1
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Sauer K, Silveira A, Schoeppler V, Rack A, Zizak I, Pacureanu A, Nassif N, Mantouvalou I, de Nolf W, Fleck C, Shahar R, Zaslansky P. Nanocrystal residual strains and density layers enhance failure resistance in the cleithrum bone of evolutionary advanced pike fish. Acta Biomater 2024; 179:164-179. [PMID: 38513725 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2024.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Failure-resistant designs are particularly crucial for bones subjected to rapid loading, as is the case for the ambush-hunting northern pike (Esox lucius). These fish have slim and low-density osteocyte-lacking bones. As part of the swallowing mechanism, the cleithrum bone opens and closes the jaw. The cleithrum needs sufficient strength and damage tolerance, to withstand years of repetitive rapid gape-and-suck cycles of feeding. The thin wing-shaped bone comprises anisotropic layers of mineralized collagen fibers that exhibit periodic variations in mineral density on the mm and micrometer length scales. Wavy collagen fibrils interconnect these layers yielding a highly anisotropic structure. Hydrated cleithra exhibit Young's moduli spanning 3-9 GPa where the yield stress of ∼40 MPa increases markedly to exceed ∼180 MPa upon drying. This 5x observation of increased strength corresponds to a change to brittle fracture patterns. It matches the emergence of compressive residual strains of ∼0.15% within the mineral crystals due to forces from shrinking collagen layers. Compressive stresses on the nanoscale, combined with the layered anisotropic microstructure on the mm length scale, jointly confer structural stability in the slender and lightweight bones. By employing a range of X-ray, electron and optical imaging and mechanical characterization techniques, we reveal the structure and properties that make the cleithra impressively damage resistant composites. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: By combining structural and mechanical characterization techniques spanning the mm to the sub-nanometer length scales, this work provides insights into the structural organization and properties of a resilient bone found in pike fish. Our observations show how the anosteocytic bone within the pectoral gridle of these fish, lacking any biological (remodeling) repair mechanisms, is adapted to sustain natural repeated loading cycles of abrupt jaw-gaping and swallowing. We find residual strains within the mineral apatite nanocrystals that contribute to forming a remarkably resilient composite material. Such information gleaned from bony structures that are different from the usual bones of mammals showcases how nature incorporates smart features that induce damage tolerance in bone material, an adaptation acquired through natural evolutionary processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrein Sauer
- Department for Operative, Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Aßmannshauser Straße 4-6, 14197 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Andreia Silveira
- Department for Operative, Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Aßmannshauser Straße 4-6, 14197 Berlin, Germany
| | - Vanessa Schoeppler
- ESRF- The European Synchrotron, 71 Av. des Martyrs, Grenoble 38000, France
| | - Alexander Rack
- ESRF- The European Synchrotron, 71 Av. des Martyrs, Grenoble 38000, France
| | - Ivo Zizak
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | | | - Nadine Nassif
- CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Collège de FranceLaboratoire Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris (LCMCP), Paris F-75005, France
| | - Ioanna Mantouvalou
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - Wout de Nolf
- ESRF- The European Synchrotron, 71 Av. des Martyrs, Grenoble 38000, France
| | - Claudia Fleck
- Materials Science & Engineering, University of Technology Berlin, Str. des 17. Juni 135 - Sekr. EB 13, Berlin 10623, Germany
| | - Ron Shahar
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Paul Zaslansky
- Department for Operative, Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Aßmannshauser Straße 4-6, 14197 Berlin, Germany.
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2
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Kim SH, Lee YN, Nam GS, Park JY, Lee S, Son M. A new exceptionally well-preserved basal actinopterygian fish in the juvenile stage from the Upper Triassic Amisan Formation of South Korea. Sci Rep 2024; 14:317. [PMID: 38172381 PMCID: PMC10764774 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50803-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The study of the large paraphyletic group of extinct 'palaeoniscoid' fishes has shed light on the diversity and evolutionary history of basal actinopterygians. However, only a little ontogenetic information about 'palaeoniscoids' is known because their records in the early stages of development are scarce. Here, we report on a growth series of 'palaeoniscoids' in the juvenile stage from the Upper Triassic Amisan Formation of South Korea. Fourteen specimens, including five counterpart specimens, represent a new taxon, Megalomatia minima gen. et sp. nov., exhibiting ontogeny and exceptional preservation with the eyes possibly containing the crystalline lens, the otoliths, and the lateral line canals without covering scales. This discovery allows us to discuss the adaptations and evolution of basal actinopterygians in more detail than before. The otoliths in situ of Megalomatia support the previous interpretation that basal actinopterygians have a sagitta as the largest otolith. The trunk lateral line canal, which runs under the scales instead of passing through them, represents a plesiomorphic gnathostome trait. Notably, the large protruded eyes suggest that Megalomatia probably has binocular vision, which would have played a significant role in targeting and catching prey with the primitive jaw structure. In addition, the firstly formed skeletal elements such as the jaws, pectoral girdle, and opercular series, and the posteroanterior pattern of squamation development are likely linked to the adaptation of young individuals to increase their viability for feeding, respiration, and swimming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Hwan Kim
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Yuong-Nam Lee
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea.
| | - Gi-Soo Nam
- Gongju National University of Education, Gongju, South Chungcheong, 32553, South Korea
| | - Jin-Young Park
- Gwacheon National Science Museum, Gwacheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13817, South Korea
| | - Sungjin Lee
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Minyoung Son
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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3
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Hawkins OH, Crawford CH, Hoover RC, Kane EA. Intraspecific variation in feeding and locomotor kinematics during prey capture in redbreast sunfish (Lepomis auritus). JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY. PART A, ECOLOGICAL AND INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 339:706-722. [PMID: 37306263 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Biomechanics research often revolves around understanding traits impacting suction feeding performance in fishes, using freshwater ray-finned sunfishes (Family Centrarchidae) as models. However, simultaneous feeding and locomotion kinematics during prey capture are not recorded for many species and there is less information on how these kinematics vary within a species and within individuals. To (1) add to existing data on the prey capture kinematics of centrarchids, (2) assess variation in a species both within and across individuals, and (3) compare morphology and prey capture kinematics of well-sampled centrarchids, we filmed five redbreast sunfish (Lepomis auritus) at 500 fps-1 approaching and striking non-evasive prey. Redbreast approach prey at ~30 cm s-1 and use approximately 70% of their maximum gape size. Traits related to feeding are more repeatable than traits related to locomotion. However, the Accuracy Index (AI) was consistent across individuals (AI = 0.76 ± 0.07). Functionally, redbreast sunfish are more similar to bluegill sunfish but morphologically they fall in the intermediate morphospace alongside green sunfish when compared with other centrarchids. These data show that whole organism outcomes (AI) are similar despite variation present both within and across individuals and demonstrate the importance of considering both interspecific and intraspecific differences in the functional diversity of ecologically and evolutionarily important behaviors such as prey capture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia H Hawkins
- Department of Biology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, Louisiana, USA
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Callie H Crawford
- Department of Biology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, Louisiana, USA
- Department of Biology, Coastal Carolina University, Conway, South Carolina, USA
| | - Richard C Hoover
- Department of Biology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, Louisiana, USA
| | - Emily A Kane
- Department of Biology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, Louisiana, USA
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4
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Diamond KM, Burtner AE, Siddiqui D, Alvarado K, Leake S, Rolfe S, Zhang C, Kwon RY, Maga AM. Examining craniofacial variation among crispant and mutant zebrafish models of human skeletal diseases. J Anat 2023; 243:66-77. [PMID: 36858797 PMCID: PMC10273351 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic diseases affecting the skeletal system present with a wide range of symptoms that make diagnosis and treatment difficult. Genome-wide association and sequencing studies have identified genes linked to human skeletal diseases. Gene editing of zebrafish models allows researchers to further examine the link between genotype and phenotype, with the long-term goal of improving diagnosis and treatment. While current automated tools enable rapid and in-depth phenotyping of the axial skeleton, characterizing the effects of mutations on the craniofacial skeleton has been more challenging. The objective of this study was to evaluate a semi-automated screening tool can be used to quantify craniofacial variations in zebrafish models using four genes that have been associated with human skeletal diseases (meox1, plod2, sost, and wnt16) as test cases. We used traditional landmarks to ground truth our dataset and pseudolandmarks to quantify variation across the 3D cranial skeleton between the groups (somatic crispant, germline mutant, and control fish). The proposed pipeline identified variation between the crispant or mutant fish and control fish for four genes. Variation in phenotypes parallel human craniofacial symptoms for two of the four genes tested. This study demonstrates the potential as well as the limitations of our pipeline as a screening tool to examine multi-dimensional phenotypes associated with the zebrafish craniofacial skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M Diamond
- Department of Biology, Rhodes College, Tennessee, Memphis, USA
- Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Abigail E Burtner
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Daanya Siddiqui
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kurtis Alvarado
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Sanford Leake
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Sara Rolfe
- Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Chi Zhang
- Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Ronald Young Kwon
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - A Murat Maga
- Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Division of Craniofacial Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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5
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Avidan C, Day SW, Holzman R. A power amplification dyad in seahorses. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20230520. [PMID: 37040808 PMCID: PMC10089724 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.0520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Throughout evolution, organisms repeatedly developed elastic elements to power explosive body motions, overcoming ubiquitous limits on the power capacity of fast-contracting muscles. Seahorses evolved such a latch-mediated spring-actuated (LaMSA) mechanism; however, it is unclear how this mechanism powers the two complementary functions necessary for feeding: rapidly swinging the head towards the prey, and sucking water into the mouth to entrain it. Here, we combine flow visualization and hydrodynamic modelling to estimate the net power required for accelerating the suction feeding flows in 13 fish species. We show that the mass-specific power of suction feeding in seahorses is approximately three times higher than the maximum recorded from any vertebrate muscle, resulting in suction flows that are approximately eight times faster than similar-sized fishes. Using material testing, we reveal that the rapid contraction of the sternohyoideus tendons can release approximately 72% of the power needed to accelerate the water into the mouth. We conclude that the LaMSA system in seahorses is powered by two elastic elements, the sternohyoideus and epaxial tendons. These elements jointly actuate the coordinated acceleration of the head and the fluid in front of the mouth. These findings extend the known function, capacity and design of LaMSA systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corrine Avidan
