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Kundisová I, Colom H, Juan ME, Planas JM. Pharmacokinetics of Hydroxytyrosol and Its Sulfate and Glucuronide Metabolites after the Oral Administration of Table Olives to Sprague-Dawley Rats. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:2154-2164. [PMID: 38232316 PMCID: PMC10835732 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c06431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetics (PK) of hydroxytyrosol and its metabolites were characterized following oral administration to Sprague-Dawley rats of 3.85 and 7.70 g of destoned Arbequina table olives/kg. Plasma samples were analyzed using a fully validated method consisting of liquid extraction followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Noncompartmental PK analysis of hydroxytyrosol demonstrated linear PK between doses of 2.95 and 5.85 mg hydroxytyrosol/kg. Half-life was approximately 2.5 h, while mean residence time was around 4 h. Clearance occurred by conversion to two sulfate and two glucuronide conjugates. The area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) ratios of metabolites versus parent hydroxytyrosol was approximately 7-9-fold for the sulfate and below 0.25 for the glucuronide, indicating sulfation as the predominant metabolic pathway. Despite extensive metabolism, hydroxytyrosol remained in plasma for up to 8 h with AUCs of 4293 and 8919 min·nmol/L for the doses of 3.85 and 7.70 g/kg, respectively. Therefore, table olives provide a more sustained plasma profile than other foods containing hydroxytyrosol, which may enhance its health-protecting activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Kundisová
- Grup
de Fisiologia i Nutrició Experimental, Departament de Bioquímica
i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació
and Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària
(INSA-UB, María de Maeztu Unit of Excellence), Universitat de Barcelona (UB) and Food Innovation
Network (XIA), Av. Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Helena Colom
- Grup
de Farmacocinètica, Famacodinàmia i Farmacogenòmica
Poblacional, Departament de Farmàcia i Tecnologia Farmacèutica,
i Fisicoquímica, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències
de l’Alimentació, Universitat
de Barcelona (UB), Av.
Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - M. Emília Juan
- Grup
de Fisiologia i Nutrició Experimental, Departament de Bioquímica
i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació
and Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària
(INSA-UB, María de Maeztu Unit of Excellence), Universitat de Barcelona (UB) and Food Innovation
Network (XIA), Av. Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joana M. Planas
- Grup
de Fisiologia i Nutrició Experimental, Departament de Bioquímica
i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació
and Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària
(INSA-UB, María de Maeztu Unit of Excellence), Universitat de Barcelona (UB) and Food Innovation
Network (XIA), Av. Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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Graham JC, Wong L, Adedeji AO, Kusi A, Lee B, Lee D, Dybdal N. Fostering Animal Welfare and Advancing 3Rs Principles through the Establishment of a 3Rs Advisory Group. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3863. [PMID: 38136900 PMCID: PMC10740783 DOI: 10.3390/ani13243863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Based on the current state of science, the use of animals remains essential in bringing safe and effective medicines to patients. Respect for laboratory animal welfare and the application of 3Rs principles (the replacement, reduction, and refinement of animal use in research) are a priority throughout the pharmaceutical industry. Given the rapid pace of development, technological progress, and the emergence of new-approach methodologies (NAMs) in the field of biomedical research, maintaining a leading position in scientific advancements with a focus on the principles of replace, reduce, and refine (3Rs) can be quite challenging. To effectively address these challenges and sustain a prominent position in the scientific community, organizations can derive significant advantages from establishing an internal 3Rs advisory group (3Rs AG). The primary objective of a 3Rs AG is to stay at the forefront of the knowledge of best practices related to the 3Rs principles in the industry. This group plays a crucial role in fostering innovation and facilitating the seamless integration and implementation of 3Rs principles into a company's policies and procedures. The thoughtful reduction in and replacement of animal studies and the refinement of study designs and practices, enabled by a 3Rs AG, can minimize animal use as well as guide resources and positively impact study and data quality. This article provides guidance on how to establish a successful and impactful 3Rs AG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica C. Graham
- Product Quality and Occupational Toxicology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Lisa Wong
- Non-Clinical Operations, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA; (L.W.); (A.K.)
