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Chen Y, Mason GH, Scourfield DO, Greenshields-Watson A, Haigh TA, Sewell AK, Long HM, Gallimore AM, Rizkallah P, MacLachlan BJ, Godkin A. Structural definition of HLA class II-presented SARS-CoV-2 epitopes reveals a mechanism to escape pre-existing CD4 + T cell immunity. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112827. [PMID: 37471227 PMCID: PMC10840515 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T cells recognize a broad range of peptide epitopes of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which contribute to immune memory and limit COVID-19 disease. We demonstrate that the immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 peptides, in the context of the model allotype HLA-DR1, does not correlate with their binding affinity to the HLA heterodimer. Analyzing six epitopes, some with very low binding affinity, we solve X-ray crystallographic structures of each bound to HLA-DR1. Further structural definitions reveal the precise molecular impact of viral variant mutations on epitope presentation. Omicron escaped ancestral SARS-CoV-2 immunity to two epitopes through two distinct mechanisms: (1) mutations to TCR-facing epitope positions and (2) a mechanism whereby a single amino acid substitution caused a register shift within the HLA binding groove, completely altering the peptide-HLA structure. This HLA-II-specific paradigm of immune escape highlights how CD4+ T cell memory is finely poised at the level of peptide-HLA-II presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Chen
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK; Systems Immunity University Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Georgina H Mason
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK; Systems Immunity University Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - D Oliver Scourfield
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK; Systems Immunity University Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Alexander Greenshields-Watson
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK; Systems Immunity University Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Tracey A Haigh
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Andrew K Sewell
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK; Systems Immunity University Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Heather M Long
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Awen M Gallimore
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK; Systems Immunity University Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Pierre Rizkallah
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK; Systems Immunity University Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Bruce J MacLachlan
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK; Systems Immunity University Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.
| | - Andrew Godkin
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK; Systems Immunity University Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK; Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff CF14 4XW, UK.
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Burnell SEA, Capitani L, MacLachlan BJ, Mason GH, Gallimore AM, Godkin A. Seven mysteries of LAG-3: a multi-faceted immune receptor of increasing complexity. Immunother Adv 2021; 2:ltab025. [PMID: 35265944 PMCID: PMC8895726 DOI: 10.1093/immadv/ltab025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite three decades of research to its name and increasing interest in immunotherapies that target it, LAG-3 remains an elusive co-inhibitory receptor in comparison to the well-established PD-1 and CTLA-4. As such, LAG-3 targeting therapies have yet to achieve the clinical success of therapies targeting other checkpoints. This could, in part, be attributed to the many unanswered questions that remain regarding LAG-3 biology. Of these, we address: (i) the function of the many LAG-3-ligand interactions, (ii) the hurdles that remain to acquire a high-resolution structure of LAG-3, (iii) the under-studied LAG-3 signal transduction mechanism, (iv) the elusive soluble form of LAG-3, (v) the implications of the lack of (significant) phenotype of LAG-3 knockout mice, (vi) the reports of LAG-3 expression on the epithelium, and (vii) the conflicting reports of LAG-3 expression (and potential contributions to pathology) in the brain. These mysteries which surround LAG-3 highlight how the ever-evolving study of its biology continues to reveal ever-increasing complexity in its role as an immune receptor. Importantly, answering the questions which shroud LAG-3 in mystery will allow the maximum therapeutic benefit of LAG-3 targeting immunotherapies in cancer, autoimmunity and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie E A Burnell
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Henry Wellcome Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Lorenzo Capitani
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Henry Wellcome Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Bruce J MacLachlan
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Henry Wellcome Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Georgina H Mason
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Henry Wellcome Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Awen M Gallimore
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Henry Wellcome Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Andrew Godkin
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Henry Wellcome Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital of Wales, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
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3
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Teijeira Crespo A, Burnell S, Capitani L, Bayliss R, Moses E, Mason GH, Davies JA, Godkin AJ, Gallimore AM, Parker AL. Pouring petrol on the flames: Using oncolytic virotherapies to enhance tumour immunogenicity. Immunology 2021; 163:389-398. [PMID: 33638871 PMCID: PMC8274202 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses possess the ability to infect, replicate and lyse malignantly transformed tumour cells. This oncolytic activity amplifies the therapeutic advantage and induces a form of immunogenic cell death, characterized by increased CD8 + T-cell infiltration into the tumour microenvironment. This important feature of oncolytic viruses can result in the warming up of immunologically 'cold' tumour types, presenting the enticing possibility that oncolytic virus treatment combined with immunotherapies may enhance efficacy. In this review, we assess some of the most promising candidates that might be used for oncolytic virotherapy: immunotherapy combinations. We assess their potential as separate agents or as agents combined into a single therapy, where the immunotherapy is encoded within the genome of the oncolytic virus. The development of such advanced agents will require increasingly sophisticated model systems for their preclinical assessment and evaluation. In vivo rodent model systems are fraught with limitations in this regard. Oncolytic viruses replicate selectively within human cells and therefore require human xenografts in immune-deficient mice for their evaluation. However, the use of immune-deficient rodent models hinders the ability to study immune responses against any immunomodulatory transgenes engineered within the viral genome and expressed within the tumour microenvironment. There has therefore been a shift towards the use of more sophisticated ex vivo patient-derived model systems based on organoids and explant co-cultures with immune cells, which may be more predictive of efficacy than contrived and artificial animal models. We review the best of those model systems here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Teijeira Crespo
- Division of Cancer and
GeneticsCardiff University School of Medicine
Cardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Stephanie Burnell
- Division of Infection and Immunity
Cardiff University School of MedicineCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Lorenzo Capitani
- Division of Infection and Immunity
Cardiff University School of MedicineCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Rebecca Bayliss
- Division of Cancer and
GeneticsCardiff University School of Medicine
Cardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Elise Moses
- Division of Cancer and
GeneticsCardiff University School of Medicine
Cardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Georgina H. Mason
- Division of Infection and Immunity
Cardiff University School of MedicineCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - James A. Davies
- Division of Cancer and
GeneticsCardiff University School of Medicine
Cardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Andrew J. Godkin
- Division of Infection and Immunity
Cardiff University School of MedicineCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Awen M. Gallimore
- Division of Infection and Immunity
Cardiff University School of MedicineCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Alan L. Parker