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
- School of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
- The Inter-University Institute for Marine Sciences, POB 469, Eilat 88103, Israel
| | - Steven W Day
- Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY 14623, USA
| | - Roi Holzman
- School of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
- The Inter-University Institute for Marine Sciences, POB 469, Eilat 88103, Israel
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6
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Chang I, Hartline DK, Lenz PH, Takagi D. Larval fish counteract ram and suction to capture evasive prey. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 9:220714. [PMID: 36340513 PMCID: PMC9626256 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.220714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A simple hydrodynamic model of predator-prey interactions between larval clownfish and copepod prey is used to elucidate how larval fish capture highly evasive copepods. Fish larvae are considered to be suction feeders; however, video observations revealed that successful captures by clownfish larvae were preceded by rapidly accelerating lunges (ram), while the role of suction to draw prey into the fish's mouth was less clear. Simulations were made of the fish's strike, varying strengths of ram and suction to characterize optimal strategies for copepod capture given known evasive capabilities. Our results suggest that, contrary to expectations, suction feeding is dominant only in older larvae, whereas ram feeding is the dominant mode for early larvae. Despite the relatively weak suction produced by smaller larvae, it still plays a crucial role in prey capture through hydrodynamic stealth. Escape-triggering water deformations from the strike can be cancelled through controlled suction. Experimental data obtained from larval clownfish agree with model results, suggesting that the primary role of suction in early larvae is providing hydrodynamic stealth rather than capture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irvin Chang
- Department of Mathematics, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, 2565 McCarthy Mall, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Daniel K. Hartline
- Pacific Biosciences Research Center, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, 1993 East-West Road, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Petra H. Lenz
- Pacific Biosciences Research Center, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, 1993 East-West Road, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Daisuke Takagi
- Department of Mathematics, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, 2565 McCarthy Mall, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
- Pacific Biosciences Research Center, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, 1993 East-West Road, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
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7
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Functional morphology of prey capture in stream-dwelling sailfin silversides (Telmatherinidae) based on high-speed video recordings. ZOOMORPHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00435-022-00570-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2022]
Abstract
AbstractUnderstanding how ecology shapes the evolution of morphological traits is a major goal in organismal biology. By quantifying force of motion, hypotheses on the function of fundamental tasks of animals like feeding can be tested. Ray-finned fishes use various feeding strategies, classified into three main feeding modes: suction, ram and manipulation. While manipulation feeders are usually distinct in morphology and feeding behavior, differentiation between suction and ram feeders is often fine-scaled and transitional. Previous studies have identified different feeding modes and biomechanical adaptations on interspecific and intersexual levels in lake-dwelling sailfin silversides, species of a Sulawesi freshwater radiation. Functional feeding morphology of stream-dwelling species remained in contrast unstudied. We hypothesized that different requirements of riverine habitats favor the evolution of alternative functional adaptations in stream-dwelling sailfin silversides. To test this hypothesis, we investigated feeding of two phenotypically distinct riverine species, Telmatherina bonti and Marosatherina ladigesi, and their sexes, by high-speed videos and biomechanical models. The kinematic approaches identify T. bonti as ram feeder and M. ladigesi as suction feeder. Surprisingly, the biomechanical models of the jaw apparatus provide contradicting results: only one out of three studied parameters varies between both species. Contrarily to lake-dwelling Telmatherina, sexes of both species do not differ in feeding biomechanics. We conclude that T. bonti predominantly uses ram feeding while M. ladigesi primarily uses suction feeding as its main hunting strategy. Feeding biomechanics of stream-dwelling sailfin silversides are less distinct compared to lake-dwelling species, likely due to different trophic ecologies or less stable ecological conditions.
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8
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Gartner SM, Whitlow KR, Laurence-Chasen JD, Kaczmarek EB, Granatosky MC, Ross CF, Westneat MW. Suction feeding of West African lungfish (Protopterus annectens): An XROMM analysis of jaw mechanics, cranial kinesis, and hyoid mobility. Biol Open 2022; 11:276553. [PMID: 36066131 PMCID: PMC9493713 DOI: 10.1242/bio.059447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Suction feeding in fishes is characterized by rapid cranial movements, but extant lungfishes (Sarcopterygii: Dipnoi) exhibit a reduced number and mobility of cranial bones relative to actinopterygian fishes. Despite fusion of cranial elements, lungfishes are proficient at suction feeding, though the impacts of novel cranial morphology and reduced cranial kinesis on feeding remain poorly understood. We used X-ray Reconstruction of Moving Morphology (XROMM) to study the kinematics of seven mobile skeletal elements (neurocranium, upper jaw, lower jaw, tongue, ceratohyal, clavicle, and cranial rib) and two muscles (costoclavicular portion of the hypaxialis and rectus cervicis) during the feeding strikes of West African lungfish (Protopterus annectens). We found that feeding by P. annectens on non-evasive prey is relatively slow, with a mean time to peak gape of 273 ms. Lower jaw depression and clavicular rotation were hinge-like, with one degree of freedom, but the ceratohyals rotated in a complex motion involving depression and long-axis rotation. We quantified the relative contributions to oral cavity volume change (RCVC) and found that oral cavity expansion is created primarily by ceratohyal and clavicle motion. P. annectens suction feeds relatively slowly but successfully through muscle shortening of hypaxial and rectus cervicis muscles contributing to hyoid mobility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha M Gartner
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, 1027 East 57th St, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Katrina R Whitlow
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, 1027 East 57th St, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - J D Laurence-Chasen
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, 1027 East 57th St, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Elska B Kaczmarek
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Brown University, 80 Waterman St., Providence RI 02912, USA
| | - Michael C Granatosky
- Department of Anatomy, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, 100 Northern Blvd, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA
| | - Callum F Ross
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, 1027 East 57th St, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Mark W Westneat
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, 1027 East 57th St, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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9
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Holzman R, Keren T, Kiflawi M, Martin CH, China V, Mann O, Olsson KH. A new theoretical performance landscape for suction feeding reveals adaptive kinematics in a natural population of reef damselfish. J Exp Biol 2022; 225:275892. [PMID: 35647659 PMCID: PMC9339911 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.243273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Understanding how organismal traits determine performance and, ultimately, fitness is a fundamental goal of evolutionary eco-morphology. However, multiple traits can interact in non-linear and context-dependent ways to affect performance, hindering efforts to place natural populations with respect to performance peaks or valleys. Here, we used an established mechanistic model of suction-feeding performance (SIFF) derived from hydrodynamic principles to estimate a theoretical performance landscape for zooplankton prey capture. This performance space can be used to predict prey capture performance for any combination of six morphological and kinematic trait values. We then mapped in situ high-speed video observations of suction feeding in a natural population of a coral reef zooplanktivore, Chromis viridis, onto the performance space to estimate the population's location with respect to the topography of the performance landscape. Although the kinematics of the natural population closely matched regions of high performance in the landscape, the population was not located on a performance peak. Individuals were furthest from performance peaks on the peak gape, ram speed and mouth opening speed trait axes. Moreover, we found that the trait combinations in the observed population were associated with higher performance than expected by chance, suggesting that these combinations are under selection. Our results provide a framework for assessing whether natural populations occupy performance optima. Highlighted Article: The in situ feeding performance of Chromis viridis indicates that the population resides close to a local performance peak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roi Holzman
- School of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.,The Inter-University Institute for Marine Sciences, POB 469, Eilat 88103, Israel
| | - Tal Keren
- School of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.,The Inter-University Institute for Marine Sciences, POB 469, Eilat 88103, Israel
| | - Moshe Kiflawi
- The Inter-University Institute for Marine Sciences, POB 469, Eilat 88103, Israel.,Department of life Sciences, Ben Gurion University, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Christopher H Martin
- Department of Integrative Biology, and the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Victor China
- School of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.,The Inter-University Institute for Marine Sciences, POB 469, Eilat 88103, Israel
| | - Ofri Mann
- The Inter-University Institute for Marine Sciences, POB 469, Eilat 88103, Israel.,Department of life Sciences, Ben Gurion University, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Karin H Olsson
- School of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.,The Inter-University Institute for Marine Sciences, POB 469, Eilat 88103, Israel
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10