| | - Adeyemi O. Adedeji
- Safety Assessment Pathology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA; (A.O.A.); (B.L.); (N.D.)
| | - Aija Kusi
- Non-Clinical Operations, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA; (L.W.); (A.K.)
| | - Becky Lee
- Safety Assessment Pathology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA; (A.O.A.); (B.L.); (N.D.)
| | - Donna Lee
- Safety Assessment Toxicology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA;
| | - Noel Dybdal
- Safety Assessment Pathology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA; (A.O.A.); (B.L.); (N.D.)
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Karp NA, Coleman L, Cotton P, Powles-Glover N, Wilson A. Impact of repeated micro and macro blood sampling on clinical chemistry and haematology in rats for toxicokinetic studies. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2023; 141:105386. [PMID: 37085139 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2023.105386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
Non-clinical rodent safety studies are essential in the development of new medicines to assess for potential adverse effects. Typically, toxicokinetic samples are collected from a satellite group. AstraZeneca implemented repeated microsampling of main study animals as standard in the one-month small molecule regulatory toxicology studies. A retrospective analysis of the clinical chemistry and haematology data collected in 52 independent studies from the adult rat controls explored the impact of micro and macro sampling of main study animals. For the majority of variables, the blood sampling technique had no significant impact on the mean or range. For microsampling, a few variables had statistically significant effects on the mean signal but these were considered to have limited biological relevance and would therefore not introduce a meaningful bias to any toxicological evaluation. The macrosampling had the expected effects on the red cell parameters of haemoglobin, haematocrit and red blood count due to the larger blood volume draw. In contrast, microsampling showed no such changes. In conclusion, this large-scale retrospective analysis supports the use of microsampling, for toxicokinetics, of main study animals and enables us to conduct rodent toxicology studies without satellite animals and further reduce the number of animals used in toxicological assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha A Karp
- Data Sciences & Quantitative Biology, Discovery Sciences, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Louise Coleman
- Charles River Laboratories Edinburgh Ltd, Elphinstone Research Centre, Tranent, East Lothian, EH33 2NE, UK
| | - Peter Cotton
- Peter Cotton Consultancy Limited, 6 Thoresway Road, Wilmslow, Cheshire, SK9 6LJ, UK
| | - Nicola Powles-Glover
- Regulatory Toxicology and Safety Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Amanda Wilson
- Discovery Bioanalysis Europe, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, Babraham Research Campus, Flemming Building 623, Babraham, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK.
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Fabian NJ, Moody DE, Averin O, Fang WB, Jamiel M, Fox JG, Burns MA, Haupt JL. Pharmacokinetics of Single-Dose Intramuscular and Subcutaneous Injections of Buprenorphine in Common Marmosets ( Callithrix jacchus). JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE : JAALAS 2021; 60:568-575. [PMID: 34281629 PMCID: PMC8603367 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-jaalas-20-000151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Although buprenorphine is the most frequently used opioid analgesic in common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus), there is limited information in the literature supporting current dosing regimens used for this species. The purpose of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetic profiles of single-dose buprenorphine HCl administered intramuscularly (IM) at 0.01 mg/kg in 6 adult marmosets (1.8 to 12.8 y old; 2 males, 4 females) and subcutaneously (SQ) at 0.01 mg/kg in 6 adult marmo- sets (2.3-4.4 y old; 3 males, 3 females) by mass spectrometry. Blood was collected at multiple time points from 0.25 to 24 h from unsedated animals following a hybrid sparse-serial sampling design. The maximal observed plasma concentration of buprenorphine (Cmax ) administered IM (2.57 ± 0.95 ng/mL) was significantly higher than administered SQ (1.47 ± 0.61 ng/mL). However, the time to Cmax (Tmax) was not statistically different between routes (17.4 ± 6 min for IM and 19.8 ± 7.8 min for SQ). The time of the last quantifiable concentration of buprenorphine was 5 ± 1.67 h for IM compared with 6.33 ± 1.51 h for SQ, which was not statistically different. The mean buprenorphine plasma concentration-time curves were used to propose a dosing frequency of 4 to 6 h for buprenorphine at 0.01 mg/kg IM or SQ based on a theoretical therapeutic plasma concentration threshold of 0.1 ng/mL. Based on the mean pharmacokinetic parameters and plasma-concentration time curves, both IM and SQ routes of buprenorphine at this dose provide a rapid increase in the plasma concentration of buprenorphine above the therapeutic threshold, and may be more effective for acute rather than long-lasting analgesia. Further studies are needed to examine repeated dosing regimens and the efficacy of buprenorphine in common marmosets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niora J Fabian
