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Bourdier P, Simon C, Bessesen DH, Blanc S, Bergouignan A. The role of physical activity in the regulation of body weight: The overlooked contribution of light physical activity and sedentary behaviors. Obes Rev 2023; 24:e13528. [PMID: 36394185 PMCID: PMC10910694 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The role of physical activity (PA) in the regulation of body weight is still a major topic of debate. This may be because studies have essentially focused on the effects of moderate/vigorous PA (MVPA) on body weight while overlooking the other components of PA, namely, light-intensity PA (LPA, daily life activities) and sedentary behaviors (SB, too much sitting). In this review, we will (i) describe the history of changes in PA behaviors that occurred with modernization; (ii) review data from cross-sectional and longitudinal studies that examined the associations between PA, SB, and measures of obesity; (iii) review interventional studies that investigated the effects of changes in PA and SB on body weight and adiposity; and (iv) discuss experimental studies that addressed potential biological mechanisms underlying the effects of PA and SB on weight regulation. Overall recent findings support the importance of considering all components of PA to better understand the regulation of energy balance and suggest an important role for LPA and SB in addition to MVPA on body weight regulation. Longitudinal large-scale rigorous studies are needed to advance our knowledge of the role of PA/SB in combating the obesity epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Bourdier
- CNRS IPHC UMR 7178 Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Chantal Simon
- CarMen Laboratory, INSERM 1060, INRAE 1397, University of Lyon, Oullins, France
- Human Nutrition Research Centre of Rhône-Alpes, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Daniel H. Bessesen
- Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, Division of Endocrinology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Stéphane Blanc
- CNRS IPHC UMR 7178 Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Audrey Bergouignan
- CNRS IPHC UMR 7178 Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, Division of Endocrinology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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2
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Allison DB, Bier DM, Locher JL. Measurement rigor is not a substitute for design rigor in causal inference: increased physical activity does cause (modest) weight loss. Int J Obes (Lond) 2023; 47:3-4. [PMID: 36443405 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-022-01234-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David B Allison
- Indiana University School of Public Health-Bloomington, 1025 E 7th Street, PH 111, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.
| | | | - Julie L Locher
- University of Alabama at Birmingham Department of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Grasdalsmoen M, Eriksen HR, Lønning KJ, Sivertsen B. Physical exercise and body-mass index in young adults: a national survey of Norwegian university students. BMC Public Health 2019; 19:1354. [PMID: 31646998 PMCID: PMC6813074 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-7650-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Physical inactivity and obesity pose a major public health challenge. The aim of this study was to describe the level of physical exercise and body-mass index in college and university students, as well as to examine potential changes from 2010 to 2018. Methods Data stem from the SHoT study, a national student health survey for higher education in Norway, conducted at 4-year intervals. The SHOT studies conducted so far in 2010, 2014 and 2018, included 6053, 13,525 and 50,054 fulltime students (aged 18–35), respectively. Exercise frequency (average number of times exercising each week) was assessed in all three waves, and was used for the trend analysis. The last wave in 2018 also assessed the average intensity and duration of the exercise. Results Overall, students exercised less in 2018 compared to 2014, but comparable to level in 2010. The prevalence of overweight increased substantially from 2010 to 2018, but especially in the last 4 years and among older female students. Less than one of four male, and one of five female students, met the recommended criteria for both exercise frequency, intensity and duration. As expected, the associations between exercise and overweight/obesity were in a dose-response manner, and strong across all three waves. Conclusions Our findings show that the large majority of young adults fail to meet international recommendations on exercise, and that the proportion of overweight is increasing in both genders and across all age groups. We conclude that there is an urgent need for a broad approach to achieve a paradigm shift in supporting our college and university students to become more active.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Grasdalsmoen
- Department of Sport, Food and Natural Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway
| | - Hege Randi Eriksen
- Department of Sport, Food and Natural Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway
| | - Kari Jussie Lønning
- Vestre Viken HF, Drammen, Norway.,The Student Welfare Organisation of Oslo and Akershus (SiO), Oslo, Norway
| | - Børge Sivertsen
- Department of Health Promotion, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Postboks 973 Sentrum, 5808, Bergen, Norway. .,Department of Research and Innovation, Helse Fonna HF, Haugesund, Norway. .,Department of Mental Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