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Muruga P, Bellwood DR, Mihalitsis M. Forensic odontology: Assessing bite wounds to determine the role of teeth in piscivorous fishes. Integr Org Biol 2022; 4:obac011. [PMID: 35505796 PMCID: PMC9053946 DOI: 10.1093/iob/obac011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Teeth facilitate the acquisition and processing of food in most vertebrates. However, relatively little is known about the functions of the diverse tooth morphologies observed in fishes. Piscivorous fishes (fish-eating fish) are crucial in shaping community structure and rely on their oral teeth to capture and/or process prey. However, how teeth are utilized in capturing and/or processing prey remains unclear. Most studies have determined the function of teeth by assessing morphological traits. The behavior during feeding, however, is seldom quantified. Here, we describe the function of teeth within piscivorous fishes by considering how morphological and behavioral traits interact during prey capture and processing. This was achieved through aquarium-based performance experiments, where prey fish were fed to 12 species of piscivorous fishes. Building on techniques in forensic odontology, we incorporate a novel approach to quantify and categorize bite damage on prey fish that were extracted from the piscivore’s stomachs immediately after being ingested. We then assess the significance of morphological and behavioral traits in determining the extent and severity of damage inflicted on prey fish. Results show that engulfing piscivores capture their prey whole and head-first. Grabbing piscivores capture prey tail-first using their teeth, process them using multiple headshakes and bites, before spitting them out, and then re-capturing prey head-first for ingestion. Prey from engulfers sustained minimal damage, whereas prey from grabbers sustained significant damage to the epaxial musculature. Within grabbers, headshakes were significantly associated with more severe damage categories. Headshaking behavior damages the locomotive muscles of prey, presumably to prevent escape. Compared to non-pharyngognaths, pharyngognath piscivores inflict significantly greater damage to prey. Overall, when present, oral jaw teeth appear to be crucial for both prey capture and processing (immobilization) in piscivorous fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooventhran Muruga
- Research Hub for Coral Reef Ecosystem Functions, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - David R Bellwood
- Research Hub for Coral Reef Ecosystem Functions, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Michalis Mihalitsis
- Research Hub for Coral Reef Ecosystem Functions, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
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11
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Provini P, Brunet A, Filippo A, Van Wassenbergh S. In vivo intraoral waterflow quantification reveals hidden mechanisms of suction feeding in fish. eLife 2022; 11:73621. [PMID: 35192455 PMCID: PMC8906803 DOI: 10.7554/elife.73621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Virtually all fishes rely on flows of water to transport food to the back of their pharynx. While external flows that draw food into the mouth are well described, how intra-oral water flows manage to deposit food at the esophagus entrance remains unknown. In theory, the posteriorly moving water must, at some point, curve laterally and/or ventrally to exit through the gill slits. Such flows would eventually carry food away from the esophagus instead of toward it. This apparent paradox calls for a filtration mechanism to deviate food from the suction-feeding streamlines. To study this gap in our fundamental understanding of how fishes feed, we developed and applied a new technique to quantify three-dimensional patterns of intra-oral water flows in vivo. We combined stereoscopic high-speed x-ray videos to quantify skeletal motion (XROMM) with 3D x-ray particle tracking (XPT) of neutrally buoyant spheres of 1.4 mm in diameter. We show, for carp (Cyprinus carpio) and tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), that water tracers displayed higher curvatures than food tracers, indicating an inertia-driven filtration. In addition, tilapia also exhibited a 'central jet' flow pattern, which aids in quickly carrying food to the pharyngeal jaw region. When the food was trapped at the branchial basket, it was resuspended and carried more centrally by periodical bidirectional waterflows, synchronized with head-bone motions. By providing a complete picture of the suction-feeding process and revealing fundamental differences in food transport mechanisms among species, this novel technique opens a new area of investigation to fully understand how most aquatic vertebrates feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Provini
- Département Adaptations du Vivant, UMR 7179 CNRS, MNHN, Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Brunet
- Département Adaptations du Vivant, UMR 7179 CNRS, MNHN, Paris, France
| | - Andréa Filippo
- Département Adaptations du Vivant, UMR 7179 CNRS, MNHN, Paris, France
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12
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Shkil FN, Borisov V, Seleznev D, Kapitanova D, Abdissa B, Dzerzhinskii K, Smirnov S. Intra- and interspecific variability of the cranial ossification sequences in Barbus sensu lato. Evol Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11692-022-09563-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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13
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Diedericks G, Broeckhoven C, von der Heyden S, Weyl OLF, Hui C. The Role of Directed Dispersal in Driving Genetic and Morphological Structure in Invasive Smallmouth Bass. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.790829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dispersal is an essential life-history trait crucial to species persistence and diversification. This is particularly important in spatiotemporal fluctuating environments such as freshwater habitats, where species movement is confined to the dendritic network and wetted boundaries. To persist in such fluctuating environments, a species can modify, adaptively and plastically, its phenotypic variation to better match the environment or escape via directed dispersal to a more suitable habitat (i.e., matching habitat choice). We use the invasive smallmouth bass, Micropterus dolomieu, sampled at 10 km intervals, to assess the effect of directed dispersal on the fine scale genetic and phenotypic variation in populations of M. dolomieu along a river course. Gene flow was used as a proxy for dispersal. By comparing population genetic structure, morphological variation (of linear traits and geometric landmarks), and environmental heterogeneity, we discovered a clear correlation between environmental variation and morphological traits. Although isolation by distance seemed to have shaped the overall genetic pattern detected among the populations, the strong genetic structuring observed within the Ratel tributary appeared to be non-random. These results provide novel insights into the potential mechanisms promoting the spread and establishment of invasive species and the possible influence multiple introductions may have on fine scale genetic structuring.
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14
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Olsson KH, Gurka R, Holzman R. Trophic guilds of suction-feeding fishes are distinguished by their characteristic hydrodynamics of swimming and feeding. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20211968. [PMID: 35016537 PMCID: PMC8753175 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.1968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Suction-feeding in fishes is a ubiquitous form of prey capture whose outcome depends both on the movements of the predator and the prey, and on the dynamics of the surrounding fluid, which exerts forces on the two organisms. The inherent complexity of suction-feeding has challenged previous efforts to understand how the feeding strikes are modified when species evolve to feed on different prey types. Here, we use the concept of dynamic similarity, commonly applied to understanding the mechanisms of swimming, flying, walking and aquatic feeding. We characterize the hydrodynamic regimes pertaining to (i) the forward movement of the fish (ram), and (ii) the suction flows for feeding strikes of 71 species of acanthomorph fishes. A discriminant function analysis revealed that feeding strikes of zooplanktivores, generalists and piscivores could be distinguished based on their hydrodynamic regimes. Furthermore, a phylogenetic comparative analysis revealed that there are distinctive hydrodynamic adaptive peaks associated with zooplanktivores, generalists and piscivores. The scaling of dynamic similarity across species, body sizes and feeding guilds in fishes indicates that elementary hydrodynamic principles govern the trophic evolution of suction-feeding in fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin H. Olsson
- School of Zoology, George S Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Interuniversity Institute for Marine Sciences in Eilat, Eilat, Israel
| | - Roi Gurka
- Department of Physics and Engineering Science, Coastal Carolina University, Conway, SC, USA
| | - Roi Holzman
- School of Zoology, George S Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Interuniversity Institute for Marine Sciences in Eilat, Eilat, Israel
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15
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Avidan C, Holzman R. Elastic energy storage in seahorses leads to a unique suction flow dynamics compared with other actinopterygians. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:jeb236430. [PMID: 34477206 PMCID: PMC8443865 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.236430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Suction feeding is a dominant prey-capture strategy across actinopterygians, consisting of a rapid expansion of the mouth cavity that drives a flow of water containing the prey into the mouth. Suction feeding is a power-hungry behavior, involving the actuation of cranial muscles as well as the anterior third of the fish's swimming muscles. Seahorses, which have reduced swimming muscles, evolved a unique mechanism for elastic energy storage that powers their suction flows. This mechanism allows seahorses to achieve head rotation speeds that are 50 times faster than those of fish lacking such a mechanism. However, it is unclear how the dynamics of suction flows in seahorses differ from the conserved pattern observed across other actinopterygians, or how differences in snout length across seahorses affect these flows. Using flow visualization experiments, we show that seahorses generate suction flows that are 8 times faster than those of similar-sized fish, and that the temporal patterns of cranial kinematics and suction flows in seahorses differ from the conserved pattern observed across other actinopterygians. However, the spatial patterns retain the conserved actinopterygian characteristics, where suction flows impact a radially symmetric region of ∼1 gape diameter outside the mouth. Within seahorses, increases in snout length were associated with slower suction flows and faster head rotation speeds, resulting in a trade-off between pivot feeding and suction feeding. Overall, this study shows how the unique cranial kinematics in seahorses are manifested in their suction-feeding performance, and highlights the trade-offs associated with their unique morphology and mechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corrine Avidan
- School of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
- The Inter-University Institute for Marine Sciences, PO Box 469, Eilat 88103, Israel
| | - Roi Holzman
- School of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
- The Inter-University Institute for Marine Sciences, PO Box 469, Eilat 88103, Israel
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16
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A biomechanical paradox in fish: swimming and suction feeding produce orthogonal strain gradients in the axial musculature. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10334. [PMID: 33990621 PMCID: PMC8121803 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88828-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The axial musculature of fishes has historically been characterized as the powerhouse for explosive swimming behaviors. However, recent studies show that some fish also use their ‘swimming’ muscles to generate over 90% of the power for suction feeding. Can the axial musculature achieve high power output for these two mechanically distinct behaviors? Muscle power output is enhanced when all of the fibers within a muscle shorten at optimal velocity. Yet, axial locomotion produces a mediolateral gradient of muscle strain that should force some fibers to shorten too slowly and others too fast. This mechanical problem prompted research into the gearing of fish axial muscle and led to the discovery of helical fiber orientations that homogenize fiber velocities during swimming, but does such a strain gradient also exist and pose a problem for suction feeding? We measured muscle strain in bluegill sunfish, Lepomis macrochirus, and found that suction feeding produces a gradient of longitudinal strain that, unlike the mediolateral gradient for locomotion, occurs along the dorsoventral axis. A dorsoventral strain gradient within a muscle with fiber architecture shown to counteract a mediolateral gradient suggests that bluegill sunfish should not be able to generate high power outputs from the axial muscle during suction feeding—yet prior work shows that they do, up to 438 W kg−1. Solving this biomechanical paradox may be critical to understanding how many fishes have co-opted ‘swimming’ muscles into a suction feeding powerhouse.
