1
|
Kague E, Kwon RY, Winkler C. Editorial: Fish as model organism for skeletal diseases. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1331690. [PMID: 38053724 PMCID: PMC10694503 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1331690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Erika Kague
- Institute of Genetics and Cancer, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Ronald Young Kwon
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Christoph Winkler
- Department of Biological Sciences and Centre for Bioimaging Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Stein M, Elefteriou F, Busse B, Fiedler IA, Kwon RY, Farell E, Ahmad M, Ignatius A, Grover L, Geris L, Tuckermann J. Why Animal Experiments Are Still Indispensable in Bone Research: A Statement by the European Calcified Tissue Society. J Bone Miner Res 2023; 38:1045-1061. [PMID: 37314012 PMCID: PMC10962000 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Major achievements in bone research have always relied on animal models and in vitro systems derived from patient and animal material. However, the use of animals in research has drawn intense ethical debate and the complete abolition of animal experimentation is demanded by fractions of the population. This phenomenon is enhanced by the reproducibility crisis in science and the advance of in vitro and in silico techniques. 3D culture, organ-on-a-chip, and computer models have improved enormously over the last few years. Nevertheless, the overall complexity of bone tissue cross-talk and the systemic and local regulation of bone physiology can often only be addressed in entire vertebrates. Powerful genetic methods such as conditional mutagenesis, lineage tracing, and modeling of the diseases enhanced the understanding of the entire skeletal system. In this review endorsed by the European Calcified Tissue Society (ECTS), a working group of investigators from Europe and the US provides an overview of the strengths and limitations of experimental animal models, including rodents, fish, and large animals, as well the potential and shortcomings of in vitro and in silico technologies in skeletal research. We propose that the proper combination of the right animal model for a specific hypothesis and state-of-the-art in vitro and/or in silico technology is essential to solving remaining important questions in bone research. This is crucial for executing most efficiently the 3R principles to reduce, refine, and replace animal experimentation, for enhancing our knowledge of skeletal biology, and for the treatment of bone diseases that affect a large part of society. © 2023 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Merle Stein
- Institute of Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Florent Elefteriou
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA and Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Björn Busse
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Competence Center for Interface Research (ICCIR), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Imke A.K. Fiedler
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Competence Center for Interface Research (ICCIR), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Ronald Young Kwon
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, USA and Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Eric Farell
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mubashir Ahmad
- Institute of Orthopaedic Research and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Anita Ignatius
- Institute of Orthopaedic Research and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Liam Grover
- Healthcare Technologies Institute, Institute of Translational MedicineHeritage Building Edgbaston, Birmingham
| | - Liesbet Geris
- Biomechanics Research Unit, GIGA In Silico Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Skeletal Biology & Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Tuckermann
- Institute of Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Diamond KM, Burtner AE, Siddiqui D, Alvarado K, Leake S, Rolfe S, Zhang C, Kwon RY, Maga AM. Examining craniofacial variation among crispant and mutant zebrafish models of human skeletal diseases. J Anat 2023; 243:66-77. [PMID: 36858797 PMCID: PMC10273351 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic diseases affecting the skeletal system present with a wide range of symptoms that make diagnosis and treatment difficult. Genome-wide association and sequencing studies have identified genes linked to human skeletal diseases. Gene editing of zebrafish models allows researchers to further examine the link between genotype and phenotype, with the long-term goal of improving diagnosis and treatment. While current automated tools enable rapid and in-depth phenotyping of the axial skeleton, characterizing the effects of mutations on the craniofacial skeleton has been more challenging. The objective of this study was to evaluate a semi-automated screening tool can be used to quantify craniofacial variations in zebrafish models using four genes that have been associated with human skeletal diseases (meox1, plod2, sost, and wnt16) as test cases. We used traditional landmarks to ground truth our dataset and pseudolandmarks to quantify variation across the 3D cranial skeleton between the groups (somatic crispant, germline mutant, and control fish). The proposed pipeline identified variation between the crispant or mutant fish and control fish for four genes. Variation in phenotypes parallel human craniofacial symptoms for two of the four genes tested. This study demonstrates the potential as well as the limitations of our pipeline as a screening tool to examine multi-dimensional phenotypes associated with the zebrafish craniofacial skeleton.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M Diamond
- Department of Biology, Rhodes College, Tennessee, Memphis, USA
- Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Abigail E Burtner
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Daanya Siddiqui
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kurtis Alvarado
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Sanford Leake
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Sara Rolfe
- Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Chi Zhang
- Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Ronald Young Kwon
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - A Murat Maga
- Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Division of Craniofacial Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gómez AE, Addish S, Alvarado K, Boatemaa P, Onyali AC, Ramirez EG, Rojas MF, Rai J, Reynolds KA, Tang WJ, Kwon RY. Multiple Mechanisms Explain Genetic Effects at the CPED1-WNT16 Bone Mineral Density Locus. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2023; 21:173-183. [PMID: 36943599 PMCID: PMC10202127 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-023-00783-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Chromosome region 7q31.31, also known as the CPED1-WNT16 locus, is robustly associated with BMD and fracture risk. The aim of the review is to highlight experimental studies examining the function of genes at the CPED1-WNT16 locus. RECENT FINDINGS Genes that reside at the CPED1-WNT16 locus include WNT16, FAM3C, ING3, CPED1, and TSPAN12. Experimental studies in mice strongly support the notion that Wnt16 is necessary for bone mass and strength. In addition, roles for Fam3c and Ing3 in regulating bone morphology in vivo and/or osteoblast differentiation in vitro have been identified. Finally, a role for wnt16 in dually influencing bone and muscle morphogenesis in zebrafish has recently been discovered, which has brought forth new questions related to whether the influence of WNT16 in muscle may conspire with its influence in bone to alter BMD and fracture risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Ericka Gómez
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sumaya Addish
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kurtis Alvarado
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Priscilla Boatemaa
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Anne C Onyali
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Emily G Ramirez
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Maria F Rojas