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts;,
| | - David E Moody
- Center for Human Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Olga Averin
- Center for Human Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Wenfang B Fang
- Center for Human Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Morgan Jamiel
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - James G Fox
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Monika A Burns
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Jennifer L Haupt
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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Valic MS, Halim M, Schimmer P, Zheng G. Guidelines for the experimental design of pharmacokinetic studies with nanomaterials in preclinical animal models. J Control Release 2020; 323:83-101. [PMID: 32278829 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A shared feature in the value proposition of every nanomaterial-based drug delivery systems is the desirable improvement in the disposition (or ADME) and pharmacokinetic profiles of the encapsulated drug being delivered. Remarkable progress has been made towards understanding the complex and multifactorial relationships between pharmacokinetic profiles and nanomaterial physicochemical properties, biological interactions, species physiology, etc. These advances have fuelled the rational design of numerous nanomaterials with long-circulation times and improved tissue accumulation (e.g., in tumours). Unfortunately, a central weakness in many of these research efforts has been the inconsistent and insufficient characterisation of the pharmacokinetic profiles of nanomaterials in scientific reporting-a problem affecting the majoirty of of contemporary nanomaterials literature and innovative nanomaterials in early stages of preclinical development especially. Given the significant role of pharmacokinetic assessments to serve as guideposts for deciding whether to continue with the preclinical development and clinical translation of drug delivery systems, the prevalence of poor pharmacokinetic characterisations in nanomaterials research is particularly alarming. A conspicuous problem in many reports is the inappropriate selection of experimental designs and methodologies for studying nanomaterial pharmacokinetics, the consequences of which are increased uncertainty over the accurate interpretation of reported pharmacokinetic data and diminished experimental reproducibility throughout the field. Thus, there is renewed interest in the establishment of consistent and comprehensive strategies for designing preclinical experiments to assess the pharmacokinetics of nanomaterials with diverse physicochemical properties. Towards this end, herein are proposed simple guidelines for the experimental design of pharmacokinetic studies with nanomaterials drawn from the best research practices, principle strategies, and important considerations used in industry for collecting pharmacokinetic data in preclinical animal models. Specifically, key experimental design factors in these studies are identified and examined in the context of nanomaterials for optimality, including blood sampling strategy and technique, sample allocation and sampling time window, test species selection, experimental sources of pharmacokinetic variability, etc. Methods for noninvasive imaging-derived pharmacokinetic assessments of theranostic nanomaterials are also explored with particular focus on emission tomography imaging modalities. Taken together, this review will provide nanomaterial researchers with practical knowledge and pragmatic recommendations for selecting the best designs and methodologies for assessing the pharmacokinetic profiles of their nanomaterials, and hopefully maximise the chances of translational success of these innovative products into humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Valic
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Princess Margaret Cancer Research Tower, 101 College Street, Room 5-354, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Michael Halim
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Princess Margaret Cancer Research Tower, 101 College Street, Room 5-354, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Pamela Schimmer
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Princess Margaret Cancer Research Tower, 101 College Street, Room 5-354, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Gang Zheng
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Princess Margaret Cancer Research Tower, 101 College Street, Room 5-354, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Princess Margaret Cancer Research Tower, Room 15-701, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada.