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Stone V, Maurmann RM, Dal Magro BM, Crestani MS, Hozer RM, Klein CP, Matté C. Gestational caloric restriction with micronutrients supplementation does not delay development and promotes feeding behavior benefits. Nutr Neurosci 2019; 24:770-780. [PMID: 31610769 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2019.1676972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Caloric restriction (CR) has been proven to promote a series of health benefits from yeast to primates. Nowadays, increasing rates of obesity certainly encourage researchers to evaluate CR effects and establish it as a therapeutic approach. Maternal obesity is also a concern, and studies in the developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD) have shown the importance of interventions during pregnancy, especially those involving maternal nutrition. On the other hand, undernutrition during pregnancy leads to increased weight gain, disturbed feeding behavior and dysfunctional metabolism in adulthood.Methods: In this way, we utilized moderate CR (20% compared to control consumption) in pregnant Wistar rats as intervention, with malnutrition control by micronutrients supplementation. We assessed CR effects on offspring's developmental milestones, feeding behavior, exploratory behavior, and memory on adolescence (PND21) and adulthood (PND60).Results: We did not find alterations on litter size or birth weight, although CR pups were leaner at adult ages. Importantly, no delay in development was observed. Besides, female pups showed earlier suction reflex and male pups showed earlier response to the negative geotaxis. CR pups also showed less preference for palatable food (Froot Loops®) at adult age, which could be decisive on obesity tendency. Locomotor activity was increased by CR on PND60 and there was no effect on memory at all.Discussion: Our results on development and behavior demonstrate that gestational CR may be a helpful health strategy if malnutrition is well controlled, with potential clinical impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinícius Stone
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo (laboratório 23), CEP 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rafael Moura Maurmann
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo (laboratório 23), CEP 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Bárbara Mariño Dal Magro
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo (laboratório 23), CEP 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Mariana Scortegagna Crestani
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo (laboratório 23), CEP 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Régis Matheus Hozer
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo (laboratório 23), CEP 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Caroline Peres Klein
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo (laboratório 23), CEP 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Matté
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo (laboratório 23), CEP 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo (laboratório 23), CEP 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Fisiologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Rua Sarmento Leite, 500, CEP 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Stone V, Maciel August P, Scortegagna Crestani M, Brum Saccomori A, Magro BM, Moura Maurmann R, Santos BG, Peres Klein C, Matté C. Adaptive effects of gestational caloric restriction in the mitochondria of Wistar rats' brain: A DOHaD approach. Int J Dev Neurosci 2019; 79:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2019.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Vinícius Stone
- Programa de Pós‐graduação em Ciências Biológicas: BioquímicaInstituto de Ciências Básicas da SaúdeUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulRua Ramiro Barcelos2600‐Anexo (laboratório 23)CEP 90035‐003Porto AlegreRSBrazil
| | - Pauline Maciel August
- Programa de Pós‐graduação em Ciências Biológicas: BioquímicaInstituto de Ciências Básicas da SaúdeUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulRua Ramiro Barcelos2600‐Anexo (laboratório 23)CEP 90035‐003Porto AlegreRSBrazil
| | - Mariana Scortegagna Crestani
- Departamento de BioquímicaInstituto de Ciências Básicas da SaúdeUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulRua Ramiro Barcelos2600‐Anexo (laboratório 23)CEP 90035‐003Porto AlegreRSBrazil
| | - André Brum Saccomori
- Departamento de BioquímicaInstituto de Ciências Básicas da SaúdeUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulRua Ramiro Barcelos2600‐Anexo (laboratório 23)CEP 90035‐003Porto AlegreRSBrazil
| | - Bárbara Mariño Magro
- Departamento de BioquímicaInstituto de Ciências Básicas da SaúdeUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulRua Ramiro Barcelos2600‐Anexo (laboratório 23)CEP 90035‐003Porto AlegreRSBrazil
| | - Rafael Moura Maurmann
- Departamento de BioquímicaInstituto de Ciências Básicas da SaúdeUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulRua Ramiro Barcelos2600‐Anexo (laboratório 23)CEP 90035‐003Porto AlegreRSBrazil
| | - Bernardo Gindri Santos
- Programa de Pós‐graduação em Ciências Biológicas: BioquímicaInstituto de Ciências Básicas da SaúdeUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulRua Ramiro Barcelos2600‐Anexo (laboratório 23)CEP 90035‐003Porto AlegreRSBrazil
| | - Caroline Peres Klein
- Programa de Pós‐graduação em Ciências Biológicas: BioquímicaInstituto de Ciências Básicas da SaúdeUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulRua Ramiro Barcelos2600‐Anexo (laboratório 23)CEP 90035‐003Porto AlegreRSBrazil
| | - Cristiane Matté
- Programa de Pós‐graduação em Ciências Biológicas: BioquímicaInstituto de Ciências Básicas da SaúdeUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulRua Ramiro Barcelos2600‐Anexo (laboratório 23)CEP 90035‐003Porto AlegreRSBrazil