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17
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Taugbøl A, Quinn TP, Østbye K, Asbjørn Vøllestad L. Allometric relationships in morphological traits associated with foraging, swimming ability, and predator defense reveal adaptations toward brackish and freshwater environments in the threespine stickleback. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:13412-13426. [PMID: 33304548 PMCID: PMC7713926 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Freshwater colonization by threespine stickleback has led to divergence in morphology between ancestral marine and derived freshwater populations, making them ideal for studying natural selection on phenotypes. In an open brackish-freshwater system, we previously discovered two genetically distinct stickleback populations that also differ in geometric shape: one mainly found in the brackish water lagoon and one throughout the freshwater system. As shape and size are not perfectly correlated, the aim of this study was to identify the morphological trait(s) that separated the populations in geometric shape. We measured 23 phenotypes likely to be important for foraging, swimming capacity, and defense against predation. The lateral plate morphs in freshwater displayed few significant changes in trait sizes, but the low plated expressed feeding traits more associated with benthic habitats. When comparing the completely plated genetically assigned populations, the freshwater, the hybrids, the migrants and the lagoon fish, many of the linear traits had different slopes and intercepts in trait-size regressions, precluding our ability to directly compare all traits simultaneously, which most likely results from low variation in body length for the lagoon and migrant population. We found the lagoon stickleback population to be more specialized toward the littoral zone, displaying benthic traits such as large, deep bodies with smaller eyes compared to the freshwater completely plated morph. Further, the lagoon and migrant fish had an overall higher body coverage of lateral plates compared to freshwater fish, and the dorsal and pelvic spines were longer. Evolutionary constraints due to allometric scaling relationships could explain the observed, overall restricted, differences in morphology between the sticklebacks in this study, as most traits have diversified in common allometric trajectories. The observed differences in foraging and antipredation traits between the fish with a lagoon and freshwater genetic signature are likely a result of genetic or plastic adaptations toward brackish and freshwater environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Taugbøl
- Department of BioscienceCentre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES)University of OsloBlindernNorway
- Human Dimension DepartmentNorwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA)LillehammerNorway
| | - Thomas P. Quinn
- School of Aquatic and Fishery SciencesUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWAUSA
| | - Kjartan Østbye
- Department of BioscienceCentre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES)University of OsloBlindernNorway
- Faculty of Applied Ecology, Agricultural Sciences and BiotechnologyDepartment of Forestry and Wildlife ManagementInland Norway University of Applied SciencesKoppangNorway
| | - Leif Asbjørn Vøllestad
- Department of BioscienceCentre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES)University of OsloBlindernNorway
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18
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Perevolotsky T, Martin CH, Rivlin A, Holzman R. Work that body: fin and body movements determine herbivore feeding performance within the natural reef environment. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20201903. [PMID: 33171080 PMCID: PMC7735264 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.1903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Herbivorous fishes form a keystone component of reef ecosystems, yet the functional mechanisms underlying their feeding performance are poorly understood. In water, gravity is counter-balanced by buoyancy, hence fish are recoiled backwards after every bite they take from the substrate. To overcome this recoil and maintain contact with the algae covered substrate, fish need to generate thrust while feeding. However, the locomotory performance of reef herbivores in the context of feeding has hitherto been ignored. We used a three-dimensional high-speed video system to track mouth and body kinematics during in situ feeding strikes of fishes in the genus Zebrasoma, while synchronously recording the forces exerted on the substrate. These herbivores committed stereotypic and coordinated body and fin movements when feeding off the substrate and these movements determined algal biomass removed. Specifically, the speed of rapidly backing away from the substrate was associated with the magnitude of the pull force and the biomass of algae removed from the substrate per feeding bout. Our new framework for measuring biting performance in situ demonstrates that coordinated movements of the body and fins play a crucial role in herbivore foraging performance and may explain major axes of body and fin shape diversification across reef herbivore guilds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tal Perevolotsky
- School of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
- The Inter-University Institute for Marine Sciences, POB 469, Eilat 88103, Israel
| | - Christopher H. Martin
- Department of Integrative Biology, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Asaph Rivlin
- The Inter-University Institute for Marine Sciences, POB 469, Eilat 88103, Israel
| | - Roi Holzman
- School of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
- The Inter-University Institute for Marine Sciences, POB 469, Eilat 88103, Israel
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19
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Olsson KH, Martin CH, Holzman R. Hydrodynamic Simulations of the Performance Landscape for Suction-Feeding Fishes Reveal Multiple Peaks for Different Prey Types. Integr Comp Biol 2020; 60:1251-1267. [PMID: 32333778 PMCID: PMC7825097 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icaa021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The complex interplay between form and function forms the basis for generating and maintaining organismal diversity. Fishes that rely on suction-feeding for prey capture exhibit remarkable phenotypic and trophic diversity. Yet the relationships between fish phenotypes and feeding performance on different prey types are unclear, partly because the morphological, biomechanical, and hydrodynamic mechanisms that underlie suction-feeding are complex. Here we demonstrate a general framework to investigate the mapping of multiple phenotypic traits to performance by mapping kinematic variables to suction-feeding capacity. Using a mechanistic model of suction-feeding that is based on core physical principles, we predict prey capture performance across a broad range of phenotypic trait values, for three general prey types: mollusk-like prey, copepod-like prey, and fish-like prey. Mollusk-like prey attach to surfaces, copepod-like prey attempt to escape upon detecting the hydrodynamic disturbance produced by the predator, and fish-like prey attempt to escape when the predator comes within a threshold distance. This approach allowed us to evaluate suction-feeding performance for any combination of six key kinematic traits, irrespective of whether these trait combinations were observed in an extant species, and to generate a multivariate mapping of phenotype to performance. We used gradient ascent methods to explore the complex topography of the performance landscape for each prey type, and found evidence for multiple peaks. Characterization of phenotypes associated with performance peaks indicates that the optimal kinematic parameter range for suction-feeding on different prey types are narrow and distinct from each other, suggesting different functional constraints for the three prey types. These performance landscapes can be used to generate hypotheses regarding the distribution of extant species in trait space and their evolutionary trajectories toward adaptive peaks on macroevolutionary fitness landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin H Olsson
- Department of Zoology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
- Inter-University Institute for Marine Sciences, Eilat 8810302, Israel
| | - Christopher H Martin
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Roi Holzman
- Department of Zoology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
- Inter-University Institute for Marine Sciences, Eilat 8810302, Israel
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20
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Camp AL, Olsen AM, Hernandez LP, Brainerd EL. Fishes can use axial muscles as anchors or motors for powerful suction feeding. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 223:223/18/jeb225649. [PMID: 32948649 PMCID: PMC7520451 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.225649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Some fishes rely on large regions of the dorsal (epaxial) and ventral (hypaxial) body muscles to power suction feeding. Epaxial and hypaxial muscles are known to act as motors, powering rapid mouth expansion by shortening to elevate the neurocranium and retract the pectoral girdle, respectively. However, some species, like catfishes, use little cranial elevation. Are these fishes instead using the epaxial muscles to forcefully anchor the head, and if so, are they limited to lower-power strikes? We used X-ray imaging to measure epaxial and hypaxial length dynamics (fluoromicrometry) and associated skeletal motions (XROMM) during 24 suction feeding strikes from three channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). We also estimated the power required for suction feeding from oral pressure and dynamic endocast volume measurements. Cranial elevation relative to the body was small (<5 deg) and the epaxial muscles did not shorten during peak expansion power. In contrast, the hypaxial muscles consistently shortened by 4–8% to rotate the pectoral girdle 6–11 deg relative to the body. Despite only the hypaxial muscles generating power, catfish strikes were similar in power to those of other species, such as largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), that use epaxial and hypaxial muscles to power mouth expansion. These results show that the epaxial muscles are not used as motors in catfish, but suggest they position and stabilize the cranium while the hypaxial muscles power mouth expansion ventrally. Thus, axial muscles can serve fundamentally different mechanical roles in generating and controlling cranial motion during suction feeding in fishes. Highlighted Article: Channel catfish use their dorsal body muscles to stabilize the head during suction feeding, while the ventral body muscles power mouth expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel L Camp
- Department of Musculoskeletal and Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK .,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Aaron M Olsen
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - L Patricia Hernandez
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Elizabeth L Brainerd
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
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21
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Nandi S, Saikia SK. Scanning electron microscopic and histological studies of the buccal cavity of a phytoplanktivorous small freshwater fish, Amblypharyngodon mola. Microsc Res Tech 2020; 84:119-124. [PMID: 32860284 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The electron microscopic and histological studies of the buccal-cavity of herbivorous fish Mola (Amblypharyngodon mola) were performed. The studies revealed that the architectures of the buccal cavity of A. mola support the herbivory nature of the fish. Both the upper and lower jaws of the fish are rich in mucus glands, unculi, and microridges. The presence of papillae like taste buds in the lower jaw of A. mola indicates the mechanosensory role of the lower jaw during gustation. These features directly support a gustatory feeding behavior associated with filter feeding in this small freshwater fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudarshana Nandi
- Aquatic Ecology and Fish Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Visva-Bharati University, West Bengal, India.,Department of Zoology, SRM University, Sikkim, India
| | - Surjya Kumar Saikia
- Aquatic Ecology and Fish Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Visva-Bharati University, West Bengal, India
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22
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Scharnweber K. Morphological and trophic divergence of lake and stream minnows ( Phoxinus phoxinus). Ecol Evol 2020; 10:8358-8367. [PMID: 32788985 PMCID: PMC7417209 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenotypic divergence in response to divergent natural selection between environments is a common phenomenon in species of freshwater fishes. Intraspecific differentiation is often pronounced between individuals inhabiting lakes versus stream habitats. The different hydrodynamic regimes in the contrasting habitats may promote a variation of body shape, but this could be intertwined with morphological adaptations to a specific foraging mode. Herein, I studied the divergence pattern of the European minnow (Phoxinus phoxinus), a common freshwater fish that has received little attention despite its large distribution. In many Scandinavian mountain lakes, European minnows are considered as being invasive and were found to pose threats to the native fish populations due to resource competition. Minnows were recently found to show phenotypic adaptations in lake versus stream habitats, but the question remained if this divergence pattern is related to differences in resource use. I therefore studied the patterns of minnow divergence in morphology (i.e., using geometric morphometrics) and trophic niches (i.e., using stomach content analyses) in the lake Ånnsjön and its tributaries to link the changes in body morphology to the feeding on specific resources. Lake minnows showed a strong reliance on benthic Cladocera and a more streamlined body shape with a more upward facing snout, whereas stream minnows fed on macroinvertebrates (larvae and adults) to a higher degree and had a deeper body with a snout that was pointed down. Correlations showed a significant relationship of the proportion of macroinvertebrates in the gut and morphological features present in the stream minnows. The results of this study highlight the habitat-specific divergence pattern in morphology and resource use in this ubiquitous freshwater fish. Consequently, interspecific interactions of invasive minnows and the native fish population could differ in the respective food webs and resource competition could target different native fish species in the contrasting habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Scharnweber