- Division of Cancer and
GeneticsCardiff University School of Medicine
Cardiff UniversityCardiffUK
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Codd AS, Hanna SJ, Compeer EB, Richter FC, Pring EJ, Gea-Mallorquí E, Borsa M, Moon OR, Scourfield DO, Gallimore AM, Milicic A. Neutrophilia, lymphopenia and myeloid dysfunction: a living review of the quantitative changes to innate and adaptive immune cells which define COVID-19 pathology. Oxf Open Immunol 2021; 2:iqab016. [PMID: 35593707 PMCID: PMC8371938 DOI: 10.1093/oxfimm/iqab016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Destabilization of balanced immune cell numbers and frequencies is a common feature of viral infections. This occurs due to, and further enhances, viral immune evasion and survival. Since the discovery of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which manifests in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a great number of studies have described the association between this virus and pathologically increased or decreased immune cell counts. In this review, we consider the absolute and relative changes to innate and adaptive immune cell numbers, in COVID-19. In severe disease particularly, neutrophils are increased, which can lead to inflammation and tissue damage. Dysregulation of other granulocytes, basophils and eosinophils represents an unusual COVID-19 phenomenon. Contrastingly, the impact on the different types of monocytes leans more strongly to an altered phenotype, e.g. HLA-DR expression, rather than numerical changes. However, it is the adaptive immune response that bears the most profound impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection. T cell lymphopenia correlates with increased risk of intensive care unit admission and death; therefore, this parameter is particularly important for clinical decision-making. Mild and severe diseases differ in the rate of immune cell counts returning to normal levels post disease. Tracking the recovery trajectories of various immune cell counts may also have implications for long-term COVID-19 monitoring. This review represents a snapshot of our current knowledge, showing that much has been achieved in a short period of time. Alterations in counts of distinct immune cells represent an accessible metric to inform patient care decisions or predict disease outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy S Codd
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Stephanie J Hanna
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Ewoud B Compeer
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Felix C Richter
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Eleanor J Pring
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Ester Gea-Mallorquí
- Viral Immunology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mariana Borsa
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Owen R Moon
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - D Oliver Scourfield
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Awen M Gallimore
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Anita Milicic
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Hanna SJ, Codd AS, Gea-Mallorqui E, Scourfield DO, Richter FC, Ladell K, Borsa M, Compeer EB, Moon OR, Galloway SAE, Dimonte S, Capitani L, Shepherd FR, Wilson JD, Uhl LFK, Gallimore AM, Milicic A. T cell phenotypes in COVID-19 - a living review. Oxf Open Immunol 2020; 2:iqaa007. [PMID: 33575657 PMCID: PMC7798577 DOI: 10.1093/oxfimm/iqaa007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is characterized by profound lymphopenia in the peripheral blood, and the remaining T cells display altered phenotypes, characterized by a spectrum of activation and exhaustion. However, antigen-specific T cell responses are emerging as a crucial mechanism for both clearance of the virus and as the most likely route to long-lasting immune memory that would protect against re-infection. Therefore, T cell responses are also of considerable interest in vaccine development. Furthermore, persistent alterations in T cell subset composition and function post-infection have important implications for patients' long-term immune function. In this review, we examine T cell phenotypes, including those of innate T cells, in both peripheral blood and lungs, and consider how key markers of activation and exhaustion correlate with, and may be able to predict, disease severity. We focus on SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells to elucidate markers that may indicate formation of antigen-specific T cell memory. We also examine peripheral T cell phenotypes in recovery and the likelihood of long-lasting immune disruption. Finally, we discuss T cell phenotypes in the lung as important drivers of both virus clearance and tissue damage. As our knowledge of the adaptive immune response to COVID-19 rapidly evolves, it has become clear that while some areas of the T cell response have been investigated in some detail, others, such as the T cell response in children remain largely unexplored. Therefore, this review will also highlight areas where T cell phenotypes require urgent characterisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie J Hanna
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK,Correspondence address. Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK. Tel: +44 29206 87342, E-mail:
| | - Amy S Codd
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Ester Gea-Mallorqui
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - D Oliver Scourfield
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Felix C Richter
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, OX3 FTY, UK
| | - Kristin Ladell
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Mariana Borsa
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, OX3 FTY, UK
| | - Ewoud B Compeer
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, OX3 FTY, UK
| | - Owen R Moon
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Sarah A E Galloway
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Sandra Dimonte
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Lorenzo Capitani
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Freya R Shepherd
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Joseph D Wilson
- Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU
| | - Lion F K Uhl
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, OX3 FTY, UK
| | | | - Awen M Gallimore
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Anita Milicic
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
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Appanna GD, Pembroke TPI, Miners KL, Price DA, Gallimore AM, Ladell K, Godkin AJ. Rituximab depletion of intrahepatic B cells to control refractory hepatic autoimmune overlap syndrome. QJM 2019; 112:793-795. [PMID: 31243454 PMCID: PMC6783609 DOI: 10.1093/qjmed/hcz161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- G D Appanna
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital of Wales, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
| | - T P I Pembroke
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital of Wales, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
| | - K L Miners
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine
| | - D A Price
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine
| | - A M Gallimore
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine
| | - K Ladell
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine
| | - A J Godkin
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital of Wales, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
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Thomson A, Smart K, Somerville MS, Lauder SN, Appanna G, Horwood J, Sunder Raj L, Srivastava B, Durai D, Scurr MJ, Keita ÅV, Gallimore AM, Godkin A. The Ussing chamber system for measuring intestinal permeability in health and disease. BMC Gastroenterol 2019; 19:98. [PMID: 31221083 PMCID: PMC6585111 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-019-1002-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationship between intestinal epithelial integrity and the development of intestinal disease is of increasing interest. A reduction in mucosal integrity has been associated with ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease and potentially could have links with colorectal cancer development. The Ussing chamber system can be utilised as a valuable tool for measuring gut integrity. Here we describe step-by-step methodology required to measure intestinal permeability of both mouse and human colonic tissue samples ex vivo, using the latest equipment and software. This system can be modified to accommodate other tissues. METHODS An Ussing chamber was constructed and adapted to support both mouse and human tissue to measure intestinal permeability, using paracellular flux and electrical measurements. Two mouse models of intestinal inflammation (dextran sodium sulphate treatment and T regulatory cell depletion using C57BL/6-FoxP3DTR mice) were used to validate the system along with human colonic biopsy samples. RESULTS Distinct regional differences in permeability were consistently identified within mouse and healthy human colon. In particular, mice showed increased permeability in the mid colonic region. In humans the left colon is more permeable than the right. Furthermore, inflammatory conditions induced chemically or due to autoimmunity reduced intestinal integrity, validating the use of the system. CONCLUSIONS The Ussing chamber has been used for many years to measure barrier function. However, a clear and informative methods paper describing the setup of modern equipment and step-by-step procedure to measure mouse and human intestinal permeability isn't available. The Ussing chamber system methodology we describe provides such detail to guide investigation of gut integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Thomson
