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Clifford Astbury C, Lee KM, Mcleod R, Aguiar R, Atique A, Balolong M, Clarke J, Demeshko A, Labonté R, Ruckert A, Sibal P, Togño KC, Viens AM, Wiktorowicz M, Yambayamba MK, Yau A, Penney TL. Policies to prevent zoonotic spillover: a systematic scoping review of evaluative evidence. Global Health 2023; 19:82. [PMID: 37940941 PMCID: PMC10634115 DOI: 10.1186/s12992-023-00986-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging infectious diseases of zoonotic origin present a critical threat to global population health. As accelerating globalisation makes epidemics and pandemics more difficult to contain, there is a need for effective preventive interventions that reduce the risk of zoonotic spillover events. Public policies can play a key role in preventing spillover events. The aim of this review is to identify and describe evaluations of public policies that target the determinants of zoonotic spillover. Our approach is informed by a One Health perspective, acknowledging the inter-connectedness of human, animal and environmental health. METHODS In this systematic scoping review, we searched Medline, SCOPUS, Web of Science and Global Health in May 2021 using search terms combining animal health and the animal-human interface, public policy, prevention and zoonoses. We screened titles and abstracts, extracted data and reported our process in line with PRISMA-ScR guidelines. We also searched relevant organisations' websites for evaluations published in the grey literature. All evaluations of public policies aiming to prevent zoonotic spillover events were eligible for inclusion. We summarised key data from each study, mapping policies along the spillover pathway. RESULTS Our review found 95 publications evaluating 111 policies. We identified 27 unique policy options including habitat protection; trade regulations; border control and quarantine procedures; farm and market biosecurity measures; public information campaigns; and vaccination programmes, as well as multi-component programmes. These were implemented by many sectors, highlighting the cross-sectoral nature of zoonotic spillover prevention. Reports emphasised the importance of surveillance data in both guiding prevention efforts and enabling policy evaluation, as well as the importance of industry and private sector actors in implementing many of these policies. Thoughtful engagement with stakeholders ranging from subsistence hunters and farmers to industrial animal agriculture operations is key for policy success in this area. CONCLUSION This review outlines the state of the evaluative evidence around policies to prevent zoonotic spillover in order to guide policy decision-making and focus research efforts. Since we found that most of the existing policy evaluations target 'downstream' determinants, additional research could focus on evaluating policies targeting 'upstream' determinants of zoonotic spillover, such as land use change, and policies impacting infection intensity and pathogen shedding in animal populations, such as those targeting animal welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe Clifford Astbury
- School of Global Health, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Dahdaleh Institute for Global Health Research, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Global Strategy Lab, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kirsten M Lee
- School of Global Health, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Dahdaleh Institute for Global Health Research, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ryan Mcleod
- School of Global Health, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Raphael Aguiar
- Dahdaleh Institute for Global Health Research, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Asma Atique
- School of Global Health, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Marilen Balolong
- Applied Microbiology for Health and Environment Research Group, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
| | - Janielle Clarke
- School of Global Health, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Ronald Labonté
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Arne Ruckert
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Priyanka Sibal
- School of Health Policy and Management, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kathleen Chelsea Togño
- Applied Microbiology for Health and Environment Research Group, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
| | - A M Viens
- School of Global Health, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Global Strategy Lab, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mary Wiktorowicz
- School of Global Health, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Dahdaleh Institute for Global Health Research, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Marc K Yambayamba
- School of Public Health, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Amy Yau
- Department of Public Health, Environments and Society, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Tarra L Penney
