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Ambegoda P, Wei HC, Jang SRJ. The role of immune cells in resistance to oncolytic viral therapy. MATHEMATICAL BIOSCIENCES AND ENGINEERING : MBE 2024; 21:5900-5946. [PMID: 38872564 DOI: 10.3934/mbe.2024261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Resistance to treatment poses a major challenge for cancer therapy, and oncoviral treatment encounters the issue of viral resistance as well. In this investigation, we introduce deterministic differential equation models to explore the effect of resistance on oncolytic viral therapy. Specifically, we classify tumor cells into resistant, sensitive, or infected with respect to oncolytic viruses for our analysis. Immune cells can eliminate both tumor cells and viruses. Our research shows that the introduction of immune cells into the tumor-virus interaction prevents all tumor cells from becoming resistant in the absence of conversion from resistance to sensitivity, given that the proliferation rate of immune cells exceeds their death rate. The inclusion of immune cells leads to an additional virus-free equilibrium when the immune cell recruitment rate is sufficiently high. The total tumor burden at this virus-free equilibrium is smaller than that at the virus-free and immune-free equilibrium. Therefore, immune cells are capable of reducing the tumor load under the condition of sufficient immune strength. Numerical investigations reveal that the virus transmission rate and parameters related to the immune response significantly impact treatment outcomes. However, monotherapy alone is insufficient for eradicating tumor cells, necessitating the implementation of additional therapies. Further numerical simulation shows that combination therapy with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR T-cell) therapy can enhance the success of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prathibha Ambegoda
- Department of Mathematics & Statistics, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Hsiu-Chuan Wei
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Sophia R-J Jang
- Department of Mathematics & Statistics, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
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2
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Ingusci S, Hall BL, Cohen JB, Glorioso JC. Oncolytic herpes simplex viruses designed for targeted treatment of EGFR-bearing tumors. MOLECULAR THERAPY. ONCOLOGY 2024; 32:200761. [PMID: 38596286 PMCID: PMC10869753 DOI: 10.1016/j.omton.2024.200761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Oncolytic herpes simplex viruses (oHSVs) have emerged as leading cancer therapeutic agents. Effective oHSV virotherapy may ultimately require both intratumoral and systemic vector administration to target the primary tumor and distant metastases. An attractive approach to enhancing oHSV tumor specificity is engineering the virus envelope glycoproteins for selective recognition of and infection via tumor-specific cell surface proteins. We previously demonstrated that oHSVs could be retargeted to EGFR-expressing cells by the incorporation of a single-chain antibody (scFv) at the N terminus of glycoprotein D (gD). Here, we compared retargeted oHSVs generated by the insertion of scFv, affibody molecule, or VHH antibody ligands at different positions within the N terminus of gD. When compared to the scFv-directed oHSVs, VHH and affibody molecules mediated enhanced EGFR-specific tumor cell entry, spread and cell killing in vitro, and enabled long-term tumor-specific virus replication following intravenous delivery in vivo. Moreover, oHSVs retargeted via a VHH ligand reduced tumor growth upon intravenous injection and achieved complete tumor destruction after intratumoral injection. Systemic oHSV delivery is important for the treatment of metastatic disease, and our enhancements in targeted oHSV design are a critical step in creating an effective tumor-specific oHSVs for safe administration via the bloodstream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selene Ingusci
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Bonnie L. Hall
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Justus B. Cohen
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Joseph C. Glorioso
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
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3
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Funk C, Uhlig N, Ruzsics Z, Baur F, Peindl M, Nietzer S, Epting K, Vacun G, Dandekar G, Botteron C, Werno C, Grunwald T, Bailer SM. TheraVision: Engineering platform technology for the development of oncolytic viruses based on herpes simplex virus type 1. MOLECULAR THERAPY. ONCOLOGY 2024; 32:200784. [PMID: 38596296 PMCID: PMC10950833 DOI: 10.1016/j.omton.2024.200784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Viruses are able to efficiently penetrate cells, multiply, and eventually kill infected cells, release tumor antigens, and activate the immune system. Therefore, viruses are highly attractive novel agents for cancer therapy. Clinical trials with first generations of oncolytic viruses (OVs) are very promising but show significant need for optimization. The aim of TheraVision was to establish a broadly applicable engineering platform technology for combinatorial oncolytic virus and immunotherapy. Through genetic engineering, an attenuated herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV1) was