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Lanni I, Chiacchierini G, Papagno C, Santangelo V, Campolongo P. Treating Alzheimer's disease with brain stimulation: From preclinical models to non-invasive stimulation in humans. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 165:105831. [PMID: 39074672 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Revised: 07/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a severe and progressive neurodegenerative condition that exerts detrimental effects on brain function. As of now, there is no effective treatment for AD patients. This review explores two distinct avenues of research. The first revolves around the use of animal studies and preclinical models to gain insights into AD's underlying mechanisms and potential treatment strategies. Specifically, it delves into the effectiveness of interventions such as Optogenetics and Chemogenetics, shedding light on their implications for understanding pathophysiological mechanisms and potential therapeutic applications. The second avenue focuses on non-invasive brain stimulation (NiBS) techniques in the context of AD. Evidence suggests that NiBS can successfully modulate cognitive functions associated with various neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders, including AD, as demonstrated by promising findings. Here, we critically assessed recent findings in AD research belonging to these lines of research and discuss their potential impact on the clinical horizon of AD treatment. These multifaceted approaches offer hope for advancing our comprehension of AD pathology and developing novel therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilenia Lanni
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy; Behavioral Neuropharmacology Unit, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Chiacchierini
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy; Behavioral Neuropharmacology Unit, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Costanza Papagno
- Center for Mind/Brain Sciences (CIMeC), University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Valerio Santangelo
- Functional Neuroimaging Laboratory, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy; Department of Philosophy, Social Sciences & Education, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Patrizia Campolongo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy; Behavioral Neuropharmacology Unit, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy.
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Chen G, Dang D, Zhang C, Qin L, Yan T, Wang W, Liang W. Recent advances in neurotechnology-based biohybrid robots. SOFT MATTER 2024. [PMID: 39328163 DOI: 10.1039/d4sm00768a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2024]
Abstract
Biohybrid robots retain the innate biological characteristics and behavioral traits of animals, making them valuable in applications such as disaster relief, exploration of unknown terrains, and medical care. This review aims to comprehensively discuss the evolution of biohybrid robots, their key technologies and applications, and the challenges they face. By analyzing studies conducted on terrestrial, aquatic, and aerial biohybrid robots, we gain a deeper understanding of how these technologies have made significant progress in simulating natural organisms, improving mechanical performance, and intelligent control. Additionally, we address challenges associated with the application of electrical stimulation technology, the precision of neural signal monitoring, and the ethical considerations for biohybrid robots. We highlight the importance of future research focusing on developing more sophisticated and biocompatible control methods while prioritizing animal welfare. We believe that exploring multimodal monitoring and stimulation technologies holds the potential to enhance the performance of biohybrid robots. These efforts are expected to pave the way for biohybrid robotics technology to introduce greater innovation and well-being to human society in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiyong Chen
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shenyang Jianzhu University, Shenyang 110168, People's Republic of China.
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China.
- Institutes for Robotics and Intelligent Manufacturing, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110169, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Dang
- School of Sciences, Shenyang Jianzhu University, Shenyang 110168, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chuang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China.
- Institutes for Robotics and Intelligent Manufacturing, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110169, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Qin
- School of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Yan
- Department of Anesthesiology, National Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Cancer Hospital, Beijing 100021, People's Republic of China
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100021, People's Republic of China
- Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenxue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China.
- Institutes for Robotics and Intelligent Manufacturing, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110169, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenfeng Liang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shenyang Jianzhu University, Shenyang 110168, People's Republic of China.
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Kaluskar P, Bharadwaj D, Iyer KS, Dy C, Zheng M, Brogan DM. A Systematic Review to Compare Electrical, Magnetic, and Optogenetic Stimulation for Peripheral Nerve Repair. JOURNAL OF HAND SURGERY GLOBAL ONLINE 2024; 6:722-739. [PMID: 39381397 PMCID: PMC11456630 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsg.2024.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 10/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this systematic review was to assess the currently available evidence for the use of external stimulation to modulate neural activity and promote peripheral nerve regeneration. The most common external stimulations are electrical stimulation (ES), optogenetic stimulation (OS), and magnetic stimulation (MS). Understanding the comparative effectiveness of these stimulation methods is pivotal in advancing therapeutic interventions for peripheral nerve injuries. This systematic review focused on these three external stimulation modalities as potential strategies to enhance peripheral nerve repair (PNR). We used the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses framework to systematically evaluate and compare the efficiency of ES, OS, and MS in PNR. The review included studies published between 2018 and 2023 using ES, OS, or MS for PNR focused on enhancing recovery of peripheral nerve injuries in rodent models identified through PubMed and Google Scholar. The search strategies and inclusion criteria identified 19 studies (13 ES, 4 OS, and 2 MS) for detailed analysis, focusing on critical parameters such as functional recovery, histological outcomes, and electrophysiological data. Although ES demonstrated a consistent improvement in all the analyses, high-frequency repetitive MS (HFr-MS) emerged as a promising modality. HFr-MS demonstrated accelerated PNR, as histological and electrophysiological evidence indicated. In contrast, OS exhibited superior functional recovery outcomes. Notable limitations include constrained MS and OS data sets and the challenge of comparing relative improvements because of methodological diversity in evaluation techniques. Our findings underscore the potential of HFr-MS and OS in PNR while emphasizing the critical need for standardized testing protocols to facilitate meaningful cross-study comparisons. External stimulations have the potential to improve functional recovery in patients with nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Kaluskar
- Centre for Orthopaedic Research, Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Perth, Australia
- ARC Training Centre for Personalised Therapeutics Technologies, Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Dhruv Bharadwaj
- Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - K. Swaminathan Iyer
- School of Molecular Sciences, the University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- ARC Training Centre for Next-Gen Technologies in Biomedical Analysis, School of Molecular Sciences, the University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Christopher Dy
- Orthopaedic Surgery Division of Hand and Microsurgery, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Minghao Zheng
- Centre for Orthopaedic Research, Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Perth, Australia
| | - David M. Brogan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
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Xiang F, Zhang S, Tang M, Li P, Zhang H, Xiong J, Zhang Q, Li X. Optogenetics Neuromodulation of the Nose. Behav Neurol 2024; 2024:2627406. [PMID: 39165250 PMCID: PMC11335419 DOI: 10.1155/2024/2627406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Recently developed optogenetic technology, which allows high-fidelity control of neuronal activity, has been applied to investigate the neural circuits underlying sensory processing and behavior. The nasal cavity is innervated by the olfactory nerve and trigeminal nerve, which are closely related to common symptoms of rhinitis, such as impairment of smell, itching, and sneezing. The olfactory system has an amazing ability to distinguish thousands of odorant molecules at trace levels. However, there are many issues in olfactory sensing mechanisms that need to be addressed. Optogenetics offers a novel technical approach to solve this dilemma. Therefore, we review the recent advances in olfactory optogenetics to clarify the mechanisms of chemical sensing, which may help identify the mechanism of dysfunction and suggest possible treatments for impaired smell. Additionally, in rhinitis patients, alterations in the other nerve (trigeminal nerve) that innervates the nasal cavity can lead to hyperresponsiveness to various nociceptive stimuli and central sensitization, causing frequent and persistent itching and sneezing. In the last several years, the application of optogenetics in regulating nociceptive receptors, which are distributed in sensory nerve endings, and amino acid receptors, which are distributed in vital brain regions, to alleviate overreaction to nociceptive stimuli, has gained significant attention. Therefore, we focus on the progress in optogenetics and its application in neuromodulation of nociceptive stimuli and discuss the potential clinical translation for treating rhinitis in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Xiang
- TCM DepartmentChongqing University Cancer HospitalChongqing Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Shipeng Zhang
- E.N.T. DepartmentHospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- E.N.T. DepartmentChengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Mi Tang
- E.N.T. DepartmentHospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- E.N.T. DepartmentChengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Peijia Li
- E.N.T. DepartmentHospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- E.N.T. DepartmentChengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- E.N.T. DepartmentHospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- E.N.T. DepartmentChengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiahui Xiong
- E.N.T. DepartmentHospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- E.N.T. DepartmentChengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Qinxiu Zhang
- E.N.T. DepartmentHospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- E.N.T. DepartmentChengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinrong Li
- E.N.T. DepartmentHospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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Rudmann L, Scholz D, Alt MT, Dieter A, Fiedler E, Moser T, Stieglitz T. Fabrication and Characterization of PDMS Waveguides for Flexible Optrodes. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2304513. [PMID: 38608269 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202304513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
With the growth of optogenetic research, the demand for optical probes tailored to specific applications is ever rising. Specifically, for applications like the coiled cochlea of the inner ear, where planar, stiff, and nonconformable probes can hardly be used, transitioning from commonly used stiff glass fibers to flexible probes is required, especially for long-term use. Following this demand, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) with its lower Young's modulus compared to glass fibers can serve as material of choice. Hence, the long-term usability of PDMS as a waveguide material with respect to variations in transmission and refractive index over time is investigated. Different manufacturing methods for PDMS-based flexible waveguides are established and compared with the aim to minimize optical losses and thus maximize optical output power. Finally, the waveguides with lowest optical losses (-4.8 dB cm-1 ± 1.3 dB cm-1 at 472 nm) are successfully inserted into the optogenetically modified cochlea of a Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus), where optical stimuli delivered by the waveguides evoked robust neuronal responses in the auditory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Rudmann
