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Promoting Temporal Investigations of Development in Context: a Systematic Review of Longitudinal Research Linking Childhood Circumstances and Learning-related Outcomes. EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10648-023-09734-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
AbstractChildren’s learning and cognitive development have a distinct receptivity to the circumstances of childhood. However, not all children have equal opportunities and learning inequities continue to be influenced by the social and economic circumstances of childhood. Examining factors within the environments that children are growing up in, and the associations of these factors with learning, can help to identify leverage points for change, enabling more children to be supported to reach their potential. Specifically, turning attention to the timing and duration of exposure to specific social and economic factors across childhood can provide essential details to determine who is most susceptible to contextual effects and at what ages. This paper presents a systematic review of 75 longitudinal studies of families and children carried out between 2000 and 2021. These studies tracked social and economic circumstances between pregnancy and early adolescence in relation to educational and cognitive outcomes across the lifespan. The results of the included studies were examined and grouped into themes using reflexive thematic analysis. The findings largely suggest that the degree to which educational and cognitive outcomes are affected by specific social and economic circumstances depends on the duration, timing, and mobility across childhood. In particular, findings relating to the developmental timing of exposure, as well as persistent exposure, revealed distinct evidence of the effects of temporality. These findings provide detail into how much and in what instances temporality should be considered—results which can be used to inform avenues for reducing learning disparities.
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Hamill L, Kearns A, Doig L, Hesse M, Frederick D, Purcell A, Woolfenden S. Screening for unmet social needs in paediatric speech-language pathology to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY 2023; 25:77-81. [PMID: 36345995 DOI: 10.1080/17549507.2022.2134456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the need, feasibility and acceptability of speech-language pathologists (SLPs) implementing a systematic, routine, unmet social needs identification and referral pathway, as a means of promoting health equity and addressing Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). METHOD Quality Improvement methodologies were used to adapt and pilot an unmet social needs identification and referral pathway for use with parents/carers of children with communication disabilities referred to an urban Australian speech-language pathology service. SLPs were surveyed about the acceptability and feasibility of this practice. RESULT The majority of parents/carers, 289 of 293 (99%), agreed to participate in the study, with 31 of the 289 (11%) reporting concerns about unmet social needs. The most common unmet need related to household bills (n = 17, 28%), followed by childcare (n = 12, 20%), employment (n = 10, 16%), food (n = 8, 13%), housing (n = 7, 11%), and parent/carer education (n = 7, 11%). The majority of these families, 26 of 31 (84%), requested referral to, or information about, local community services/resources. SLPs reported high levels of acceptability (93%) and feasibility (98%). CONCLUSION This study demonstrates the need, feasibility and acceptability of SLPs implementing an unmet social needs identification and referral pathway, and the potential to scale this initiative across other speech-language pathology services and allied health contexts. This paper focusses on SDG 1, SDG 2, SDG 3, SDG 4, SDG 8, SDG 10, SDG 11, SDG 16, and also addresses SDG 17.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Hamill
- Speech Pathology, Sydney Children's Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Anna Kearns
- Speech Pathology, Sydney Children's Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Laura Doig
- Speech Pathology, Murrumbidgee Local Health District, Wagga Wagga, Australia
| | - Meghan Hesse
- Speech Pathology, Sydney Children's Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Daina Frederick
- Speech Pathology, Sydney Children's Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Alison Purcell
- Speech Pathology, Sydney Children's Hospital, Sydney, Australia
- Speech Pathology, School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sue Woolfenden
- Sydney Medical School, The Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Discipline of Paediatrics, University of New South Wales Medicine & Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia, and
- Institute of Women, Children and their Families, Sydney Local Health District, Camperdown, Australia
