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Malave Sanchez M, Saleeb P, Kottilil S, Mathur P. Oral Polio Vaccine to Protect Against COVID-19: Out of the Box Strategies? Open Forum Infect Dis 2021; 8:ofab367. [PMID: 34381846 PMCID: PMC8344522 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofab367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The global coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has raised significant concerns of developing rapid, broad strategies to protect the vulnerable population and prevent morbidity and mortality. However, even with an aggressive approach, controlling the pandemic has been challenging, with concerns of emerging variants that likely escape vaccines, nonadherence of social distancing/preventive measures by the public, and challenges in rapid implementation of a global vaccination program that involves mass production, distribution, and execution. In this review, we revisit the utilization of attenuated vaccinations, such as the oral polio vaccine, which are safe, easy to administer, and likely provide cross-protection against respiratory pathogens. We discuss the rationale and data supporting its use and detail description of available vaccines that could be repurposed for curtailing the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Malave Sanchez
- Division of Clinical Care and Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Paul Saleeb
- Division of Clinical Care and Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Shyam Kottilil
- Division of Clinical Care and Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Poonam Mathur
- Division of Clinical Care and Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Xu B, Cui X, Xu K, Lin L, Zhou Y. Effect of water immersion restraint stress on gastric mucosa in rats with removed salivary glands. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2020; 13:2853-2859. [PMID: 33284885 PMCID: PMC7716124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the effect of salivary gland removal on water immersion restraint stress (WIRS)-induced gastric mucosal injury (GMI) in rats. METHODS Eighty male WISTAR rats were allocated into sham operation (sham) group, sham + WIRS group, salivary gland removal group, and salivary gland removal + WIRS group, with 20 rats in each group. In the sham group, skin and subcutaneous tissues were cut to expose glands. The rats in other three groups were subjected to a total salivary gland resection, and all their submandibular glands and sublingual glands and part of the parotid glands were removed, and the parotid duct was ligated. Afterwards, rats were exposed to WIRS for one and a half months and sacrificed. The severity of GMI was scored, and any histologic and ultrastructural changes were monitored. RESULTS There were differences in the Guth index (GMI evaluation) scores among the four groups (P=0.000), which were higher in salivary gland removal + WIRS group than those in the other three groups (all P<0.001), and were higher in the sham + WIRS group and salivary gland removal group than those in the sham group (all P=0.000). Compared with other groups, the gastric mucosa was severely injured in the salivary gland removal + WIRS group, with obvious congestion, edema, inflammatory cell infiltrate, mucosal shedding, bleeding ulcers, enlarged intercellular spaces, and damaged organelles. CONCLUSION Salivary gland removal aggravates WIRS-induced GMI to a certain extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Red Cross Central Hospital of HarbinHarbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Xiao Cui
- Department of General Surgery, Red Cross Central Hospital of HarbinHarbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Kui Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Red Cross Central Hospital of HarbinHarbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Lin Lin
- Department of General Surgery, Red Cross Central Hospital of HarbinHarbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Yanbing Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao UniversityQingdao, Shandong Province, China
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Perciani CT, Farah B, Kaul R, Ostrowski MA, Mahmud SM, Anzala O, Jaoko W, MacDonald KS. Live attenuated varicella-zoster virus vaccine does not induce HIV target cell activation. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:875-886. [PMID: 30511963 DOI: 10.1172/jci124473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) is under consideration as a promising recombinant viral vector to deliver foreign antigens including HIV. However, new vectors have come under increased scrutiny, since trials with adenovirus serotype 5-vectored (Ad5-vectored) HIV vaccine demonstrated increased HIV risk in individuals with pre-immunity to the vector that was thought to be associated with mucosal immune activation (IA). Therefore, given the prospect of developing an HIV/VZV chimeric vaccine, it is particularly important to define the impact of VZV vaccination on IA. METHODS Healthy VZV-seropositive Kenyan women (n = 44) were immunized with high-dose live attenuated VZV vaccine, and we assessed the expression on CD4+ T cells isolated from blood, cervix, and rectum of IA markers including CD38 and HLA-DR and of markers of cell migration and tissue retention, as well as the concentration of genital and intestinal cytokines. A delayed-start group (n = 22) was used to control for natural variations in these parameters. RESULTS Although immunogenic, VZV vaccination did not result in significant difference in the frequency of cervical activated (HLA-DR+CD38+) CD4+ T cells (median 1.61%, IQR 0.93%-2.76%) at 12 weeks after vaccination when compared with baseline (median 1.58%, IQR 0.75%-3.04%), the primary outcome for this study. VZV vaccination also had no measurable effect on any of the IA parameters at 4, 8, and 12 weeks after vaccination. CONCLUSION This study provides the first evidence to our knowledge about the effects of VZV vaccination on human mucosal IA status and supports further evaluation of VZV as a potential vector for an HIV vaccine. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02514018. FUNDING Primary support from the Canadian Institutes for Health Research (CIHR). For other sources, see Acknowledgments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catia T Perciani
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bashir Farah
- Kenyan AIDS Vaccine Initiative-Institute of Clinical Research (KAVI-ICR), University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Rupert Kaul
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mario A Ostrowski
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Keenan Research Center, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Salaheddin M Mahmud
- Community Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Omu Anzala
- Kenyan AIDS Vaccine Initiative-Institute of Clinical Research (KAVI-ICR), University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya.,Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Walter Jaoko
- Kenyan AIDS Vaccine Initiative-Institute of Clinical Research (KAVI-ICR), University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya.,Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Kelly S MacDonald
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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