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
- Present address: Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Kathryn Smart
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | | | - Sarah N. Lauder
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Gautham Appanna
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - James Horwood
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - Lawrence Sunder Raj
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - Brijesh Srivastava
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - Dharmaraj Durai
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - Martin J. Scurr
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Åsa V. Keita
- Division of Surgery, Orthopedics & Oncology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Awen M. Gallimore
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Andrew Godkin
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Wales, Cardiff, UK
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8
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May S, Owen H, Phesse TJ, Greenow KR, Jones G, Blackwood A, Cook PC, Towers C, Gallimore AM, Williams GT, Stürzl M, Britzen‐Laurent N, Sansom OJ, MacDonald AS, Bird AP, Clarke AR, Parry L. Mbd2 enables tumourigenesis within the intestine while preventing tumour-promoting inflammation. J Pathol 2018; 245:270-282. [PMID: 29603746 PMCID: PMC6032908 DOI: 10.1002/path.5074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetic regulation plays a key role in the link between inflammation and cancer. Here we examine Mbd2, which mediates epigenetic transcriptional silencing by binding to methylated DNA. In separate studies the Mbd2-/- mouse has been shown (1) to be resistant to intestinal tumourigenesis and (2) to have an enhanced inflammatory/immune response, observations that are inconsistent with the links between inflammation and cancer. To clarify its role in tumourigenesis and inflammation, we used constitutive and conditional models of Mbd2 deletion to explore its epithelial and non-epithelial roles in the intestine. Using a conditional model, we found that suppression of intestinal tumourigenesis is due primarily to the absence of Mbd2 within the epithelia. Next, we demonstrated, using the DSS colitis model, that non-epithelial roles of Mbd2 are key in preventing the transition from acute to tumour-promoting chronic inflammation. Combining models revealed that prior to inflammation the altered Mbd2-/- immune response plays a role in intestinal tumour suppression. However, following inflammation the intestine converts from tumour suppressive to tumour promoting. To summarise, in the intestine the normal function of Mbd2 is exploited by cancer cells to enable tumourigenesis, while in the immune system it plays a key role in preventing tumour-enabling inflammation. Which role is dominant depends on the inflammation status of the intestine. As environmental interactions within the intestine can alter DNA methylation patterns, we propose that Mbd2 plays a key role in determining whether these interactions are anti- or pro-tumourigenic and this makes it a useful new epigenetic model for inflammation-associated carcinogenesis. © 2018 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie May
- European Cancer Stem Cell Research InstituteCardiff University, School of BiosciencesCardiffUK
| | - Heather Owen
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell BiologyUniversity of Edinburgh, Michael Swann BuildingEdinburghUK
| | - Toby J Phesse
- European Cancer Stem Cell Research InstituteCardiff University, School of BiosciencesCardiffUK
| | - Kirsty R Greenow
- European Cancer Stem Cell Research InstituteCardiff University, School of BiosciencesCardiffUK
| | - Gareth‐Rhys Jones
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation ResearchManchesterUK
| | - Adam Blackwood
- European Cancer Stem Cell Research InstituteCardiff University, School of BiosciencesCardiffUK
| | - Peter C Cook
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation ResearchManchesterUK
| | - Christopher Towers
- European Cancer Stem Cell Research InstituteCardiff University, School of BiosciencesCardiffUK
| | - Awen M Gallimore
- Cardiff Institute of Infection and Immunity, Henry Wellcome BuildingCardiffUK
| | - Geraint T Williams
- Institute of Cancer and GeneticsCardiff University School of MedicineCardiffUK
| | - Michael Stürzl
- Division of Molecular and Experimental Surgery, Department of SurgeryFriedrich‐Alexander‐Universität (FAU) Erlangen‐Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum ErlangenErlangenGermany
| | - Nathalie Britzen‐Laurent
- Division of Molecular and Experimental Surgery, Department of SurgeryFriedrich‐Alexander‐Universität (FAU) Erlangen‐Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum ErlangenErlangenGermany
| | | | | | - Adrian P Bird
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell BiologyUniversity of Edinburgh, Michael Swann BuildingEdinburghUK
| | - Alan R Clarke
- European Cancer Stem Cell Research InstituteCardiff University, School of BiosciencesCardiffUK
| | - Lee Parry
- European Cancer Stem Cell Research InstituteCardiff University, School of BiosciencesCardiffUK
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9
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Chen HC, Joalland N, Bridgeman JS, Alchami FS, Jarry U, Khan MWA, Piggott L, Shanneik Y, Li J, Herold MJ, Herrmann T, Price DA, Gallimore AM, Clarkson RW, Scotet E, Moser B, Eberl M. Synergistic targeting of breast cancer stem-like cells by human γδ T cells and CD8 + T cells. Immunol Cell Biol 2017; 95:620-629. [PMID: 28356569 PMCID: PMC5550559 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2017.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The inherent resistance of cancer stem cells (CSCs) to existing therapies has largely hampered the development of effective treatments for advanced malignancy. To help develop novel immunotherapy approaches that efficiently target CSCs, an experimental model allowing reliable distinction of CSCs and non-CSCs was set up to study their interaction with non-MHC-restricted γδ T cells and antigen-specific CD8+ T cells. Stable lines with characteristics of breast CSC-like cells were generated from ras-transformed human mammary epithelial (HMLER) cells as confirmed by their CD44hi CD24lo GD2+ phenotype, their mesenchymal morphology in culture and their capacity to form mammospheres under non-adherent conditions, as well as their potent tumorigenicity, self-renewal and differentiation in xenografted mice. The resistance of CSC-like cells to γδ T cells could be overcome by inhibition of farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (FPPS) through pretreatment with zoledronate or with FPPS-targeting short hairpin RNA. γδ T cells induced upregulation of MHC class I and CD54/ICAM-1 on CSC-like cells and thereby increased the susceptibility to antigen-specific killing by CD8+ T cells. Alternatively, γδ T-cell responses could be specifically directed against CSC-like cells using the humanised anti-GD2 monoclonal antibody hu14.18K322A. Our findings identify a powerful synergism between MHC-restricted and non-MHC-restricted T cells in the eradication of cancer cells including breast CSCs. Our research suggests that novel immunotherapies may benefit from a two-pronged approach combining γδ T-cell and CD8+ T-cell targeting strategies that triggers effective innate-like and tumour-specific adaptive responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Chang Chen
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Noémie Joalland
- INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche 892, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie Nantes Angers, Institut de Recherche en Santé de l’Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche 6299, Nantes, France
| | - John S Bridgeman
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Fouad S Alchami
- Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - Ulrich Jarry
- INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche 892, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie Nantes Angers, Institut de Recherche en Santé de l’Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche 6299, Nantes, France
| | - Mohd Wajid A Khan
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Luke Piggott
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Yasmin Shanneik