generated that showed increased safety compared to the wild-type strain. To demonstrate the modularity and the facilitated generation of new OVs, two transgenes encoding retargeting as well as immunomodulating single-chain variable fragments (scFvs) were integrated into the platform vector. The resulting virus selectively infected epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-expressing cells and produced a functional immune checkpoint inhibitor against programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1). Thus, both viral-mediated oncolysis and immune-cell-mediated therapy were combined into a single viral vector. Safety and functionality of the armed OVs have been shown in novel preclinical models ranging from patient-derived organoids and tissue-engineered human in vitro 3D tumor models to complex humanized mouse models. Consequently, a novel and proprietary engineering platform vector based on HSV1 is available for the facilitated preclinical development of oncolytic virotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Funk
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Nadja Uhlig
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology IZI, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Zsolt Ruzsics
- Department for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Institute of Virology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Florentin Baur
- Chair of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Röntgenring, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Peindl
- Chair of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Röntgenring, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sarah Nietzer
- Chair of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Röntgenring, Würzburg, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research ISC, Translational Center Regenerative Therapies, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Karina Epting
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Gabriele Vacun
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Gudrun Dandekar
- Chair of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Röntgenring, Würzburg, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research ISC, Translational Center Regenerative Therapies, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Catherine Botteron
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christian Werno
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Grunwald
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology IZI, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Susanne M. Bailer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Stuttgart, Germany
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4
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Howard F, Conner J, Danson S, Muthana M. Inconsistencies in Modeling the Efficacy of the Oncolytic Virus HSV1716 Reveal Potential Predictive Biomarkers for Tolerability. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:889395. [PMID: 35782876 PMCID: PMC9240779 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.889395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment with HSV1716 via intralesional administration has proven successful for melanoma patients with the hope that oncolytic virotherapy would become another weapon in the systemic anticancer therapy (SACT) arsenal. In addition to challenges surrounding the systemic delivery of oncolytic viruses (OVs), problems associated with its in vivo modeling have resulted in low predictive power, contributing to the observed disappointing clinical efficacy. As OV's efficacy is elicited through interaction with the immune system, syngeneic orthotopic mouse models offer the opportunity to study these with high reproducibility and at a lower cost; however, inbred animals display specific immune characteristics which may confound results. The systemic delivery of HSV1716 was, therefore, assessed in multiple murine models of breast cancer. Tolerability to the virus was strain-dependent with C57/Bl6, the most tolerant and Balb/c experiencing lethal side effects, when delivered intravenously. Maximum tolerated doses were not enough to demonstrate efficacy against tumor growth rates or survival of Balb/c and FVB mouse models; therefore; the most susceptible strain (Balb/c mice) was treated with immunomodulators prior to virus administration in an attempt to reduce side effects. These studies demonstrate the number of variables to consider when modeling the efficacy of OVs and the complexities involved in their interpretation for translational purposes. By reporting these observations, we have potentially revealed a role for T-cell helper polarization in viral tolerability. Importantly, these findings were translated to human studies, whereby a Th1 cytokine profile was expressed in pleural effusions of patients that responded to HSV1716 treatment for malignant pleural mesothelioma with minimal side effects, warranting further investigation as a biomarker for predictive response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faith Howard
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Joe Conner
- Virtuu Biologics/Sorrento Therapeutics, Biocity Scotland, Newhouse, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Danson
- Sheffield Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre and Weston Park Cancer Centre, Weston Park Hospital, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Munitta Muthana
