1
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Cochrane PV, Jonz MG, Wright PA. The development of the O 2-sensing system in an amphibious fish: consequences of variation in environmental O 2 levels. J Comp Physiol B 2021; 191:681-699. [PMID: 34023926 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-021-01379-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Proper development of the O2-sensing system is essential for survival. Here, we characterized the development of the O2-sensing system in the mangrove rivulus (Kryptolebias marmoratus), an amphibious fish that transitions between hypoxic aquatic environments and O2-rich terrestrial environments. We found that NECs formed in the gills and skin of K. marmoratus during embryonic development and that both NEC populations are retained from the embryonic stage to adulthood. We also found that the hyperventilatory response to acute hypoxia was present in embryonic K. marmoratus, indicating that functional O2-sensing pathways are formed during embryonic development. We then exposed embryos to aquatic normoxia, aquatic hyperoxia, aquatic hypoxia, or terrestrial conditions for the first 30 days of embryonic development and tested the hypothesis that environmental O2 availability during embryonic development modulates the development of the O2-sensing system in amphibious fishes. Surprisingly, we found that O2 availability during embryonic development had little impact on the density and morphology of NECs in the gills and skin of K. marmoratus. Collectively, our results demonstrate that, unlike the only other species of fish in which NEC development has been studied to date (i.e., zebrafish), NEC development in K. marmoratus is largely unaffected by environmental O2 levels during the embryonic stage, indicating that there is interspecies variation in O2-induced plasticity in the O2-sensing system of fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige V Cochrane
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Michael G Jonz
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Patricia A Wright
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
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2
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Houpt N, Borowiec BG, Bose APH, Brown NAW, Scott GR, Balshine S. Parental Males of the Plainfin Midshipman Are Physiologically Resilient to the Challenges of the Intertidal Zone. Physiol Biochem Zool 2020; 93:111-128. [PMID: 32013739 DOI: 10.1086/707408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The decision of where to rear young is influenced by both the needs of offspring and the costs parents incur in certain rearing environments. Plainfin midshipman fish (Porichthys notatus) provide extended paternal care in rocky intertidal zones, where they experience regular bouts of aquatic hypoxia and air exposure during low-tide events. We investigated the physiological responses of plainfin midshipman males to three conditions for 6 h that simulate what these fish naturally experience during tidal cycles while nesting: normoxia, progressive hypoxia, or air exposure. Hypoxia- and air-exposed fish exhibited shifts in energy metabolites, driven largely by elevated lactate and glucose content and reduced glycogen content in several tissues (muscle, heart, liver, and brain), but the magnitude of these changes was relatively modest. Hematocrit increased most in air-exposed fish relative to normoxia-exposed fish, contributing to an increase in whole-blood hemoglobin concentration. Air exposure reduced swim bladder oxygen content, suggesting that internal O2 stores are drawn on during air exposure. In a second experiment, we found that aquatic surface respiration and gill ventilation frequency increased in hypoxia-exposed fish relative to normoxia-exposed fish. Overall, our results suggest that plainfin midshipman overcome the challenges of the intertidal environment through a variety of physiological strategies and exhibit little physiological disturbance in response to the fluctuating and extreme conditions created by regular low tides.
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3
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Zaccone G, Cupello C, Capillo G, Kuciel M, Nascimento ALR, Gopesh A, Germanà GP, Spanò N, Guerrera MC, Aragona M, Crupi R, Icardo JM, Lauriano ER. Expression of Acetylcholine- and G protein coupled Muscarinic receptor in the Neuroepithelial cells (NECs) of the obligated air-breathing fish, Arapaima gigas (Arapaimatidae: Teleostei). ZOOLOGY 2020; 139:125755. [PMID: 32088527 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2020.125755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The air-breathing specialization has evolved idependently in vertebrates, as many different organs can perfom gas exchange. The largest obligate air-breathing fish from South America Arapaima gigas breathe air using its gas bladder, and its dependence on air breathing increases during its growth. During its development, gill morphology shows a dramatic change, remodeling with a gradual reduction of gill lamellae during the transition from water breathing to air breathing . It has been suggested that in this species the gills remain the main site of O2 and CO2 sensing. Consistent with this, we demonstrate for the first time the occurrence of the neuroepithelial cells (NECs) in the glottis, and in the gill filament epithelia and their distal halves. These cells contain a broader spectrum of neurotransmitters (5-HT, acetylcholine, nNOS), G-protein subunits and the muscarininic receptors that are coupled to G proteins (G-protein coupled receptors). We report also for the first time the presence of G alpha proteins coupled with muscarinic receptors on the NECs, that are thought as receptors that initiate the cardiorespiratory reflexes in aquatic vertebrates. Based on the specific orientation in the epithelia and their closest vicinity to efferent vasculatures, the gill and glottal NECs of A. gigas could be regarded as potential O2 and CO2 sensing receptors. However, future studies are needed to ascertain the neurophysiological characterization of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Zaccone
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Polo Universitario dell'Annunziata, I-98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Camila Cupello
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rua São Francisco Xavier, 524, 20550-900, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gioele Capillo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Viale dell'Annunziata, I-98168 Messina, Italy.