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Jianqiang Li
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Marco J Herold
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Thomas Herrmann
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - David A Price
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Awen M Gallimore
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Richard W Clarkson
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Emmanuel Scotet
- INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche 892, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie Nantes Angers, Institut de Recherche en Santé de l’Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche 6299, Nantes, France
| | - Bernhard Moser
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Matthias Eberl
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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10
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Colbeck EJ, Hindley JP, Smart K, Jones E, Bloom A, Bridgeman H, McPherson RC, Turner DG, Ladell K, Price DA, O'Connor RA, Anderton SM, Godkin AJ, Gallimore AM. Eliminating roles for T-bet and IL-2 but revealing superior activation and proliferation as mechanisms underpinning dominance of regulatory T cells in tumors. Oncotarget 2016; 6:24649-59. [PMID: 26433463 PMCID: PMC4694785 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) are often highly enriched within the tumor-infiltrating T cell pool. Using a well-characterised model of carcinogen-induced fibrosarcomas we show that the enriched tumor-infiltrating Treg population comprises largely of CXCR3+ T-bet+ ‘TH1-like’ Tregs which are thymus-derived Helios+ cells. Whilst IL-2 maintains homeostatic ratios of Tregs in lymphoid organs, we found that the perturbation in Treg frequencies in tumors is IL-2 independent. Moreover, we show that the TH1 phenotype of tumor-infiltrating Tregs is dispensable for their ability to influence tumor progression. We did however find that unlike Tconvs, the majority of intra-tumoral Tregs express the activation markers CD69, CD25, ICOS, CD103 and CTLA4 and are significantly more proliferative than Tconvs. Moreover, we have found that CD69+ Tregs are more suppressive than their CD69− counterparts. Collectively, these data indicate superior activation of Tregs in the tumor microenvironment, promoting their suppressive ability and selective proliferation at this site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Colbeck
- Institute of Infection Immunity and Biochemistry, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - James P Hindley
- Institute of Infection Immunity and Biochemistry, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Kathryn Smart
- Institute of Infection Immunity and Biochemistry, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Emma Jones
- Institute of Infection Immunity and Biochemistry, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Anja Bloom
- Institute of Infection Immunity and Biochemistry, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Hayley Bridgeman
- Institute of Infection Immunity and Biochemistry, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Rhoanne C McPherson
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Centre for Multiple Sclerosis Research and Centre for Immunity Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Darryl G Turner
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Centre for Multiple Sclerosis Research and Centre for Immunity Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Kristin Ladell
- Institute of Infection Immunity and Biochemistry, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - David A Price
- Institute of Infection Immunity and Biochemistry, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Richard A O'Connor
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Centre for Multiple Sclerosis Research and Centre for Immunity Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Stephen M Anderton
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Centre for Multiple Sclerosis Research and Centre for Immunity Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Andrew J Godkin
- Institute of Infection Immunity and Biochemistry, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Awen M Gallimore
- Institute of Infection Immunity and Biochemistry, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
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11
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Ford CA, Petrova S, Pound JD, Voss JJLP, Melville L, Paterson M, Farnworth SL, Gallimore AM, Cuff S, Wheadon H, Dobbin E, Ogden CA, Dumitriu IE, Dunbar DR, Murray PG, Ruckerl D, Allen JE, Hume DA, van Rooijen N, Goodlad JR, Freeman TC, Gregory CD. Oncogenic properties of apoptotic tumor cells in aggressive B cell lymphoma. Curr Biol 2015; 25:577-88. [PMID: 25702581 PMCID: PMC4353688 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2014.12.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background Cells undergoing apoptosis are known to modulate their tissue microenvironments. By acting on phagocytes, notably macrophages, apoptotic cells inhibit immunological and inflammatory responses and promote trophic signaling pathways. Paradoxically, because of their potential to cause death of tumor cells and thereby militate against malignant disease progression, both apoptosis and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are often associated with poor prognosis in cancer. We hypothesized that, in progression of malignant disease, constitutive loss of a fraction of the tumor cell population through apoptosis could yield tumor-promoting effects. Results Here, we demonstrate that apoptotic tumor cells promote coordinated tumor growth, angiogenesis, and accumulation of TAMs in aggressive B cell lymphomas. Through unbiased “in situ transcriptomics” analysis—gene expression profiling of laser-captured TAMs to establish their activation signature in situ—we show that these cells are activated to signal via multiple tumor-promoting reparatory, trophic, angiogenic, tissue remodeling, and anti-inflammatory pathways. Our results also suggest that apoptotic lymphoma cells help drive this signature. Furthermore, we demonstrate that, upon induction of apoptosis, lymphoma cells not only activate expression of the tumor-promoting matrix metalloproteinases MMP2 and MMP12 in macrophages but also express and process these MMPs directly. Finally, using a model of malignant melanoma, we show that the oncogenic potential of apoptotic tumor cells extends beyond lymphoma. Conclusions In addition to its profound tumor-suppressive role, apoptosis can potentiate cancer progression. These results have important implications for understanding the fundamental biology of cell death, its roles in malignant disease, and the broader consequences of apoptosis-inducing anti-cancer therapy. Apoptotic lymphoma cells promote tumor growth, angiogenesis, and TAM accumulation Unbiased “in situ transcriptomics” analysis shows TAMs promote pro-tumor pathways Apoptotic tumor cells express and process matrix remodeling proteins The oncogenic potential of apoptotic tumor cells extends beyond lymphoma
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Affiliation(s)
- Catriona A Ford
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Sofia Petrova
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - John D Pound
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Jorine J L P Voss
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Lynsey Melville
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Margaret Paterson
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Sarah L Farnworth
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Awen M Gallimore
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Simone Cuff
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Helen Wheadon
- Paul O'Gorman Leukaemia Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Gartnavel General Hospital, Glasgow G12 0XB, UK
| | - Edwina Dobbin
- University of Edinburgh Departments of Haematology and Pathology, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Carol Anne Ogden
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Ingrid E Dumitriu
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Donald R Dunbar
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK; Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Paul G Murray
- Cancer Research United Kingdom (CRUK) Institute for Cancer Studies, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Dominik Ruckerl
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Judith E Allen
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
| | - David A Hume
- The Roslin Institute, R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Nico van Rooijen
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Free University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - John R Goodlad
- University of Edinburgh Departments of Haematology and Pathology, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Tom C Freeman
- The Roslin Institute, R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Christopher D Gregory
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK.