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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5
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Suzuki T, Uchida H, Shibata T, Sasaki Y, Ikeda H, Hamada-Uematsu M, Hamasaki R, Okuda K, Yanagi S, Tahara H. Potent anti-tumor effects of receptor-retargeted syncytial oncolytic herpes simplex virus. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2021; 22:265-276. [PMID: 34553018 PMCID: PMC8426171 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2021.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Most oncolytic virotherapy has thus far employed viruses deficient in genes essential for replication in normal cells but not in cancer cells. Intra-tumoral injection of such viruses has resulted in clinically significant anti-tumor effects on the lesions in the vicinity of the injection sites but not on distant visceral metastases. To overcome this limitation, we have developed a receptor-retargeted oncolytic herpes simplex virus employing a single-chain antibody for targeting tumor-associated antigens (RR-oHSV) and its modified version with additional mutations conferring syncytium formation (RRsyn-oHSV). We previously showed that RRsyn-oHSV exhibits preserved antigen specificity and an ∼20-fold higher tumoricidal potency in vitro relative to RR-oHSV. Here, we investigated the in vivo anti-tumor effects of RRsyn-oHSV using human cancer xenografts in immunodeficient mice. With only a single intra-tumoral injection of RRsyn-oHSV at very low doses, all treated tumors regressed completely. Furthermore, intra-venous administration of RRsyn-oHSV resulted in robust anti-tumor effects even against large tumors. We found that these potent anti-tumor effects of RRsyn-oHSV may be associated with the formation of long-lasting tumor cell syncytia not containing non-cancerous cells that appear to trigger death of the syncytia. These results strongly suggest that cancer patients with distant metastases could be effectively treated with our RRsyn-oHSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Suzuki
- Project Division of Cancer Biomolecular Therapy, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.,Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Uchida
- Project Division of Cancer Biomolecular Therapy, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Tomoko Shibata
- Project Division of Cancer Biomolecular Therapy, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Sasaki
- Project Division of Cancer Biomolecular Therapy, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Hitomi Ikeda
- Project Division of Cancer Biomolecular Therapy, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Mika Hamada-Uematsu
- Project Division of Cancer Biomolecular Therapy, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Ryota Hamasaki
- Project Division of Cancer Biomolecular Therapy, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.,Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Kosaku Okuda
- Project Division of Cancer Biomolecular Therapy, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.,Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Shigeru Yanagi
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideaki Tahara
- Project Division of Cancer Biomolecular Therapy, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.,Department of Cancer Drug Discovery and Development, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan
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Teijeira Crespo A, Burnell S, Capitani L, Bayliss R, Moses E, Mason GH, Davies JA, Godkin AJ, Gallimore AM, Parker AL. Pouring petrol on the flames: Using oncolytic virotherapies to enhance tumour immunogenicity. Immunology 2021; 163:389-398. [PMID: 33638871 PMCID: PMC8274202 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses possess the ability to infect, replicate and lyse malignantly transformed tumour cells. This oncolytic activity amplifies the therapeutic advantage and induces a form of immunogenic cell death, characterized by increased CD8 + T-cell infiltration into the tumour microenvironment. This important feature of oncolytic viruses can result in the warming up of immunologically 'cold' tumour types, presenting the enticing possibility that oncolytic virus treatment combined with immunotherapies may enhance efficacy. In this review, we assess some of the most promising candidates that might be used for oncolytic virotherapy: immunotherapy combinations. We assess their potential as separate agents or as agents combined into a single therapy, where the immunotherapy is encoded within the genome of the oncolytic virus. The development of such advanced agents will require increasingly sophisticated model systems for their preclinical assessment and evaluation. In vivo rodent model systems are fraught with limitations in this regard. Oncolytic viruses replicate selectively within human cells and therefore require human xenografts in immune-deficient mice for their evaluation. However, the use of immune-deficient rodent models hinders the ability to study immune responses against any immunomodulatory transgenes engineered within the viral genome and expressed within the tumour microenvironment. There has therefore been a shift towards the use of more sophisticated ex vivo patient-derived model systems based on organoids and explant co-cultures with immune cells, which may be more predictive of efficacy than contrived and artificial animal models. We review the best of those model systems here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Teijeira Crespo