- Department of Ecology and Genetics – LimnologyUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
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23
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Deban SM, Holzman R, Müller UK. Suction Feeding by Small Organisms: Performance Limits in Larval Vertebrates and Carnivorous Plants. Integr Comp Biol 2020; 60:852-863. [PMID: 32658970 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icaa105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Suction feeding has evolved independently in two highly disparate animal and plant systems, aquatic vertebrates and carnivorous bladderworts. We review the suction performance of animal and plant suction feeders to explore biomechanical performance limits for aquatic feeders based on morphology and kinematics, in the context of current knowledge of suction feeding. While vertebrates have the greatest diversity and size range of suction feeders, bladderworts are the smallest and fastest known suction feeders. Body size has profound effects on aquatic organismal function, including suction feeding, particularly in the intermediate flow regime that tiny organisms can experience. A minority of tiny organisms suction feed, consistent with model predictions that generating effective suction flow is less energetically efficient and also requires more flow-rate specific power at small size. Although the speed of suction flows generally increases with body and gape size, some specialized tiny plant and animal predators generate suction flows greater than those of suction feeders 100 times larger. Bladderworts generate rapid flow via high-energy and high-power elastic recoil and suction feed for nutrients (relying on photosynthesis for energy). Small animals may be limited by available muscle energy and power, although mouth protrusion can offset the performance cost of not generating high suction pressure. We hypothesize that both the high energetic costs and high power requirements of generating rapid suction flow shape the biomechanics of small suction feeders, and that plants and animals have arrived at different solutions due in part to their different energy budgets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Deban
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Ave, SCA 110, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Roi Holzman
- School of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel.,The Inter-University for Marine Sciences in Eilat, Israel
| | - Ulrike K Müller
- Department of Biology, California State University Fresno, Fresno, CA 93740, USA
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24
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Krishnan K, Nafi AS, Gurka R, Holzman R. The hydrodynamic regime drives flow reversals in suction-feeding larval fishes during early ontogeny. J Exp Biol 2020; 223:jeb214734. [PMID: 32253288 PMCID: PMC7240303 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.214734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Fish larvae are the smallest self-sustaining vertebrates. As such, they face multiple challenges that stem from their minute size, and from the hydrodynamic regime in which they dwell. This regime, of intermediate Reynolds numbers, was shown to affect the swimming of larval fish and impede their ability to capture prey. Prey capture is impeded because smaller larvae produce weaker suction flows, exerting weaker forces on the prey. Previous observations on feeding larvae also showed prey exiting the mouth after initially entering it (hereafter 'in-and-out'), although the mechanism causing such failures had been unclear. In this study, we used numerical simulations to investigate the hydrodynamic mechanisms responsible for the failure to feed caused by this in-and-out prey movement. Detailed kinematics of the expanding mouth during prey capture by larval Sparus aurata were used to parameterize age-specific numerical models of the flows inside the mouth. These models revealed that for small larvae which expand their mouth slowly, fluid entering the mouth cavity is expelled through the mouth before it is closed, resulting in flow reversal at the orifice. This relative efflux of water through the mouth was >8% of the influx through the mouth for younger ages. However, similar effluxes were found when we simulated slow strikes by larger fish. The simulations can explain the observations of larval fish failing to feed because of the in-and-out movement of the prey. These results further highlight the importance of transporting the prey from the gape deeper into the mouth cavity in determining suction-feeding success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnamoorthy Krishnan
- School of Coastal and Marine Systems Science, Coastal Carolina University, Conway, SC 29526, USA
| | - Asif Shahriar Nafi
- School of Coastal and Marine Systems Science, Coastal Carolina University, Conway, SC 29526, USA
| | - Roi Gurka
- School of Coastal and Marine Systems Science, Coastal Carolina University, Conway, SC 29526, USA
| | - Roi Holzman
- School of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
- The Inter-University Institute for Marine Sciences, PO Box 469, Eilat 88103, Israel
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25
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Kane EA, Higham TE. Kinematic integration during prey capture varies among individuals but not ecological contexts in bluegill sunfish, Lepomis macrochirus (Perciformes: Centrarchidae). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blaa026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The general ability of components of an organism to work together to achieve a common goal has been termed integration and is often studied empirically by deconstructing organisms into component parts and quantifying covariation between them. Kinematic traits describing movement are useful for allowing organisms to respond to ecological contexts that vary over short time spans (milliseconds, minutes, etc.). Integration of these traits can contribute to the maintenance of the function of the whole organism, but it is unclear how modulation of component kinematic traits affects their integration. We examined the integration of swimming and feeding during capture of alternative prey types in bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus). Despite the expected modulation of kinematics, integration within individuals was inflexible across prey types, suggesting functional redundancy for solving a broad constraint. However, integration was variable among individuals, suggesting that individuals vary in their solutions for achieving whole-organism function and that this solution acts as a ‘top-down’ regulator of component traits, which provides insight into why kinematic variation is observed. Additionally, variation in kinematic integration among individuals could serve as an understudied target of environmental selection on prey capture, which is a necessary first step towards the observed divergence in integration among populations and species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Kane
- Department of Biology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, USA
| | - Timothy E Higham
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
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26
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Spatial and temporal changes in buccal pressure during prey-capture in the trumpetfish (Aulostomus maculatus). ZOOMORPHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00435-019-00470-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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27
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Lemberg JB, Shubin NH, Westneat MW. Feeding kinematics and morphology of the alligator gar (Atractosteus spatula, Lacépède, 1803). J Morphol 2019; 280:1548-1570. [PMID: 31385619 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Living gars are a small clade of seven species that occupy an important position on the actinopterygian phylogenetic tree as members of Holostei, sister-group to teleosts, and exhibit many plesiomorphic traits used to interpret and reconstruct early osteichthyan feeding mechanisms. Previous studies of gar feeding kinematics have focused on the ram-based, lateral-snapping mode of prey capture found in the narrow-snouted Lepisosteus genus, whereas this study focuses on a member of the broad-snouted Atractosteus sister-genus, the alligator gar (Atractosteus spatula, Lacépède, 1803). High-speed videography reveals that the feeding system of alligator gars is capable of rapid expansion from anterior to posterior, timed in a way to generate suction, counteract the effects of a bow-wave during ram-feeding, and direct a unidirectional flow of water through the feeding system. Reconstructed contrast-enhanced μCT-based cranial anatomy and three-dimensional modeling of linkage mechanics show that a lateral-sliding palatoquadrate, flexible intrasuspensorial joint, pivoting interhyal, and retractable pectoral girdle increase the range of motion and expansive capabilities of the alligator gar feeding mechanism. Reconstructions of muscular anatomy, inferences from in vivo kinematics, and in situ manipulations show that input from the hyoid constrictors and hypaxials play an important role in decoupling and modulating the dual roles of the sternohyoideus during feeding: hyoid retraction (jaw opening) and hyoid rotation (pharyngeal expansion). The alligator gar possesses an intricate feeding mechanism, capable of precise control with plesiomorphic muscles that represent one of the many ways the ancestral osteichthyan feeding mechanism has been modified for prey capture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin B Lemberg
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Neil H Shubin
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Mark W Westneat
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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28
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Kane EA, Cohen HE, Hicks WR, Mahoney ER, Marshall CD. Beyond Suction-Feeding Fishes: Identifying New Approaches to Performance Integration During Prey Capture in Aquatic Vertebrates. Integr Comp Biol 2019; 59:456-472. [DOI: 10.1093/icb/icz094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Organisms are composed of hierarchically arranged component parts that must work together to successfully achieve whole organism functions. In addition to integration among individual parts, some ecological demands require functional systems to work together in a type of inter-system performance integration. While performance can be measured by the ability to successfully accomplish ecologically relevant tasks, integration across performance traits can provide a deeper understanding of how these traits allow an organism to survive. The ability to move and the ability to consume food are essential to life, but during prey capture these two functions are typically integrated. Suction-feeding fishes have been used as a model of these interactions, but it is unclear how other ecologically relevant scenarios might reduce or change integration. To stimulate further research into these ideas, we highlight three contexts with the potential to result in changes in integration and underlying performance traits: (1) behavioral flexibility in aquatic feeding modes for capturing alternative prey types, (2) changes in the physical demands imposed by prey capture across environments, and (3) secondary adaptation for suction prey capture behaviors. These examples provide a broad scope of potential drivers of integration that are relevant to selection pressures experienced across vertebrate evolution. To demonstrate how these ideas can be applied and stimulate hypotheses, we provide observations from preliminary analyses of locally adapted populations of Trinidadian guppies (Poecilia reticulata) capturing prey using suction and biting feeding strategies and an Atlantic mudskipper (Periophthalmus barbarus) capturing prey above and below water. We also include a re-analysis of published data from two species of secondarily aquatic cetaceans, beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) and Pacific white-sided dolphins (Lagenorhynchus obliquidens), to examine the potential for secondary adaptation to affect integration in suction prey capture behaviors. Each of these examples support the broad importance of integration between locomotor and feeding performance but outline new ways that these relationships can be important when suction demands are reduced or altered. Future work in these areas will yield promising insights into vertebrate evolution and we hope to encourage further discussion on possible avenues of research on functional integration during prey capture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Kane
- Department of Biology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, USA
| | - Hannah E Cohen
- Department of Biology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, USA
| | - William R Hicks
- Department of Biology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, USA
| | - Emily R Mahoney
- Department of Biology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, USA
| | - Christopher D Marshall