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Barboza M, Marttila A, Burström B, Kulane A. Towards health equity: core components of an extended home visiting intervention in disadvantaged areas of Sweden. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:1091. [PMID: 35650586 PMCID: PMC9158140 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-13492-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the mechanisms of implementation of public health interventions in community settings is a key aspect of programme assessments. To determine core components and establish a programme theory are important tools to improve functioning and support dissemination of programme models to new locations. An extended early childhood home visiting intervention has been developed on-site in a socioeconomically disadvantaged area of Sweden since 2013 with the aim of reducing persisting health inequities in the population. This study aimed at investigating the core programme components and how the intervention was perceived to contribute towards health equity from early childhood. METHODS Qualitative framework method was applied in a document analysis and subsequent semi-structured interviews with 15 key actors involved in the programme. RESULTS The intervention was found to be constituted of five core components centred around the situation-based, parental strengthening work method delivered by a qualified team of child health care nurse and social worker. The programme theory foresaw positive effects on child and parental health, responsive parenting practices, families' use of welfare services according to need and increased integration and participation in society. The principles of Proportionate Universalism were recognised in the programme theory and the intervention was perceived as an important contribution to creating conditions for improved health equity for the families. Still, barriers to health equity were identified on the structural level which limit the potential impact of the programme. CONCLUSIONS The core components of the Extended home visiting programme in Rinkeby correspond well to those of similar evidence-based home visiting interventions. Combining focus on early childhood development and responsive parenting with promoting access to the universal welfare services and integration into society are considered important steppingstones towards health equity. However, a favourable macro-political environment is required in the endeavour to balance the structural determinants' influence on health inequities. Improved availability and accessibility to welfare services that respond to the needs of the families regarding housing, education and employment are priorities. TRIAL REGISTRATION The study was retrospectively registered on 11/08/2016 in the ISRCTN registry ( ISRCTN11832097 ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Madelene Barboza
- Department of Global Public Health, Equity and Health Policy Research Group, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Anneli Marttila
- Department of Global Public Health, Equity and Health Policy Research Group, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Public Health and Sports Science, Faculty of Occupational and Health Sciences, University of Gävle, Kungsbacksvägen 47, 80176, Gävle, Sweden
| | - Bo Burström
- Department of Global Public Health, Equity and Health Policy Research Group, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden.,Region Stockholm, Centre for Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Box 45436, 104 31, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Asli Kulane
- Department of Global Public Health, Equity and Health Policy Research Group, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
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O'Connor M, Greenwood CJ, Letcher P, Giallo R, Priest N, Goldfeld S, Hope S, Edwards B, Olsson CA. Inequalities in the distribution of COVID-19-related financial difficulties for Australian families with young children. Child Care Health Dev 2022; 48:1040-1051. [PMID: 35373368 PMCID: PMC9111372 DOI: 10.1111/cch.13010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We examine (1) the frequency of financial difficulties in Australian families with young children (0-8 years) in the early and later phases of the pandemic; (2) the extent to which parents' pre-pandemic socio-economic disadvantage (SED) predicted financial difficulties; and (3) whether grandparent intergenerational SED further amplified this risk. METHOD Data: Australian Temperament Project (ATP; established 1983, N = 2443) and ATP Generation 3 study (ATPG3; established 2012; N = 702), of which 74% (N = 553) completed a COVID-specific module in the early (May-September 2020) and/or later (October-December 2021) phases of the pandemic. OUTCOMES Parent-reported loss of employment/reduced income, difficulty paying for essentials, and financial strain. EXPOSURES Pre-pandemic parent and grandparent education and occupation. ANALYSIS Logistic regressions, estimated via generalized estimating equations, were used to examine associations between the pre-pandemic SED of parents and grandparents and their interaction with financial difficulties, adjusting for potential confounders. RESULTS At both pandemic time points, a third of parents reported adverse financial impacts (early: 34%, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 30-38; later: 32%, 95% CI = 28-36). Each standard deviation increase in the parents' pre-pandemic SED was associated with a 36% increase in the odds of reporting multiple financial difficulties (odds ratio [OR] = 1.36, 95% CI = 1.04-1.78). There was little evidence of an interaction between the SED of parents and grandparents. CONCLUSIONS Financial impacts related to the COVID-19 pandemic were common and, irrespective of grandparent SED, disproportionately borne by parents with higher pre-pandemic SED. Given the well-established relationship between disadvantage and child health and development, sustained and well-targeted government supports will be critical to minimizing adverse impacts in years to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith O'Connor