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12
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Humphreys IR, Stacey MA, Marsden M, Pham TA, Clare S, Dolton G, Stack G, Jones E, Klenerman P, Gallimore AM, Taylor PR, Snelgrove RJ, Lawley TD, Dougan G, Benedict CA, Jones SA, Wilkinson GW. 87. Cytokine 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2014.07.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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13
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Stacey MA, Marsden M, Pham N TA, Clare S, Dolton G, Stack G, Jones E, Klenerman P, Gallimore AM, Taylor PR, Snelgrove RJ, Lawley TD, Dougan G, Benedict CA, Jones SA, Wilkinson GWG, Humphreys IR. Neutrophils recruited by IL-22 in peripheral tissues function as TRAIL-dependent antiviral effectors against MCMV. Cell Host Microbe 2014; 15:471-83. [PMID: 24721575 PMCID: PMC3989063 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2014.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
During primary infection, murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) spreads systemically, resulting in virus replication and pathology in multiple organs. This disseminated infection is ultimately controlled, but the underlying immune defense mechanisms are unclear. Investigating the role of the cytokine IL-22 in MCMV infection, we discovered an unanticipated function for neutrophils as potent antiviral effector cells that restrict viral replication and associated pathogenesis in peripheral organs. NK-, NKT-, and T cell-secreted IL-22 orchestrated antiviral neutrophil-mediated responses via induction in stromal nonhematopoietic tissue of the neutrophil-recruiting chemokine CXCL1. The antiviral effector properties of infiltrating neutrophils were directly linked to the expression of TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL). Our data identify a role for neutrophils in antiviral defense, and establish a functional link between IL-22 and the control of antiviral neutrophil responses that prevents pathogenic herpesvirus infection in peripheral organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Stacey
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, UK
| | - Morgan Marsden
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, UK
| | - Tu Anh Pham N
- Microbial Pathogenesis Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1HH, UK
| | - Simon Clare
- Microbial Pathogenesis Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1HH, UK
| | - Garry Dolton
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, UK
| | - Gabrielle Stack
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, UK
| | - Emma Jones
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, UK
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK
| | - Awen M Gallimore
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, UK
| | - Philip R Taylor
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, UK
| | - Robert J Snelgrove
- Imperial College London, Leukocyte Biology Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Trevor D Lawley
- Microbial Pathogenesis Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1HH, UK
| | - Gordon Dougan
- Microbial Pathogenesis Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1HH, UK
| | - Chris A Benedict
- Division of Immune Regulation, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Simon A Jones
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, UK
| | - Gavin W G Wilkinson
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, UK
| | - Ian R Humphreys
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, UK.
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14
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Pembroke T, Christian A, Jones E, Hills RK, Wang ECY, Gallimore AM, Godkin A. The paradox of NKp46+ natural killer cells: drivers of severe hepatitis C virus-induced pathology but in-vivo resistance to interferon α treatment. Gut 2014; 63:515-24. [PMID: 23665989 PMCID: PMC3932740 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2013-304472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There is evidence that natural killer (NK) cells help control persistent viral infections including hepatitis C virus (HCV). The phenotype and function of blood and intrahepatic NK cells, in steady state and after interferon (IFN) α treatment has not been fully elucidated. DESIGN We performed a comparison of NK cells derived from blood and intrahepatic compartments in multiple paired samples from patients with a variety of chronic liver diseases. Furthermore, we obtained serial paired samples from an average of five time points in HCV patients treated with IFNα. RESULTS Liver NK cells demonstrate a distinct activated phenotype compared to blood manifested as downregulation of the NK cell activation receptors CD16, NKG2D, and NKp30; with increased spontaneous degranulation and IFN production. In contrast, NKp46 expression was not downregulated. Indeed, NKp46-rich NK populations were the most activated, correlating closely with the severity of liver inflammation. Following initiation of IFNα treatment there was a significant increase in the proportion of intrahepatic NK cells at days 1 and 3. NKp46-rich NK populations demonstrated no reserve activation capacity with IFNα treatment and were associated with poor viral control on treatment and treatment failure. CONCLUSIONS NKp46 marks out pathologically activated NK cells, which may result from a loss of homeostatic control of activating receptor expression in HCV. Paradoxically these pathological NK cells do not appear to be involved in viral control in IFNα-treated individuals and, indeed, predict slower rates of viral clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Pembroke
- Institute of Infection & Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Adam Christian
- Department of Histopathology, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - Emma Jones
- Institute of Infection & Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Robert K Hills
- Haematology Trials Unit, Institute of Translation, Innovation, Methodology and Engagement, Cardiff University, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - Eddie C Y Wang
- Institute of Infection & Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Awen M Gallimore
- Institute of Infection & Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Andrew Godkin
- Institute of Infection & Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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15
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Lauder SN, Jones E, Smart K, Bloom A, Williams AS, Hindley JP, Ondondo B, Taylor PR, Clement M, Fielding C, Godkin AJ, Jones SA, Gallimore AM. Interleukin-6 limits influenza-induced inflammation and protects against fatal lung pathology. Eur J Immunol 2013; 43:2613-25. [PMID: 23857287 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201243018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Revised: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Balancing the generation of immune responses capable of controlling virus replication with those causing immunopathology is critical for the survival of the host and resolution of influenza-induced inflammation. Based on the capacity of interleukin-6 (IL-6) to govern both optimal T-cell responses and inflammatory resolution, we hypothesised that IL-6 plays an important role in maintaining this balance. Comparison of innate and adaptive immune responses in influenza-infected wild-type control and IL-6-deficient mice revealed striking differences in virus clearance, lung immunopathology and generation of heterosubtypic immunity. Mice lacking IL-6 displayed a profound defect in their ability to mount an anti-viral T-cell response. Failure to adequately control virus was further associated with an enhanced infiltration of inflammatory monocytes into the lung and an elevated production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines, IFN-α and TNF-α. These events were associated with severe lung damage, characterised by profound vascular leakage and death. Our data highlight an essential role for IL-6 in orchestrating anti-viral immunity through an ability to limit inflammation, promote protective adaptive immune responses and prevent fatal immunopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah N Lauder
- Cardiff Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
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16
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Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells provide an immediate first line of defence against viral infections. Memory responses, maintained by CD4(+) T cells, require exposure to viral antigen and provide long-term protection against future infections. It is known that NK cells can promote the development of the adaptive response through cytokine production and cross-talk with antigen-presenting cells. In this paper however, we summarize a series of recent publications, in mouse models and for the first time in man, with the unifying message that rapid viral antigen control by the innate immune system limits antigen exposure to CD4(+) cells thereby abrogating the development of a memory response. We discuss the significant implication of these studies on viral treatment strategies and immunization models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P I Pembroke