- Department of Marine Biology, Texas A&M University at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA
- Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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29
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Martinez CM, Wainwright PC. Extending the Geometric Approach for Studying Biomechanical Motions. Integr Comp Biol 2019; 59:684-695. [DOI: 10.1093/icb/icz104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Whether it is swimming, walking, eating, or jumping, motions are a fundamental way in which organisms interact with their environment. Understanding how morphology contributes to motion is a primary focus of kinematic research and is necessary for gaining insights into the evolution of functional systems. However, an element that is largely missing from traditional analyses of motion is the spatial context in which they occur. We explore an application of geometric morphometrics (GM) for analyzing and comparing motions to evaluate the outputs of biomechanical linkage models. We focus on a common model for oral jaw mechanics of perciform fishes, the fourbar linkage, using GM to summarize motion as a trajectory of shape change. Two traits derived from trajectories capture the total kinesis generated by a linkage (trajectory length) and the kinematic asynchrony (KA) of its mobile components (trajectory nonlinearity). Oral jaw fourbar data from two subfamilies of Malagasy cichlids were used to generate form–function landscapes, describing broad features of kinematic diversity. Our results suggest that kinesis and KA have complex relationships with fourbar morphology, each displaying a pattern in which different shapes possess equivalent kinematic trait values, known as many-to-one mapping of form-to-function. Additionally, we highlight the observation that KA captures temporal differences in the activation of motion components, a feature of kinesis that has long been appreciated but was difficult to measure. The methods used here to study fourbar linkages can also be applied to more complex biomechanical models and broadly to motions of live organisms. We suggest that they provide a suitable alternative to traditional approaches for evaluating linkage function and kinematics.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Martinez
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - P C Wainwright
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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30
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Brocklehurst R, Porro L, Herrel A, Adriaens D, Rayfield E. A digital dissection of two teleost fishes: comparative functional anatomy of the cranial musculoskeletal system in pike (Esox lucius) and eel (Anguilla anguilla). J Anat 2019; 235:189-204. [PMID: 31148160 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in X-ray computed tomography (CT) have led to a rise in the use of non-destructive imaging methods in comparative anatomy. Among these is contrast-enhanced CT scanning, which employs chemical stains to visualize soft tissues. Specimens may then be 'digitally dissected', producing detailed, three-dimensional digital reconstructions of the soft- and hard-tissue anatomy, allowing examination of anatomical structures in situ and making accurate measurements (lengths, volumes, etc.). Here, we apply this technique to two species of teleost fish, providing one of the first comprehensive three-dimensional (3D) descriptions of teleost cranial soft tissue and quantifying differences in muscle anatomy that may be related to differences in feeding ecology. Two species with different feeding ecologies were stained, scanned and imaged to create digital 3D musculoskeletal reconstructions: Esox lucius (Northern Pike), predominantly a suction feeder; and Anguilla anguilla (European eel), which captures prey predominantly by biting. Muscle cross-sectional areas were calculated and compared between taxa, focusing on muscles that serve important roles in feeding. The adductor mandibulae complex - used in biting - was larger in Esox than Anguilla relative to head size. However, the overall architecture of the adductor mandibulae was also very different between the two species, with that of Anguilla better optimized for delivering forceful bites. Levator arcus palatini and sternohyoideus - which are used in suction feeding - are larger in Esox, whereas the levator operculi is larger in Anguilla. Therefore, differences in the size of functionally important muscles do not necessarily correlate neatly with presumed differences in feeding mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Brocklehurst
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Laura Porro
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Anthony Herrel
- UMR 7179 (MNHN-CNRS) MECADEV, Département Adaptations du Vivant, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Adriaens
- Department of Biology, Evolutionary Morphology of Vertebrates, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Emily Rayfield
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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31
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Provini P, Brunet A, Van Wassenbergh S. Look into a fish mouth: 3D X-ray particle tracking adapted to intra-oral hydrodynamics in fish feeding. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10255842.2020.1713487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Provini
- 1 Département Adaptations du Vivant, UMR Mécanismes adaptatifs et évolution (MECADEV) Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle/CNRS, Paris, France
| | - A. Brunet
- 1 Département Adaptations du Vivant, UMR Mécanismes adaptatifs et évolution (MECADEV) Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle/CNRS, Paris, France
| | - S. Van Wassenbergh
- 1 Département Adaptations du Vivant, UMR Mécanismes adaptatifs et évolution (MECADEV) Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle/CNRS, Paris, France
- Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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32
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Rojas-Vélez S, Tavera J, Acero A. Unraveling lionfish invasion: Is Pterois volitans truly a morphologically novel predator in the Caribbean? Biol Invasions 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-019-01946-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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33
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Kane EA, Roeder MM, DeRue ML, Ghalambor CK. Integration between swim speed and mouth size evolves repeatedly in Trinidadian guppies and aligns with suction-feeding fishes. J Exp Biol 2019; 222:222/2/jeb190165. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.190165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Well-supported correlations between swim speed and mouth size during prey capture suggest the broad existence of an integrated relationship between locomotion and feeding in suction-feeding fishes. However, the influence of specialization on this relationship is unclear. We used divergent populations of Trinidadian guppies (Poecilia reticulata) to test whether integration during suction is generalizable to a non-suction specialist and whether intraspecific specialization of component systems affects their integration. Guppies from replicate high- and low-predation streams were recorded capturing wild-type zooplankton using suction. Alternative general linear models supported a positive correlation between swim speed and mouth size in derived low-predation populations, suggesting that the relationship can be extended in some cases. High-predation populations lack this integration, which may be the result of direct selection or constraints imposed by selection on locomotion. As guppies invade new habitats they may be evolving a new, integrated performance phenotype from a non-integrated ancestor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A. Kane
- Department of Biology, Georgia Southern University, PO BOX 8042-1, Statesboro, GA 30458, USA
| | - Megan M. Roeder
- Department of Biology, Georgia Southern University, PO BOX 8042-1, Statesboro, GA 30458, USA
| | - McKenna L. DeRue
- Department of Biology, Georgia Southern University, PO BOX 8042-1, Statesboro, GA 30458, USA
| | - Cameron K. Ghalambor
- Department of Biology, Georgia Southern University, PO BOX 8042-1, Statesboro, GA 30458, USA
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34
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Montuelle SJ, Kane EA. Food Capture in Vertebrates: A Complex Integrative Performance of the Cranial and Postcranial Systems. FEEDING IN VERTEBRATES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-13739-7_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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35
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Koch L, Shainer I, Gurevich T, Holzman R. The Expression of agrp1, A Hypothalamic Appetite-Stimulating Neuropeptide, Reveals Hydrodynamic-Induced Starvation in a Larval Fish. Integr Org Biol 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/iob/oby003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Larval fish suffer dramatic mortality in the days following transition to autonomous feeding, with over 90% of larvae being eliminated within a period of few weeks. Recent work has shown that the hydrodynamic environment experienced by recently-hatched larvae impedes their feeding rates even under high prey densities. Here, we quantified starvation through early ontogeny in Sparus aurata larvae (8–18 days post-hatching; DPH) and tested whether the emerging ontogenetic pattern is consistent with that expected one based on the hydrodynamic environment that these larvae experience. We screened three candidate genes agrp1, npy, and hsp70, whose expression was previously shown to respond to starvation in fish. Of the three genes, agrp1 was identified as a suitable indicator for starvation. Localization of agrp1 mRNA by whole-mount in-situ hybridization confirmed that, in S. aurata larvae, agrp1 is expressed only in the hypothalamus. Quantification of agrp1 mRNA using real-time PCR revealed that the expression of this gene is elevated in starved compared to fed larvae, and in younger (8 DPH) compared to older larvae (18 DPH). Manipulating the water viscosity to simulate the hydrodynamic conditions during the onset of the critical period led to increased agrp1 expression. These findings suggest that the hydrodynamic constraints on larval feeding lead to the starvation of small larvae. Further, they provide a mechanistic explanation for the “safe harbor” hypothesis, which postulates that larvae should allocate resources toward rapid linear growth to escape detrimental effects of dwelling in an environment where viscous fluid forces dominate.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Koch
- School of Zoology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
- The Inter-University Institute for Marine Sciences, PO Box 469, Eilat 88103, Israel
| | - I Shainer
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - T Gurevich
- The Inter-University Institute for Marine Sciences, PO Box 469, Eilat 88103, Israel
| | - R Holzman
- School of Zoology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
- The Inter-University Institute for Marine Sciences, PO Box 469, Eilat 88103, Israel
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36
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Schuster S. Hunting in archerfish - an ecological perspective on a remarkable combination of skills. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 221:221/24/jeb159723. [PMID: 30530768 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.159723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Archerfish are well known for using jets of water to dislodge distant aerial prey from twigs or leaves. This Review gives a brief overview of a number of skills that the fish need to secure prey with their shooting technique. Archerfish are opportunistic hunters and, even in the wild, shoot at artificial objects to determine whether these are rewarding. They can detect non-moving targets and use efficient search strategies with characteristics of human visual search. Their learning of how to engage targets can be remarkably efficient and can show impressive degrees of generalization, including learning from observation. In other cases, however, the fish seem unable to learn and it requires some understanding of the ecological and biophysical constraints to appreciate why. The act of shooting has turned out not to be of a simple all-or-none character. Rather, the fish adjust the volume of water fired according to target size and use fine adjustments in the timing of their mouth opening and closing manoeuvre to adjust the hydrodynamic stability of their jets to target distance. As soon as prey is dislodged and starts falling, the fish make rapid and yet sophisticated multi-dimensional decisions to secure their prey against many intraspecific and interspecific competitors. Although it is not known why and how archerfish evolved an ability to shoot in the first place, I suggest that the evolution of shooting has strongly pushed the co-evolution of diverse other skills that are needed to secure a catch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Schuster
- Department of Animal Physiology, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
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37