- School of Global Health, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Dahdaleh Institute for Global Health Research, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Global Strategy Lab, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Clifford Astbury C, Lee KM, Aguiar R, Atique A, Balolong M, Clarke J, Labonte R, Ruckert A, Togño KC, Viens AM, Wiktorowicz M, Yau A, Penney TL. Policies to prevent zoonotic spillover: protocol for a systematic scoping review of evaluative evidence. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e058437. [PMID: 36379648 PMCID: PMC9668000 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-058437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The increasing incidence of pathogen transmission from animals to humans (zoonotic spillover events) has been attributed to behavioural practices and ecological and socioeconomic change. As these events sometimes involve pathogens with epidemic or pandemic potential, they pose a serious threat to population health. Public policies may play a key role in preventing these events. The aim of this review is to identify evaluations of public policies that target the determinants of zoonotic spillover, examining approaches taken to evaluation, choice of outcomes measures and evidence of effectiveness. Our approach to identifying and analysing this literature will be informed by a One Health lens, acknowledging the interconnectedness of human, animal and environmental health. METHODS AND ANALYSIS A systematic scoping review methodology will be used. To identify articles, we will search Medline, SCOPUS, Web of Science and Global Health in May 2021 using search terms combining animal health and the animal-human interface, public policy, prevention and zoonoses. We will screen titles and abstracts and extract data according to published guidelines for scoping reviews. All evaluations of public policies aiming to prevent zoonotic spillover events will be eligible for inclusion. We will summarise key data from each study, mapping policies along the spillover pathway and outlining the range of policies, approaches to evaluation and outcome measures. Review findings will provide a useful reference for researchers and practitioners, outlining the state of the evaluative evidence around policies to prevent zoonotic spillover. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Formal ethical approval is not required, because the study does not involve primary data collection. The findings of this study will be disseminated through a peer-reviewed publication, presentations and summaries for key stakeholders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe Clifford Astbury
- School of Global Health, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Dahdaleh Institute for Global Health Research, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kirsten M Lee
- School of Global Health, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Dahdaleh Institute for Global Health Research, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Raphael Aguiar
- Dahdaleh Institute for Global Health Research, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Asma Atique
- School of Global Health, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Janielle Clarke
- School of Global Health, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | - A M Viens
- School of Global Health, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - M Wiktorowicz
- School of Global Health, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Dahdaleh Institute for Global Health Research, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amy Yau
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Tarra L Penney
- School of Global Health, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Dahdaleh Institute for Global Health Research, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Kammon A, Doghman M, Eldaghayes I. Surveillance of the spread of avian influenza virus type A in live bird markets in Tripoli, Libya, and determination of the associated risk factors. Vet World 2022; 15:1684-1690. [PMID: 36185527 PMCID: PMC9394145 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.1684-1690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Studies on avian influenza virus (AIV) in Libya are few and limited. This study aimed to determine the presence of AIV in live bird markets (LBMs) in Tripoli and determine the risk factors associated with AIV spread.
Materials and Methods: In total, 269 cloacal swabs were randomly collected from different bird species in 9 LBMs located in Tripoli and its surrounding regions. The target species were ducks, geese, local chickens, Australian chickens, Brahma chickens, turkeys, pigeons, quails, peacock broiler chicks, and pet birds. Total RNA was extracted from the swab samples and used for real-time polymerase chain reaction to detect AIV type A.
Results: Of the 269 samples, 28 (10.41% of total samples) were positive for AIV type A. The LBMs with positive samples were Souq Aljumaa, Souq Alkhamees, Souq Althulatha, and Souq Tajoura. The highest percentage (35.71%) of AIV was recorded in Souq Aljumaa. Positive results for AIV type A were obtained primarily in three species of birds: Ducks (14/65; highest percentage: 21.5%), local chickens (12/98; 12.24%), and geese (2/28; 7.14%). Furthermore, the following three risk factors associated with the spread of AIV type A were identified: Time spent by breeders/vendors at the market (odds ratio [OR] = 11.181; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.827–32.669), methods used for disposing dead birds (OR = 2.356; 95% CI = 1.005–5.521), and last visited LBM (OR = 0.740; 95% CI = 0.580–0.944). Restricting the movement of poultry vendors from one market to another may protect against AIV spread.
Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate the high risk of AIV spread in LBMs and highlight the need for continuous surveillance of LBMs across the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulwahab Kammon
- Department of Poultry and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya; National Research Center for Tropical and Transboundary Diseases, Alzintan, Libya
| | - Mosbah Doghman
- Department of Poultry and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya
| | - Ibrahim Eldaghayes
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya
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Wegner GI, Murray KA, Springmann M, Muller A, Sokolow SH, Saylors K, Morens DM. Averting wildlife-borne infectious disease epidemics requires a focus on socio-ecological drivers and a redesign of the global food system. EClinicalMedicine 2022; 47:101386. [PMID: 35465645 PMCID: PMC9014132 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A debate has emerged over the potential socio-ecological drivers of wildlife-origin zoonotic disease outbreaks and emerging infectious disease (EID) events. This Review explores the extent to which the incidence of wildlife-origin infectious disease outbreaks, which are likely to include devastating pandemics like HIV/AIDS and COVID-19, may be linked to excessive and increasing rates of tropical deforestation for agricultural food production and wild meat hunting and trade, which are further related to contemporary ecological crises such as global warming and mass species extinction. Here we explore a set of precautionary responses to wildlife-origin zoonosis threat, including: (a) limiting human encroachment into tropical wildlands by promoting a global transition to diets low in livestock source foods; (b) containing tropical wild meat hunting and trade by curbing urban wild meat demand, while securing access for indigenous people and local communities in remote subsistence areas; and (c) improving biosecurity and other strategies to break zoonosis transmission pathways at the wildlife-human interface and along animal source food supply chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia I. Wegner
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit (WildCRU), Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Tubney House, Abingdon Road, Tubney, Abingdon OX13 5QL, UK
| | - Kris A. Murray
- MRC Unit the Gambia at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, Gambia
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Marco Springmann
- Oxford Martin Programme on the Future of Food and Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, 34 Broad Street, Oxford OX1 3BD, UK
| | - Adrian Muller
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH, Sonneggstrasse 33, Zürich 8092, Switzerland
- Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL, Ackerstrasse 113, Frick 5070, Switzerland
| | - Susanne H. Sokolow
- Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment, Jerry Yang & Akiko Yamazaki Environment & Energy Building, MC 4205, 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-6150, USA
| | - Karen Saylors
- Labyrinth Global Health, 15th Ave NE, St Petersburg, FL 33704, USA
| | - David M. Morens
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Libera K, Konieczny K, Grabska J, Szopka W, Augustyniak A, Pomorska-Mól M. Selected Livestock-Associated Zoonoses as a Growing Challenge for Public Health. Infect Dis Rep 2022; 14:63-81. [PMID: 35076534 PMCID: PMC8788295 DOI: 10.3390/idr14010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to review the most significant livestock-associated zoonoses. Human and animal health are intimately connected. This idea has been known for more than a century but now it has gained special importance because of the increasing threat from zoonoses. Zoonosis is defined as any infection naturally transmissible from vertebrate animals to humans. As the frequency and prevalence of zoonotic diseases increase worldwide, they become a real threat to public health. In addition, many of the newly discovered diseases have a zoonotic origin. Due to globalization and urbanization, some of these diseases have already spread all over the world, caused by the international flow of goods, people, and animals. However, special attention should be paid to farm animals since, apart from the direct contact, humans consume their products, such as meat, eggs, and milk. Therefore, zoonoses such as salmonellosis, campylobacteriosis, tuberculosis, swine and avian influenza, Q fever, brucellosis, STEC infections, and listeriosis are crucial for both veterinary and human medicine. Consequently, in the suspicion of any zoonoses outbreak, the medical and veterinary services should closely cooperate to protect the public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kacper Libera
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Infectious Diseases, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wołyńska 35, 60-637 Poznań, Poland; (K.L.); (A.A.)
| | - Kacper Konieczny
- Department of Internal Diseases and Diagnostics, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wołyńska 35, 60-637 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Julia Grabska
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wołyńska 35, 60-637 Poznań, Poland; (J.G.); (W.S.)
| | - Wiktoria Szopka
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wołyńska 35, 60-637 Poznań, Poland; (J.G.); (W.S.)
| | - Agata Augustyniak
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Infectious Diseases, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wołyńska 35, 60-637 Poznań, Poland; (K.L.); (A.A.)
| | - Małgorzata Pomorska-Mól
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Infectious Diseases, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wołyńska 35, 60-637 Poznań, Poland; (K.L.); (A.A.)