- Laboratory for Biomedical Microtechnology, Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
- BrainLinks BrainTools, University of Freiburg, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Scholz
- Laboratory for Biomedical Microtechnology, Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marie T Alt
- Laboratory for Biomedical Microtechnology, Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
- BrainLinks BrainTools, University of Freiburg, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Dieter
- Institute for Auditory Neuroscience and InnerEarLab, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Eva Fiedler
- Laboratory for Biomedical Microtechnology, Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
- Bernstein Center Freiburg, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Moser
- Institute for Auditory Neuroscience and InnerEarLab, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Stieglitz
- Laboratory for Biomedical Microtechnology, Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
- BrainLinks BrainTools, University of Freiburg, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
- Bernstein Center Freiburg, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
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El Hajj R, Al Sagheer T, Ballout N. Optogenetics in chronic neurodegenerative diseases, controlling the brain with light: A systematic review. J Neurosci Res 2024; 102:e25321. [PMID: 38588013 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are progressive disorders characterized by synaptic loss and neuronal death. Optogenetics combines optical and genetic methods to control the activity of specific cell types. The efficacy of this approach in neurodegenerative diseases has been investigated in many reviews, however, none of them tackled it systematically. Our study aimed to review systematically the findings of optogenetics and its potential applications in animal models of chronic neurodegenerative diseases and compare it with deep brain stimulation and designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs techniques. The search strategy was performed based on the PRISMA guidelines and the risk of bias was assessed following the Systematic Review Centre for Laboratory Animal Experimentation tool. A total of 247 articles were found, of which 53 were suitable for the qualitative analysis. Our data revealed that optogenetic manipulation of distinct neurons in the brain is efficient in rescuing memory impairment, alleviating neuroinflammation, and reducing plaque pathology in Alzheimer's disease. Similarly, this technique shows an advanced understanding of the contribution of various neurons involved in the basal ganglia pathways with Parkinson's disease motor symptoms and pathology. However, the optogenetic application using animal models of Huntington's disease, multiple sclerosis, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis was limited. Optogenetics is a promising technique that enhanced our knowledge in the research of neurodegenerative diseases and addressed potential therapeutic solutions for managing these diseases' symptoms and delaying their progression. Nevertheless, advanced investigations should be considered to improve optogenetic tools' efficacy and safety to pave the way for their translatability to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rojine El Hajj
- Neuroscience Research Center, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Tareq Al Sagheer
- Neuroscience Research Center, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Nissrine Ballout
- Neuroscience Research Center, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
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Kc E, Islam J, Lee G, Park YS. Optogenetic Approach in Trigeminal Neuralgia and Potential Concerns: Preclinical Insights. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:1769-1780. [PMID: 37775720 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03652-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
The integration of optogenetics in the trigeminal pain circuitry broadens and reinforces existing pain investigations. Similar to research on spinal neuropathic pain, the exploration of the underlying determinants of orofacial pain is expanding. Optogenetics facilitates more direct, specific, and subtle investigations of the neuronal circuits involved in orofacial pain. One of the most significant concerns of both dentistry and medicine is trigeminal neuralgia (TN) management due to its substantial impact on a patient's quality of life. Our objective is to gather insights from preclinical studies conducted in TN employing an optogenetic paradigm, thereby extending the prospects for in-depth neurobiological research. This review highlights optogenetic research in trigeminal pain circuitry involving TN. We outline the central and peripheral regions associated with pain-that have been investigated using optogenetics in the trigeminal pain circuitry. The study further reports its scope and limitations as well as its potential for future applications from bench to bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina Kc
- Program in Neuroscience, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaisan Islam
- Program in Neuroscience, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Gabsang Lee
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- The Solomon H. Snyder, Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Young Seok Park
- Program in Neuroscience, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, Republic of Korea.
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Yoshida T, Fujitani M, Farmer S, Harada A, Shi Z, Lee JJ, Tinajero A, Singha AK, Fujikawa T. VMHdm/c SF-1 neuronal circuits regulate skeletal muscle PGC1-α via the sympathoadrenal drive. Mol Metab 2023; 77:101792. [PMID: 37633515 PMCID: PMC10491730 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2023.101792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To adapt to metabolically challenging environments, the central nervous system (CNS) orchestrates metabolism of peripheral organs including skeletal muscle. The organ-communication between the CNS and skeletal muscle has been investigated, yet our understanding of the neuronal pathway from the CNS to skeletal muscle is still limited. Neurons in the dorsomedial and central parts of the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMHdm/c) expressing steroidogenic factor-1 (VMHdm/cSF-1 neurons) are key for metabolic adaptations to exercise, including increased basal metabolic rate and skeletal muscle mass in mice. However, the mechanisms by which VMHdm/cSF-1 neurons regulate skeletal muscle function remain unclear. Here, we show that VMHdm/cSF-1 neurons increase the sympathoadrenal activity and regulate skeletal muscle peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC-1α) in mice via multiple downstream nodes. METHODS Optogenetics was used to specifically manipulate VMHdm/cSF-1 neurons combined with genetically-engineered mice and surgical manipulation of the sympathoadrenal activity. RESULTS Optogenetic activation of VMHdm/cSF-1 neurons dramatically elevates mRNA levels of skeletal muscle Pgc-1α, which regulates a spectrum of skeletal muscle function including protein synthesis and metabolism. Mechanistically, the sympathoadrenal drive coupled with β2 adrenergic receptor (β2AdR) is essential for VMHdm/cSF-1 neurons-mediated increases in skeletal muscle PGC1-α. Specifically, both adrenalectomy and β2AdR knockout block augmented skeletal muscle PGC1-α by VMHdm/cSF-1 neuronal activation. Optogenetic functional mapping reveals that downstream nodes of VMHdm/cSF-1 neurons are functionally redundant to increase circulating epinephrine and skeletal muscle PGC1-α. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, we propose that VMHdm/cSF-1 neurons-skeletal muscle pathway, VMHdm/cSF-1 neurons→multiple downstream nodes→the adrenal gland→skeletal muscle β2AdR, underlies augmented skeletal muscle function for metabolic adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Yoshida
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, USA; Department of Clinical Nutrition School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Mina Fujitani
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA; Laboratory of Nutrition Science, Department of Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Scotlynn Farmer
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, USA
| | - Ami Harada
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, USA; Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | - Zhen Shi
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, USA; Department of Plastic Surgery, Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jenny J Lee
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA
| | - Arely Tinajero
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA
| | - Ashish K Singha
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, USA
| | - Teppei Fujikawa
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, USA; Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA.
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Coulter OR, Walker CD, Risher ML. Astrocyte-specific Ca 2+ activity: Mechanisms of action, experimental tools, and roles in ethanol-induced dysfunction. Biochem Cell Biol 2023; 101:410-421. [PMID: 36989534 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2023-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are a subtype of non-neuronal glial cells that reside in the central nervous system. Astrocytes have extensive peripheral astrocytic processes that ensheathe synapses to form the tripartite synapse. Through a multitude of pathways, astrocytes can influence synaptic development and structural maturation, respond to neuronal signals, and modulate synaptic transmission. Over the last decade, strong evidence has emerged demonstrating that astrocytes can influence behavioral outcomes in various animal models of cognition. However, the full extent of how astrocytes influence brain function is still being revealed. Astrocyte calcium (Ca2+) signaling has emerged as an important driver of astrocyte-neuronal communication allowing intricate crosstalk through mechanisms that are still not fully understood. Here, we will review the field's current understanding of astrocyte Ca2+ signaling and discuss the sophisticated state-of-the-art tools and approaches used to continue unraveling astrocytes' interesting role in brain function. Using the field of pre-clinical ethanol (EtOH) studies in the context of alcohol use disorder, we focus on how these novel approaches have helped to reveal an important role for astrocyte Ca2+ function in regulating EtOH consumption and how astrocyte Ca2+ dysfunction contributes to the cognitive deficits that emerge after EtOH exposure in a rodent model.
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Affiliation(s)
- O R Coulter
- Department of Biomedical Research, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25701, USA
| | - C D Walker
- Department of Biomedical Research, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25701, USA
- Neurobiology Research Laboratory, Hershel 'Woody' Williams Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Huntington, WV 25704, USA
| | - M-L Risher
- Department of Biomedical Research, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25701, USA
- Neurobiology Research Laboratory, Hershel 'Woody' Williams Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Huntington, WV 25704, USA
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Margalit SN, Slovin H. Spatio-temporal activation patterns of neuronal population evoked by optostimulation and the comparison to electrical microstimulation. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12689. [PMID: 37542091 PMCID: PMC10403613 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39808-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Optostimulation and electrical microstimulation are well-established techniques that enable to artificially stimulate the brain. While the activation patterns evoked by microstimulation in cortical network are well characterized, much less is known for optostimulation. Specifically, the activation maps of neuronal population at the membrane potential level and direct measurements of these maps were barely reported. In addition, only a few studies compared the activation patterns evoked by microstimulation and optostimulation. In this study we addressed these issues by applying optostimulation in the barrel cortex of anesthetized rats after a short (ShortExp) or a long (LongExp) opsin expression time and compared it to microstimulation. We measured the membrane potential of neuronal populations at high spatial (meso-scale) and temporal resolution using voltage-sensitive dye imaging. Longer optostimulation pulses evoked higher neural responses spreading over larger region relative to short pulses. Interestingly, similar optostimulation pulses evoked stronger and more prolonged population response in the LongExp vs. the ShortExp condition. Finally, the spatial activation patterns evoked in the LongExp condition showed an intermediate state, with higher resemblance to the microstimulation at the stimulation site. Therefore, short microstimulation and optostimulation can induce wide spread activation, however the effects of optostimulation depend on the opsin expression time.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hamutal Slovin
- The Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel.