- Murdoch Children's Research InstituteMelbourneVictoria,Department of PaediatricsThe University of MelbourneMelbourneVictoria
| | - Christopher J. Greenwood
- Murdoch Children's Research InstituteMelbourneVictoria,Department of PaediatricsThe University of MelbourneMelbourneVictoria,Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, School of Psychology, Faculty of HealthDeakin UniversityGeelongAustralia
| | - Primrose Letcher
- Murdoch Children's Research InstituteMelbourneVictoria,Department of PaediatricsThe University of MelbourneMelbourneVictoria,Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, School of Psychology, Faculty of HealthDeakin UniversityGeelongAustralia
| | - Rebecca Giallo
- Murdoch Children's Research InstituteMelbourneVictoria,Department of PaediatricsThe University of MelbourneMelbourneVictoria,Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, School of Psychology, Faculty of HealthDeakin UniversityGeelongAustralia
| | - Naomi Priest
- Murdoch Children's Research InstituteMelbourneVictoria,Centre for Social Research and MethodsAustralian National UniversityCanberraAustralian Capital TerritoryAustralia
| | - Sharon Goldfeld
- Murdoch Children's Research InstituteMelbourneVictoria,Department of PaediatricsThe University of MelbourneMelbourneVictoria
| | - Steven Hope
- Murdoch Children's Research InstituteMelbourneVictoria,Great Ormond Street Institute of Child HealthUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Ben Edwards
- Centre for Social Research and MethodsAustralian National UniversityCanberraAustralian Capital TerritoryAustralia
| | - Craig A. Olsson
- Murdoch Children's Research InstituteMelbourneVictoria,Department of PaediatricsThe University of MelbourneMelbourneVictoria,Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, School of Psychology, Faculty of HealthDeakin UniversityGeelongAustralia
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O'Connor M, Guo S, Letcher P, Sanson A, Goldfeld S, Olsson CA. Developmental relationships between socio-economic disadvantage and mental health across the first 30 years of life. LONGITUDINAL AND LIFE COURSE STUDIES : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL 2022; 13:432-453. [PMID: 35920645 DOI: 10.1332/175795921x16459587898770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Understanding of how socio-economic disadvantage experienced over the life course relates to mental health outcomes in young adulthood has been limited by a lack of long-term, prospective studies. Here we address this limitation by drawing on data from a large Australian population cohort study that has followed the development of more than 2,000 Australians (and their families) from infancy to young adulthood since 1983. Associations were examined between prospective assessments of socio-economic position (SEP) from 4-8 months to 27-28 years and mental health problems (depression, anxiety, stress) and competence (civic engagement, emotional maturity, secure intimate relationship) at 27-28 years. The odds of being socio-economically disadvantaged in young adulthood were elevated eight- to tenfold in those who had experienced disadvantage in the family of origin, compared with those who had not (OR 8.1, 95% CI 4.5-14.5 to 10.1, 95% CI 5.2-19.5). Only concurrent SEP was associated with young adult mental health problems, and this effect was limited to anxiety symptoms (OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.1-3.9). In contrast, SEP had more pervasive impacts on young adult competence, particularly in the civic domain where effects were evident even from early infancy (OR 0.46, 95% CI 0.26-0.81). Findings suggest that one potentially important mechanism through which disadvantage compromises mental health is through limiting the development and consolidation of key psychosocial competencies needed for health and well-being in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shuaijun Guo
- University of Melbourne and Royal Children's Hospital, Australia
| | - Primrose Letcher
- Deakin University, University of Melbourne and Royal Children's Hospital,Australia
| | | | - Sharon Goldfeld
- University of Melbourne and Royal Children's Hospital, Australia
| | - Craig A Olsson
- Deakin University and Royal Children's Hospital, Australia
