishes, densities of mitochondrial phospholipids increase in the absence of an increase in proteins. The ability of cold-bodied fishes to fine-tune the mitochondrial biogenic pathway may allow them to modify mitochondrial characteristics to meet the specific needs of the cell, whether it is to increase ATP production or enhance oxygen diffusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin M. O'Brien
- University of Alaska Fairbanks, Institute of Arctic Biology, PO Box 757000, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
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Kinsey ST, Locke BR, Dillaman RM. Molecules in motion: influences of diffusion on metabolic structure and function in skeletal muscle. J Exp Biol 2011; 214:263-74. [PMID: 21177946 PMCID: PMC3008633 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.047985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic processes are often represented as a group of metabolites that interact through enzymatic reactions, thus forming a network of linked biochemical pathways. Implicit in this view is that diffusion of metabolites to and from enzymes is very fast compared with reaction rates, and metabolic fluxes are therefore almost exclusively dictated by catalytic properties. However, diffusion may exert greater control over the rates of reactions through: (1) an increase in reaction rates; (2) an increase in diffusion distances; or (3) a decrease in the relevant diffusion coefficients. It is therefore not surprising that skeletal muscle fibers have long been the focus of reaction-diffusion analyses because they have high and variable rates of ATP turnover, long diffusion distances, and hindered metabolite diffusion due to an abundance of intracellular barriers. Examination of the diversity of skeletal muscle fiber designs found in animals provides insights into the role that diffusion plays in governing both rates of metabolic fluxes and cellular organization. Experimental measurements of metabolic fluxes, diffusion distances and diffusion coefficients, coupled with reaction-diffusion mathematical models in a range of muscle types has started to reveal some general principles guiding muscle structure and metabolic function. Foremost among these is that metabolic processes in muscles do, in fact, appear to be largely reaction controlled and are not greatly limited by diffusion. However, the influence of diffusion is apparent in patterns of fiber growth and metabolic organization that appear to result from selective pressure to maintain reaction control of metabolism in muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen T Kinsey
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, 601 South College Road, Wilmington, NC 28403-5915, USA.
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