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Chakma S, Osmani MG, Akwar H, Hasan Z, Nasrin T, Karim MR, Samad MA, Giasuddin M, Sly P, Islam Z, Debnath NC, Brum E, Magalhães RS. Risk Areas for Influenza A(H5) Environmental Contamination in Live Bird Markets, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 27:2399-2408. [PMID: 34424170 PMCID: PMC8386803 DOI: 10.3201/eid2709.204447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the presence of influenza A(H5) virus environmental contamination in live bird markets (LBMs) in Dhaka, Bangladesh. By using Bernoulli generalized linear models and multinomial logistic regression models, we quantified LBM-level factors associated with market work zone–specific influenza A(H5) virus contamination patterns. Results showed higher environmental contamination in LBMs that have wholesale and retail operations compared with retail-only markets (relative risk 0.69, 95% 0.51–0.93; p = 0.012) and in March compared with January (relative risk 2.07, 95% CI 1.44–2.96; p<0.001). Influenza A(H5) environmental contamination remains a public health problem in most LBMs in Dhaka, which underscores the need to implement enhanced biosecurity interventions in LBMs in Bangladesh.
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Value chain analysis of yellow broiler industry in Guangxi, China to inform H7N9 influenza control strategies. Prev Vet Med 2021; 190:105328. [PMID: 33765448 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Yellow broilers are the primary source of poultry consumption in China and the predominant trade of live poultry. However, knowledge of the value chain is limited, which is vital evidence for the effective control of H7N9 and other zoonotic avian influenzas. The aim of the study was to map the yellow broiler value chain in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China and investigate its governance structure and practices relevant to the risk of H7N9 transmission. A value chain analysis was conducted in five areas of Guangxi from May to August 2018. To map the value chain, three focus group discussions (FGDs) were conducted and stakeholders, products and premises involved and their interactions were identified. Then, 55 key informant interviews (KIIs) collected qualitative data on stakeholders' profile, practices and interactions with other stakeholders and rules/norms that exist along the value chain. On-site observations were also carried out at different types of premises along the value chain to complement and validate findings of KIIs and FGDs. Participants were also asked to provide proportional estimates of each component in the value chain where possible. The qualitative data from FGDs, KIIs and on-site observations were analysed to create stakeholder profiles and a diagram of product flows and stakeholders' interactions. Thematic analysis was used to identify the governance structure of the value chains and practices relevant to the risk of H7N9 transmission. The stakeholders and premises involved in Guangxi yellow broiler production, wholesale and retail were described, as well as their interactions. Contract farming is extensively adopted in Guangxi; consequently yellow broiler grower companies are the dominant stakeholders. The trading platform was identified as a key premise linking farms and live bird markets. The thematic analysis highlighted poor biosecurity practices in different premises along the value chain, which was supported by on-site observations. The operation of trading platforms reported in this study presents a disease risk but is not considered in the current H7N9 control programs. The study suggested that biosecurity management gaps need to be addressed through government-industry partnerships that require engagement with private stakeholders in the planning and implementation of H7N9 control strategies incentivising participation of grower companies, wholesalers and retailers.
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Islam K, Ahsan MM, Chakma S, Penjor K, Barua M, Jalal MS, Sabuj AAM, Ani ZT, Ahad A. An assessment on potential risk pathways for the incursion of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in backyard poultry farm in Bangladesh. Vet World 2020; 13:2104-2111. [PMID: 33281343 PMCID: PMC7704318 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.2104-2111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) is a deadly virus of zoonotic potential. The study mainly aims to determine the risk pathways (RPs) for the probable incursion of HPAI virus (HPAIV) in backyard poultry in Bangladesh. Materials and Methods: The study involves expert elicitation technique. The concept map determines the possible RPs. The map consists of 16 concepts, each with nodes from which probabilities of an event originates. These probabilities are described by qualitative descriptors ranging from negligible to high. Risk assessment has been performed using the subjective risk assessment tool. Results: The tool demonstrates positive correlation among groups of experts in the level of agreement by scoring RP; however, the level of agreement varies from 71% to 93% among group of experts. The median risk score of viral incursion through the “Exposure of backyard poultry with farm poultry in the trading market” was 11 and ranked as top, followed by “Contaminated live bird market environment” and “Sharing common scavenging space with migratory birds” (median risk score, 10.5; rank, 2), and “Scavenging of infected slaughtered poultry remnants by backyard poultry” (median risk score, 5.3; rank, 3) when no control options were applied along with the RPs. After applying or considering control option along with contaminated live bird market environment, the median risk score was reduced to 5.0. Applying a specific control option along with each RP reduced estimated median risk scores for HPAIV incursions. Conclusion: This study provides an insight into the incursion risks of HPAIV through various RPs in backyard poultry in Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamrul Islam