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11
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Matarazzo JV, Ajay EA, Payne SC, Trang EP, Thompson AC, Marroquin JB, Wise AK, Fallon JB, Richardson RT. Combined optogenetic and electrical stimulation of the sciatic nerve for selective control of sensory fibers. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1190662. [PMID: 37360169 PMCID: PMC10285517 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1190662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Electrical stimulation offers a drug-free alternative for the treatment of many neurological conditions, such as chronic pain. However, it is not easy to selectively activate afferent or efferent fibers of mixed nerves, nor their functional subtypes. Optogenetics overcomes these issues by controlling activity selectively in genetically modified fibers, however the reliability of responses to light are poor compared to electrical stimulation and the high intensities of light required present considerable translational challenges. In this study we employed a combined protocol of optical and electrical stimulation to the sciatic nerve in an optogenetic mouse model to allow for better selectivity, efficiency, and safety to overcome fundamental limitations of electrical-only and optical-only stimulation. Methods The sciatic nerve was surgically exposed in anesthetized mice (n = 12) expressing the ChR2-H134R opsin via the parvalbumin promoter. A custom-made peripheral nerve cuff electrode and a 452 nm laser-coupled optical fiber were used to elicit neural activity utilizing optical-only, electrical-only, or combined stimulation. Activation thresholds for the individual and combined responses were measured. Results Optically evoked responses had a conduction velocity of 34.3 m/s, consistent with ChR2-H134R expression in proprioceptive and low-threshold mechanoreceptor (Aα/Aβ) fibers which was also confirmed via immunohistochemical methods. Combined stimulation, utilizing a 1 ms near-threshold light pulse followed by an electrical pulse 0.5 ms later, approximately halved the electrical threshold for activation (p = 0.006, n = 5) and resulted in a 5.5 dB increase in the Aα/Aβ hybrid response amplitude compared to the electrical-only response at equivalent electrical levels (p = 0.003, n = 6). As a result, there was a 3.25 dB increase in the therapeutic stimulation window between the Aα/Aβ fiber and myogenic thresholds (p = 0.008, n = 4). Discussion The results demonstrate that light can be used to prime the optogenetically modified neural population to reside near threshold, thereby selectively reducing the electrical threshold for neural activation in these fibers. This reduces the amount of light needed for activation for increased safety and reduces potential off-target effects by only stimulating the fibers of interest. Since Aα/Aβ fibers are potential targets for neuromodulation in chronic pain conditions, these findings could be used to develop effective strategies to selectively manipulate pain transmission pathways in the periphery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elise A. Ajay
- Bionics Institute, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Sophie C. Payne
- Bionics Institute, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Medical Bionics Department, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Ella P. Trang
- Bionics Institute, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Medical Bionics Department, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Alex C. Thompson
- Bionics Institute, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Medical Bionics Department, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Andrew K. Wise
- Bionics Institute, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Medical Bionics Department, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - James B. Fallon
- Bionics Institute, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Medical Bionics Department, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Rachael T. Richardson
- Bionics Institute, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Medical Bionics Department, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
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12
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Ivanova D, O'Byrne KT. Optogenetics studies of kisspeptin neurons. Peptides 2023; 162:170961. [PMID: 36731655 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2023.170961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Optical systems and genetic engineering technologies have made it possible to control neurons and unravel neuronal circuit behavior with high temporal and spatial resolution. The application of optogenetic strategies to understand the physiology of kisspeptin neuronal circuits has evolved in recent years among the neuroendocrine community. Kisspeptin neurons are fundamentally involved in controlling mammalian reproduction but also are implicated in numerous other physiological processes, including but not limited to feeding, energy expenditure, core body temperature and behavior. We conducted a review aiming to shed light on the novel findings obtained from in vitro and in vivo optogenetic studies interrogating kisspeptin neuronal circuits to date. Understanding the function of kisspeptin networks in the brain can greatly inform a wide range of clinical studies investigating infertility treatments, gender identity, metabolic disorders, hot flushes and psychosexual disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deyana Ivanova
- Department of Women and Children's Health, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, King's College London, UK.
| | - Kevin T O'Byrne
- Department of Women and Children's Health, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, King's College London, UK
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13
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Seidenthal M, Jánosi B, Rosenkranz N, Schuh N, Elvers N, Willoughby M, Zhao X, Gottschalk A. pOpsicle: An all-optical reporter system for synaptic vesicle recycling combining pH-sensitive fluorescent proteins with optogenetic manipulation of neuronal activity. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1120651. [PMID: 37066081 PMCID: PMC10102542 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1120651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
pH-sensitive fluorescent proteins are widely used to study synaptic vesicle (SV) fusion and recycling. When targeted to the lumen of SVs, fluorescence of these proteins is quenched by the acidic pH. Following SV fusion, they are exposed to extracellular neutral pH, resulting in a fluorescence increase. SV fusion, recycling and acidification can thus be tracked by tagging integral SV proteins with pH-sensitive proteins. Neurotransmission is generally activated by electrical stimulation, which is not feasible in small, intact animals. Previous in vivo approaches depended on distinct (sensory) stimuli, thus limiting the addressable neuron types. To overcome these limitations, we established an all-optical approach to stimulate and visualize SV fusion and recycling. We combined distinct pH-sensitive fluorescent proteins (inserted into the SV protein synaptogyrin) and light-gated channelrhodopsins (ChRs) for optical stimulation, overcoming optical crosstalk and thus enabling an all-optical approach. We generated two different variants of the pH-sensitive optogenetic reporter of vesicle recycling (pOpsicle) and tested them in cholinergic neurons of intact Caenorhabditis elegans nematodes. First, we combined the red fluorescent protein pHuji with the blue-light gated ChR2(H134R), and second, the green fluorescent pHluorin combined with the novel red-shifted ChR ChrimsonSA. In both cases, fluorescence increases were observed after optical stimulation. Increase and subsequent decline of fluorescence was affected by mutations of proteins involved in SV fusion and endocytosis. These results establish pOpsicle as a non-invasive, all-optical approach to investigate different steps of the SV cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Seidenthal
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Barbara Jánosi
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Nils Rosenkranz
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Noah Schuh
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Nora Elvers
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Miles Willoughby
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Xinda Zhao
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Alexander Gottschalk
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
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14
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Asido M, Wachtveitl J. Photochemistry of the Light-Driven Sodium Pump Krokinobacter eikastus Rhodopsin 2 and Its Implications on Microbial Rhodopsin Research: Retrospective and Perspective. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:3766-3773. [PMID: 36919947 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c08933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of the light-driven sodium pump Krokinobacter eikastus rhodopsin 2 (KR2) in 2013 has changed the paradigm that cation transport in microbial rhodopsins is restricted to the translocation of protons. Even though this finding is already remarkable by itself, it also reignited more general discussions about the functional mechanism of ion transport. The unique composition of the retinal binding pocket in KR2 with a tight interaction between the retinal Schiff base and its respective counterion D116 also has interesting implications on the photochemical pathway of the chromophore. Here, we discuss the most recent advances in our understanding of the KR2 functionality from the primary event of photon absorption by all-trans retinal up to the actual protein response in the later phases of the photocycle, mainly from the point of view of optical spectroscopy. In this context, we furthermore highlight some of the ongoing debates on the photochemistry of microbial rhodopsins and give some perspectives for promising future directions in this field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin Asido
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue Straße 7, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Josef Wachtveitl
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue Straße 7, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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15
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Yousefi T, Timonina K, Zoidl G, Kassiri H. An Implantable Optogenetic Neuro-Stimulator SoC With Extended Optical Pulse-Width Enabled by Supply-Variation-Immune Cycled Light-Toggling Stimulation. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 2022; 16:557-569. [PMID: 35969561 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2022.3198911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The design, development, and experimental validation of an inductively-powered four-channel optical neuro-stimulator system on a chip (SoC) with on-chip neural recording, temperature monitoring, signal processing, and bidirectional wireless data communication are presented. A biologically-inspired optical stimulation approach is employed that extends the limitations on the stimulation pulse-width and frequency (i.e., enabling wirelessly-powered optical stimulation at very low frequencies (e.g., 10 Hz)) while significantly reducing the required on-device storage capacitor size. The biological efficacy of the proposed approach is validated and compared with conventional stimulation through in vitro experiments. The stimulator's energy efficiency is enhanced by employing a high-gain (850 A/A) current amplifier/driver in each channel that steers up to 10 mA into the optical source with an excellent linearity ( 0.5LSB), while 1) yielding the lowest-in-literature required voltage headroom, and 2) being insensitive to large (up to 12%) supply voltage drops, which is ideal for battery-less implantable devices. Additionally, to maximize the percentage of the generated optical power that reaches the targeted cells (thus, further energy efficiency enhancement), inkjet printing is utilized to fabricate custom-designed optical μlenses that are placed directly on top of the silicon SoC to enhance the generated light's directivity by > 30×. An electrophysiological recording channel for real-time monitoring of the stimulation efficacy and a high-precision (0.1 °C resolution) temperature readout circuit for shutting off stimulation upon detection of an unsafe temperature increase are also integrated on the chip. Additionally, the SoC hosts an ASK receiver and an LSK transmitter for downlink and uplink wireless data communication, respectively. The SoC is fabricated in a standard 130 nm CMOS process and occupies 6 mm 2. Measurement results for different sensory and communication blocks are presented, as well as in vitro experimental validation results showing simultaneous optical stimulation, electrical recording, and calcium imaging.
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16
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Kosten L, Emmi SA, Missault S, Keliris GA. Combining magnetic resonance imaging with readout and/or perturbation of neural activity in animal models: Advantages and pitfalls. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:938665. [PMID: 35911983 PMCID: PMC9334914 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.938665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the main challenges in brain research is to link all aspects of brain function: on a cellular, systemic, and functional level. Multimodal neuroimaging methodology provides a continuously evolving platform. Being able to combine calcium imaging, optogenetics, electrophysiology, chemogenetics, and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) as part of the numerous efforts on brain functional mapping, we have a unique opportunity to better understand brain function. This review will focus on the developments in application of these tools within fMRI studies and highlight the challenges and choices neurosciences face when designing multimodal experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Kosten
- Bio-Imaging Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Serena Alexa Emmi
- Bio-Imaging Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Stephan Missault
- Bio-Imaging Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Georgios A. Keliris
- Bio-Imaging Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Foundation for Research & Technology – Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
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17
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Turrini L, Sorelli M, de Vito G, Credi C, Tiso N, Vanzi F, Pavone FS. Multimodal Characterization of Seizures in Zebrafish Larvae. Biomedicines 2022; 10:951. [PMID: 35625689 PMCID: PMC9139036 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10050951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy accounts for a significant proportion of the world's disease burden. Indeed, many research efforts are produced both to investigate the basic mechanism ruling its genesis and to find more effective therapies. In this framework, the use of zebrafish larvae, owing to their peculiar features, offers a great opportunity. Here, we employ transgenic zebrafish larvae expressing GCaMP6s in all neurons to characterize functional alterations occurring during seizures induced by pentylenetetrazole. Using a custom two-photon light-sheet microscope, we perform fast volumetric functional imaging of the entire larval brain, investigating how different brain regions contribute to seizure onset and propagation. Moreover, employing a custom behavioral tracking system, we outline the progressive alteration of larval swim kinematics, resulting from different grades of seizures. Collectively, our results show that the epileptic larval brain undergoes transitions between diverse neuronal activity regimes. Moreover, we observe that different brain regions are progressively recruited into the generation of seizures of diverse severity. We demonstrate that midbrain regions exhibit highest susceptibility to the convulsant effects and that, during periods preceding abrupt hypersynchronous paroxysmal activity, they show a consistent increase in functional connectivity. These aspects, coupled with the hub-like role that these regions exert, represent important cues in their identification as epileptogenic hubs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lapo Turrini
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Florence, Via G. Sansone 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy;
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy, Via Nello Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; (G.d.V.); (C.C.); (F.V.)
| | - Michele Sorelli
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Florence, Via G. Sansone 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy;
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy, Via Nello Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; (G.d.V.); (C.C.); (F.V.)
| | - Giuseppe de Vito
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy, Via Nello Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; (G.d.V.); (C.C.); (F.V.)