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jyoti Rai
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kiana A Reynolds
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - W Joyce Tang
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ronald Young Kwon
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Watson CJ, Tang WJ, Rojas MF, Fiedler IAK, Morfin Montes de Oca E, Cronrath AR, Callies LK, Swearer AA, Ahmed AR, Sethuraman V, Addish S, Farr GH, Gómez AE, Rai J, Monstad-Rios AT, Gardiner EM, Karasik D, Maves L, Busse B, Hsu YH, Kwon RY. wnt16 regulates spine and muscle morphogenesis through parallel signals from notochord and dermomyotome. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1010496. [PMID: 36346812 PMCID: PMC9674140 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone and muscle are coupled through developmental, mechanical, paracrine, and autocrine signals. Genetic variants at the CPED1-WNT16 locus are dually associated with bone- and muscle-related traits. While Wnt16 is necessary for bone mass and strength, this fails to explain pleiotropy at this locus. Here, we show wnt16 is required for spine and muscle morphogenesis in zebrafish. In embryos, wnt16 is expressed in dermomyotome and developing notochord, and contributes to larval myotome morphology and notochord elongation. Later, wnt16 is expressed at the ventral midline of the notochord sheath, and contributes to spine mineralization and osteoblast recruitment. Morphological changes in wnt16 mutant larvae are mirrored in adults, indicating that wnt16 impacts bone and muscle morphology throughout the lifespan. Finally, we show that wnt16 is a gene of major effect on lean mass at the CPED1-WNT16 locus. Our findings indicate that Wnt16 is secreted in structures adjacent to developing bone (notochord) and muscle (dermomyotome) where it affects the morphogenesis of each tissue, thereby rendering wnt16 expression into dual effects on bone and muscle morphology. This work expands our understanding of wnt16 in musculoskeletal development and supports the potential for variants to act through WNT16 to influence bone and muscle via parallel morphogenetic processes. In humans, genetic variants (DNA sequences that vary amongst individuals) have been identified that appear to influence two tissues, bone and skeletal muscle. However, how single genes and genetic variants exert dual influence on both tissues is not well understood. In this study, we found that the wnt16 gene is necessary for specifying the size and shape of both muscle and bone during development in zebrafish. We also disentangled how wnt16 affects both tissues: distinct cellular populations adjacent to muscle and bone secrete Wnt16, where it acts as a signal guiding the size and shape of each tissue. This is important because in humans, genetic variants near the WNT16 gene have effects on both bone- and muscle-related traits. This study expands our understanding of the role of WNT16 in bone and muscle development, and helps to explain how genetic variants near WNT16 affect traits for both tissues. Moreover, WNT16 is actively being explored as a target for osteoporosis therapies, thus our study could have implications with regard to the potential of targeting WNT16 to treat bone and muscle simultaneously.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claire J. Watson
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Insitute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicines, University of Washington, Seattle Washington, United States of America
| | - W. Joyce Tang
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Insitute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicines, University of Washington, Seattle Washington, United States of America
| | - Maria F. Rojas
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Insitute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicines, University of Washington, Seattle Washington, United States of America
| | - Imke A. K. Fiedler
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ernesto Morfin Montes de Oca
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Insitute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicines, University of Washington, Seattle Washington, United States of America
| | - Andrea R. Cronrath
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Insitute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicines, University of Washington, Seattle Washington, United States of America
| | - Lulu K. Callies
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Insitute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicines, University of Washington, Seattle Washington, United States of America
| | - Avery Angell Swearer
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Insitute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicines, University of Washington, Seattle Washington, United States of America
| | - Ali R. Ahmed
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Insitute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicines, University of Washington, Seattle Washington, United States of America
| | - Visali Sethuraman
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Insitute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicines, University of Washington, Seattle Washington, United States of America
| | - Sumaya Addish
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Insitute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicines, University of Washington, Seattle Washington, United States of America
| | - Gist H. Farr
- Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Arianna Ericka Gómez
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Insitute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicines, University of Washington, Seattle Washington, United States of America
| | - Jyoti Rai
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Insitute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicines, University of Washington, Seattle Washington, United States of America
| | - Adrian T. Monstad-Rios
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Insitute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicines, University of Washington, Seattle Washington, United States of America
| | - Edith M. Gardiner
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Insitute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicines, University of Washington, Seattle Washington, United States of America
| | - David Karasik
- Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lisa Maves
- Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Bjorn Busse
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Yi-Hsiang Hsu
- Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ronald Young Kwon
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Insitute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicines, University of Washington, Seattle Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kwon RY, Lew AJ, Jacobs CR. A microstructurally informed model for the mechanical response of three-dimensional actin networks. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2008; 11:407-18. [PMID: 18568835 DOI: 10.1080/10255840801888686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
We propose a class of microstructurally informed models for the linear elastic mechanical behaviour of cross-linked polymer networks such as the actin cytoskeleton. Salient features of the models include the possibility to represent anisotropic mechanical behaviour resulting from anisotropic filament distributions, and a power law scaling of the mechanical properties with the filament density. Mechanical models within the class are parameterized by seven different constants. We demonstrate a procedure for determining these constants using finite element models of three-dimensional actin networks. Actin filaments and cross-links were modelled as elastic rods, and the networks were constructed at physiological volume fractions and at the scale of an image voxel. We show the performance of the model in estimating the mechanical behaviour of the networks over a wide range of filament densities and degrees of anisotropy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Y Kwon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|