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O'Connor M, Arnup SJ, Mensah F, Olsson C, Goldfeld S, Viner RM, Hope S. Natural history of mental health competence from childhood to adolescence. J Epidemiol Community Health 2021; 76:133-139. [PMID: 34400516 PMCID: PMC8762025 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2021-216761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background Mental health competence (MHC) involves psychosocial capabilities such as regulating emotions, interacting well with peers and caring for others, and predicts a range of health and social outcomes. This study examines the course of MHC from childhood to adolescence and patterning by gender and disadvantage, in Australian and UK contexts. Methods Data: Longitudinal Study of Australian Children (n=4983) and the Millennium Cohort Study (n=18 296). Measures: A measure capturing key aspects of MHC was derived summing items from the parent-reported Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, assessed at 4–5 years, 6–7 years, 10–11 years and 14–15 years. Analysis: Proportions of children with high MHC (scores ≥23 of range 8–24) were estimated by age and country. Random-effects models were used to define MHC trajectories according to baseline MHC and change over time. Sociodemographic patterns were described. Results The prevalence of high MHC steadily increased from 4 years to 15 years (from 13.6% to 15.8% and 20.6% to 26.2% in Australia and the UK, respectively). Examination of trajectories revealed that pathways of some children diverge from this normative MHC progression. For example, 7% and 9% of children in Australia and the UK, respectively, had a low starting point and decreased further in MHC by mid-adolescence. At all ages, and over time, MHC was lower for boys compared with girls and for children from disadvantaged compared with advantaged family backgrounds. Conclusions Approaches to promoting MHC require a sustained focus from the early years through to adolescence, with more intensive approaches likely needed to support disadvantaged groups and boys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith O'Connor
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sarah J Arnup
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Fiona Mensah
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Craig Olsson
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sharon Goldfeld
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Russell M Viner
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Steven Hope
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia .,UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
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Patterns of maternal depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms from pregnancy to 5 years postpartum in an Australian cohort experiencing adversity. Arch Womens Ment Health 2021; 24:987-997. [PMID: 34036464 PMCID: PMC8148407 DOI: 10.1007/s00737-021-01145-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study is to describe the longitudinal patterns of depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms from pregnancy to 5 years postpartum, in a cohort of Australian mothers experiencing adversity. Longitudinal data were drawn from the control group of a trial of nurse home visiting. Pregnant women experiencing adversity (≥ 2 of 10 adversity risk factors) were recruited from antenatal clinics across 2 Australian states (30 April 2013-29 August 2014). Women completed the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scales short-form (DASS-21) at 11 time-points from pregnancy to 5 years postpartum. DASS-21 scores were summarized at each time-point for all women and by level of adversity risk. Three hundred fifty-nine women (100%) completed the DASS-21 in pregnancy and 343 (96%) provided subsequent data. Mental health symptoms were highest in pregnancy and at 4 and 5 years postpartum. While this pattern was comparable across levels of antenatal adversity risk, women with greatest adversity risk had consistently higher mental health symptoms. In a cohort of mothers experiencing adversity, depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms were highest in pregnancy and at 4 to 5 years postpartum. The striking patterns of persistent, high, mental health symptoms, beyond the first year postpartum, can inform a more equitable and responsive health system.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review presents findings from recent studies investigating the role of socioeconomic status (SES) in child development. Studies on associations between SES and different parameters of physical and psychological health, on interventions and possible resilience factors are reviewed. RECENT FINDINGS Several cross-sectional and longitudinal studies demonstrate social disparities in child behavior and health. They underline the detrimental effects of low SES on child development. Some studies also highlight the potentially adverse effects of early diseases or vulnerabilities on later career and social position. Whereas most studies applied parent-based measures of SES, some studies emphasize the significance of child-based (e.g. perceived social position) and area-level indicators of SES (e.g. area deprivation). With respect to intervention, study findings suggest positive effects of programs aiming to improve specific neighborhood characteristics and psychosocial functioning of individuals. SUMMARY The relation between SES and health is bidirectional and stable, and the effects of interventions aiming at changing behaviors of children and families with low SES are small. There is a need for further center-based and area-level interventions and studies evaluating the effects of these interventions.