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Caterina Credi
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy, Via Nello Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; (G.d.V.); (C.C.); (F.V.)
- National Institute of Optics, National Research Council, Via Nello Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Natascia Tiso
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy;
| | - Francesco Vanzi
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy, Via Nello Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; (G.d.V.); (C.C.); (F.V.)
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Via Madonna del Piano 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Francesco Saverio Pavone
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Florence, Via G. Sansone 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy;
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy, Via Nello Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; (G.d.V.); (C.C.); (F.V.)
- National Institute of Optics, National Research Council, Via Nello Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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18
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Schmieder F, Habibey R, Striebel J, Büttner L, Czarske J, Busskamp V. Tracking connectivity maps in human stem cell-derived neuronal networks by holographic optogenetics. Life Sci Alliance 2022; 5:5/7/e202101268. [PMID: 35418473 PMCID: PMC9008225 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202101268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Holographic optogenetic stimulation of human iPSC–derived neuronal networks was exploited to map precise functional connectivity motifs and their long-term dynamics during network development. Neuronal networks derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells have been exploited widely for modeling neuronal circuits, neurological diseases, and drug screening. As these networks require extended culturing periods to functionally mature in vitro, most studies are based on immature networks. To obtain insights on long-term functional features, we improved a glia–neuron co-culture protocol within multi-electrode arrays, facilitating continuous assessment of electrical features in weekly intervals. By full-field optogenetic stimulation, we detected an earlier onset of neuronal firing and burst activity compared with spontaneous activity. Full-field stimulation enhanced the number of active neurons and their firing rates. Compared with full-field stimulation, which evoked synchronized activity across all neurons, holographic stimulation of individual neurons resulted in local activity. Single-cell holographic stimulation facilitated to trace propagating evoked activities of 400 individually stimulated neurons per multi-electrode array. Thereby, we revealed precise functional neuronal connectivity motifs. Holographic stimulation data over time showed increasing connection numbers and strength with culture age. This holographic stimulation setup has the potential to establish a profound functional testbed for in-depth analysis of human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neuronal networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Schmieder
- Laboratory of Measurement and Sensor System Technique, Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Rouhollah Habibey
- Department of Ophthalmology, Universitäts-Augenklinik Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Johannes Striebel
- Department of Ophthalmology, Universitäts-Augenklinik Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Lars Büttner
- Laboratory of Measurement and Sensor System Technique, Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jürgen Czarske
- Laboratory of Measurement and Sensor System Technique, Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany .,Competence Center for Biomedical Computational Laser Systems (BIOLAS), TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Institute of Applied Physics, School of Science, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Volker Busskamp
- Department of Ophthalmology, Universitäts-Augenklinik Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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19
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Optogenetic tools for microbial synthetic biology. Biotechnol Adv 2022; 59:107953. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.107953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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20
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Bansal H, Pyari G, Roy S. Co-expressing fast channelrhodopsin with step-function opsin overcomes spike failure due to photocurrent desensitization in optogenetics: a theoretical study. J Neural Eng 2022; 19. [PMID: 35320791 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ac6061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Objective A fundamental challenge in optogenetics is to elicit long-term high-fidelity neuronal spiking with negligible heating. Fast channelrhodopsins (ChRs) require higher irradiances and cause spike failure due to photocurrent desensitization under sustained illumination, whereas, more light-sensitive step-function opsins (SFOs) exhibit prolonged depolarization with insufficient photocurrent and fast response for high-fidelity spiking. Approach We present a novel method to overcome this fundamental limitation by co-expressing fast ChRs with SFOs. A detailed theoretical analysis of ChETA co-expressed with different SFOs, namely ChR2(C128A), ChR2(C128S), SSFO and SOUL, expressing hippocampal neurons has been carried out by formulating their accurate theoretical models. Main results ChETA-SFO-expressing hippocampal neurons show a more stable photocurrent that overcomes spike failure. Spiking fidelity in these neurons can be sustained even at lower irradiances of subsequent pulses (77 % of initial pulse intensity in ChETA-ChR2(C128A)-expressing neurons) or by using red-shifted light pulses at appropriate intervals. High-fidelity spiking up to 60 Hz can be evoked in ChR2-C128S-ChETA-expressing neurons, which cannot be attained with only SFOs. Significance The present study provides important insights about photostimulation protocols for bi-stable switching of neurons. This new approach provides a means for sustained low-power, high-frequency, and high-fidelity optogenetic switching of neurons, necessary to study various neural functions and neurodegenerative disorders and enhance the utility of optogenetics for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshu Bansal
- Department of Physics and Computer science, Dayalbagh Educational Institute Faculty of Science, AGRA, Agra, UP, 282005, INDIA
| | - Gur Pyari
- Department of Physics & Computer Science, Dayalbagh Educational Institute Faculty of Science, Faculty of Science, Dayalbagh, Agra-282 005, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, 282005, INDIA
| | - Sukhdev Roy
- Department of Physics & Computer Science, Dayalbagh Educational Institute Faculty of Science, Faculty of Science, Dayalbagh, Agra-282 005, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, 282005, INDIA
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21
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Rasmussen JM, Thompson PM, Entringer S, Buss C, Wadhwa PD. Fetal programming of human energy homeostasis brain networks: Issues and considerations. Obes Rev 2022; 23:e13392. [PMID: 34845821 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we present a transdisciplinary framework and testable hypotheses regarding the process of fetal programming of energy homeostasis brain circuitry. Our model proposes that key aspects of energy homeostasis brain circuitry already are functional by the time of birth (with substantial interindividual variation); that this phenotypic variation at birth is an important determinant of subsequent susceptibility for energy imbalance and childhood obesity risk; and that this brain circuitry exhibits developmental plasticity, in that it is influenced by conditions during intrauterine life, particularly maternal-placental-fetal endocrine, immune/inflammatory, and metabolic processes and their upstream determinants. We review evidence that supports the scientific premise for each element of this formulation, identify future research directions, particularly recent advances that may facilitate a better quantification of the ontogeny of energy homeostasis brain networks, highlight animal and in vitro-based approaches that may better address the determinants of interindividual variation in energy homeostasis brain networks, and discuss the implications of this formulation for the development of strategies targeted towards the primary prevention of childhood obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerod M Rasmussen
- Development, Health and Disease Research Program, University of California, Irvine, California, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Paul M Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Sonja Entringer
- Development, Health and Disease Research Program, University of California, Irvine, California, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, California, USA.,Department of Medical Psychology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Departments of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Claudia Buss
- Development, Health and Disease Research Program, University of California, Irvine, California, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, California, USA.,Department of Medical Psychology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Departments of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Pathik D Wadhwa
- Development, Health and Disease Research Program, University of California, Irvine, California, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, California, USA.,Departments of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
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22
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Mirzayi P, Shobeiri P, Kalantari A, Perry G, Rezaei N. Optogenetics: implications for Alzheimer's disease research and therapy. Mol Brain 2022; 15:20. [PMID: 35197102 PMCID: PMC8867657 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-022-00905-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD), a critical neurodegenerative condition, has a wide range of effects on brain activity. Synaptic plasticity and neuronal circuits are the most vulnerable in Alzheimer’s disease, but the exact mechanism is unknown. Incorporating optogenetics into the study of AD has resulted in a significant leap in this field during the last decades, kicking off a revolution in our knowledge of the networks that underpin cognitive functions. In Alzheimer's disease, optogenetics can help to reduce and reverse neural circuit and memory impairments. Here we review how optogenetically driven methods have helped expand our knowledge of Alzheimer's disease, and how optogenetic interventions hint at a future translation into therapeutic possibilities for further utilization in clinical settings. In conclusion, neuroscience has witnessed one of its largest revolutions following the introduction of optogenetics into the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parsa Mirzayi
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Children's Medical Center Hospital, Dr. Qarib St., Keshavarz Blvd, 14194, Tehran, Iran.,Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Parnian Shobeiri
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Children's Medical Center Hospital, Dr. Qarib St., Keshavarz Blvd, 14194, Tehran, Iran.,Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.,Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirali Kalantari
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Children's Medical Center Hospital, Dr. Qarib St., Keshavarz Blvd, 14194, Tehran, Iran.,Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - George Perry
- Department of Biology and Neurosciences Institute, University of Texas at San Antonio (UTSA), San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran. .,Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. .,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. .,Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Dr. Gharib St, Keshavarz Blvd, Tehran, Iran.
