1
|
Liu W, Hu H, Li C, Li Y, Mao P, Fan B. Genetics of causal relationships between circulating inflammatory proteins and postherpetic neuralgia: a bidirectional Mendelian randomization study. Front Neurol 2024; 15:1405694. [PMID: 38974683 PMCID: PMC11225550 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1405694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective According to data from several observational studies, there is a strong association between circulating inflammatory cytokines and postherpetic neuralgia (PHN), but it is not clear whether this association is causal or confounding; therefore, the main aim of the present study was to analyze whether circulating inflammatory proteins have a bidirectional relationship with PHN at the genetic inheritance level using a Mendelian randomization (MR) study. Methods The Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) database was used for our analysis. We gathered data on inflammation-related genetic variation from three GWASs of human cytokines. These proteins included 91 circulating inflammatory proteins, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), macrophage inflammatory protein 1b (MIP-1b), and CXC chemokine 13 (CXCL13). The PHN dataset was obtained from the FinnGen biobank analysis round 5, and consisted of 1,413 cases and 275,212 controls. We conducted a two-sample bidirectional MR study using the TwoSampleMR and MRPRESSO R packages (version R.4.3.1). Our main analytical method was inverse variance weighting (IVW), and we performed sensitivity analyses to assess heterogeneity and pleiotropy, as well as the potential influence of individual SNPs, to validate our findings. Results According to our forward analysis, five circulating inflammatory proteins were causally associated with the development of PHN: interleukin (IL)-18 was positively associated with PHN, and IL-13, fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF-19), MIP-1b, and stem cell growth factor (SCF) showed reverse causality with PHN. Conversely, we found that PHN was closely associated with 12 inflammatory cytokines, but no significant correlation was found among the other inflammatory factors. Among them, only IL-18 had a bidirectional causal relationship with PHN. Conclusion Our research advances the current understanding of the role of certain inflammatory biomarker pathways in the development of PHN. Additional verification is required to evaluate the viability of these proteins as targeted inflammatory factors for PHN-based treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- WenHui Liu
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - HuiMin Hu
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Li
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - YiFan Li
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Mao
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - BiFa Fan
- Department of Pain Management, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Interferon Gamma Inhibits Varicella-Zoster Virus Replication in a Cell Line-Dependent Manner. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.00257-19. [PMID: 30918075 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00257-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The major immediate early 62 (IE62) protein of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) is delivered to newly infected cell nuclei, where it initiates VZV replication by transactivating viral immediate early (IE), early (E), and late (L) genes. Interferon gamma (IFN-γ) is a potent cytokine produced following primary VZV infection. Furthermore, VZV reactivation correlates with a decline in IFN-γ-producing immune cells. Our results showed that treatment with 20 ng/ml of IFN-γ completely reduced intracellular VZV yield in A549 lung epithelial cells, MRC-5 lung fibroblasts, and ARPE-19 retinal epithelial cells at 4 days post-VZV infection. However, IFN-γ reduced virus yield only 2-fold in MeWo melanoma cells compared to that of untreated cells. IFN-β significantly inhibited VZV replication in both ARPE-19 and MeWo cells. In luciferase assays with VZV open reading frame 61 (ORF61) promoter reporter plasmid, IFN-γ abrogated the transactivation activity of IE62 by 95%, 97%, and 89% in A549, ARPE-19, and MRC-5 cells, respectively. However, IFN-γ abrogated IE62's transactivation activity by 16% in MeWo cells, indicating that IFN-γ inhibits VZV replication as well as IE62-mediated transactivation in a cell line-dependent manner. The expression of VZV IE62 and ORF63 suppressed by IFN-γ was restored by JAK1 inhibitor treatment, indicating that the inhibition of VZV replication is mediated by JAK/STAT1 signaling. In the presence of IFN-γ, knockdown of interferon response factor 1 (IRF1) increased VZV replication. Ectopic expression of IRF1 reduced VZV yields 4,000-fold in MRC-5 and ARPE-19 cells but 3-fold in MeWo cells. These results suggest that IFN-γ blocks VZV replication by inhibiting IE62 function in a cell line-dependent manner.IMPORTANCE Our results showed that IFN-γ significantly inhibited VZV replication in a cell line-dependent manner. IFN-γ inhibited VZV gene expression after the immediate early stage of infection and abrogated IE62-mediated transactivation. These results suggest that IFN-γ blocks VZV replication by inhibiting IE62 function in a cell line-dependent manner. Understanding the mechanisms by which IFN-γ plays a role in VZV gene programming may be important in determining the tissue restriction of VZV.