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6
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Ghanaati S, Al-Maawi S, Herrera-Vizcaino C, Alves GG, Calasans-Maia MD, Sader R, Kirkpatrick CJ, Choukroun J, Bonig H, Mourão CFDAB. A Proof of the Low Speed Centrifugation Concept in Rodents: New Perspectives for In Vivo Research. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2019; 24:659-670. [PMID: 30358494 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2018.0236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPACT STATEMENT This study evaluated for the first time the composition and bioactivity of platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) produced from small animal blood by reducing the initial blood volume needed for the preparation of PRF from 10 to 3 mL. The results showed that different preparation protocols of PRF produced using 3 mL of animal blood exhibit the same composition, properties, and bioactivity as PRF prepared using 10 mL human blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahram Ghanaati
- 1 FORM, Frankfurt Oral Regenerative Medicine, Clinic for Maxillofacial and Plastic Surgery, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University , Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
| | - Sarah Al-Maawi
- 1 FORM, Frankfurt Oral Regenerative Medicine, Clinic for Maxillofacial and Plastic Surgery, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University , Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
| | - Carlos Herrera-Vizcaino
- 1 FORM, Frankfurt Oral Regenerative Medicine, Clinic for Maxillofacial and Plastic Surgery, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University , Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
| | - Gutemberg Gomes Alves
- 2 Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, Fluminense Federal University , Niterói, Brazil
| | | | - Robert Sader
- 1 FORM, Frankfurt Oral Regenerative Medicine, Clinic for Maxillofacial and Plastic Surgery, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University , Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
| | - C James Kirkpatrick
- 1 FORM, Frankfurt Oral Regenerative Medicine, Clinic for Maxillofacial and Plastic Surgery, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University , Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
| | | | - Halvard Bonig
- 5 Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Immunohematology, Goethe University , and German Red Cross Blood Service BaWüHe, Institute Frankfurt, Germany
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Al-Maawi S, Mota C, Kubesch A, James Kirkpatrick C, Moroni L, Ghanaati S. Multiwell three-dimensional systems enable in vivo screening of immune reactions to biomaterials: a new strategy toward translational biomaterial research. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2019; 30:61. [PMID: 31127377 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-019-6263-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In vivo experiments are accompanied by ethical issues, including sacrificing a large number of animals as well as large costs. A new in vivo 3D screening system was developed to reduce the number of required animals without compromising the results. The present pilot study examined a multiwell array system in combination with three different collagen-based biomaterials (A, B and C) using subcutaneous implantation for 10 days and histological and histomorphometrical evaluations. The tissue reaction towards the device itself was dominated by mononuclear cells. However, three independent biomaterial-specific tissue reactions were observed in three chambers. The results showed a mononuclear cell-based tissue reaction in one chamber (A) and foreign body reaction by multinucleated giant cells in the other two chambers (B and C). Statistical analysis showed a significantly higher number of multinucleated giant cells in cases B and C than in case A (A vs. B; ***P < 0.001), (A vs. C; P < 0.01). These outcomes were comparable to previously published observations with conventional biomaterial implantation. The present data lead to the conclusion that this 3D screening system could be an alternative tool to enhance the effectiveness of in vivo experiments, thus offering a more economic strategy to screen biomaterial-related cellular reactions, while saving animals, without influencing the final outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Al-Maawi
- FORM-lab, Department for Oral, Cranio-Maxillofacial and Facial Plastic Surgery, Medical Center of the Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Carlos Mota
- Maastricht University, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Complex Tissue Regeneration Department, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Alica Kubesch
- FORM-lab, Department for Oral, Cranio-Maxillofacial and Facial Plastic Surgery, Medical Center of the Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - C James Kirkpatrick
- FORM-lab, Department for Oral, Cranio-Maxillofacial and Facial Plastic Surgery, Medical Center of the Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Lorenzo Moroni
- Maastricht University, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Complex Tissue Regeneration Department, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Shahram Ghanaati
- FORM-lab, Department for Oral, Cranio-Maxillofacial and Facial Plastic Surgery, Medical Center of the Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.