- Departamento de BioquímicaInstituto de Ciências Básicas da SaúdeUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulRua Ramiro Barcelos2600‐Anexo (laboratório 23)CEP 90035‐003Porto AlegreRSBrazil
- Programa de Pós‐graduação em Ciências Biológicas: FisiologiaInstituto de Ciências Básicas da SaúdeUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulRua Sarmento Leite, 500CEP 90050‐170Porto AlegreRSBrazil
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Stone V, Crestani MS, Saccomori AB, Mariño Dal Magro B, Maurmann RM, August PM, Dos Santos BG, Klein CP, Hackenhaar FS, da Silveira Benfato M, Matté C. Gestational caloric restriction improves redox homeostasis parameters in the brain of Wistar rats: a screening from birth to adulthood. J Nutr Biochem 2019; 67:138-148. [PMID: 30903960 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Caloric restriction (CR) improves health and life span in animal models. Although CR effects in adult life are well described, little is known about effects on offspring when applied during gestation. Pregnancy is a remarkable period of life, alterations in this stage lead to lifelong consequences, some of which, associated to redox unbalance. Furthermore, gestational overweight is a growing issue that can lead to detrimental outcomes. To address this issue, we divided pregnant rats into control (ad libitum food) and CR groups, which received 20% less food than control. Micronutrients consumption was equalized between groups by oral gavage. Cerebellum, prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and hypothalamus were evaluated on post-natal day (PND) 0, 7, 21, and 60. We observed increased oxidants content on PND0 in all brain structures, except for the cerebellum. Key enzymatic antioxidant defenses showed decreased activity on PND0. Interestingly, on PND60, we observed a positive modulation of most antioxidant enzymes, especially on the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. Non-enzymatic antioxidant defenses were decreased at birth and increased during development and adult age. Lipid peroxidation was increased at birth on most structures, and the effect was abolished thereafter. In the prefrontal cortex, lipid peroxidation was unaltered at birth and diminished thereafter, while protein oxidation was increased on PND0 and decreased on PND60. Protein oxidation was also decreased in the cerebellum at adult age. Our results shown controlled gestational CR to improve antioxidant defenses and protect offspring's brain from oxidative stress, especially in adulthood, as a result of developmental metabolic programming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinícius Stone
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo (laboratório 23), CEP 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Mariana Scortegagna Crestani
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo (laboratório 23), CEP 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - André Brum Saccomori
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo (laboratório 23), CEP 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Bárbara Mariño Dal Magro
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo (laboratório 23), CEP 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rafael Moura Maurmann
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo (laboratório 23), CEP 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Pauline Maciel August
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo (laboratório 23), CEP 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Bernardo Gindri Dos Santos
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo (laboratório 23), CEP 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Caroline Peres Klein
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo (laboratório 23), CEP 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Schäefer Hackenhaar
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Molecular e Celular, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500-Prédio 43422 (laboratório 208B), CEP 91501970, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Mara da Silveira Benfato
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Molecular e Celular, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500-Prédio 43422 (laboratório 208B), CEP 91501970, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Departamento de Biofísica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500-Prédio 43422 (laboratório 208B), CEP 91501970, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Matté
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo (laboratório 23), CEP 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo (laboratório 23), CEP 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Fisiologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Rua Sarmento Leite, 500, CEP 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Obesity and Urban Environments. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16030464. [PMID: 30764541 PMCID: PMC6388392 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16030464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a major public health issue, affecting both developed and developing societies. Obesity increases the risk for heart disease, stroke, some cancers, and type II diabetes. While individual behaviours are important risk factors, impacts on obesity and overweight of the urban physical and social environment have figured large in the recent epidemiological literature, though evidence is incomplete and from a limited range of countries. Prominent among identified environmental influences are urban layout and sprawl, healthy food access, exercise access, and the neighbourhood social environment. This paper reviews the literature and highlights the special issue contributions within that literature.