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White M, Whittaker RG. Post-Trial Considerations for an Early Phase Optogenetic Trial in the Human Brain. OPEN ACCESS JOURNAL OF CLINICAL TRIALS 2022. [DOI: 10.2147/oajct.s345482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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24
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Jiang S, Wu X, Rommelfanger NJ, Ou Z, Hong G. Shedding light on neurons: optical approaches for neuromodulation. Natl Sci Rev 2022; 9:nwac007. [PMID: 36196122 PMCID: PMC9522429 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwac007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Today's optical neuromodulation techniques are rapidly evolving, benefiting from advances in photonics, genetics and materials science. In this review, we provide an up-to-date overview of the latest optical approaches for neuromodulation. We begin with the physical principles and constraints underlying the interaction between light and neural tissue. We then present advances in optical neurotechnologies in seven modules: conventional optical fibers, multifunctional fibers, optical waveguides, light-emitting diodes, upconversion nanoparticles, optical neuromodulation based on the secondary effects of light, and unconventional light sources facilitated by ultrasound and magnetic fields. We conclude our review with an outlook on new methods and mechanisms that afford optical neuromodulation with minimal invasiveness and footprint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Jiang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Xiang Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Nicholas J Rommelfanger
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Zihao Ou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Guosong Hong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
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25
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Fazekas CL, Szabó A, Török B, Bánrévi K, Correia P, Chaves T, Daumas S, Zelena D. A New Player in the Hippocampus: A Review on VGLUT3+ Neurons and Their Role in the Regulation of Hippocampal Activity and Behaviour. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:790. [PMID: 35054976 PMCID: PMC8775679 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutamate is the most abundant excitatory amino acid in the central nervous system. Neurons using glutamate as a neurotransmitter can be characterised by vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUTs). Among the three subtypes, VGLUT3 is unique, co-localising with other "classical" neurotransmitters, such as the inhibitory GABA. Glutamate, manipulated by VGLUT3, can modulate the packaging as well as the release of other neurotransmitters and serve as a retrograde signal through its release from the somata and dendrites. Its contribution to sensory processes (including seeing, hearing, and mechanosensation) is well characterised. However, its involvement in learning and memory can only be assumed based on its prominent hippocampal presence. Although VGLUT3-expressing neurons are detectable in the hippocampus, most of the hippocampal VGLUT3 positivity can be found on nerve terminals, presumably coming from the median raphe. This hippocampal glutamatergic network plays a pivotal role in several important processes (e.g., learning and memory, emotions, epilepsy, cardiovascular regulation). Indirect information from anatomical studies and KO mice strains suggests the contribution of local VGLUT3-positive hippocampal neurons as well as afferentations in these events. However, further studies making use of more specific tools (e.g., Cre-mice, opto- and chemogenetics) are needed to confirm these assumptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csilla Lea Fazekas
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, 1083 Budapest, Hungary; (C.L.F.); (A.S.); (B.T.); (K.B.); (P.C.); (T.C.)
- Centre for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Centre, Institute of Physiology, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
- János Szentágothai Doctoral School of Neurosciences, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary
- Neuroscience Paris Seine-Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS-IBPS) INSERM, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France;
| | - Adrienn Szabó
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, 1083 Budapest, Hungary; (C.L.F.); (A.S.); (B.T.); (K.B.); (P.C.); (T.C.)
- Centre for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Centre, Institute of Physiology, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
- János Szentágothai Doctoral School of Neurosciences, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bibiána Török
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, 1083 Budapest, Hungary; (C.L.F.); (A.S.); (B.T.); (K.B.); (P.C.); (T.C.)
- Centre for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Centre, Institute of Physiology, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
- János Szentágothai Doctoral School of Neurosciences, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Bánrévi
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, 1083 Budapest, Hungary; (C.L.F.); (A.S.); (B.T.); (K.B.); (P.C.); (T.C.)
| | - Pedro Correia
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, 1083 Budapest, Hungary; (C.L.F.); (A.S.); (B.T.); (K.B.); (P.C.); (T.C.)
- Centre for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Centre, Institute of Physiology, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
- János Szentágothai Doctoral School of Neurosciences, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tiago Chaves
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, 1083 Budapest, Hungary; (C.L.F.); (A.S.); (B.T.); (K.B.); (P.C.); (T.C.)
- Centre for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Centre, Institute of Physiology, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
- János Szentágothai Doctoral School of Neurosciences, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Stéphanie Daumas
- Neuroscience Paris Seine-Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS-IBPS) INSERM, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France;
| | - Dóra Zelena
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, 1083 Budapest, Hungary; (C.L.F.); (A.S.); (B.T.); (K.B.); (P.C.); (T.C.)
- Centre for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Centre, Institute of Physiology, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
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26
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Cokić M, Bruegmann T, Sasse P, Malan D. Optogenetic Stimulation of G i Signaling Enables Instantaneous Modulation of Cardiomyocyte Pacemaking. Front Physiol 2022; 12:768495. [PMID: 34987414 PMCID: PMC8721037 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.768495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
G-protein signaling pathways are central in the regulation of cardiac function in physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Their functional analysis through optogenetic techniques with selective expression of opsin proteins and activation by specific wavelengths allows high spatial and temporal precision. Here, we present the application of long wavelength-sensitive cone opsin (LWO) in cardiomyocytes for activation of the Gi signaling pathway by red light. Murine embryonic stem (ES) cells expressing LWO were generated and differentiated into beating cardiomyocytes in embryoid bodies (EBs). Illumination with red light (625 nm) led to an instantaneous decrease up to complete inhibition (84–99% effectivity) of spontaneous beating, but had no effect on control EBs. By using increasing light intensities with 10 s pulses, we determined a half maximal effective light intensity of 2.4 μW/mm2 and a maximum effect at 100 μW/mm2. Pre-incubation of LWO EBs with pertussis toxin completely inhibited the light effect proving the specificity for Gi signaling. Frequency reduction was mainly due to the activation of GIRK channels because the specific channel blocker tertiapin reduced the light effect by ~80%. Compared with pharmacological stimulation of M2 receptors with carbachol with slow kinetics (>30 s), illumination of LWO had an identical efficacy, but much faster kinetics (<1 s) in the activation and deactivation demonstrating the temporal advantage of optogenetic stimulation. Thus, LWO is an effective optogenetic tool for selective stimulation of the Gi signaling cascade in cardiomyocytes with red light, providing high temporal precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Cokić
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Physiology I, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Tobias Bruegmann
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Physiology I, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Research Training Group 1873, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Philipp Sasse
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Physiology I, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Daniela Malan
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Physiology I, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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27
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Li Y, Zi Z. Optogenetic Control of TGF-β Signaling. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2488:113-124. [PMID: 35347686 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2277-3_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cells employ signaling pathways to make decisions in response to changes in their immediate environment. The Transforming Growth Factor β (TGF-β) signaling pathway plays pivotal roles in regulating many cellular processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation, and migrations. In order to manipulate and explore the dynamic behavior of TGF-β signaling at high spatiotemporal resolution, we developed an optogenetic system (the optoTGFBRs system), in which light is used to control TGF-β signaling precisely in time and space. Here, we describe about experimental details of how to build the optoTGFBRs system and utilize it to manipulate TGF-β signaling in a single cell or a cell population using microscope or LED array, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchao Li
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Otto Warburg Laboratory, Berlin, Germany
| | - Zhike Zi
- Department of Experimental Toxicology and ZEBET, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany.
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28
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Axford D, Judge PJ, Bada Juarez JF, Kwan TOC, Birch J, Vinals J, Watts A, Moraes I. Two states of a light-sensitive membrane protein captured at room temperature using thin-film sample mounts. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol 2022; 78:52-58. [PMID: 34981761 PMCID: PMC8725165 DOI: 10.1107/s2059798321011220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Room-temperature diffraction methods are highly desirable for dynamic studies of biological macromolecules, since they allow high-resolution structural data to be collected as proteins undergo conformational changes. For crystals grown in lipidic cubic phase (LCP), an extruder is commonly used to pass a stream of microcrystals through the X-ray beam; however, the sample quantities required for this method may be difficult to produce for many membrane proteins. A more sample-efficient environment was created using two layers of low X-ray transmittance polymer films to mount crystals of the archaerhodopsin-3 (AR3) photoreceptor and room-temperature diffraction data were acquired. By using transparent and opaque polymer films, two structures, one corresponding to the desensitized, dark-adapted (DA) state and the other to the ground or light-adapted (LA) state, were solved to better than 1.9 Å resolution. All of the key structural features of AR3 were resolved, including the retinal chromophore, which is present as the 13-cis isomer in the DA state and as the all-trans isomer in the LA state. The film-sandwich sample environment enables diffraction data to be recorded at room temperature in both illuminated and dark conditions, which more closely approximate those in vivo. This simple approach is applicable to a wide range of membrane proteins crystallized in LCP and light-sensitive samples in general at synchrotron and laboratory X-ray sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny Axford
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J. Judge
- Biochemistry Department, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Juan F. Bada Juarez
- Biochemistry Department, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Tristan O. C. Kwan
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, London, United Kingdom
| | - James Birch
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
- Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0FA, United Kingdom
| | - Javier Vinals
- Biochemistry Department, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony Watts
- Biochemistry Department, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Isabel Moraes
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, London, United Kingdom
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29
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Huang LD. Brighten the Future: Photobiomodulation and Optogenetics. FOCUS (AMERICAN PSYCHIATRIC PUBLISHING) 2022; 20:36-44. [PMID: 35746943 PMCID: PMC9063588 DOI: 10.1176/appi.focus.20210025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Safe, noninvasive, and effective treatments for brain conditions are everyone's dream. Low-level light therapy (LLLT) based on the photobiomodulation (PBM) phenomenon has recently been adopted in practice, with solid scientific evidence. Optogenetics provides high spatiotemporal resolution to precisely switch on and off a particular circuitry in the brain. However, there are currently no human trials of optogenetics on the human brain. These two approaches-PBM and optogenetics-are promising photonic treatments that target the brain using completely different technologies. PBM is based on the mitochondrial reaction to the photons for up- or downregulation on the cytochrome c oxidase synthase in cellular respiration. It is safe, noninvasive, and good for long-term treatments, with wide applications using light wavelengths ranging from 650 nm to ≈1,100 nm, the red to near-infrared range. Optogenetics is based on the expression of engineered opsins on targeted tissues through viral vectors. The opsins are engineered to be sensors, actuators, or switches and could be precisely controlled by light wavelength ranging from 450 nm to ≈650 nm, the visible light range. The penetration of visible light is limited, and thus the photons cannot be applied directly outside the head without surgical means to create a physical window. PBM using near-infrared light could reach deeper tissues for light directly applied outside the head. Detailed scientific foundations and the state of the art for both technologies are reviewed. Ongoing developments are discussed to provide insight for future research and applications.