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Thompson M, Van Wassenbergh S, Rogers SM, Seamone SG, Higham TE. Angling-induced injuries have a negative impact on suction feeding performance and hydrodynamics in marine shiner perch, Cymatogaster aggregata. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 221:221/19/jeb180935. [PMID: 30301821 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.180935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Fishing is a popular and lucrative sport around the world and, in some cases, may contribute to declining fish stocks. To mediate this problem and maintain fish biomass in aquatic ecosystems, catch-and-release fishing, whereby a fish is caught and immediately released, has been implemented in many countries. It is unclear whether the injuries to the mouth that are caused by the hook have an impact on feeding performance of fishes. Using high-speed video and computational fluid dynamics (CFD), we asked whether injuries around the mouth caused by fishing hooks have a negative impact on suction feeding performance (measured as maximum prey velocity) of the commonly angled marine shiner perch (Cymatogaster aggregata). We hypothesized that fish with mouth injuries would exhibit decreased feeding performance compared with controls. Ten shiner perch were caught using scientific angling and 10 were caught using a seine net. Feeding events were then recorded at 500 frames per second using a high-speed camera. Compared with the control group, maximum prey velocity was significantly lower in the injured group (P<0.01). Maximum gape, time to peak gape, maximum jaw protrusion and predator-prey distance were comparable between the control and injured groups, leading us to conclude that the injury-induced hole in the buccal cavity wall reduced the pressure gradient during mouth expansion, thereby reducing the velocity of water entering the fish's mouth. This was confirmed with our CFD modelling. Fishing injuries in nature are likely to depress feeding performance of fish after they have been released, although it is currently unclear whether this has a significant impact on survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Thompson
- Department of Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T6G 2G7
| | - Sam Van Wassenbergh
- Département Adaptations du Vivant, UMR 7179 CNRS/MNHN, 57 rue Cuvier, Case Postale 55, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France.,Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Sean M Rogers
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada, T2N 1N4
| | - Scott G Seamone
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada, T2N 1N4
| | - Timothy E Higham
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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38
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Provini P, Van Wassenbergh S. Hydrodynamic performance of suction feeding is virtually unaffected by variation in the shape of the posterior region of the pharynx in fish. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2018; 5:181249. [PMID: 30839768 PMCID: PMC6170587 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.181249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
To capture prey by suction, fish generate a flow of water that enters the mouth and exits at the back of the head. It was previously hypothesized that prey-capture performance is improved by a streamlined shape of the posterior region of the pharynx, which enables an unobstructed outflow with minimal hydrodynamic resistance. However, this hypothesis remained untested for several decades. Using computational fluid dynamics simulations, we now managed to quantify the effects of different shapes of the posterior pharynx on the dynamics of suction feeding, based on a feeding act of a sunfish (Lepomis gibbosus). In contrast to what was hypothesized, the effects of the imposed variation in shape were negligible: flow velocity patterns remained essentially identical, and the effects on feeding dynamics were negligibly small. This remarkable hydrodynamic insensitivity implies that, in the course of evolution, the observed wedge-like protrusions of the pectoral surfaces of the pharynx probably resulted from spatial constraints and/or mechanical demands on the musculoskeletal linkages, rather than constraints imposed by hydrodynamics. Our study, therefore, exceptionally shows that a streamlined biological shape subjected to fluid flows is not always the result of selection for hydrodynamic improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Provini
- Département Adaptations du Vivant, UMR Mécanismes adaptatifs et évolution (MECADEV), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle/CNRS, 57 rue Cuvier, Case Postale 55, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Sam Van Wassenbergh
- Département Adaptations du Vivant, UMR Mécanismes adaptatifs et évolution (MECADEV), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle/CNRS, 57 rue Cuvier, Case Postale 55, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
- Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
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39
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Camp AL, Roberts TJ, Brainerd EL. Bluegill sunfish use high power outputs from axial muscles to generate powerful suction-feeding strikes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 221:221/11/jeb178160. [PMID: 29871983 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.178160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Suction-feeding fish rapidly expand the mouth cavity to generate high-velocity fluid flows that accelerate food into the mouth. Such fast and forceful suction expansion poses a challenge, as muscle power is limited by muscle mass and the muscles in fish heads are relatively small. The largemouth bass powers expansion with its large body muscles, with negligible power produced by the head muscles (including the sternohyoideus). However, bluegill sunfish - with powerful strikes but different morphology and feeding behavior - may use a different balance of cranial and axial musculature to power feeding and different power outputs from these muscles. We estimated the power required for suction expansion in sunfish from measurements of intraoral pressure and rate of volume change, and measured muscle length and velocity. Unlike largemouth bass, the sternohyoideus did shorten to generate power, but it and other head muscles were too small to contribute more than 5-10% of peak expansion power in sunfish. We found no evidence of catapult-style power amplification. Instead, sunfish powered suction feeding by generating high power outputs (up to 438 W kg-1) from their axial muscles. These muscles shortened across the cranial half of the body as in bass, but at faster speeds that may be nearer the optimum for power production. Sunfish were able to generate strikes of the same absolute power as bass, but with 30-40% of the axial muscle mass. Thus, species may use the body and head muscles differently to meet the requirements of suction feeding, depending on their morphology and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel L Camp
- Dept. of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Thomas J Roberts
- Dept. of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Elizabeth L Brainerd
- Dept. of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
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40
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China V, Levy L, Liberzon A, Elmaliach T, Holzman R. Hydrodynamic regime determines the feeding success of larval fish through the modulation of strike kinematics. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 284:rspb.2017.0235. [PMID: 28446697 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2017.0235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Larval fishes experience extreme mortality rates, with 99% of a cohort perishing within days after starting to actively feed. While recent evidence suggests that hydrodynamic factors contribute to constraining larval feeding during early ontogeny, feeding is a complex process that involves numerous interacting behavioural and biomechanical components. How these components change throughout ontogeny and how they contribute to feeding remain unclear. Using 339 observations of larval feeding attempts, we quantified the effects of morphological and behavioural traits on feeding success of Sparus aurata larvae during early ontogeny. Feeding success was determined using high-speed videography, under both natural and increased water viscosity treatments. Successful strikes were characterized by Reynolds numbers that were an order of magnitude higher than those of failed strikes. The pattern of increasing strike success with increasing age was driven by the ontogeny of traits that facilitate the transition to higher Reynolds numbers. Hence, the physical growth of a larva plays an important role in its transition to a hydrodynamic regime of higher Reynolds numbers, in which suction feeding is more effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor China
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.,The Inter-University Institute for Marine Sciences, PO Box 469, Eilat 88103, Israel
| | - Liraz Levy
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.,The Inter-University Institute for Marine Sciences, PO Box 469, Eilat 88103, Israel
| | - Alex Liberzon
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Tal Elmaliach
- The Inter-University Institute for Marine Sciences, PO Box 469, Eilat 88103, Israel
| | - Roi Holzman
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel .,The Inter-University Institute for Marine Sciences, PO Box 469, Eilat 88103, Israel
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Jacobs C, Holzman R. Conserved spatio-temporal patterns of suction-feeding flows across aquatic vertebrates: a comparative flow visualization study. J Exp Biol 2018; 221:jeb.174912. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.174912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Suction feeding is a widespread prey capture strategy among aquatic vertebrates. It is almost omnipresent across fishes, and has repeatedly evolved in other aquatic vertebrates. By rapidly expanding the mouth cavity, suction-feeders generate a fluid flow outside of their mouth, drawing prey inside. Fish and other suction feeding organisms display remarkable trophic diversity, echoed in the diversity of their skull and mouth morphologies. Yet, it is unclear how variable suction flows are across species, and whether variation in suction flows supports trophic diversity. Using a high-speed flow visualization technique, we characterized the spatio-temporal patterns in the flow fields produced during feeding in 14 species of aquatic suction feeders. We found that suction-feeding hydrodynamics are highly conserved across species. Suction flows affected only a limited volume of ∼1 gape diameter away from the mouth, and peaked around the timing of maximal mouth opening. The magnitude of flow speed increased with increasing mouth diameter and, to a lesser extent, with decreasing time to peak gape opening. Other morphological, kinematic and behavioral variables played a minor role in shaping suction-feeding dynamics. We conclude that the trophic diversity within fishes, and likely other aquatic vertebrates, is not supported by a diversity of mechanisms that modify the characteristics of suction flow. Rather, we suggest that suction feeding supports such trophic diversity due to the general lack of strong trade-offs with other mechanisms that contribute to prey capture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corrine Jacobs
- School of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
- The Inter-University Institute for Marine Sciences, POB 469, Eilat 88103, Israel
| | - Roi Holzman
- School of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
- The Inter-University Institute for Marine Sciences, POB 469, Eilat 88103, Israel
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42
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Higham TE, Rogers SM, Langerhans RB, Jamniczky HA, Lauder GV, Stewart WJ, Martin CH, Reznick DN. Speciation through the lens of biomechanics: locomotion, prey capture and reproductive isolation. Proc Biol Sci 2017; 283:rspb.2016.1294. [PMID: 27629033 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.1294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Speciation is a multifaceted process that involves numerous aspects of the biological sciences and occurs for multiple reasons. Ecology plays a major role, including both abiotic and biotic factors. Whether populations experience similar or divergent ecological environments, they often adapt to local conditions through divergence in biomechanical traits. We investigate the role of biomechanics in speciation using fish predator-prey interactions, a primary driver of fitness for both predators and prey. We highlight specific groups of fishes, or specific species, that have been particularly valuable for understanding these dynamic interactions and offer the best opportunities for future studies that link genetic architecture to biomechanics and reproductive isolation (RI). In addition to emphasizing the key biomechanical techniques that will be instrumental, we also propose that the movement towards linking biomechanics and speciation will include (i) establishing the genetic basis of biomechanical traits, (ii) testing whether similar and divergent selection lead to biomechanical divergence, and (iii) testing whether/how biomechanical traits affect RI. Future investigations that examine speciation through the lens of biomechanics will propel our understanding of this key process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy E Higham
- Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Sean M Rogers
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - R Brian Langerhans
- Department of Biological Sciences and W.M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Heather A Jamniczky
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - George V Lauder
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | - David N Reznick
- Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
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Higham TE, Jamniczky HA, Jagnandan K, Smith SJ, Barry TN, Rogers SM. Comparative dynamics of suction feeding in marine and freshwater three-spined stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus: kinematics and geometric morphometrics. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blx069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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Fernandez E, Irish F, Cundall D. How a Frog,Pipa pipa,Succeeds or Fails in Catching Fish. COPEIA 2017. [DOI: 10.1643/ch-16-510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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45