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Aasdahl L, Iversen VM, Skovlund E, Aune D, Fimland MS. What should be the preferred exercise modality for overweight and obese individuals? Protocol for a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Syst Rev 2019; 8:41. [PMID: 30717790 PMCID: PMC6360785 DOI: 10.1186/s13643-019-0964-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is a global epidemic with profound consequences for individuals and societies. Physical exercise is important to weight reduction and weight loss maintenance. However, results on what the most effective type of exercise are unclear. The aim of this systematic review is to evaluate the effects of various exercise modalities with and without caloric restriction on body composition and metabolic health outcomes in overweight and obese adults. METHODS We will perform a comprehensive literature search in PubMed, Embase (via Ovid) and CENTRAL (through the Cochrane Library). Relevant papers will be screened in two stages: first, by title and abstract and then the full text of the remaining papers. Two reviewers will screen all the studies, and any disagreements will be discussed with and resolved by a third reviewer. Data extraction and risk of bias assessment will be performed using a pre-piloted form. A network meta-analysis combining direct and indirect treatment effect estimates will be conducted if adequate data are available. The quality of the evidence will be judged using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. DISCUSSION The results of this proposed systematic review and meta-analysis will identify whether any exercise modality should be preferred for overweight and obese adults, as well as assess the quality of the evidence. This knowledge has potential importance for clinicians and patients. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO CRD42019103371.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lene Aasdahl
- Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Unicare Helsefort Rehabilitation Centre, Rissa, Norway
| | - Vegard Moe Iversen
- Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Eva Skovlund
- Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Dagfinn Aune
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Nutrition, Bjørknes University College, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marius Steiro Fimland
- Unicare Helsefort Rehabilitation Centre, Rissa, Norway
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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The Contributions of ‘Diet’, ‘Genes’, and Physical Activity to the Etiology of Obesity: Contrary Evidence and Consilience. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2018; 61:89-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pcad.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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[Promoting a balanced diet and physical activity among children : Conditions for the successful implementation and maintenance of multi-level interventions and policies: Results of two qualitative case studies]. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2017; 60:1124-1138. [PMID: 28812123 DOI: 10.1007/s00103-017-2611-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To date, conditions for successfully implementing and maintaining multi-level interventions and policies for the promotion of a balanced diet and physical activity are not well understood from the perspective of stakeholders. OBJECTIVE The aim of this article is to examine which factors are regarded as facilitating or impeding introduction, implementation and maintenance of multi-level interventions and policies from the standpoint of stakeholders. MATERIALS AND METHODS Semi-structured face-to-face interviews with stakeholders of one multi-level intervention (Identification and prevention of Dietary- and lifestyle-induced health EFfects In Children and infantS [IDEFICS] for the prevention of childhood obesity, n = 4) and one policy (Federal state offices coordinating networks for the provision of healthy food options in schools, n = 3) were analysed using qualitative content analysis. RESULTS In both cases, the use of existing structures facilitated introduction, implementation and maintenance. Additionally, training of staff for implementation according to standardised protocols or concepts and taking structures and work conditions of settings into account during implementation were considered essential. In both cases, conflicting interests in interdisciplinary stakeholder teams regarding intervention content and implementation were identified as a barrier. A lack of political support and insecure long-term funding only played a role in regard to the implementation and maintenance of policies. On the other hand, target groups of the multi-level intervention were not sufficiently involved in the development of intervention materials which resulted in a lack of tailoring and acceptance in the target groups. CONCLUSIONS The results provide important insights into the long-term implementation of multi-level interventions and policies in different settings.