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30
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Maltan L, Najjar H, Tiffner A, Derler I. Deciphering Molecular Mechanisms and Intervening in Physiological and Pathophysiological Processes of Ca 2+ Signaling Mechanisms Using Optogenetic Tools. Cells 2021; 10:3340. [PMID: 34943850 PMCID: PMC8699489 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium ion channels are involved in numerous biological functions such as lymphocyte activation, muscle contraction, neurotransmission, excitation, hormone secretion, gene expression, cell migration, memory, and aging. Therefore, their dysfunction can lead to a wide range of cellular abnormalities and, subsequently, to diseases. To date various conventional techniques have provided valuable insights into the roles of Ca2+ signaling. However, their limited spatiotemporal resolution and lack of reversibility pose significant obstacles in the detailed understanding of the structure-function relationship of ion channels. These drawbacks could be partially overcome by the use of optogenetics, which allows for the remote and well-defined manipulation of Ca2+-signaling. Here, we review the various optogenetic tools that have been used to achieve precise control over different Ca2+-permeable ion channels and receptors and associated downstream signaling cascades. We highlight the achievements of optogenetics as well as the still-open questions regarding the resolution of ion channel working mechanisms. In addition, we summarize the successes of optogenetics in manipulating many Ca2+-dependent biological processes both in vitro and in vivo. In summary, optogenetics has significantly advanced our understanding of Ca2+ signaling proteins and the used tools provide an essential basis for potential future therapeutic application.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Isabella Derler
- Institute of Biophysics, JKU Life Science Center, Johannes Kepler University Linz, A-4020 Linz, Austria; (L.M.); (H.N.); (A.T.)
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31
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Modeling optical design parameters for fine stimulation in sciatic nerve of optogenetic mice. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22588. [PMID: 34799602 PMCID: PMC8605010 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01353-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Optogenetics presents an alternative method for interfacing with the nervous system over the gold-standard of electrical stimulation. While electrical stimulation requires electrodes to be surgically embedded in tissue for in vivo studies, optical stimulation offers a less-invasive approach that may yield more specific, localized stimulation. The advent of optogenetic laboratory animals-whose motor neurons can be activated when illuminated with blue light-enables research into refining optical stimulation of the mammalian nervous system where subsets of nerve fibers within a nerve may be stimulated without embedding any device directly into the nerve itself. However, optical stimulation has a major drawback in that light is readily scattered and absorbed in tissue thereby limiting the depth with which a single emission source can penetrate. We hypothesize that the use of multiple, focused light emissions deployed around the circumference of a nerve can overcome these light-scattering limitations. To understand the physical parameters necessary to produce pinpointed light stimulation within a single nerve, we employed a simplified Monte Carlo simulation to estimate the size of nerves where this technique may be successful, as well as the necessary optical lens design for emitters to be used during future in vivo studies. By modeling multiple focused beams, we find that only fascicles within a nerve diameter less than 1 mm are fully accessible to focused optical stimulation; a minimum of 4 light sources is required to generate a photon intensity at a point in a nerve over the initial contact along its surface. To elicit the same effect in larger nerves, focusing lenses would require a numerical aperture [Formula: see text]. These simulations inform on the design of instrumentation capable of stimulating disparate motor neurons in mouse sciatic nerve to control hindlimb movement.
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Ochs AR, Karathanos TV, Trayanova NA, Boyle PM. Optogenetic Stimulation Using Anion Channelrhodopsin (GtACR1) Facilitates Termination of Reentrant Arrhythmias With Low Light Energy Requirements: A Computational Study. Front Physiol 2021; 12:718622. [PMID: 34526912 PMCID: PMC8435849 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.718622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Optogenetic defibrillation of hearts expressing light-sensitive cation channels (e.g., ChR2) has been proposed as an alternative to conventional electrotherapy. Past modeling work has shown that ChR2 stimulation can depolarize enough myocardium to interrupt arrhythmia, but its efficacy is limited by light attenuation and high energy needs. These shortcomings may be mitigated by using new optogenetic proteins like Guillardia theta Anion Channelrhodopsin (GtACR1), which produces a repolarizing outward current upon illumination. Accordingly, we designed a study to assess the feasibility of GtACR1-based optogenetic arrhythmia termination in human hearts. We conducted electrophysiological simulations in MRI-based atrial or ventricular models (n = 3 each), with pathological remodeling from atrial fibrillation or ischemic cardiomyopathy, respectively. We simulated light sensitization via viral gene delivery of three different opsins (ChR2, red-shifted ChR2, GtACR1) and uniform endocardial illumination at the appropriate wavelengths (blue, red, or green light, respectively). To analyze consistency of arrhythmia termination, we varied pulse timing (three evenly spaced intervals spanning the reentrant cycle) and intensity (atrial: 0.001–1 mW/mm2; ventricular: 0.001–10 mW/mm2). In atrial models, GtACR1 stimulation with 0.005 mW/mm2 green light consistently terminated reentry; this was 10–100x weaker than the threshold levels for ChR2-mediated defibrillation. In ventricular models, defibrillation was observed in 2/3 models for GtACR1 stimulation at 0.005 mW/mm2 (100–200x weaker than ChR2 cases). In the third ventricular model, defibrillation failed in nearly all cases, suggesting that attenuation issues and patient-specific organ/scar geometry may thwart termination in some cases. Across all models, the mechanism of GtACR1-mediated defibrillation was voltage forcing of illuminated tissue toward the modeled channel reversal potential of −40 mV, which made propagation through affected regions impossible. Thus, our findings suggest GtACR1-based optogenetic defibrillation of the human heart may be feasible with ≈2–3 orders of magnitude less energy than ChR2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander R Ochs
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Thomas V Karathanos
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Natalia A Trayanova
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Alliance for Cardiovascular Diagnostic and Treatment Innovation, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Patrick M Boyle
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Center for Cardiovascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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33
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Dominguez-Paredes D, Jahanshahi A, Kozielski KL. Translational considerations for the design of untethered nanomaterials in human neural stimulation. Brain Stimul 2021; 14:1285-1297. [PMID: 34375694 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2021.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural stimulation is a powerful tool to study brain physiology and an effective treatment for many neurological disorders. Conventional interfaces use electrodes implanted in the brain. As these are often invasive and have limited spatial targeting, they carry a potential risk of side-effects. Smaller neural devices may overcome these obstacles, and as such, the field of nanoscale and remotely powered neural stimulation devices is growing. This review will report on current untethered, injectable nanomaterial technologies intended for neural stimulation, with a focus on material-tissue interface engineering. We will review nanomaterials capable of wireless neural stimulation, and discuss their stimulation mechanisms. Taking cues from more established nanomaterial fields (e.g., cancer theranostics, drug delivery), we will then discuss methods to modify material interfaces with passive and bioactive coatings. We will discuss methods of delivery to a desired brain region, particularly in the context of how delivery and localization are affected by surface modification. We will also consider each of these aspects of nanoscale neurostimulators with a focus on their prospects for translation to clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Dominguez-Paredes
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Ali Jahanshahi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Kristen L Kozielski
- Department of Bioengineering and Biosystems, Institute of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
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34
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Emerging Applications of Optical Fiber-Based Devices for Brain Research. ADVANCED FIBER MATERIALS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s42765-021-00092-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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35
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Bansal H, Gupta N, Roy S. Theoretical analysis of optogenetic spiking with ChRmine, bReaChES and CsChrimson-expressing neurons for retinal prostheses. J Neural Eng 2021; 18. [PMID: 34229315 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ac1175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Objective.Optogenetics has emerged as a promising technique for neural prosthetics, especially retinal prostheses, with unprecedented spatiotemporal resolution. Newly discovered opsins with high light sensitivity and fast temporal kinetics can provide sufficient temporal resolution at safe light powers and overcome the limitations of presently used opsins. It is also important to formulate accurate mathematical models for optogenetic retinal prostheses, which can facilitate optimization of photostimulation factors to improve the performance.Approach.A detailed theoretical analysis of optogenetic excitation of model retinal ganglion neurons (RGNs) and hippocampal neurons expressed with already tested opsins for retinal prostheses, namely, ChR2, ReaChR and ChrimsonR, and also with recently discovered potent opsins CsChrimson, bReaChES and ChRmine, was carried out.Main results.Under continuous illumination, ChRmine-expressing RGNs begin to respond at very low irradiances ∼10-4mW mm-2, and evoke firing upto ∼280 Hz, highest among other opsin-expressing RGNs, at 10-2mW mm-2. Under pulsed illumination at randomized photon fluxes, ChRmine-expressing RGNs respond to changes in pulse to pulse irradiances upto four logs, although very bright pulses >1014photons mm-2s-1block firing in these neurons. The minimum irradiance threshold for ChRmine-expressing RGNs is lower by two orders of magnitude, whereas, the first spike latency in ChRmine-expressing RGNs is shorter by an order of magnitude, alongwith stable latency of subsequest spikes compared to others. Further, a good set of photostimulation parameters were determined to achieve high-frequency control with single spike resolution at minimal power. Although ChrimsonR enables spiking upto 100 Hz in RGNs, it requires very high irradiances. ChRmine provides control at light powers that are two orders of magnitude smaller than that required with experimentally studied opsins, while maintaining single spike temporal resolution upto 40 Hz.Significance.The present study highlights the importance of ChRmine as a potential opsin for optogenetic retinal prostheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshu Bansal
- Department of Physics and Computer Science, Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Agra 282005, India
| | - Neha Gupta
- Department of Physics and Computer Science, Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Agra 282005, India
| | - Sukhdev Roy
- Department of Physics and Computer Science, Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Agra 282005, India