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O'Connor M, Chong S, Hutchinson D, Sanson A, McIntosh J, Olsson CA, Goldfeld S. Socioeconomic Disadvantage in Infancy and Academic and Self-Regulation Outcomes. Pediatrics 2019; 143:peds.2018-2640. [PMID: 31036672 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2018-2640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A comprehensive understanding of how timing of exposure to disadvantage affects long-term developmental risk is needed for greater precision in child health policy. We investigated whether socioeconomic disadvantage in infancy (age 0-1 years) directly affects academic and self-regulation problems in late childhood (age 10-12 years), independent of disadvantage at school entry (age 4-6 years). METHODS Analyses were replicated in 2 population-based cohorts: the Australian Temperament Project (ATP; N = 2443) and the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children (LSAC; N = 5107). Generalized linear models were used to estimate the crude and adjusted effects. Marginal structural models were used to estimate the controlled direct effect of socioeconomic disadvantage in infancy on academic and self-regulation outcomes in late childhood, independent of disadvantage at school entry. RESULTS In both cohorts, socioeconomic disadvantage in infancy and at school entry was associated with poorer academic and self-regulation outcomes. Socioeconomic disadvantage in infancy had a direct effect on academic outcomes not mediated by disadvantage at school entry (ATP: risk ratio [RR] = 1.42; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.09-1.86; LSAC: RR = 1.87; 95% CI: 1.52-2.31). Little evidence was found for a direct effect of disadvantage in infancy on self-regulation (ATP: RR = 1.22; 95% CI: 0.89-1.65; LSAC: RR = 1.19; 95% CI: 0.95-1.49). CONCLUSIONS Socioeconomic disadvantage in infancy had a direct effect on academic but not self-regulation outcomes in late childhood. More precise public policy responses are needed that consider both the timing of children's exposure to disadvantage and the specific developmental domain impacted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith O'Connor
- Centres for Community Child Health and.,Departments of Paediatrics and.,ANU Centre for Social Research and Methods, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | | | - Delyse Hutchinson
- Departments of Paediatrics and.,Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.,Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia; and.,National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Jennifer McIntosh
- Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.,Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia; and
| | - Craig A Olsson
- Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.,Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia; and.,Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sharon Goldfeld
- Centres for Community Child Health and .,Departments of Paediatrics and
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Bryson HE, Goldfeld S, Price AMH, Mensah F. Hair cortisol as a measure of the stress response to social adversity in young children. Dev Psychobiol 2019; 61:525-542. [DOI: 10.1002/dev.21840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah E. Bryson
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute Parkville VIC Australia
- Centre for Community Child Health, The Royal Children’s Hospital Parkville VIC Australia
- Department of Paediatrics The University of Melbourne Parkville VIC Australia
| | - Sharon Goldfeld
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute Parkville VIC Australia
- Centre for Community Child Health, The Royal Children’s Hospital Parkville VIC Australia
- Department of Paediatrics The University of Melbourne Parkville VIC Australia
| | - Anna M. H. Price
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute Parkville VIC Australia
- Centre for Community Child Health, The Royal Children’s Hospital Parkville VIC Australia
- Department of Paediatrics The University of Melbourne Parkville VIC Australia
| | - Fiona Mensah
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute Parkville VIC Australia
- Department of Paediatrics The University of Melbourne Parkville VIC Australia
- The Royal Children’s Hospital Parkville VIC Australia
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How early media exposure may affect cognitive function: A review of results from observations in humans and experiments in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:9851-9858. [PMID: 30275319 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1711548115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is now among the most commonly diagnosed chronic psychological dysfunctions of childhood. By varying estimates, it has increased by 30% in the past 20 years. Environmental factors that might explain this increase have been explored. One such factor may be audiovisual media exposure during early childhood. Observational studies in humans have linked exposure to fast-paced television in the first 3 years of life with subsequent attentional deficits in later childhood. Although longitudinal and well controlled, the observational nature of these studies precludes definitive conclusions regarding a causal relationship. As experimental studies in humans are neither ethical nor practical, mouse models of excessive sensory stimulation (ESS) during childhood, akin to the enrichment studies that have previously shown benefits of stimulation in rodents, have been developed. Experimental studies using this model have corroborated that ESS leads to cognitive and behavioral deficits, some of which may be potentially detrimental. Given the ubiquity of media during childhood, these findings in humansand rodents perhaps have important implications for public health.
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