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- Awen M Gallimore
- School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
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18
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Humphreys IR, Clement M, Marsden M, Ladell K, McLaren JE, Smart K, Hindley JP, Bridgeman HM, van den Berg HA, Price DA, Ager A, Wooldridge L, Godkin A, Gallimore AM. Avidity of influenza-specific memory CD8+ T-cell populations decays over time compromising antiviral immunity. Eur J Immunol 2012; 42:3235-42. [PMID: 22965681 PMCID: PMC3657127 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201242575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Revised: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Decline of cell-mediated immunity is often attributed to decaying T-cell numbers and their distribution in peripheral organs. This study examined the hypothesis that qualitative as well as quantitative changes contribute to the declining efficacy of CD8(+) T-cell memory. Using a model of influenza virus infection, where loss of protective CD8(+) T-cell immunity was observed 6 months postinfection, we found no decline in antigen-specific T-cell numbers or migration to the site of secondary infection. There was, however, a large reduction in antigen-specific CD8(+) T-cell degranulation, cytokine secretion, and polyfunctionality. A profound loss of high-avidity T cells over time indicated that failure to confer protective immunity resulted from the inferior functional capacity of remaining low avidity cells. These data imply that high-avidity central memory T cells wane with declining antigen levels, leaving lower avidity T cells with reduced functional capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian R Humphreys
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
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19
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Hindley JP, Jones E, Smart K, Bridgeman H, Lauder SN, Ondondo B, Cutting S, Ladell K, Wynn KK, Withers D, Price DA, Ager A, Godkin AJ, Gallimore AM. T-cell trafficking facilitated by high endothelial venules is required for tumor control after regulatory T-cell depletion. Cancer Res 2012; 72:5473-82. [PMID: 22962270 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-1912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of immune blockades in tumors limits successful antitumor immunity, but the mechanisms underlying this process are not fully understood. Depletion of regulatory T cells (Treg), a T-cell subset that dampens excessive inflammatory and autoreactive responses, can allow activation of tumor-specific T cells. However, cancer immunotherapy studies have shown that a persistent failure of activated lymphocytes to infiltrate tumors remains a fundamental problem. In evaluating this issue, we found that despite an increase in T-cell activation and proliferation following Treg depletion, there was no significant association with tumor growth rate. In contrast, there was a highly significant association between low tumor growth rate and the extent of T-cell infiltration. Further analyses revealed a total concordance between low tumor growth rate, high T-cell infiltration, and the presence of high endothelial venules (HEV). HEV are blood vessels normally found in secondary lymphoid tissue where they are specialized for lymphocyte recruitment. Thus, our findings suggest that Treg depletion may promote HEV neogenesis, facilitating increased lymphocyte infiltration and destruction of the tumor tissue. These findings are important as they point to a hitherto unidentified role of Tregs, the manipulation of which may refine strategies for more effective cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P Hindley
- Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Henry Wellcome Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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Pembroke T, Rees I, Gallagher K, Jones E, Mizen P, Navruzov T, Freedman A, Fielding C, Humphreys IR, Wang ECY, Gallimore AM, Godkin A. Rapid early innate control of hepatitis C virus during IFN-α treatment compromises adaptive CD4+ T-cell immunity. Eur J Immunol 2012; 42:2383-94. [PMID: 22653709 PMCID: PMC3781703 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201142072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Revised: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 04/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The ability to control HCV with IFN-α-based treatments provides an opportunity in humans to study how the rate of viral clearance in vivo impinges on the development of antiviral responses. Ex vivo (IFN-γ-producing) and cultured antiviral CD4+ T cells, serum cytokines, and viral loads were measured repeatedly in a cohort of chronically HCV-infected subjects (n = 33) receiving IFN-α. Rapid control of virus indicated by an increased calculated rate of virus clearance, occurred in those subjects demonstrating absent/minimal T-cell responses (p < 0.0006). Surprisingly, in subjects who demonstrated the most robust T-cell responses (and reduced serum IL-10), there was actually a reduced rate of early virus clearance. A subsequent analysis of NK-cell function in available subjects (n = 8) revealed an inverse correlation between pretreatment NK-cell expression of NKp46 and the potential to upregulate cytotoxic function on exposure to IFN-α (p < 0.004), as well as the subsequent measured rate of viral clearance (p = 0.045). Thus, the CD4+ T-cell response during IFN-α treatment appears to be shaped by the rate of innate virus suppression. These data suggest that individuals who respond most effectively to immune intervention may be most in need of subsequent vaccination to prevent reinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Pembroke
- School of Medicine, Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, The Henry Wellcome Building, Cardiff, UK
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21
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Twohig JP, Marsden M, Cuff SM, Ferdinand JR, Gallimore AM, Perks WV, Al-Shamkhani A, Humphreys IR, Wang ECY. The death receptor 3/TL1A pathway is essential for efficient development of antiviral CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T-cell immunity. FASEB J 2012; 26:3575-86. [PMID: 22593543 DOI: 10.1096/fj.11-200618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Death receptor 3 (DR3, TNFRSF25), the closest family relative to tumor necrosis factor receptor 1, promotes CD4(+) T-cell-driven inflammatory disease. We investigated the in vivo role of DR3 and its ligand TL1A in viral infection, by challenging DR3-deficient (DR3(KO)) mice and their DR3(WT) littermates with the β-herpesvirus murine cytomegalovirus or the poxvirus vaccinia virus. The phenotype and function of splenic T-cells were analyzed using flow cytometry and molecular biological techniques. We report surface expression of DR3 by naive CD8(+) T cells, with TCR activation increasing its levels 4-fold and altering the ratio of DR3 splice variants. T-cell responses were reduced up to 90% in DR3(KO) mice during acute infection. Adoptive transfer experiments indicated this was dependent on T-cell-restricted expression of DR3. DR3-dependent CD8(+) T-cell expansion was NK and CD4 independent and due to proliferation, not decreased cell death. Notably, impaired immunity in DR3(KO) hosts on a C57BL/6 background was associated with 4- to 7-fold increases in viral loads during the acute phase of infection, and in mice with suboptimal NK responses was essential for survival (37.5%). This is the first description of DR3 regulating virus-specific T-cell function in vivo and uncovers a critical role for DR3 in mediating antiviral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason P Twohig
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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22
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Cole DK, Gallagher K, Lemercier B, Holland CJ, Junaid S, Hindley JP, Wynn KK, Gostick E, Sewell AK, Gallimore AM, Ladell K, Price DA, Gougeon ML, Godkin A. Modification of the carboxy-terminal flanking region of a universal influenza epitope alters CD4⁺ T-cell repertoire selection. Nat Commun 2012; 3:665. [PMID: 22314361 PMCID: PMC3293629 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms1665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2011] [Accepted: 01/05/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Human CD4+ αβ T cells are activated via T-cell receptor recognition of peptide epitopes presented by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II (MHC-II). The open ends of the MHC-II binding groove allow peptide epitopes to extend beyond a central nonamer core region at both the amino- and carboxy-terminus. We have previously found that these non-bound C-terminal residues can alter T cell activation in an MHC allele-transcending fashion, although the mechanism for this effect remained unclear. Here we show that modification of the C-terminal peptide-flanking region of an influenza hemagglutinin (HA305−320) epitope can alter T-cell receptor binding affinity, T-cell activation and repertoire selection of influenza-specific CD4+ T cells expanded from peripheral blood. These data provide the first demonstration that changes in the C-terminus of the peptide-flanking region can substantially alter T-cell receptor binding affinity, and indicate a mechanism through which peptide flanking residues could influence repertoire selection. Epitopes presented by MHC-II molecules bind to T-cell receptors to activate CD4+ T cells. In this study, changes in the carboxy-terminal region of the influenza hemagglutinin epitope HA305-320 alters the strength of binding to the T-cell receptor, thus modulating T-cell receptor usage and activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David K Cole