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Ijomone OM, Gubert P, Okoh COA, Varão AM, Amara LDO, Aluko OM, Aschner M. Application of Fluorescence Microscopy and Behavioral Assays to Demonstrating Neuronal Connectomes and Neurotransmitter Systems in C. elegans. NEUROMETHODS 2021; 172:399-426. [PMID: 34754139 PMCID: PMC8575032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) is a prevailing model which is commonly utilized in a variety of biomedical research arenas, including neuroscience. Due to its transparency and simplicity, it is becoming a choice model organism for conducting imaging and behavioral assessment crucial to understanding the intricacies of the nervous system. Here, the methods required for neuronal characterization using fluorescent proteins and behavioral tasks are described. These are simplified protocols using fluorescent microscopy and behavioral assays to examine neuronal connections and associated neurotransmitter systems involved in normal physiology and aberrant pathology of the nervous system. Our aim is to make available to readers some streamlined and replicable procedures using C. elegans models as well as highlighting some of the limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omamuyovwi M. Ijomone
- The Neuro- Lab, School of Health and Health Technology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Health and Health Technology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Priscila Gubert
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratório de Imunopatologia Keizo Asami, LIKA, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Pure and Applied Chemistry, Federal University of Western of Bahia, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Comfort O. A. Okoh
- The Neuro- Lab, School of Health and Health Technology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Alexandre M. Varão
- Postgraduate Program in Pure and Applied Chemistry, Federal University of Western of Bahia, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Leandro de O. Amara
- Postgraduate Program in Pure and Applied Chemistry, Federal University of Western of Bahia, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Oritoke M. Aluko
- The Neuro- Lab, School of Health and Health Technology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
- Department of Physiology, School of Health and Health Technology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Michael Aschner
- Departments of Molecular Pharmacology and Neurosciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, NY, USA
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Lim WK, Kaur P, Huang H, Jo RS, Ramamoorthy A, Ng LF, Suresh J, Maisha FI, Mathuru AS, Tolwinski NS. Optogenetic approaches for understanding homeostatic and degenerative processes in Drosophila. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:5865-5880. [PMID: 34232330 PMCID: PMC8260576 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03836-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Many organs and tissues have an intrinsic ability to regenerate from a dedicated, tissue-specific stem cell pool. As organisms age, the process of self-regulation or homeostasis begins to slow down with fewer stem cells available for tissue repair. Tissues become more fragile and organs less efficient. This slowdown of homeostatic processes leads to the development of cellular and neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we highlight the recent use and future potential of optogenetic approaches to study homeostasis. Optogenetics uses photosensitive molecules and genetic engineering to modulate cellular activity in vivo, allowing precise experiments with spatiotemporal control. We look at applications of this technology for understanding the mechanisms governing homeostasis and degeneration as applied to widely used model organisms, such as Drosophila melanogaster, where other common tools are less effective or unavailable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Kin Lim
- Science Division, Yale-NUS College, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Prameet Kaur
- Science Division, Yale-NUS College, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Huanyan Huang
- Science Division, Yale-NUS College, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | - Li Fang Ng
- Science Division, Yale-NUS College, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jahnavi Suresh
- Science Division, Yale-NUS College, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Ajay S Mathuru
- Science Division, Yale-NUS College, Singapore, Singapore
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38
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Mucke HA. Patent highlights February-March 2021. Pharm Pat Anal 2021; 10:183-190. [PMID: 34229448 DOI: 10.4155/ppa-2021-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A snapshot of noteworthy recent developments in the patent literature of relevance to pharmaceutical and medical research and development.
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Tarnaud T, Joseph W, Schoeters R, Martens L, Tanghe E. Membrane Charge Oscillations During Ultrasonic Neuromodulation by Intramembrane Cavitation. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2021; 68:2892-2903. [PMID: 34086559 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2021.3086594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the importance of membrane charge oscillations and redistribution in multi-compartmental ultrasonic neuromodulation (UNMOD) intramembrane cavitation models. METHODS The Neuronal Intramembrane Cavitation Excitation (NICE) model and multiScale Optimized model of Neuronal Intramembrane Cavitation (SONIC) of UNMOD are compared for a nanoscale multi-compartmental and point neuron approximation of the bilayer sonophore and surrounding proteins. The temporal dynamics of charge oscillations and their effect on the resulting voltage oscillations are investigated by fourier series analysis. RESULTS Comparison of excitation thresholds and neuronal response between nanoscale multi-compartmental and point models, implemented in the SONIC and NICE framework, demonstrates that the explicit modeling of fast spatial charge redistribution is critical for an accurate multi-compartmental UNMOD-model. Furthermore, the importance of modeling partial protein coverage is quantified by the excitability thresholds. Subsequently, we establish by fourier analysis that these charge oscillations are slowly changing in time. CONCLUSION Fast charge redistribution significantly alters neuronal excitability in a multi-compartmental nanoscale UNMOD-model. Also the mutual exclusivity between protein and sonophore coverage should be taken into account, when simulating the dependency of neuronal excitability on coverage fractions. Charge oscillations are periodic and their fourier components change on a slow timescale. Furthermore, the resulting voltage oscillations decrease in energy with overtone number, implying that an extension of the existing multiscale model (SONIC) to multi-compartmental neurons is possible by taking into account a limited number of fourier components. SIGNIFICANCE First steps are taken towards a morphologically realistic and computationally efficient UNMOD-model, improving our understanding of the underlying ultrasonic neuromodulation mechanisms.
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Jeong J, Jung J, Jung D, Kim J, Ju H, Kim T, Lee J. An implantable optogenetic stimulator wirelessly powered by flexible photovoltaics with near-infrared (NIR) light. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 180:113139. [PMID: 33714161 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Optogenetics is a cutting-edge tool in neuroscience that employs light-sensitive proteins and controlled illumination for neuromodulation. Its main advantage is the ability to demonstrate causal relationships by manipulating the activity of specific neuronal populations and observing behavioral phenotypes. However, the tethering system used to deliver light to optogenetic tools can constrain both natural animal behaviors and experimental design. Here, we present an optically powered and controlled wireless optogenetic system using near-infrared (NIR) light for high transmittance through live tissues. In vivo optogenetic stimulations using this system induced whisker movement in channelrhodopsin-expressing mice, confirming the photovoltaics-generated electrical power was sufficient, and the remote controlling system operated successfully. The proposed optogenetic system provides improved optogenetic applications in freely moving animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinmo Jeong
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Jieun Jung
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongwuk Jung
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Juho Kim
- Department of Applied Nano-Mechanics, Nano-Convergence Manufacturing Systems Research Division, Korea Institute of Machinery & Materials (KIMM), 156 Gajeongbuk-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon, 34103, Republic of Korea
| | - Hunpyo Ju
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jongho Lee
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea.
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Zhou Y, Ding M, Duan X, Konrad KR, Nagel G, Gao S. Extending the Anion Channelrhodopsin-Based Toolbox for Plant Optogenetics. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:membranes11040287. [PMID: 33919843 PMCID: PMC8070814 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11040287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Optogenetics was developed in the field of neuroscience and is most commonly using light-sensitive rhodopsins to control the neural activities. Lately, we have expanded this technique into plant science by co-expression of a chloroplast-targeted β-carotene dioxygenase and an improved anion channelrhodopsin GtACR1 from the green alga Guillardia theta. The growth of Nicotiana tabacum pollen tube can then be manipulated by localized green light illumination. To extend the application of analogous optogenetic tools in the pollen tube system, we engineered another two ACRs, GtACR2, and ZipACR, which have different action spectra, light sensitivity and kinetic features, and characterized them in Xenopus laevis oocytes, Nicotiana benthamiana leaves and N. tabacum pollen tubes. We found that the similar molecular engineering method used to improve GtACR1 also enhanced GtACR2 and ZipACR performance in Xenopus laevis oocytes. The ZipACR1 performed in N. benthamiana mesophyll cells and N. tabacum pollen tubes with faster kinetics and reduced light sensitivity, allowing for optogenetic control of anion fluxes with better temporal resolution. The reduced light sensitivity would potentially facilitate future application in plants, grown under low ambient white light, combined with an optogenetic manipulation triggered by stronger green light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhou
- Institute of Physiology, Department of Neurophysiology, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, 97070 Wuerzburg, Germany; (Y.Z.); (X.D.); (G.N.)
| | - Meiqi Ding
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, 97082 Wuerzburg, Germany; (M.D.); (K.R.K.)
| | - Xiaodong Duan
- Institute of Physiology, Department of Neurophysiology, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, 97070 Wuerzburg, Germany; (Y.Z.); (X.D.); (G.N.)
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Kai R. Konrad
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, 97082 Wuerzburg, Germany; (M.D.); (K.R.K.)
| | - Georg Nagel
- Institute of Physiology, Department of Neurophysiology, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, 97070 Wuerzburg, Germany; (Y.Z.); (X.D.); (G.N.)
| | - Shiqiang Gao
- Institute of Physiology, Department of Neurophysiology, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, 97070 Wuerzburg, Germany; (Y.Z.); (X.D.); (G.N.)
- Correspondence:
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Paez Segala MG, Looger LL. Optogenetics. Mol Imaging 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816386-3.00092-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Optogenetic Modulation of Neural Progenitor Cells Improves Neuroregenerative Potential. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010365. [PMID: 33396468 PMCID: PMC7794764 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural progenitor cell (NPC) transplantation possesses enormous potential for the treatment of disorders and injuries of the central nervous system, including the replacement of lost cells or the repair of host neural circuity after spinal cord injury (SCI). Importantly, cell-based therapies in this context still require improvements such as increased cell survival and host circuit integration, and we propose the implementation of optogenetics as a solution. Blue-light stimulation of NPCs engineered to ectopically express the excitatory light-sensitive protein channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2-NPCs) prompted an influx of cations and a subsequent increase in proliferation and differentiation into oligodendrocytes and neurons and the polarization of astrocytes from a pro-inflammatory phenotype to a pro-regenerative/anti-inflammatory phenotype. Moreover, neurons derived from blue-light-stimulated ChR2-NPCs exhibited both increased branching and axon length and improved axon growth in the presence of axonal inhibitory drugs such as lysophosphatidic acid or chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan. Our results highlight the enormous potential of optogenetically stimulated NPCs as a means to increase neuroregeneration and improve cell therapy outcomes for enhancing better engraftments and cell identity upon transplantation in conditions such as SCI.