- Division of Cancer and
GeneticsCardiff University School of Medicine
Cardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Stephanie Burnell
- Division of Infection and Immunity
Cardiff University School of MedicineCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Lorenzo Capitani
- Division of Infection and Immunity
Cardiff University School of MedicineCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Rebecca Bayliss
- Division of Cancer and
GeneticsCardiff University School of Medicine
Cardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Elise Moses
- Division of Cancer and
GeneticsCardiff University School of Medicine
Cardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Georgina H. Mason
- Division of Infection and Immunity
Cardiff University School of MedicineCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - James A. Davies
- Division of Cancer and
GeneticsCardiff University School of Medicine
Cardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Andrew J. Godkin
- Division of Infection and Immunity
Cardiff University School of MedicineCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Awen M. Gallimore
- Division of Infection and Immunity
Cardiff University School of MedicineCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Alan L. Parker
- Division of Cancer and
GeneticsCardiff University School of Medicine
Cardiff UniversityCardiffUK
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7
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Oncolytic Herpes Simplex Virus-Based Therapies for Cancer. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061541. [PMID: 34207386 PMCID: PMC8235327 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
With the increased worldwide burden of cancer, including aggressive and resistant cancers, oncolytic virotherapy has emerged as a viable therapeutic option. Oncolytic herpes simplex virus (oHSV) can be genetically engineered to target cancer cells while sparing normal cells. This leads to the direct killing of cancer cells and the activation of the host immunity to recognize and attack the tumor. Different variants of oHSV have been developed to optimize its antitumor effects. In this review, we discuss the development of oHSV, its antitumor mechanism of action and the clinical trials that have employed oHSV variants to treat different types of tumor.
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Zhang W, Hu X, Liang J, Zhu Y, Zeng B, Feng L, Zhao C, Liu S, Liu B, Zhang K. oHSV2 Can Target Murine Colon Carcinoma by Altering the Immune Status of the Tumor Microenvironment and Inducing Antitumor Immunity. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2020; 16:158-171. [PMID: 32055679 PMCID: PMC7011019 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2019.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses are promising immunoreagents. Numerous studies have shown that oncolytic virotherapy is effective for many tumors. Herein, we investigated the therapeutic effect of oHSV2, an oncolytic type 2 herpes simplex virus, on mouse colon carcinoma. The in vivo antitumor efficacy of oHSV2 was observed in both unilateral and bilateral colon cancer models. oHSV2 effectively eliminated tumors and prolonged the survival of mice without side effects. Additionally, treatment with oHSV2 effectively prevented the growth of rechallenged tumors and distant implanted tumors. The specific killing ability of splenic immune cells to tumor cells was enhanced. oHSV2 treatment effectively reduced the content of inhibitory immune cells (regulatory T cells [Tregs] and myeloid-derived suppressor cells [MDSCs]) and increased the content of positive immune cells (natural killer [NK], CD8+ T, and dendritic cells [DCs]) in the spleen. Moreover, treatment with oHSV2 remodeled the tumor immune microenvironment. In summary, treatment with oHSV2 can effectively eliminate primary tumors, generate tumor-specific immunity, and elicit immune memory to inhibit tumor recurrence and metastasis. Furthermore, this virotherapy can reshape the immune status of the spleen and tumor microenvironment in mice, which can further improve the therapeutic antitumor effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zhang
- Department of Immunology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Xiao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Jing Liang
- Department of Pathology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Yujie Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Beibei Zeng
- Department of Pathology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Lin Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Changyun Zhao
- Chongqing Deepexam Bioltechnology Co., Ltd., Chongqing 400020, China
| | - Shangmei Liu
- Department of Pathology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
- Corresponding author: Shangmei Liu, Department of Pathology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China.
| | - Binlei Liu
- Hubei University of Technology, Nanhu, Wuchang District, Wuhan 430068, China
- Corresponding author: Binlei Liu, Hubei University of Technology, Nanhu, Wuchang District, Wuhan 430068, China.
| | - Kaitai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
- Corresponding author: Kaitai Zhang, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China.