Collapse
|
3
|
Lie S, Rochet E, Segerdell E, Ma Y, Ashander LM, Shadforth AMA, Blenkinsop TA, Michael MZ, Appukuttan B, Wilmot B, Smith JR. Immunological Molecular Responses of Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells to Infection With Toxoplasma gondii. Front Immunol 2019; 10:708. [PMID: 31118929 PMCID: PMC6506780 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocular toxoplasmosis is the commonest clinical manifestation of infection with obligate intracellular parasite, Toxoplasma gondii. Active ocular toxoplasmosis is characterized by replication of T. gondii tachyzoites in the retina, with reactive inflammation. The multifunctional retinal pigment epithelium is a key target cell population for T. gondii. Since the global gene expression profile is germane to understanding molecular involvements of retinal pigment epithelial cells in ocular toxoplasmosis, we performed RNA-Sequencing (RNA-Seq) of human cells following infection with T. gondii tachyzoites. Primary cell isolates from eyes of cadaveric donors (n = 3), and the ARPE-19 human retinal pigment epithelial cell line, were infected for 24 h with GT-1 strain T. gondii tachyzoites (multiplicity of infection = 5) or incubated uninfected as control. Total and small RNA were extracted from cells and sequenced on the Illumina NextSeq 500 platform; results were aligned to the human hg19 reference sequence. Multidimensional scaling showed good separation between transcriptomes of infected and uninfected primary cell isolates, which were compared in edgeR software. This differential expression analysis revealed a sizeable response in the total RNA transcriptome-with significantly differentially expressed genes totaling 7,234 (28.9% of assigned transcripts)-but very limited changes in the small RNA transcriptome-totaling 30 (0.35% of assigned transcripts) and including 8 microRNA. Gene ontology and pathway enrichment analyses of differentially expressed total RNA in CAMERA software, identified a strong immunologic transcriptomic signature. We conducted RT-qPCR for 26 immune response-related protein-coding and long non-coding transcripts in epithelial cell isolates from different cadaveric donors (n = 3), extracted by a different isolation protocol but similarly infected with T. gondii, to confirm immunological activity of infected cells. For microRNA, increases in miR-146b and miR-212 were detected by RT-qPCR in 2 and 3 of these independent cell isolates. Biological network analysis in the InnateDB platform, including 735 annotated differentially expressed genes plus 2,046 first-order interactors, identified 10 contextural hubs and 5 subnetworks in the transcriptomic immune response of cells to T. gondii. Our observations provide a solid base for future studies of molecular and cellular interactions between T. gondii and the human retinal pigment epithelium to illuminate mechanisms of ocular toxoplasmosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shervi Lie
- Eye and Vision Health, Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Elise Rochet
- Eye and Vision Health, Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Erik Segerdell
- Department of Biostatistics, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Yuefang Ma
- Eye and Vision Health, Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Liam M. Ashander
- Eye and Vision Health, Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Audra M. A. Shadforth
- Queensland Eye Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Biomedical Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Timothy A. Blenkinsop
- Departments of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, and Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Michael Z. Michael
- Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Binoy Appukuttan
- Eye and Vision Health, Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Beth Wilmot
- Department of Biostatistics, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Justine R. Smith
- Eye and Vision Health, Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Simonin Y, Erkilic N, Damodar K, Clé M, Desmetz C, Bolloré K, Taleb M, Torriano S, Barthelemy J, Dubois G, Lajoix AD, Foulongne V, Tuaillon E, Van de Perre P, Kalatzis V, Salinas S. Zika virus induces strong inflammatory responses and impairs homeostasis and function of the human retinal pigment epithelium. EBioMedicine 2019; 39:315-331. [PMID: 30579862 PMCID: PMC6354710 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zika virus (ZIKV) has recently re-emerged as a pathogenic agent with epidemic capacities as was well illustrated in South America. Because of the extent of this health crisis, a number of more serious symptoms have become associated with ZIKV infection than what was initially described. In particular, neuronal and ocular disorders have been characterized, both in infants and in adults. Notably, the macula and the retina can be strongly affected by ZIKV, possibly by a direct effect of the virus. This is supported by the detection of replicative and infectious virus in lachrimal fluid in human patients and mouse models. METHODS Here, we used an innovative, state-of-the-art iPSC-derived human retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) model to study ZIKV retinal impairment. FINDINGS We showed that the human RPE is highly susceptible to ZIKV infection and that a ZIKV African strain was more virulent and led to a more potent epithelium disruption and stronger anti-viral response than an Asian strain, suggesting lineage differences. Moreover, ZIKV infection led to impaired membrane dynamics involved in endocytosis, organelle biogenesis and potentially secretion, key mechanisms of RPE homeostasis and function. INTERPRETATION Taken together, our results suggest that ZIKV has a highly efficient ocular tropism, which creates a strong inflammatory environment that could have acute or chronic adverse effects. FUND: This work was funded by Retina France, REACTing and La Région Languedoc-Roussillon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Simonin
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic Infections, INSERM, Etablissement Français du Sang, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Nejla Erkilic
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, INSERM, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Krishna Damodar
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, INSERM, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Marion Clé
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic Infections, INSERM, Etablissement Français du Sang, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Caroline Desmetz
- BioCommunication en CardioMétabolique, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Karine Bolloré