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8
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Reynaldo-Fernández G, Solozábal J, Amaro D, Fernández-Sánchez EM, Rodríguez-Vera L, Bermejo M, Mangas-Sanjuan V, Troconiz IF. Semi-mechanistic Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic model of three pegylated rHuEPO and ior®EPOCIM in New Zealand rabbits. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 120:123-132. [PMID: 29729414 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Marketed formulations of erythropoietin (EPO) ior®EPOCIM, MIRCERA® and two newly developed pegylated-EPO analogues (PEG-EPO 32 and 40 kDa) formulations were intravenously administered to New Zealand rabbits. A semi-mechanistic Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) model describing in a simultaneous and integrated form the time course of reticulocytes, red blood cells and hemoglobin was built to account for the time course of hematopoiesis stimulation after erythropoietin administration. Data analysis was performed based on the population approach with the software NONMEM version 7.3. Erythropoietin disposition of each of the administered formulations was best described with a two compartment model and linear elimination. Different formulations show different clearance and apparent volume of distribution of the central compartment but share estimates of inter-compartmental clearance and apparent peripheral volume of distribution. A semi-mechanistic model including cell proliferation, maturation, and homeostatic regulation provided a good description of the data regardless the type of erythropoietin formulation administered. The system-, and drug-related parameters showed consistency and differed across formulations, respectively. A single IV administration of PEG-EPO 32 and 40 kDa formulations in New Zealand rabbits achieves a median change of 27% and 22% on RET levels, and of 47% and 63% on RBC and HGB levels, respectively compared to MIRCERA®. The administration of new branched PEG-chains formulations improves PK and PD properties of EPO, in terms of increasing elimination half-lives and pharmacological activity on RET, RBC and HGB compared to commercially available formulations (ior®EPOCIM and MIRCERA®).
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Affiliation(s)
- G Reynaldo-Fernández
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy & Foods, University of Havana, Havana, Cuba
| | | | - D Amaro
- Center of Molecular Immunology, Cuba
| | - E M Fernández-Sánchez
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy & Foods, University of Havana, Havana, Cuba
| | - L Rodríguez-Vera
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy & Foods, University of Havana, Havana, Cuba
| | - M Bermejo
- Engineering: Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology Area, Miguel Hernandez University, Spain
| | - V Mangas-Sanjuan
- Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology Area, University of Valencia, Spain; Institute of Molecular Recognition and Technological Development (IDM), Joint Centre of Polytechnic University of Valencia and University of Valencia, Spain.