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, The Henry Wellcome Building, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, UK
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23
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Clement M, Ladell K, Ekeruche-Makinde J, Miles JJ, Edwards ESJ, Dolton G, Williams T, Schauenburg AJA, Cole DK, Lauder SN, Gallimore AM, Godkin AJ, Burrows SR, Price DA, Sewell AK, Wooldridge L. Anti-CD8 antibodies can trigger CD8+ T cell effector function in the absence of TCR engagement and improve peptide-MHCI tetramer staining. J Immunol 2011; 187:654-63. [PMID: 21677135 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1003941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CD8(+) T cells recognize immunogenic peptides presented at the cell surface bound to MHCI molecules. Ag recognition involves the binding of both TCR and CD8 coreceptor to the same peptide-MHCI (pMHCI) ligand. Specificity is determined by the TCR, whereas CD8 mediates effects on Ag sensitivity. Anti-CD8 Abs have been used extensively to examine the role of CD8 in CD8(+) T cell activation. However, as previous studies have yielded conflicting results, it is unclear from the literature whether anti-CD8 Abs per se are capable of inducing effector function. In this article, we report on the ability of seven monoclonal anti-human CD8 Abs to activate six human CD8(+) T cell clones with a total of five different specificities. Six of seven anti-human CD8 Abs tested did not activate CD8(+) T cells. In contrast, one anti-human CD8 Ab, OKT8, induced effector function in all CD8(+) T cells examined. Moreover, OKT8 was found to enhance TCR/pMHCI on-rates and, as a consequence, could be used to improve pMHCI tetramer staining and the visualization of Ag-specific CD8(+) T cells. The anti-mouse CD8 Abs, CT-CD8a and CT-CD8b, also activated CD8(+) T cells despite opposing effects on pMHCI tetramer staining. The observed heterogeneity in the ability of anti-CD8 Abs to trigger T cell effector function provides an explanation for the apparent incongruity observed in previous studies and should be taken into consideration when interpreting results generated with these reagents. Furthermore, the ability of Ab-mediated CD8 engagement to deliver an activation signal underscores the importance of CD8 in CD8(+) T cell signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew Clement
- Cardiff University School of Medicine, University Hospital, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
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24
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Lauder SN, Taylor PR, Clark SR, Evans RL, Hindley JP, Smart K, Leach H, Kidd EJ, Broadley KJ, Jones SA, Wise MP, Godkin AJ, O'Donnell V, Gallimore AM. Paracetamol reduces influenza-induced immunopathology in a mouse model of infection without compromising virus clearance or the generation of protective immunity. Thorax 2011; 66:368-74. [PMID: 21310755 PMCID: PMC3088439 DOI: 10.1136/thx.2010.150318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Seasonal influenza A infection affects a significant cohort of the global population annually, resulting in considerable morbidity and mortality. Therapeutic strategies are of limited efficacy, and during a pandemic outbreak would only be available to a minority of the global population. Over-the-counter medicines are routinely taken by individuals suffering from influenza, but few studies have been conducted to determine their effectiveness in reducing pulmonary immunopathology or the influence they exert upon the generation of protective immunity. METHODS A mouse model of influenza infection was utilised to assess the efficacy of paracetamol (acetaminophen) in reducing influenza-induced pathology and to examine whether paracetamol affects generation of protective immunity. RESULTS Administration (intraperitoneal) of paracetamol significantly decreased the infiltration of inflammatory cells into the airway spaces, reduced pulmonary immunopathology associated with acute infection and improved the overall lung function of mice, without adversely affecting the induction of virus-specific adaptive responses. Mice treated with paracetamol exhibited an ability to resist a second infection with heterologous virus comparable with that of untreated mice. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that paracetamol dramatically reduces the morbidity associated with influenza but does not compromise the development of adaptive immune responses. Overall, these data support the utility of paracetamol for reducing the clinical symptoms associated with influenza virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah N Lauder
- Department of Infection, Immunity & Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.
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25
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Ruge F, Glavini A, Gallimore AM, Richards HE, Thomas CP, O'Donnell VB, Philpott MP, Porter RM. Delineating immune-mediated mechanisms underlying hair follicle destruction in the mouse mutant defolliculated. J Invest Dermatol 2010; 131:572-9. [PMID: 21160494 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2010.379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Defolliculated (Gsdma3(Dfl)/+) mice have a hair loss phenotype that involves an aberrant hair cycle, altered sebaceous gland differentiation with reduced sebum production, chronic inflammation, and ultimately the loss of the hair follicle. Hair loss in these mice is similar to that seen in primary cicatricial, or scarring alopecias in which immune targeting of hair follicle stem cells has been proposed as a key factor resulting in permanent hair follicle destruction. In this study we examine the mechanism of hair loss in GsdmA3(Dfl)/+ mice. Aberrant expression patterns of stem cell markers during the hair cycle, in addition to aberrant behavior of the melanocytes leading to ectopic pigmentation of the hair follicle and epidermis, indicated the stem cell niche was not maintained. An autoimmune mechanism was excluded by crossing the mice with rag1-/- mice. However, large numbers of macrophages and increased expression of ICAM-1 were still present and may be involved either directly or indirectly in the hair loss. Reverse transcriptase-PCR (RT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry of sebaceous gland differentiation markers revealed reduced peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ), a potential cause of reduced sebum production, as well as the potential involvement of the innate immune system in the hair loss. As reduced PPARγ expression has recently been implicated as a cause for lichen planopilaris, these mice may be useful for testing therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Ruge
- Department of Dermatology and Wound Healing, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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26
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Gallagher KME, Lauder S, Rees IW, Gallimore AM, Godkin AJ. Type I interferon (IFN alpha) acts directly on human memory CD4+ T cells altering their response to antigen. J Immunol 2009; 183:2915-20. [PMID: 19667099 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0801607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Despite its use widely as a therapeutic agent, and proposed use as vaccine adjuvant, the effect of IFNalpha on T cell function is poorly understood. As a pleiotropic innate cytokine produced rapidly in response to pathogens, it is well placed to impinge on specific immune responses. The aim of this study was to examine the impact of IFNalpha on the function of human memory CD4(+) T cells using the recall Ags purified protein derivative, tetanus toxoid, and hemagglutinin. IFNalpha administered either in vivo or added exogenously in vitro tended to enhance proliferative responses of purified protein derivative-specific T cells in marked contrast to the other cognate populations whose responses were often diminished. Purifying the memory CD4(+)CD45RO(+) T cells confirmed IFNalpha acted directly on these cells and not via an intermediate. The T cells could be divided into two broad categories depending on how IFNalpha effected their responses to cognate Ag: 1) enhanced proliferation and a striking increase in IFNgamma-production compared with smaller increases in IL-10 (increased ratio of IFNgamma:IL-10), and 2) neutral or diminished proliferation coupled with a smaller increase in IFNgamma relative to the increase in IL-10 (reduced IFNgamma:IL-10 ratio). IFNalpha has a role in modifying memory T cell responses when they are exposed to cognate Ag and may be important in vaccination strategies designed to augment particular Th memory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M E Gallagher
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Immunology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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27