| | - Michal Kuciel
- Poison Information Centre, Department of Toxicology and Environmental Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Jagellonian University, Kpernika 15, 30-501 Krakòw, Poland
| | - Ana L R Nascimento
- Departamento de Histologia e Embriologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida 28 de Setembro, 87, 20551-030, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Anita Gopesh
- Department of Zoology, University of Allahabad, Allahabad 211002, U.P., India
| | - Germana Patrizia Germanà
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Viale dell'Annunziata, I-98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Nunziacarla Spanò
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Polo Universitario dell'Annunziata, I-98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Guerrera
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Viale dell'Annunziata, I-98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Marialuisa Aragona
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Viale dell'Annunziata, I-98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Rosalia Crupi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Viale dell'Annunziata, I-98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Jose Manuel Icardo
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Poligono de Cazona, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Eugenia Rita Lauriano
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, I-98166 Messina, Italy
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4
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Rossi GS, Cochrane PV, Tunnah L, Wright PA. Ageing impacts phenotypic flexibility in an air-acclimated amphibious fish. J Comp Physiol B 2019; 189:567-579. [PMID: 31520114 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-019-01234-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The ability to tolerate environmental change may decline as fishes age. We tested the hypothesis that ageing influences the scope for phenotypic flexibility in the mangrove rivulus (Kryptolebias marmoratus), an amphibious fish that transitions between two vastly different environments, water and land. We found that older fish (4-6 years old) exhibited marked signs of ageing; older fish were reproductively senescent, had reduced fin regenerative capacity and body condition, and exhibited atrophy of both oxidative and glycolytic muscle fibers relative to younger adult fish (1-2 years old). However, age did not affect routine O2 consumption. We then acclimated adult fish (1-6 years) to water (control) or air for 10 days to assess the scope for phenotypic flexibility in response to terrestrial exposure. In support of our hypothesis, we found that older air-acclimated fish had a diminished scope for gill remodeling relative to younger fish. We also found that older fish exhibited poorer terrestrial locomotor performance relative to younger adult fish, particularly when acclimated to air. Our results indicate that ageing diminishes skeletal muscle integrity and locomotor performance of amphibious fishes, and may, therefore, impair terrestrial foraging ability, predator avoidance, or dispersal across the terrestrial environment. Remarkably, older fish voluntarily left water to a similar degree as younger fish despite the age-related deterioration of traits important for terrestrial life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia S Rossi
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Paige V Cochrane
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Louise Tunnah
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Patricia A Wright
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
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5
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Ishimatsu A, Mai HV, Martin KLM. Patterns of Fish Reproduction at the Interface between Air and Water. Integr Comp Biol 2019; 58:1064-1085. [PMID: 30107418 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icy108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although fishes by nature are aquatic, many species reproduce in such a way that their embryos are exposed to air either occasionally or constantly during incubation. We examine the ecological context and review specific examples of reproduction by fishes at the air-water interface, including fishes that do and do not breathe air. Four modes of reproduction at the air-water interface are described across 18 teleost orders, from fresh water, estuaries, and sea water. Mode 1, the most common type of reproduction by fishes at the air-water interface, includes 21 families of mostly marine teleosts that spawn in water onto a substrate surface, on vegetation, or into hollow objects such as shells that will later be continuously or occasionally exposed to air. Although the eggs are emerged into air, many of these species do not emerge into air as adults, and only about half of them breathe air. Mode 2 involves six families of freshwater fishes setting up and guarding a nest and guarding on the water surface, either with bubbles or in vegetation. Most of these species breathe air. In Mode 3, annual killifishes in at least two families in seasonally dry habitats bury eggs in mud in temporary pools, then die before the next generation emerges. These species neither guard nests nor breathe air. Mudskippers (Gobiidae) breathe air and use Mode 4, excavating burrows in a soft substrate and then storing air in a subterranean chamber. In a variation of Mode 4, eggs are placed on bubbles within a nesting burrow by swamp eels (Synbranchidae). No fishes from basal taxa are known to place their embryos where they will be exposed to air, although most of these species breathe air as adults. The widespread but still rare, diverse forms of fish reproduction at the air-water interface across a broad taxonomic spectrum suggest repeated independent evolutionary events and strong selection pressure for adult fishes to protect their embryos from hypoxic waters, aquatic predators, pathogens, and UV radiation. Air-breathing by adult fishes appears to be de-coupled from air exposure of developing embryos or aerial emersion of adults during spawning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Ishimatsu
- Organization for Marine Science and Technology, Nagasaki University, 1551-7 Tairamachi, Nagasaki 851-2213, Japan
| | - Hieu Van Mai
- Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyomachi, Nagasaki 851-8521, Japan
| | - Karen L M Martin
- Department of Biology, Natural Science Division, Pepperdine University, 24255 Pacific Coast Highway, Malibu, CA 90263-4321, USA
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6
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Rossi GS, Tunnah L, Martin KE, Turko AJ, Taylor DS, Currie S, Wright PA. Mangrove Fishes Rely on Emersion Behavior and Physiological Tolerance to Persist in Sulfidic Environments. Physiol Biochem Zool 2019; 92:316-325. [PMID: 30973289 DOI: 10.1086/703117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H
2
S) is a potent respiratory toxin that makes sulfidic environments tolerable to only a few organisms. We report the presence of fishes (
Kryptolebias marmoratus
,
Poecilia orri
,
Gambusia
sp., and
Dormitator maculatus
) in Belizean mangrove pools with extremely high H
2
S concentrations (up to 1,166 μM) that would be lethal for most fishes. Thus, we asked whether the three most prevalent species (