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Pigeot I, Baranowski T, Lytle L, Ahrens W. [Prevention of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents : Critical appraisal of the evidence base]. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2017; 59:1423-1431. [PMID: 27709262 DOI: 10.1007/s00103-016-2449-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite careful planning and implementation, overweight/obesity prevention interventions in children and adolescents typically show no, inconsistent or merely weak effects. Such programs usually aim at behavior changes, rarely also at environmental changes, that draw upon conventional wisdom regarding the commonly accepted determinants of childhood overweight/obesity. OBJECTIVE This paper evaluates the evidence base of the apparently overweight-/obesity-related determinants diet, physical activity and stress. The results of international intervention studies are discussed against this background. METHODS AND MATERIALS Based on the mediating-moderating variable model, we investigate the effect of theory specified mediating variables and how potential moderating variables may impact these relationships. RESULTS Contrary to common beliefs, recent research has revealed inconsistent evidence regarding associations between potentially obesogenic behaviors and overweight/obesity in youth. Moreover, the evidence for strong and causal relationships between mediating variables and targeted behaviors seems to be inconsistent. In addition, inadequate attention is paid to moderating effects. DISCUSSION The etiology of overweight/obesity in youth is likely the result of a complex interplay of multi-causal influences. Future prevention interventions would benefit from a more thorough understanding of the complex relationships that have been hypothesized and of the mechanisms of suspected behaviors for affecting overweight/obesity. Only if substantial change can be demonstrated in mediators with reasonable effort under real world circumstances, it will make sense to progress to community behavior change trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Pigeot
- Leibniz-Institut für Präventionsforschung und Epidemiologie - BIPS, Fachbereich 03: Mathematik und Informatik, Universität Bremen, Achterstr. 30, 28359, Bremen, Deutschland.
| | - Tom Baranowski
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Leslie Lytle
- School of Public Health, Department of Health Behavior, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Wolfgang Ahrens
- Leibniz-Institut für Präventionsforschung und Epidemiologie - BIPS, Fachbereich 03: Mathematik und Informatik, Universität Bremen, Achterstr. 30, 28359, Bremen, Deutschland
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Baranowski T, Lytle L. Should the IDEFICS outcomes have been expected? Obes Rev 2015; 16 Suppl 2:162-72. [PMID: 26707025 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The Identification and prevention of Dietary- and lifestyle-induced health EFfects In Children and infantS (IDEFICS) study evaluated with a large sample a comprehensive carefully planned obesity prevention intervention targeting multiple levels of influence that were culturally adapted to the situations in eight European countries. Despite the great effort and attention to detail, the IDEFICS study did not achieve its targeted adiposity or behaviour change objectives. Should we be surprised that the IDEFICS trial did not have its intended effects? We think not, and would have been surprised if it did. Recent research has revealed the lack of consistent meaningful relationships between several apparently obesogenic behaviours and adiposity, weak or no relationships among behavioural change procedures, mediating variables and targeted behaviours and inadequate attention to moderating effects. Future obesity prevention interventions would benefit from a more thorough understanding of the complex relationships that have been hypothesized and the interrelationships with biological factors. While systems modelling has been proposed as providing the solution, important less complex identification of new constructs, new relationships and community interventions are still needed, both to find innovative solutions and to provide input into the systems models. We should question results from cross-sectional studies and be satisfied only with longitudinal or experimental tests of relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Baranowski
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - L Lytle
- Department of Health Behavior, School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Maternal exercise before and during pregnancy does not impact offspring exercise or body composition in mice. J Negat Results Biomed 2015; 14:13. [PMID: 26235102 PMCID: PMC4522962 DOI: 10.1186/s12952-015-0032-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The genome, the environment, and their interactions simultaneously regulate complex traits such as body composition and voluntary exercise levels. One such environmental influence is the maternal milieu (i.e., in utero environment or maternal care). Variability in the maternal environment may directly impact the mother, and simultaneously has the potential to influence the physiology and/or behavior of offspring in utero, post birth, and into adulthood. Here, we utilized a murine model to examine the effects of the maternal environment in regard to voluntary exercise (absence of wheel running, wheel running prior to gestation, and wheel running prior to and throughout gestation) on offspring weight and body composition (% fat tissue and % lean tissue) throughout development (~3 to ~9 weeks of age). Additionally, we examined the