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Sivasankar B, Longhi MP, Gallagher KME, Betts GJ, Morgan BP, Godkin AJ, Gallimore AM. CD59 blockade enhances antigen-specific CD4+ T cell responses in humans: a new target for cancer immunotherapy? J Immunol 2009; 182:5203-7. [PMID: 19380765 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0804243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
CD59, a broadly expressed GPI-anchored molecule, regulates formation of the membrane attack complex of the complement cascade. We previously demonstrated that mouse CD59 also down-modulates CD4(+) T cell activity in vivo. In this study, we explored the role of CD59 on human CD4(+) T cells. Our data demonstrate that CD59 is up-regulated on activated CD4(+) T cells and serves to down-modulate their activity in response to polyclonal and Ag-specific stimulation. The therapeutic potential of this finding was explored using T cells isolated from colorectal cancer patients. The findings were striking and indicated that blockade of CD59 significantly enhanced the CD4(+) T cell response to two different tumor Ags. These data highlight the potential for manipulating CD59 expression on T cells for boosting weak immune responses, such as those found in individuals with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baalasubramanian Sivasankar
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Immunology, Henry Wellcome Building, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
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28
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29
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Sivasankar B, Matthews RJ, Donev RM, Gallagher K, Gallimore AM, Morgan BP. A shRNA mediated knockdown approach to understand the role of CD59 in regulation of human CD4+ T cells. Mol Immunol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2007.06.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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30
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Abstract
The interaction between T cell receptors (TCR) and peptide-major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) antigens can lead to varying degrees of agonism (T cell activation), or antagonism. The P14 TCR recognises the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV)-derived peptide, gp33 residues 33–41 (KAVYNFATC), presented in the context of H-2Db. The cellular responses to various related H-2Db peptide ligands are very well characterised, and P14 TCR-transgenic mice have been used extensively in models of virus infection, autoimmunity and tumour rejection. Here, we analyse the binding of the P14 soluble TCR to a broad panel of related H-2Db-peptide complexes by surface plasmon resonance, and compare this with their diverse cellular responses. P14 TCR binds H-2Db-gp33 with a KD of 3 µM (±0.5 µM), typical of an immunodominant antiviral TCR, but with unusually fast kinetics (koff=1 s−1), corresponding to a half-life of 0.7 s at 25°C, outside the range previously observed for murine agonist TCR/pMHC interactions. The most striking feature of these data is that a very short half-life does not preclude the ability of a TCR/pMHC interaction to induce antiviral immunity, autoimmune disease and tumour rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Boulter
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Immunology, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK.
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31
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Clarke SL, Betts GJ, Plant A, Wright KL, El-Shanawany TM, Harrop R, Torkington J, Rees BI, Williams GT, Gallimore AM, Godkin AJ. CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ regulatory T cells suppress anti-tumor immune responses in patients with colorectal cancer. PLoS One 2006; 1:e129. [PMID: 17205133 PMCID: PMC1762416 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0000129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2006] [Accepted: 11/14/2006] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A wealth of evidence obtained using mouse models indicates that CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ regulatory T cells (Treg) maintain peripheral tolerance to self-antigens and also inhibit anti-tumor immune responses. To date there is limited information about CD4+ T cell responses in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). We set out to measure T cell responses to a tumor-associated antigen and examine whether Treg impinge on those anti-tumor immune responses in CRC patients. Methodology and Principal Findings Treg were identified and characterized as CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ using flow cytometry. An increased frequency of Treg was demonstrated in both peripheral blood and mesenteric lymph nodes of patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) compared with either healthy controls or patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Depletion of Treg from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of CRC patients unmasked CD4+ T cell responses, as observed by IFNγ release, to the tumor associated antigen 5T4, whereas no effect was observed in a healthy age-matched control group. Conclusions/Significance Collectively, these data demonstrate that Treg capable of inhibiting tumor associated antigen-specific immune responses are enriched in patients with CRC. These results support a rationale for manipulating Treg to enhance cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L. Clarke
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Immunology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
| | - Gareth J. Betts
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Immunology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Plant
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Immunology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Kate L. Wright
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Immunology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Tariq M. El-Shanawany
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Immunology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jared Torkington
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Brian I. Rees
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | | | - Awen M. Gallimore
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Immunology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J. Godkin
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Immunology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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Betts GJ, Clarke SL, Richards HE, Godkin AJ, Gallimore AM. Regulating the immune response to tumours. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2006; 58:948-61. [PMID: 17070961 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2006.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2006] [Accepted: 07/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Naturally occurring regulatory T cells (Tregs) have been shown to suppress immune responses to self-antigens, thereby limiting autoimmunity. In the case of tumours, where immune responses to self-antigens are beneficial and lead to elimination of the tumour, such suppressive activity is actually detrimental to the host. Manipulation of Tregs holds great promise for the immunotherapy of cancer. Several studies performed using rodent models and indicate that Tregs cells inhibit effective anti-tumour immune responses and that their removal promotes tumour rejection. The increasing number of studies of Tregs in patients with cancer also point to a role for these cells in promoting disease progression. This review summarises the findings of these studies and addresses the advantages and potential pitfalls of manipulating Treg activity for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth J Betts
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Immunology, Cardiff University, Henry Wellcome Building, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
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33
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Morgan BP, Marchbank KJ, Longhi MP, Harris CL, Gallimore AM. Complement: central to innate immunity and bridging to adaptive responses. Immunol Lett 2004; 97:171-9. [PMID: 15752555 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2004.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2004] [Revised: 10/27/2004] [Accepted: 11/07/2004] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The complement system, a pillar of innate immunity, has belatedly become recognised as a key modulator of adaptive immunity, acting to direct, modulate and modify the responses of lymphocytes to stimuli. These effects are mediated by interactions between complement components or activation-derived fragments and specific binding proteins--complement receptors and regulators--on the target cells. This review will describe the current state of knowledge in this swiftly moving field. It is hoped that the recognition of these properties will help to establish complement in the role it richly deserves as the lynchpin of immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Paul Morgan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Immunology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.
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