Kryptolebias
,
Poecilia
, and
Gambusia
) persist in sulfidic pools because they are exceptionally H
2
S tolerant and/or because they can leave water (emerse) and completely avoid H
2
S. We show that both physiological tolerance and emersion behavior are important.
Kryptolebias
demonstrated high H
2
S tolerance, as they lost equilibrium significantly later than
Poecilia
and
Gambusia
during H
2
S exposure (
1,188
±
21
μM H
2
S). However, the fact that all species lost equilibrium at an ecologically relevant [H
2
S] suggests that physiological tolerance may suffice at moderate H
2
S concentrations but that another strategy is required to endure higher concentrations. In support of the avoidance behavior hypothesis, H
2
S elicited an emersion response in all species.
Kryptolebias
was most sensitive to H
2
S and emersed at H
2
S concentrations 52% and 34% lower than
Poecilia
and
Gambusia
, respectively. Moreover, H
2
S exposure caused
Kryptolebias
to emerse more frequently and spend more time out of water compared to control conditions. We suggest that physiological H
2
S tolerance and emersion behavior are complementary strategies. The superior H
2
S tolerance and amphibious capability of
Kryptolebias
may explain why this species was more prevalent in H
2
S-rich environments than other local fishes.
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7
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Minicozzi M, Kimball D, Finden A, Friedman S, Gibb AC. Are Extreme Anatomical Modifications Required for Fish to Move Effectively on Land? Comparative Anatomy of the Posterior Axial Skeleton in the Cyprinodontiformes. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2019; 303:53-64. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.24117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Kimball
- Department of Biology Northern Arizona University Flagstaff Arizona
| | - Alex Finden
- Department of Biology Northern Arizona University Flagstaff Arizona
| | - Sarah Friedman
- Department of Evolution and Ecology University of California Davis California
| | - Alice C. Gibb
- Department of Biology Northern Arizona University Flagstaff Arizona
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8
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Turko AJ, Maini P, Wright PA, Standen EM. Gill remodelling during terrestrial acclimation in the amphibious fish Polypterus senegalus. J Morphol 2019; 280:329-338. [PMID: 30707482 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Fishes are effectively weightless in water due to the buoyant support of the environment, but amphibious fishes must cope with increased effective weight when on land. Delicate structures such as gills are especially vulnerable to collapse and loss of surface area out of water. We tested the 'structural support' hypothesis that amphibious Polypterus senegalus solve this problem using phenotypically plastic changes that provide mechanical support and increase stiffness at the level of the gill lamellae, the filaments, and the whole arches. After 7 d in terrestrial conditions, enlargement of an inter-lamellar cell mass filled the water channels between gill lamellae, possibly to provide structural support and/or reduce evaporative water loss. Similar gill remodelling has been described in several other actinopterygian fishes, suggesting this may be an ancestral trait. There was no change in the mechanical properties or collagen composition of filaments or arches after 7 days out of water, but 8 months of terrestrial acclimation caused a reduction in gill arch length and mineralized bone volume. Thus, rather than increasing the size and stiffness of the gill skeleton, P. senegalus may instead reduce investment in supportive gill tissue while on land. These results are strikingly similar to the evolutionary trend of gill loss that occurred during the tetrapod invasion of land, raising the possibility that genetic assimilation of gill plasticity was an underlying mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy J Turko
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Priyam Maini
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Patricia A Wright
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Emily M Standen
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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9
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Blanchard TS, Whitehead A, Dong YW, Wright PA. Phenotypic flexibility in respiratory traits is associated with improved aerial respiration in an amphibious fish out of water. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 222:jeb.186486. [PMID: 30446543 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.186486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Amphibious fishes have evolved multiple adaptive strategies for respiring out of water, but there has been less focus on reversible plasticity. We tested the hypothesis that when amphibious fishes leave water, enhanced respiratory performance on land is the result of rapid functional phenotypic flexibility of respiratory traits. We acclimated four isogenic strains of Kryptolebias marmoratus to air for 0, 1, 3 or 7 days. We compared respiratory performance out of water with traits linked to the O2 cascade. Aerial O2 consumption rate was measured over a step-wise decrease in O2 levels. There were significant differences