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Dewenter J, Gerullis P, Hecker A, Schuster S. Archerfish use their shooting technique to produce adaptive underwater jets. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 220:1019-1025. [PMID: 28082614 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.146936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Archerfish are renowned for dislodging aerial prey using well-aimed shots of water. Recently it has been shown that these fish can shape their aerial jets by adjusting the dynamics of their mouth opening and closing. This allows the fish to adjust their jet to target distance so that they can forcefully hit prey over considerable distances. Here, we suggest that archerfish use the same technique to also actively control jets under water. Fired from close range, the underwater jets are powerful enough to lift up buried food particles, which the fish then can pick up. We trained fish so that we could monitor their mouth opening and closing maneuvers during underwater shooting and compare them with those employed in aerial shooting. Our analysis suggests that the fish use the same dynamic mechanism to produce aerial and underwater jets and that they employ the same basic technique to adjust their jets in both conditions. When food is buried in substrate that consists of large particles, the fish use a brief pulse, but they use a longer one when the substrate is more fine-grained. These findings extend the notion that archerfish can flexibly shape their jets to be appropriate in different contexts and suggest that archerfish shooting might have been shaped both by constraints in aerial and underwater shooting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Dewenter
- Department of Animal Physiology, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Peggy Gerullis
- Department of Animal Physiology, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Alexander Hecker
- Department of Animal Physiology, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Stefan Schuster
- Department of Animal Physiology, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
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46
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Holzman R, Hulsey CD. Mechanical Transgressive Segregation and the Rapid Origin of Trophic Novelty. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40306. [PMID: 28079133 PMCID: PMC5228120 DOI: 10.1038/srep40306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Hybrid phenotypes are often intermediate between those of parental species. However, hybridization can generate novel phenotypes when traits are complex. For instance, even when the morphologies of individual musculo-skeletal components do not segregate outside the parental range in hybrid offspring, complex functional systems can exhibit emergent phenotypes whose mechanics exceed the parental values. To determine if transgression in mechanics could facilitate divergence during an adaptive radiation, we examined three functional systems in the trophic apparatus of Lake Malawi cichlid fishes. We conducted a simulation study of hybridization between species pairs whose morphology for three functional systems was empirically measured, to determine how the evolutionary divergence of parental species influences the frequency that hybridization could produce mechanics that transgress the parental range. Our simulations suggest that the complex mechanical systems of the cichlid trophic apparatus commonly exhibit greater transgression between more recently diverged cichlid species. Because (1) all three mechanical systems produce hybrids with transgressive mechanics in Lake Malawi cichlids, (2) hybridization is common, and (3) single hybrid crosses often recapitulate a substantial diversity of mechanics, we conclude that mechanical transgressive segregation could play an important role in the rapid accumulation of phenotypic variation in adaptive radiations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roi Holzman
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
- The Inter-University Institute for Marine Sciences, POB 469, Eilat 88103, Israel
| | - C. Darrin Hulsey
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, 78457, Germany
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Timm-Davis LL, Davis RW, Marshall CD. Durophagous biting in sea otters (Enhydra lutris) differs kinematically from raptorial biting of other marine mammals. J Exp Biol 2017; 220:4703-4710. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.162966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Sea otters represent an interesting model for studies of mammalian feeding evolution. Although they are marine mammals, sea otters returned to the sea relatively recently and feed at the surface. Therefore, they represent a transitional stage of aquatic adaptation. Currently no feeding performance studies of sea otters have been conducted. The main objective of this study was to characterize the feeding kinematic profile in sea otters. It was hypothesized that sea otters would exhibit a terrestrial feeding behavior and that they forcefully crush hard prey at large gapes. As a result, biting kinematics would be congruent with biting behavior reported for their terrestrial ancestors, thus providing additional evidence that raptorial biting is a conserved behavior even in recently aquatic mammals. Sea otters consistently used a durophagous raptorial biting mode characterized by large gapes, large gape angles, and lack of lateral gape occlusion. The shorter skulls and mandibles of sea otters, along with increased mechanical advantages of the masseter and increased bite force, form a repertoire of functional traits for durophagy. Here we consider durophagy to be a specialized raptorial biting feeding mode. A comparison of feeding kinematics of wild vs captive sea otters showed no significant differences in lateral kinematic profiles and only minor differences in three frontal kinematic profiles, which included a slower maximum opening gape velocity, a slower maximum gape opening velocity, and a slower maximum closing gape velocity in captive sea otters. Data indicate functional innovations for producing large bite forces at wide gape and gape angles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori L. Timm-Davis
- Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Department of Marine Biology, Texas A&M University, 200 Seawolf Parkway, OCSB, Galveston, TX 77553, USA
| | - Randall W. Davis
- Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Department of Marine Biology, Texas A&M University, 200 Seawolf Parkway, OCSB, Galveston, TX 77553, USA
| | - Christopher D. Marshall
- Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Department of Marine Biology, Texas A&M University, 200 Seawolf Parkway, OCSB, Galveston, TX 77553, USA
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Cooper WJ, Carter CB, Conith AJ, Rice AN, Westneat MW. The evolution of jaw protrusion mechanics is tightly coupled to bentho-pelagic divergence in damselfishes (Pomacentridae). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 220:652-666. [PMID: 27913600 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.143115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Most species-rich lineages of aquatic organisms have undergone divergence between forms that feed from the substrate (benthic feeding) and forms that feed from the water column (pelagic feeding). Changes in trophic niche are frequently accompanied by changes in skull mechanics, and multiple fish lineages have evolved highly specialized biomechanical configurations that allow them to protrude their upper jaws toward the prey during feeding. Damselfishes (family Pomacentridae) are an example of a species-rich lineage with multiple trophic morphologies and feeding ecologies. We sought to determine whether bentho-pelagic divergence in the damselfishes is tightly coupled to changes in jaw protrusion ability. Using high-speed video recordings and kinematic analysis, we examined feeding performance in 10 species that include three examples of convergence on herbivory, three examples of convergence on omnivory and two examples of convergence on planktivory. We also utilized morphometrics to characterize the feeding morphology of an additional 40 species that represent all 29 damselfish genera. Comparative phylogenetic analyses were then used to examine the evolution of trophic morphology and biomechanical performance. We find that pelagic-feeding damselfishes (planktivores) are strongly differentiated from extensively benthic-feeding species (omnivores and herbivores) by their jaw protrusion ability, upper jaw morphology and the functional integration of upper jaw protrusion with lower jaw abduction. Most aspects of cranial form and function that separate these two ecological groups have evolved in correlation with each other and the evolution of the functional morphology of feeding in damselfishes has involved repeated convergence in form, function and ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- W James Cooper
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, PO Box 644236, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Casey B Carter
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, PO Box 644236, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Andrew J Conith
- Graduate Program in Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, University of Massachusetts, 204C French Hall, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 230 Stockbridge Road, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Aaron N Rice
- Bioacoustics Research Program, Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, 159 Sapsucker Woods Road, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Mark W Westneat
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, The University of Chicago, 1027 E. 57th St., Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Van Wassenbergh S, Heiss E. Phenotypic flexibility of gape anatomy fine-tunes the aquatic prey-capture system of newts. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29277. [PMID: 27383663 PMCID: PMC4935879 DOI: 10.1038/srep29277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
A unique example of phenotypic flexibility of the oral apparatus is present in newts (Salamandridae) that seasonally change between an aquatic and a terrestrial habitat. Newts grow flaps of skin between their upper and lower jaws, the labial lobes, to partly close the corners of the mouth when they adopt an aquatic lifestyle during their breeding season. Using hydrodynamic simulations based on μCT-scans and cranial kinematics during prey-capture in the smooth newt (Lissotriton vulgaris), we showed that this phenotypic flexibility is an adaptive solution to improve aquatic feeding performance: both suction distance and suction force increase by approximately 15% due to the labial lobes. As the subsequent freeing of the corners of the mouth by resorption of the labial lobes is assumed beneficial for the terrestrial capture of prey by the tongue, this flexibility of the mouth fine-tunes the process of capturing prey throughout the seasonal switching between water and land.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Van Wassenbergh
- Department of Biology, Universiteit Antwerpen, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerpen, Belgium
- Evolutionary Morphology of Vertebrates, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
- Departement d’Ecologie et de Gestion de la Biodiversité, Muséum National d’ Histoire Naturelle, 57 rue Cuvier, Case postale 55, 75231, Paris Cedex 5, France
| | - Egon Heiss
- Institute of Systematic Zoology and Evolutionary Biology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Erbertstraße 1, 07743 Jena, Germany
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50
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Kenaley CP, Lauder GV. A biorobotic model of the suction-feeding system in largemouth bass: the roles of motor program speed and hyoid kinematics. J Exp Biol 2016; 219:2048-59. [PMID: 27122547 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.132514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The vast majority of ray-finned fishes capture prey through suction feeding. The basis of this behavior is the generation of subambient pressure through rapid expansion of a highly kinetic skull. Over the last four decades, results from in vivo experiments have elucidated the general relationships between morphological parameters and subambient pressure generation. Until now, however, researchers have been unable to tease apart the discrete contributions of, and complex relationships among, the musculoskeletal elements that support buccal expansion. Fortunately, over the last decade, biorobotic models have gained a foothold in comparative research and show great promise in addressing long-standing questions in vertebrate biomechanics. In this paper, we present BassBot, a biorobotic model of the head of the largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). BassBot incorporates a 3D acrylic plastic armature of the neurocranium, maxillary apparatus, lower jaw, hyoid, suspensorium and opercular apparatus. Programming of linear motors permits precise reproduction of live kinematic behaviors including hyoid depression and rotation, premaxillary protrusion, and lateral expansion of the suspensoria. BassBot reproduced faithful kinematic and pressure dynamics relative to live bass. We show that motor program speed has a direct relationship to subambient pressure generation. Like vertebrate muscle, the linear motors that powered kinematics were able to produce larger magnitudes of force at slower velocities and, thus, were able to accelerate linkages more quickly and generate larger magnitudes of subambient pressure. In addition, we demonstrate that disrupting the kinematic behavior of the hyoid interferes with the anterior-to-posterior expansion gradient. This resulted in a significant reduction in subambient pressure generation and pressure impulse of 51% and 64%, respectively. These results reveal the promise biorobotic models have for isolating individual parameters and assessing their role in suction feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - George V Lauder
- Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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