effects of ~6 weeks of maternal exercise (prior to and during gestation) on offspring exercise levels at ~9 weeks of age. Results We observed no substantial effects of maternal exercise on subsequent male or female offspring body composition throughout development, or on the propensity of offspring to engage in voluntary wheel running. At the level of the individual, correlational analyses revealed some statistically significant relationships between maternal and offspring exercise levels, likely reflecting previously known heritability estimates for such traits. Conclusions The current results conflict with previous findings in human and mouse models demonstrating that maternal exercise has the potential to alter offspring phenotypes. We discuss our negative findings in the context of the timing of the maternal exercise and the level of biological organization of the examined phenotypes within the offspring. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12952-015-0032-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Casazza K, Brown A, Astrup A, Bertz F, Baum C, Brown MB, Dawson J, Durant N, Dutton G, Fields DA, Fontaine KR, Heymsfield S, Levitsky D, Mehta T, Menachemi N, Newby PK, Pate R, Raynor H, Rolls BJ, Sen B, Smith DL, Thomas D, Wansink B, Allison DB. Weighing the Evidence of Common Beliefs in Obesity Research. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2015; 55:2014-53. [PMID: 24950157 PMCID: PMC4272668 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2014.922044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a topic on which many views are strongly held in the absence of scientific evidence to support those views, and some views are strongly held despite evidence to contradict those views. We refer to the former as "presumptions" and the latter as "myths." Here, we present nine myths and 10 presumptions surrounding the effects of rapid weight loss; setting realistic goals in weight loss therapy; stage of change or readiness to lose weight; physical education classes; breastfeeding; daily self-weighing; genetic contribution to obesity; the "Freshman 15"; food deserts; regularly eating (versus skipping) breakfast; eating close to bedtime; eating more fruits and vegetables; weight cycling (i.e., yo-yo dieting); snacking; built environment; reducing screen time in childhood obesity; portion size; participation in family mealtime; and drinking water as a means of weight loss. For each of these, we describe the belief and present evidence that the belief is widely held or stated, reasons to support the conjecture that the belief might be true, evidence to directly support or refute the belief, and findings from randomized controlled trials, if available. We conclude with a discussion of the implications of these determinations, conjecture on why so many myths and presumptions exist, and suggestions for limiting the spread of these and other unsubstantiated beliefs about the obesity domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista Casazza
- a Department of Nutrition Sciences , University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham , Alabama USA
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Falck RS, Shook RP, Hand GA, Lavie CJ, Blair SN. Extremes of weight gain and weight loss with detailed assessments of energy balance: Illustrative case studies and clinical recommendations. Postgrad Med 2014; 127:282-8. [DOI: 10.1080/00325481.2014.995067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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White DK, Tudor-Locke C, Zhang Y, Fielding R, LaValley M, Felson DT, Gross KD, Nevitt MC, Lewis CE, Torner J, Neogi T. Daily walking and the risk of incident functional limitation in knee osteoarthritis: an observational study. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2014; 66:1328-36. [PMID: 24923633 DOI: 10.1002/acr.22362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Physical activity is recommended to mitigate functional limitations associated with knee osteoarthritis (OA). However, it is unclear whether walking on its own protects against the development of functional limitation. METHODS Walking over 7 days was objectively measured as steps/day within a cohort of people with or at risk of knee OA from the Multicenter Osteoarthritis Study. Incident functional limitation over 2 years was defined by performance-based (gait speed <1.0 meter/second) and self-report (Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index physical function score >28 of 68) measures. We evaluated the association of steps/day at baseline with developing functional limitation 2 years later by calculating risk ratios adjusted for potential confounders. The number of steps/day that best distinguished risk for developing functional limitation was estimated from the maximum distance from chance on receiver operating characteristic curves. RESULTS Among 1,788 participants (mean age 67 years, mean body mass index 31 kg/m(2) , 60% women), each additional 1,000 steps/day was associated with a 16% and 18% reduction in incident functional limitation by performance-based and self-report measures, respectively. Walking <6,000 and <5,900 steps/day were the best thresholds to distinguish incident functional limitation by performance-based (sensitivity 67.3%, specificity 71.8%) and self-report (sensitivity 58.7%, specificity 68.9%) measures, respectively. CONCLUSION More walking was associated with less risk of functional limitation over 2 years. Walking >6,000 steps/day provides a preliminary estimate of the level of walking activity to protect against developing functional limitation in people with or at risk of knee OA.
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