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The lytic activity of VSV-GP treatment dominates the therapeutic effects in a syngeneic model of lung cancer. Br J Cancer 2019; 121:647-658. [PMID: 31530903 PMCID: PMC6889376 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-019-0574-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Oncolytic virotherapy is thought to result in direct virus-induced lytic tumour killing and simultaneous activation of innate and tumour-specific adaptive immune responses. Using a chimeric vesicular stomatitis virus variant VSV-GP, we addressed the direct oncolytic effects and the role of anti-tumour immune induction in the syngeneic mouse lung cancer model LLC1. Methods To study a tumour system with limited antiviral effects, we generated interferon receptor-deficient cells (LLC1-IFNAR1−/−). Therapeutic efficacy of VSV-GP was assessed in vivo in syngeneic C57BL/6 and athymic nude mice bearing subcutaneous tumours. VSV-GP treatment effects were analysed using bioluminescent imaging (BLI), immunohistochemistry, ELISpot, flow cytometry, multiplex ELISA and Nanostring® assays. Results Interferon insensitivity correlated with VSV-GP replication and therapeutic outcome. BLI revealed tumour-to-tumour spread of viral progeny in bilateral tumours. Histological and gene expression analysis confirmed widespread and rapid infection and cell killing within the tumour with activation of innate and adaptive immune-response markers. However, treatment outcome was increased in the absence of CD8+ T cells and surviving mice showed little protection from tumour re-challenge, indicating limited therapeutic contribution by the activated immune system. Conclusion These studies present a case for a predominantly lytic treatment effect of VSV-GP in a syngeneic mouse lung cancer model.
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10
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Abdoli S, Roohvand F, Teimoori-Toolabi L, Shayan S, Shokrgozar MA. Cytotoxic effect of dual fluorescent-labeled oncolytic herpes simplex virus type 1 on mouse tumorigenic cell lines. Res Pharm Sci 2019; 14:27-35. [PMID: 30936930 PMCID: PMC6407334 DOI: 10.4103/1735-5362.251850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing incidences of cancer at the global scale have recently resulted in the invention of various biotechnology approaches among which the oncolytic virotherapy is a new strategy for the treatment of multiple tumors. Herpes simplex virus (HSV) based vectors are one of the most studied oncolytic agents, worldwide. Moreover, syngeneic animal models are the principal parts of the oncolytic virotherapies investigation. The effects of a dual fluorescent γ34.5 deleted vector-HSV-GR- on three mouse tumor cell lines were studied in this work. We previously generated a dual fluorescent labeled oncolytic HSV-HSV-GR- (both copies of γ34.5 were inactivated by insertion of two distinct fluorescent dyes, GFP and mCherry) in our laboratory; subsequently, they were used as oncolytic viruses. The three 4T1, TC-1, and CT26 cell lines were infected with HSV-GR. The infection efficacy and the elimination potency of HSV-GR were analyzed by photomicrography and flow cytometry methods. HSV-GR showed a significant efficiency to infect the cell lines examined. Flow cytometry analyses demonstrated that HSV-GR infected 89.3%, 86.1%, and 92.4% of 4T1, TC-1, and CT26 cells, respectively. Moreover, propidium iodide (PI) staining of infected cells indicated that HSV-GR could kill 27.9%, 21.2%, and 21.3% of 4T1, TC-1, and CT26 cells, respectively. Interestingly, HSV-GR infected cells were capable of expressing both GFP and mCherry at the same time. The promising effects of the oncolytic virus HSV-GR in the mouse syngeneic tumor cell system have shed more light on the therapeutic potential of this anti-cancer approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahriyar Abdoli
- Department of Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, I.R. Iran
| | - Farzin Roohvand
- Department of Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, I.R. Iran
| | - Ladan Teimoori-Toolabi
- Molecular Medicine Department, Biotechnology Research center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, I.R. Iran
| | - Sara Shayan
- Department of Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, I.R. Iran