between strains, but time out of water had the largest impact on measured parameters. K ryptolebias marmoratus had improved respiratory performance [lower aerial critical oxygen tension (P crit), higher regulation index (RI)] after only 1 day of air exposure, and these changes were strongly associated with the change in hematocrit and dorsal cutaneous angiogenesis. Additionally, we found that 1 h of air exposure induced the expression of four angiogenesis-associated genes - vegfa, angpt2, pecam-1 and efna1 - in the skin. After 7 days in air, respiratory traits were not significantly linked to the variation in either aerial P crit or RI. Overall, our data indicate that there are two phases involved in the enhancement of aerial respiration: an initial rapid response (1 day) and a delayed response (7 days). We found evidence for the hypothesis that respiratory performance on land in amphibious fishes is the result of rapid flexibility in both O2 uptake and O2 carrying capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa S Blanchard
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - Andrew Whitehead
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Yunwei W Dong
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen 361102, People's Republic of China
| | - Patricia A Wright
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1
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10
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Li N, Bao L, Zhou T, Yuan Z, Liu S, Dunham R, Li Y, Wang K, Xu X, Jin Y, Zeng Q, Gao S, Fu Q, Liu Y, Yang Y, Li Q, Meyer A, Gao D, Liu Z. Genome sequence of walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) provides insights into terrestrial adaptation. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:952. [PMID: 30572844 PMCID: PMC6302426 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-5355-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) is a freshwater fish capable of air-breathing and locomotion on land. It usually inhabits various low-oxygen habitats, burrows inside the mudflat, and sometimes “walks” to search for suitable environments during summer. It has evolved accessory air-breathing organs for respiring air and corresponding mechanisms to survive in such challenging environments. Thereby, it serves as a great model for understanding adaptations to terrestrial life. Results Comparative genomics with channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) revealed specific adaptations of C. batrachus in DNA repair, enzyme activator activity, and small GTPase regulator activity. Comparative analysis with 11 non-air-breathing fish species suggested adaptive evolution in gene expression and nitrogenous waste metabolic processes. Further, myoglobin, olfactory receptor related to class A G protein-coupled receptor 1, and sulfotransferase 6b1 genes were found to be expanded in the air-breathing walking catfish genome, with 15, 15, and 12 copies, respectively, compared to non-air-breathing fishes that possess only 1–2 copies of these genes. Additionally, we sequenced and compared the transcriptomes of the gill and the air-breathing organ to characterize the mechanism of aerial respiration involved in elastic fiber formation, oxygen binding and transport, angiogenesis, ion homeostasis and acid-base balance. The hemoglobin genes were expressed dramatically higher in the air-breathing organ than in the gill of walking catfish. Conclusions This study provides an important genomic resource for understanding the adaptive mechanisms of walking catfish to terrestrial environments. It is possible that the coupling of enhanced abilities for oxygen storage and oxygen transport through genomic expansion of myoglobin genes and transcriptomic up-regulation of hemoglobin and angiogenesis-related genes are important components of the molecular basis for adaptation of this aquatic species to terrestrial life. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-018-5355-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Li
- Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Lisui Bao
- Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Tao Zhou
- Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Zihao Yuan
- Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Shikai Liu
- Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Rex Dunham
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Yuanning Li
- Department of Biological Sciences & Molette Biology Laboratory for Environmental and Climate Change Studies, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Kun Wang
- Center for Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Xiaoyan Xu
- Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Yulin Jin
- Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Qifan Zeng
- Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Sen Gao
- Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Qiang Fu
- Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Yujia Yang
- Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Qi Li
- Shellfish Genetics and Breeding Laboratory, Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong, China
| | - Axel Meyer
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78464, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Dongya Gao
- Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Zhanjiang Liu
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA.