| | - I F Troconiz
- Pharmacometrics & Systems Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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Imholt C, Abdulla T, Stevens A, Edwards P, Jacob J, Woods D, Rogers E, Aarons L, Segelcke D. Establishment and validation of microsampling techniques in wild rodents for ecotoxicological research. J Appl Toxicol 2018; 38:1244-1250. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Imholt
- Federal Research Institute for Cultivated Plants; Julius Kühn-Institute; Toppheideweg 88 48161 Münster Germany
| | - Tariq Abdulla
- Manchester Pharmacy School; University of Manchester; Manchester UK
| | - Alexander Stevens
- Syngenta Ltd, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre; Bracknell UK
| | - Peter Edwards
- Syngenta Ltd, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre; Bracknell UK
| | - Jens Jacob
- Federal Research Institute for Cultivated Plants; Julius Kühn-Institute; Toppheideweg 88 48161 Münster Germany
| | | | | | - Leon Aarons
- Manchester Pharmacy School; University of Manchester; Manchester UK
| | - Daniel Segelcke
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine; University Hospital Muenster; Germany
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Poitout-Belissent F, Aulbach A, Tripathi N, Ramaiah L. Reducing blood volume requirements for clinical pathology testing in toxicologic studies-points to consider. Vet Clin Pathol 2016; 45:534-551. [DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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11
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Sewell F, Edwards J, Prior H, Robinson S. Opportunities to Apply the 3Rs in Safety Assessment Programs. ILAR J 2016; 57:234-245. [PMID: 28053076 PMCID: PMC5886346 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilw024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Before a potential new medicine can be administered to humans it is essential that its safety is adequately assessed. Safety assessment in animals forms an integral part of this process, from early drug discovery and initial candidate selection to the program of recommended regulatory tests in animals. The 3Rs (replacement, reduction, and refinement of animals in research) are integrated in the current regulatory requirements and expectations and, in the EU, provide a legal and ethical framework for in vivo research to ensure the scientific objectives are met whilst minimizing animal use and maintaining high animal welfare standards. Though the regulations are designed to uncover potential risks, they are intended to be flexible, so that the most appropriate approach can be taken for an individual product. This article outlines current and future opportunities to apply the 3Rs in safety assessment programs for pharmaceuticals, and the potential (scientific, financial, and ethical) benefits to the industry, across the drug discovery and development process. For example, improvements to, or the development of, novel, early screens (e.g., in vitro, in silico, or nonmammalian screens) designed to identify compounds with undesirable characteristics earlier in development have the potential to reduce late-stage attrition by improving the selection of compounds that require regulatory testing in animals. Opportunities also exist within the current regulatory framework to simultaneously reduce and/or refine animal use and improve scientific outcomes through improvements to technical procedures and/or adjustments to study designs. It is important that approaches to safety assessment are continuously reviewed and challenged to ensure they are science-driven and predictive of relevant effects in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Sewell
- Fiona Sewell, PhD, is a Programme Manager in Toxicology and Regulatory Sciences at the UK National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research (NC3Rs), London, UK.Joanna Edwards, PhD, is a Programme Manager in Technology Development at the NC3Rs, London, UK.Helen Prior, PhD, is a Programme Manager in Drug Development at the NC3Rs, London, UK.Sally Robinson, PhD, is Head of Laboratory Animal Sciences at AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, UK
| | - Joanna Edwards
- Fiona Sewell, PhD, is a Programme Manager in Toxicology and Regulatory Sciences at the UK National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research (NC3Rs), London, UK.Joanna Edwards, PhD, is a Programme Manager in Technology Development at the NC3Rs, London, UK.Helen Prior, PhD, is a Programme Manager in Drug Development at the NC3Rs, London, UK.Sally Robinson, PhD, is Head of Laboratory Animal Sciences at AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, UK
| | - Helen Prior
- Fiona Sewell, PhD, is a Programme Manager in Toxicology and Regulatory Sciences at the UK National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research (NC3Rs), London, UK.Joanna Edwards, PhD, is a Programme Manager in Technology Development at the NC3Rs, London, UK.Helen Prior, PhD, is a Programme Manager in Drug Development at the NC3Rs, London, UK.Sally Robinson, PhD, is Head of Laboratory Animal Sciences at AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, UK
| | - Sally Robinson
- Fiona Sewell, PhD, is a Programme Manager in Toxicology and Regulatory Sciences at the UK National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research (NC3Rs), London, UK.Joanna Edwards, PhD, is a Programme Manager in Technology Development at the NC3Rs, London, UK.Helen Prior, PhD, is a Programme Manager in Drug Development at the NC3Rs, London, UK.Sally Robinson, PhD, is Head of Laboratory Animal Sciences at AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, UK
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