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44
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Soto PL. Single‐case experimental designs for behavioral neuroscience. J Exp Anal Behav 2020; 114:447-467. [DOI: 10.1002/jeab.633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul L. Soto
- Department of Psychology Louisiana State University
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45
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Lam PY, Thawani AR, Balderas E, White AJP, Chaudhuri D, Fuchter MJ, Peterson RT. TRPswitch-A Step-Function Chemo-optogenetic Ligand for the Vertebrate TRPA1 Channel. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:17457-17468. [PMID: 32966062 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c06811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chemo-optogenetics has produced powerful tools for optical control of cell activity, but current tools suffer from a variety of limitations including low unitary conductance, the need to modify the target channel, or the inability to control both on and off switching. Using a zebrafish behavior-based screening strategy, we discovered "TRPswitch", a photoswitchable nonelectrophilic ligand scaffold for the transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) channel. TRPA1 exhibits high unitary channel conductance, making it an ideal target for chemo-optogenetic tool development. Key molecular determinants for the activity of TRPswitch were elucidated and allowed for replacement of the TRPswitch azobenzene with a next-generation azoheteroarene. The TRPswitch compounds enable reversible, repeatable, and nearly quantitative light-induced activation and deactivation of the vertebrate TRPA1 channel with violet and green light, respectively. The utility of TRPswitch compounds was demonstrated in larval zebrafish hearts exogenously expressing zebrafish Trpa1b, where the heartbeat could be controlled using TRPswitch and light. Therefore, TRPA1/TRPswitch represents a novel step-function chemo-optogenetic system with a unique combination of high conductance, high efficiency, activity against an unmodified vertebrate channel, and capacity for bidirectional optical switching. This chemo-optogenetic system will be particularly applicable in systems where a large depolarization current is needed or sustained channel activation is desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pui-Ying Lam
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Aditya R Thawani
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London W12 OBZ, United Kingdom
| | - Enrique Balderas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nora Eccles Harrison Cardiovascular Research and Training Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Andrew J P White
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London W12 OBZ, United Kingdom
| | - Dipayan Chaudhuri
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nora Eccles Harrison Cardiovascular Research and Training Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Matthew J Fuchter
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London W12 OBZ, United Kingdom
| | - Randall T Peterson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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Schwabe MR, Taxier LR, Frick KM. It takes a neural village: Circuit-based approaches for estrogenic regulation of episodic memory. Front Neuroendocrinol 2020; 59:100860. [PMID: 32781195 PMCID: PMC7669700 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2020.100860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive behaviors, such as episodic memory formation, are complex processes involving coordinated activity in multiple brain regions. However, much of the research on hormonal regulation of cognition focuses on manipulation of one region at a time or provides a single snapshot of how a systemic treatment affects multiple brain regions without investigating how these regions might interact to mediate hormone effects. Here, we use estrogenic regulation of episodic memory as an example of how circuit-based approaches may be incorporated into future studies of hormones and cognition. We first review basic episodic memory circuitry, rapid mechanisms by which 17β-estradiol can alter circuit activity, and current knowledge about 17β-estradiol's effects on episodic memory. Next, we outline approaches that researchers can employ to consider circuit effects in their estrogen research and provide examples of how these methods have been used to examine hormonal regulation of memory and other behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda R Schwabe
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, United States
| | - Lisa R Taxier
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, United States
| | - Karyn M Frick
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, United States.
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47
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Lawrence A, Chang HHV. Minimally invasive neural stimulation with a novel ultra-sensitive step function opsin: implications and future directions. J Neurophysiol 2020; 124:1312-1314. [PMID: 32997585 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00472.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Optogenetics has become a popular tool to probe the link between neural circuits and behavior, since the technique was first introduced in 2005. Recently, Gong et al. (Gong X, Mendoza-Halliday D, Ting JT, Kaiser T, Sun X, Bastos AM, Wimmer RD, Guo B, Chen Q, Zhou Y, Pruner M, Wu CWH, Park D, Deisseroth K, Barak B, Boyden ES, Miller EK, Halassa MM, Fu Z, Bi G, Desimone R, Feng G. Neuron 107: 38-51, 2020) developed an ultra-sensitive step-function opsin capable of activating any region of the mouse brain and cortical areas in macaques with external illumination, thus aiming toward minimally invasive light delivery. In this article, we highlight and discuss the new opsin's potential in nonhuman primate research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aamna Lawrence
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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48
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Lu X, Shen Y, Campbell RE. Engineering Photosensory Modules of Non-Opsin-Based Optogenetic Actuators. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6522. [PMID: 32906617 PMCID: PMC7555876 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Optogenetic (photo-responsive) actuators engineered from photoreceptors are widely used in various applications to study cell biology and tissue physiology. In the toolkit of optogenetic actuators, the key building blocks are genetically encodable light-sensitive proteins. Currently, most optogenetic photosensory modules are engineered from naturally-occurring photoreceptor proteins from bacteria, fungi, and plants. There is a growing demand for novel photosensory domains with improved optical properties and light-induced responses to satisfy the needs of a wider variety of studies in biological sciences. In this review, we focus on progress towards engineering of non-opsin-based photosensory domains, and their representative applications in cell biology and physiology. We summarize current knowledge of engineering of light-sensitive proteins including light-oxygen-voltage-sensing domain (LOV), cryptochrome (CRY2), phytochrome (PhyB and BphP), and fluorescent protein (FP)-based photosensitive domains (Dronpa and PhoCl).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaocen Lu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada; (X.L.); (Y.S.)
| | - Yi Shen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada; (X.L.); (Y.S.)
| | - Robert E. Campbell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada; (X.L.); (Y.S.)
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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49
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Masterson CH, McCarthy SD, O'Toole D, Laffey JG. The role of cells and their products in respiratory drug delivery: the past, present, and future. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2020; 17:1689-1702. [PMID: 32842784 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2020.1814732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cell-based delivery systems offer considerable promise as novel and innovative therapeutics to target the respiratory system. These systems consist of cells and/or their extracellular vesicles that deliver their contents, such as anti-microbial peptides, micro RNAs, and even mitochondria to the lung, exerting direct therapeutic effects. AREAS COVERED The purpose of this article is to critically review the status of cell-based therapies in the delivery of therapeutics to the lung, evaluate current progress, and elucidate key challenges to the further development of these novel approaches. An overview as to how these cells and/or their products may be modified to enhance efficacy is given. More complex delivery cell-based systems, including cells or vesicles that are genetically modified to (over)express specific therapeutic products, such as proteins and therapeutic nucleic acids are also discussed. Focus is given to the use of the aerosol route to deliver these products directly into the lung. EXPERT OPINION The use of biological carriers to deliver chemical or biological agents demonstrates great potential in modern medicine. The next generation of drug delivery systems may comprise 'cell-inspired' drug carriers that are entirely synthetic, developed using insights from cell-based therapeutics to overcome limitations of current generation synthetic carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire H Masterson
- Anaesthesia, School of Medicine, Clinical Sciences Institute, National University of Ireland , Galway, Ireland.,Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI) at CÚRAM Centre for Research in Medical Devices, Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway , Galway, Ireland
| | - Sean D McCarthy
- Anaesthesia, School of Medicine, Clinical Sciences Institute, National University of Ireland , Galway, Ireland.,Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI) at CÚRAM Centre for Research in Medical Devices, Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway , Galway, Ireland
| | - Daniel O'Toole
- Anaesthesia, School of Medicine, Clinical Sciences Institute, National University of Ireland , Galway, Ireland.,Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI) at CÚRAM Centre for Research in Medical Devices, Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway , Galway, Ireland
| | - John G Laffey
- Anaesthesia, School of Medicine, Clinical Sciences Institute, National University of Ireland , Galway, Ireland.,Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI) at CÚRAM Centre for Research in Medical Devices, Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway , Galway, Ireland.,Department of Anaesthesia, Galway University Hospitals, SAOLTA University Health Group , Galway, Ireland
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50
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Elina KC, Moon HC, Islam J, Kim HK, Park YS. The Effect of Optogenetic Inhibition of the Anterior Cingulate Cortex in Neuropathic Pain Following Sciatic Nerve Injury. J Mol Neurosci 2020; 71:638-650. [PMID: 32808249 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-020-01685-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cortical disinhibition is the underlying pathological alteration contributing to neuropathic pain associated with peripheral nerve injury. Nerve injury resulting in disinhibition of the anterior cingulate cortex has been reported. However, the effect of optogenetic inhibition of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) on the sensory component of nerve injury-induced neuropathic pain has not been well studied. To investigate the feasibility of optogenetic ACC modulation, we injected an optogenetic virus or a null virus into the ACC of a nerve injury-induced neuropathic pain model. The unilateral ACC was modulated, and the optogenetic effect was measured by mechanical and thermal sensitivity tests. The assessment was performed in "pre-light off," "stimulation-yellow light on," and "post-light off" states. Optogenetic inhibition of the ACC in injury models revealed improved mechanical and thermal latencies with profound pain-relieving effects against nerve injury-induced neuropathic pain. The sensory thalamic discharge in electrophysiological in vivo recordings was also altered during laser stimulation. This finding indicates that hyperactivity of the ACC in nerve injury increases output to the spinothalamic tract through direct or indirect pathways. The direct photoinhibition of ACC neurons could play a vital role in restoring equilibrium and provide novel insight into techniques that can assuage peripheral nerve injury-induced neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Elina
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Hyeong Cheol Moon
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chungbuk National University Hospital, 776, 1 Sunhwanro, Seowon-gu, Cheongju-Si, Chungbuk, 28644, South Korea
| | - Jaisan Islam
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Hyong Kyu Kim
- Department of Medical and Microbiology, College of Medicine, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Young Seok Park
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chungbuk National University Hospital, 776, 1 Sunhwanro, Seowon-gu, Cheongju-Si, Chungbuk, 28644, South Korea.
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