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11
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Martin KE, Ehrman JM, Wilson JM, Wright PA, Currie S. Skin ionocyte remodeling in the amphibious mangrove rivulus fish (Kryptolebias marmoratus
). JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART 2018; 331:128-138. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.2247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keri E. Martin
- Department of Biology, Mount Allison University; Sackville New Brunswick Canada
| | - James M. Ehrman
- Department of Biology, Mount Allison University; Sackville New Brunswick Canada
| | - Jonathan M. Wilson
- Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University; Waterloo Ontario Canada
| | - Patricia A. Wright
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph; Guelph Ontario Canada
| | - Suzanne Currie
- Department of Biology, Mount Allison University; Sackville New Brunswick Canada
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12
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Turko AJ, Kültz D, Fudge D, Croll RP, Smith FM, Stoyek MR, Wright PA. Skeletal stiffening in an amphibious fish out of water is a response to increased body weight. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 220:3621-3631. [PMID: 29046415 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.161638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Terrestrial animals must support their bodies against gravity, while aquatic animals are effectively weightless because of buoyant support from water. Given this evolutionary history of minimal gravitational loading of fishes in water, it has been hypothesized that weight-responsive musculoskeletal systems evolved during the tetrapod invasion of land and are thus absent in fishes. Amphibious fishes, however, experience increased effective weight when out of water - are these fishes responsive to gravitational loading? Contrary to the tetrapod-origin hypothesis, we found that terrestrial acclimation reversibly increased gill arch stiffness (∼60% increase) in the amphibious fish Kryptolebias marmoratus when loaded normally by gravity, but not under simulated microgravity. Quantitative proteomics analysis revealed that this change in mechanical properties occurred via increased abundance of proteins responsible for bone mineralization in other fishes as well as in tetrapods. Type X collagen, associated with endochondral bone growth, increased in abundance almost ninefold after terrestrial acclimation. Collagen isoforms known to promote extracellular matrix cross-linking and cause tissue stiffening, such as types IX and XII collagen, also increased in abundance. Finally, more densely packed collagen fibrils in both gill arches and filaments were observed microscopically in terrestrially acclimated fish. Our results demonstrate that the mechanical properties of the fish musculoskeletal system can be fine-tuned in response to changes in effective body weight using biochemical pathways similar to those in mammals, suggesting that weight sensing is an ancestral vertebrate trait rather than a tetrapod innovation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy J Turko
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Dietmar Kültz
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Ave., Meyer Hall, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Douglas Fudge
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1.,Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, 1 University Dr., Orange, CA 92866, USA
| | - Roger P Croll
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4R2
| | - Frank M Smith
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4R2
| | - Matthew R Stoyek
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4R2.,Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4R2
| | - Patricia A Wright
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
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Turko AJ, Tatarenkov A, Currie S, Earley RL, Platek A, Taylor DS, Wright PA. Emersion behaviour underlies variation in gill morphology and aquatic respiratory function in the amphibious fish Kryptolebias marmoratus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 221:jeb.168039. [PMID: 29511069 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.168039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Fishes acclimated to hypoxic environments often increase gill surface area to improve O2 uptake. In some species, surface area is increased via reduction of an interlamellar cell mass (ILCM) that fills water channels between gill lamellae. Amphibious fishes, however, may not increase gill surface area in hypoxic water because these species can, instead, leave water and breathe air. To differentiate between these possibilities, we compared wild amphibious mangrove rivulus Kryptolebias marmoratus from two habitats that varied in O2 availability - a hypoxic freshwater pool versus nearly anoxic crab burrows. Fish captured from crab burrows had less gill surface area (as ILCMs were enlarged by ∼32%), increased rates of normoxic O2 consumption and increased critical O2 tension compared with fish from the freshwater pool. Thus, wild mangrove rivulus do not respond to near-anoxic water by decreasing metabolism or increasing O2 extraction. Instead, fish from the crab burrow habitat spent three times longer out of water, which probably caused the observed changes in gill morphology and respiratory phenotype. We also tested whether critical O2 tension is influenced by genetic heterozygosity, as K. marmoratus is one of only two hermaphroditic vertebrate species that can produce both self-fertilized (inbred) or out-crossed (more heterozygous) offspring. We found no evidence for inbreeding depression, suggesting that self-fertilization does not impair respiratory function. Overall, our results demonstrate that amphibious fishes that inhabit hypoxic aquatic habitats can use a fundamentally different strategy from that used by fully aquatic water-breathing fishes, relying on escape behaviour rather than metabolic depression or increased O2 extraction ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Turko
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - A Tatarenkov
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - S Currie
- Department of Biology, Mount Allison University, Sackville, New Brunswick, Canada E4L 1E2
| | - R L Earley
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - A Platek
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - D S Taylor
- Brevard County Environmentally Endangered Lands Program, Melbourne, FL 32904, USA
| | - P A Wright
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