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Ylösmäki E, Malorzo C, Capasso C, Honkasalo O, Fusciello M, Martins B, Ylösmäki L, Louna A, Feola S, Paavilainen H, Peltonen K, Hukkanen V, Viitala T, Cerullo V. Personalized Cancer Vaccine Platform for Clinically Relevant Oncolytic Enveloped Viruses. Mol Ther 2018; 26:2315-2325. [PMID: 30005865 PMCID: PMC6127500 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The approval of the first oncolytic virus for the treatment of metastatic melanoma and the compiling evidence that the use of oncolytic viruses can enhance cancer immunotherapies targeted against various immune checkpoint proteins has attracted great interest in the field of cancer virotherapy. We have developed a novel platform for clinically relevant enveloped viruses that can direct the virus-induced immune response against tumor antigens. By physically attaching tumor-specific peptides onto the viral envelope of vaccinia virus and herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), we were able to induce a strong T cell-specific immune response toward these tumor antigens. These therapeutic peptides could be attached onto the viral envelope by using a cell-penetrating peptide sequence derived from human immunodeficiency virus Tat N-terminally fused to the tumor-specific peptides or, alternatively, therapeutic peptides could be conjugated with cholesterol for the attachment of the peptides onto the viral envelope. We used two mouse models of melanoma termed B16.OVA and B16-F10 for testing the efficacy of OVA SIINFEKL-peptide-coated viruses and gp100-Trp2-peptide-coated viruses, respectively, and show that by coating the viral envelope with therapeutic peptides, the anti-tumor immunity and the number of tumor-specific CD8+ T cells in the tumor microenvironment can be significantly enhanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erkko Ylösmäki
- Laboratory of Immunovirotherapy, Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5E, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Cristina Malorzo
- Laboratory of Immunovirotherapy, Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5E, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Cristian Capasso
- Laboratory of Immunovirotherapy, Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5E, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Oona Honkasalo
- Laboratory of Immunovirotherapy, Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5E, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Manlio Fusciello
- Laboratory of Immunovirotherapy, Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5E, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Beatriz Martins
- Laboratory of Immunovirotherapy, Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5E, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Leena Ylösmäki
- Laboratory of Immunovirotherapy, Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5E, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antti Louna
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5E, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sara Feola
- Laboratory of Immunovirotherapy, Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5E, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Henrik Paavilainen
- Department of Virology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 13, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Karita Peltonen
- Laboratory of Immunovirotherapy, Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5E, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Veijo Hukkanen
- Department of Virology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 13, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Tapani Viitala
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5E, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Vincenzo Cerullo
- Laboratory of Immunovirotherapy, Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5E, 00790 Helsinki, Finland.
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Lairmore MD, Niewiesk S. Models of Virus-Induced Carcinogenesis and Oncolytic Viruses. ILAR J 2016; 57:1-2. [PMID: 27034389 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilw003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Lairmore
- Michael D. Lairmore, DVM, PhD, is dean and distinguished professor in the School of Veterinary Medicine at the University of California-Davis in Davis, California. Stefan Niewiesk, DVM, PhD, is a professor in the Department of Veterinary Biosciences at The Ohio State University in Columbus, Ohio
| | - Stefan Niewiesk
- Michael D. Lairmore, DVM, PhD, is dean and distinguished professor in the School of Veterinary Medicine at the University of California-Davis in Davis, California. Stefan Niewiesk, DVM, PhD, is a professor in the Department of Veterinary Biosciences at The Ohio State University in Columbus, Ohio
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