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic Infections, INSERM, Etablissement Français du Sang, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Mehdi Taleb
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic Infections, INSERM, Etablissement Français du Sang, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Simona Torriano
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, INSERM, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Jonathan Barthelemy
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic Infections, INSERM, Etablissement Français du Sang, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Grégor Dubois
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, INSERM, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Anne Dominique Lajoix
- BioCommunication en CardioMétabolique, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Vincent Foulongne
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic Infections. INSERM, University of Montpellier, Etablissement Français du Sang, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Edouard Tuaillon
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic Infections. INSERM, University of Montpellier, Etablissement Français du Sang, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Van de Perre
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic Infections. INSERM, University of Montpellier, Etablissement Français du Sang, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Vasiliki Kalatzis
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, INSERM, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
| | - Sara Salinas
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic Infections, INSERM, Etablissement Français du Sang, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Buckingham EM, Girsch J, Jackson W, Cohen JI, Grose C. Autophagy Quantification and STAT3 Expression in a Human Skin Organ Culture Model for Innate Immunity to Herpes Zoster. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2935. [PMID: 30568636 PMCID: PMC6290052 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of this project was to document the autophagy response in human neonatal skin organ culture (SOC) after infection with varicella-zoster virus (VZV). The VZV-infected SOC model has attributes of herpes zoster, in that an injection of virus into the skin is analogous to exit of virus from the sensory nerve termini into skin during herpes zoster. Cultures were maintained for 28 days and periodically examined for an autophagy response by quantitation of autophagosomes with Imaris software. Expression of the STAT3 protein was plentiful in the VZV-infected SOC. Abundant autophagy was observed in VZV-infected SOC between 14 and 28 days after infection, while autophagy in mock-infected SOC was minimal (p = 0.0003). The autophagic response after infection of SOC with a recombinant VZV genome containing the herpes simplex virus ICP34.5 neurovirulence gene was similar to wild-type VZV (p = 0.3). These results suggested that the VZV-infected SOC system resembled biopsy data from herpes zoster infection of skin. An enhanced autophagy response has now been reported after infection with two additional alpha herpesviruses besides VZV, namely, pseudorabies virus and duck enteritis herpes virus; both lack the ICP34.5 protein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erin M. Buckingham
- Virology Laboratory, Children’s Hospital, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - James Girsch
- Virology Laboratory, Children’s Hospital, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Wallen Jackson
- Virology Laboratory, Children’s Hospital, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Jeffrey I. Cohen
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Charles Grose
- Virology Laboratory, Children’s Hospital, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Jarosinski KW, Carpenter JE, Buckingham EM, Jackson W, Knudtson K, Moffat JF, Kita H, Grose C. Cellular Stress Response to Varicella-Zoster Virus Infection of Human Skin Includes Highly Elevated Interleukin-6 Expression. Open Forum Infect Dis 2018; 5:ofy118. [PMID: 30014002 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofy118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The infectious cycle of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) after reactivation from the dorsal root ganglia includes replication and assembly of complete enveloped virions in the human skin to cause the characteristic herpes zoster (shingles). Methods To pursue studies of innate immunity to VZV infection, we have adapted a fetal skin organ culture model to a human neonatal foreskin explant model. Results Abundant expression of VZV IE62, gE, and gC was visualized by confocal microscopy while numerous enveloped virions were observed by electron microscopy in infected skin organ cultures. Microarray experiments demonstrated that the patterns of upregulated transcripts differed between VZV-infected cells and VZV-infected skin explants. One result stood out, namely a >30-fold elevated interleukin (IL)-6 level in the infected skin explant that was not present in the infected monolayer culture. The IL-6 results in the polyermase chain reaction (PCR) assay were reproduced by quantitative PCR testing with newly designed primers. To determine if increased transcription was accompanied by increased IL-6 expression, we quantitated the levels of IL-6 protein in the explant media at increasing intervals after infection. We found a statistically significant increase in IL-6 protein levels secreted into the media from VZV-infected skin explants as compared with mock-infected explants. Conclusions The cellular stress response to VZV infection in neonatal skin explants included highly elevated levels of IL-6 transcription and expression. This skin organ model could be adapted to other viruses with a skin tropism, such as herpes simplex virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - John E Carpenter
- Division of Infectious Diseases/Virology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Erin M Buckingham
- Division of Infectious Diseases/Virology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Wallen Jackson
- Division of Infectious Diseases/Virology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Kevin Knudtson
- Iowa Institute of Human Genetics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Jennifer F Moffat
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York
| | - Hirohito Kita
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Charles Grose
- Division of Infectious Diseases/Virology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| |
Collapse
|