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Heffell Q, Turko AJ, Wright PA. Plasticity of skin water permeability and skin thickness in the amphibious mangrove rivulus Kryptolebias marmoratus. J Comp Physiol B 2017; 188:305-314. [PMID: 28940028 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-017-1123-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The skin of amphibious fishes is a multipurpose organ, important for gas and ion exchange and nitrogen excretion when fish are out of water (emersed). We tested the hypothesis that skin permeability is altered to maintain water balance through changes in water permeability and skin thickness during salinity acclimation and/or when fish emerse, using the euryhaline, amphibious fish Kryptolebias marmoratus as a model. We first recorded the behaviour of fish out of water to determine which part of the cutaneous surface was in contact with the substrate. Fish spent about 70% of their time on their ventral surface when out of water. Osmotic permeability of the skin was assessed in fish acclimated to 0.3 or 45‰ using 3H2O fluxes in an in vitro micro-Ussing chamber setup. In freshwater-acclimated fish, 3H2O influx across the skin was significantly higher compared to hypersaline-acclimated fish, with no significant changes in efflux. Prolonged emersion (7 days) resulted in an increase in skin 3H2O influx, but not efflux in fish acclimated to a moist 45‰ substrate. In a separate experiment, dorsal epidermal skin thickness increased while the ventral dermis thickness decreased in fish emersed for over a week. However, there was no link between regional skin thickness and water flux in our experiments. Taken together, these findings suggest that K. marmoratus alter skin permeability to maximize water uptake while emersed in hypersaline conditions, adjustments that probably help them survive months of emersion during the dry season when drinking to replace water loss is not possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Heffell
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Andy J Turko
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Patricia A Wright
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
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15
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Blewett TA, Simon RA, Turko AJ, Wright PA. Copper alters hypoxia sensitivity and the behavioural emersion response in the amphibious fish Kryptolebias marmoratus. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2017; 189:25-30. [PMID: 28575749 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Elevated levels of metals have been reported in mangrove ecosystems worldwide. Mangrove fishes also routinely experience severe environmental stressors, such as hypoxia. In the amphibious fish Kryptolebias marmoratus (mangrove rivulus), a key behavioural response to avoid aquatic stress is to leave water (emersion). We hypothesized that copper (Cu) exposure would increase the sensitivity of this behavioural hypoxia avoidance response due to histopathological effects of Cu on gill structure and function. K. marmoratus were exposed to either control (no added Cu) or Cu (300μg/L) for 96h. Following this period, fish were exposed to an acute hypoxic challenge (decline in dissolved oxygen to ∼0% over 15min), and the emersion response was recorded. Gills were examined for histological changes. Fish exposed to Cu emersed at a higher dissolved oxygen level (7.5±0.6%), relative to the control treatment group (5.8±0.4%). Histological analysis showed that the gill surface area increased and the interlamellar cell mass (ILCM) was reduced following Cu exposure, contrary to our prediction. Overall, these data indicate that Cu induces hypoxia-like changes to gill morphology and increases the sensitivity of the hypoxia emersion response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamzin A Blewett
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3C5, Canada.
| | - Robyn A Simon
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Andy J Turko
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Patricia A Wright
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
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16
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Blair S, Wilkie M, Edwards S. Rh glycoprotein immunoreactivity in the skin and its role in extrabranchial ammonia excretion by the sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) in fresh water. CAN J ZOOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2016-0120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Aquatic organisms employ various strategies to excrete ammonia across the gills, skin, and (or) renal routes. During three different stages of their life cycle, we hypothesized that the basal vertebrate sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus L., 1758) used the skin as a route for ammonia excretion. Measurements of ammonia excretion using divided flux chambers revealed that extrabranchial sites (skin plus renal) of ammonia excretion were quantitatively more important in larval sea lampreys, but following metamorphosis, the gills became the dominant route of excretion in juvenile sea lampreys. Despite the greater relative importance of the skin in the larval stage, Rh glycoprotein isoforms Rhbg, Rhcg1, and Rhcg2 were detected in the skin in all three sea lamprey life stages examined, but the patterns of expression were dependent on the life stage. We conclude that, during the relatively sedentary filter-feeding larval stage, extrabranchial routes play an equally important role as the gill in facilitating ammonia excretion. However, the gills by virtue of their extensive branchial vasculature become the dominant route of ammonia excretion following metamorphosis because of the need to offload greater amounts of ammonia arising from higher rates of basal ammonia production and the potential to excrete higher amounts of ammonia following ingestion of protein-rich blood in the parasitic stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- S.D. Blair
- Department of Biology, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - M.P. Wilkie
- Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada
- Department of Biology, Mount Allison University, Sackville, NB E4L 1G7, Canada
| | - S.L. Edwards
- Department of Biology, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA
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Kelley JL, Yee MC, Brown AP, Richardson RR, Tatarenkov A, Lee CC, Harkins TT, Bustamante CD, Earley RL. The Genome of the Self-Fertilizing Mangrove Rivulus Fish, Kryptolebias marmoratus: A Model for Studying Phenotypic Plasticity and Adaptations to Extreme Environments. Genome Biol Evol 2016; 8:2145-54. [PMID: 27324916 PMCID: PMC4987111 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evw145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The mangrove rivulus (Kryptolebias marmoratus) is one of two preferentially self-fertilizing hermaphroditic vertebrates. This mode of reproduction makes mangrove rivulus an important model for evolutionary and biomedical studies because long periods of self-fertilization result in naturally homozygous genotypes that can produce isogenic lineages without significant limitations associated with inbreeding depression. Over 400 isogenic lineages currently held in laboratories across the globe show considerable among-lineage variation in physiology, behavior, and life history traits that is maintained under common garden conditions. Temperature mediates the development of primary males and also sex change between hermaphrodites and secondary males, which makes the system ideal for the study of sex determination and sexual plasticity. Mangrove rivulus also exhibit remarkable adaptations to living in extreme environments, and the system has great promise to shed light on the evolution of terrestrial locomotion, aerial respiration, and broad tolerances to hypoxia, salinity, temperature, and environmental pollutants. Genome assembly of the mangrove rivulus allows the study of genes and gene families associated with the traits described above. Here we present a de novo assembled reference genome for the mangrove rivulus, with an approximately 900 Mb genome, including 27,328 annotated, predicted, protein-coding genes. Moreover, we are able to place more than 50% of the assembled genome onto a recently published linkage map. The genome provides an important addition to the linkage map and transcriptomic tools recently developed for this species that together provide critical resources for epigenetic, transcriptomic, and proteomic analyses. Moreover, the genome will serve as the foundation for addressing key questions in behavior, physiology, toxicology, and evolutionary biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna L Kelley
- School of Biological Sciences and Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
| | - Muh-Ching Yee
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California
| | - Anthony P Brown
- School of Biological Sciences and Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
| | | | - Andrey Tatarenkov
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, California
| | | | | | | | - Ryan L Earley
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama
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18
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Magellan K. Amphibious adaptations in a newly recognized amphibious fish: Terrestrial locomotion and the influences of body size and temperature. AUSTRAL ECOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/aec.12332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kit Magellan
- Department of Ichthyology and Fisheries Sciences; Rhodes University; Grahamstown South Africa
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Turko AJ, Wright PA. Evolution, ecology and physiology of amphibious killifishes (Cyprinodontiformes). JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2015; 87:815-835. [PMID: 26299792 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The order Cyprinodontiformes contains an exceptional diversity of amphibious taxa, including at least 34 species from six families. These cyprinodontiforms often inhabit intertidal or ephemeral habitats characterized by low dissolved oxygen or otherwise poor water quality, conditions that have been hypothesized to drive the evolution of terrestriality. Most of the amphibious species are found in the Rivulidae, Nothobranchiidae and Fundulidae. It is currently unclear whether the pattern of amphibiousness observed in the Cyprinodontiformes is the result of repeated, independent evolutions, or stems from an amphibious common ancestor. Amphibious cyprinodontiforms leave water for a variety of reasons: some species emerse only briefly, to escape predation or capture prey, while others occupy ephemeral habitats by living for months at a time out of water. Fishes able to tolerate months of emersion must maintain respiratory gas exchange, nitrogen excretion and water and salt balance, but to date knowledge of the mechanisms that facilitate homeostasis on land is largely restricted to model species. This review synthesizes the available literature describing amphibious lifestyles in cyprinodontiforms, compares the behavioural and physiological strategies used to exploit the terrestrial environment and suggests directions and ideas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Turko
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, 488 Gordon Street, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - P A Wright
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, 488 Gordon Street, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
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20
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Furness AI. The evolution of an annual life cycle in killifish: adaptation to ephemeral aquatic environments through embryonic diapause. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2015; 91:796-812. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew I. Furness
- Department of Biology; University of California; Riverside CA 92521 U.S.A
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21
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Urbina MA, Walsh PJ, Hill JV, Glover CN. Physiological and biochemical strategies for withstanding emersion in two galaxiid fishes. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2014; 176:49-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2014.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Sinha AK, Matey V, Giblen T, Blust R, De Boeck G. Gill remodeling in three freshwater teleosts in response to high environmental ammonia. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2014; 155:166-180. [PMID: 25033244 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2014.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to determine whether gill macro- and microstructure show compensatory responses in three freshwater fish differing in their sensitivity to high environmental ammonia (HEA). The highly ammonia-sensitive salmonid Oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout), the less ammonia-sensitive cyprinid Cyprinus carpio (common carp) and the highly ammonia-resistant cyprinid Carassius auratus (goldfish) were used as test species and were exposed for 0 h (control), 3h, 12h, 24h, 48 h, 84 h and 180 h to 1mM ammonia (as NH4HCO3; pH 7.9). In cyprinids, dramatic alterations were initiated quickly evident by thickening of filaments and lamellae, retraction of lamellae, enlargement of interlamellar cell mass (ILCM), and increase in the water-blood diffusion distance; while in trout, these modifications were absent or developed very slowly. These reorganizations may attempt to reduce the surface area presumably protecting against the water borne ammonia; and were more pronounced in goldfish marked by momentous enlargement of ILCM volume and the presence of rudimental and almost fused lamellae. Extensive mucus production in the gills of goldfish and carp and to a limited extent in trout may have been part of general stress response and/or may have played a protective role. While goldfish and carp showed shrinkage of apical crypts of mitochondrion rich cells (MRCs), probably aiding to regulate ion status, trout showed enlarged apical crypts of MRCs. All species displayed changes in the pattern of the microridges on the surface of pavement cells (PVCs). Overall, the present results connote that the goldfish with its minimal respiratory surface area and a large population of the MRCs with small apical crypts located on the edge of ILCM is better prepared for survival in ammonia polluted water compared to carp which maintain larger lamellae and especially the trout that did not show gill remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar Sinha
- Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, BE-2020 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Victoria Matey
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr., San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - Terri Giblen
- Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, BE-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ronny Blust
- Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, BE-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Gudrun De Boeck
- Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, BE-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
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23
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Turko AJ, Robertson CE, Bianchini K, Freeman M, Wright PA. The amphibious fish Kryptolebias marmoratus uses different strategies to maintain oxygen delivery during aquatic hypoxia and air exposure. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 217:3988-95. [PMID: 25267849 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.110601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Despite the abundance of oxygen in atmospheric air relative to water, the initial loss of respiratory surface area and accumulation of carbon dioxide in the blood of amphibious fishes during emersion may result in hypoxemia. Given that the ability to respond to low oxygen conditions predates the vertebrate invasion of land, we hypothesized that amphibious fishes maintain O2 uptake and transport while emersed by mounting a co-opted hypoxia response. We acclimated the amphibious fish Kryptolebias marmoratus, which are able to remain active for weeks in both air and water, for 7 days to normoxic brackish water (15‰, ~21kPa O2; control), aquatic hypoxia (~3.6kPa), normoxic air (~21 kPa) or aerial hypoxia (~13.6kPa). Angiogenesis in the skin and bucco-opercular chamber was pronounced in air- versus water-acclimated fish, but not in response to hypoxia. Aquatic hypoxia increased the O2-carrying capacity of blood via a large (40%) increase in red blood cell density and a small increase in the affinity of hemoglobin for O2 (P50 decreased 11%). In contrast, air exposure increased the hemoglobin O2 affinity (decreased P50) by 25% without affecting the number of red blood cells. Acclimation to aerial hypoxia both increased the O2-carrying capacity and decreased the hemoglobin O2 affinity. These results suggest that O2 transport is regulated both by O2 availability and also, independently, by air exposure. The ability of the hematological system to respond to air exposure independent of O2 availability may allow extant amphibious fishes, and may also have allowed primitive tetrapods to cope with the complex challenges of aerial respiration during the invasion of land.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy J Turko
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Cayleih E Robertson
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Kristin Bianchini
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Megan Freeman
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Patricia A Wright
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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24
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Magellan K, Pinchuck S, Swartz ER. Short and long-term strategies to facilitate aerial exposure in a galaxiid. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2014; 84:748-758. [PMID: 24502191 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated two potential strategies to survive short and longer-term aerial exposure in a galaxiid. This scaleless fish possesses cutaneous pores that dilated in the short-term (15 min-3 h) but contracted over longer periods (15 h) out of water, suggesting that these organs are used to cope with shorter durations of air exposure. Pores on the abdominal surface showed the greatest variation while those on the operculum surface hardly changed. Conversely, thickening of the epithelial layer of secondary gill lamellae showed a slower increase but persisted in an approximately linear fashion over the duration of this study, indicating that this is a strategy that facilitates longer-term aerial exposure. Thus, this species has the capacity to accommodate both short and long-term exposure to air.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Magellan
- Department of Ichthyology and Fisheries Science, Rhodes University, P. O. Box 94, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa; South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity, Private Bag 1015, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
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25
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The skin of fish as a transport epithelium: a review. J Comp Physiol B 2013; 183:877-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s00360-013-0761-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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26
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Martin KL, Carter AL. Brave New Propagules: Terrestrial Embryos in Anamniotic Eggs. Integr Comp Biol 2013; 53:233-47. [DOI: 10.1093/icb/ict018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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27
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Orlando EF. "Mangrove 'killifish': an exemplar of integrative biology": introduction to the symposium. Integr Comp Biol 2012; 52:721-3. [PMID: 22821582 DOI: 10.1093/icb/ics103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The mangrove rivulus, Kryptolebias marmoratus, (hereafter, rivulus) is one of the only two vertebrates known to self-fertilize, with the other being a recently named close relative, Kryptolebias hermaphroditus (Tatarenkov et al. 2012). Rivulus is also the first fish species found to have environmental sex determination, whereby lower temperatures inhibit ovarian development, thus providing one potential route that avoids inbreeding depression (Harrington 1967; Conover 2004). Wild rivulus exist as androdioecious populations in which both hermaphrodites and, although relatively rare, males are found (Taylor 2000). In the laboratory, individual adult rivulus can produce isogenic embryos. Under as yet unknown environmental conditions, males develop and outcrossing between the hermaphrodites and males occurs (Taylor 2000; Mackiewicz et al. 2006a, 2006b). It is intriguing to consider the behavioral, neurological, and endocrinological control necessary to accommodate this reproductive strategy (Sakakura et al. 2006; Orlando et al. 2006; Earley et al. 2008). In addition to environmental sex determination and androdioecious reproduction, rivulus is also known to emerge from its aquatic surroundings and assume a transitory, terrestrial existence (Ong et al. 2007; Taylor et al. 2008; Cooper et al. 2012). Rivulus is an emerging and potentially powerful model for integrative and comparative biological research and, in part, this emergence has been catalyzed by this first symposium on its biology. The well-attended symposium comprised 11 speakers, which included four women and seven men, with academic ranks ranging from postdoctoral fellow to full professor, who came from four countries. This symposium will help drive future research within this taxon and will facilitate collaborations among researchers. It has already facilitated networking between heads of laboratories and current and potential future postdoctoral fellows and students. The organizing committee looks forward to the next rivulus symposium with great anticipation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward F Orlando
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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