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research, Mohakhali-1212, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Murshidul Ahsan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117585
| | - Shovon Chakma
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research, Mohakhali-1212, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Kinley Penjor
- Bhutan Agriculture and Food Regulatory Authority, Bhutan
| | - Mukti Barua
- Department of Animal Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Shah Jalal
- Department of Microbiology and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Abdullah Al Momen Sabuj
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh
| | - Zakia Tabassum Ani
- Department of Sociology, Faculty of social sciences, University of Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Abdul Ahad
- Department of Microbiology and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram, Bangladesh
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Shan X, Wang Y, Song R, Wei W, Liao H, Huang H, Xu C, Chen L, Li S. Spatial and temporal clusters of avian influenza a (H7N9) virus in humans across five epidemics in mainland China: an epidemiological study of laboratory-confirmed cases. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:630. [PMID: 32842978 PMCID: PMC7449057 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-05345-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Avian influenza A (H7N9) virus was first reported in mainland China in 2013, and alarming in 2016–17 due to the surge across a wide geographic area. Our study aimed to identify and explore the spatial and temporal variation across five epidemics to reinforce the epidemic prevention and control. Methods We collected spatial and temporal information about all laboratory-confirmed human cases of A (H7N9) virus infection reported in mainland China covering 2013–17 from the open source. The autocorrelation analysis and intensity of cases were used to analyse the spatial cluster while circular distribution method was used to analyse the temporal cluster. Results Across the five epidemics, a total of 1553 laboratory-confirmed human cases with A (H7N9) virus were reported in mainland China. The global Moran’s I index values of five epidemic were 0.610, 0.132, 0.308, 0.306, 0.336 respectively, among which the differences were statistically significant. The highest intensity was present in the Yangtze River Delta region and the Pearl River Delta region, and the range enlarged from the east of China to inner provinces and even the west of China across the five epidemics. The temporal clusters of the five epidemics were statistically significant, and the peak period was from the end of January to April with the first and the fifth epidemic later than the mean peak period. Conclusions Spatial and temporal clusters of avian influenza A (H7N9) virus in humans are obvious, moreover the regions existing clusters may enlarge across the five epidemics. Yangtze River Delta region and the Pearl River Delta region have the spatial cluster and the peak period is from January to April. The government should facilitate the tangible improvement for the epidemic preparedness according to the characteristics of spatial and temporal clusters of patients with avian influenza A (H7N9) virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuzheng Shan
- Prevention and Health Section, Affiliated Hospital, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yongqin Wang
- Prevention and Health Section, Affiliated Hospital, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ruihong Song
- Prevention and Health Section, Affiliated Hospital, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Wen Wei
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hongxiu Liao
- Transaction Management and Information Department, Panzhihua City Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Panzhihua, Sichuan, China
| | - Huang Huang
- Prevention and Health Section, Affiliated Hospital, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Chunqiong Xu
- Prevention and Health Section, Affiliated Hospital, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lvlin Chen
- Prevention and Health Section, Affiliated Hospital, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shiyun Li
- Prevention and Health Section, Affiliated Hospital, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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Zhou X, Gao L, Wang Y, Li Y, Zhang Y, Shen C, Liu A, Yu Q, Zhang W, Pekin A, Guo F, Smith C, Clements ACA, Edwards J, Huang B, Soares Magalhães RJ. Geographical variation in the risk of H7N9 human infections in China: implications for risk-based surveillance. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10372. [PMID: 32587266 PMCID: PMC7316858 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66359-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The influenza A (H7N9) subtype remains a public health problem in China affecting individuals in contact with live poultry, particularly at live bird markets. Despite enhanced surveillance and biosecurity at LBMs H7N9 viruses are now more widespread in China. This study aims to quantify the temporal relationship between poultry surveillance results and the onset of human H7N9 infections during 2013-2017 and to estimate risk factors associated with geographical risk of H7N9 human infections in counties in Southeast China. Our results suggest that poultry surveillance data can potentially be used as early warning indicators for human H7N9 notifications. Furthermore, we found that human H7N9 incidence at county-level was significantly associated with the presence of wholesale LBMs, the density of retail LBMs, the presence of poultry virological positives, poultry movements from high-risk areas, as well as chicken population density and human population density. The results of this study can influence the current AI H7N9 control program by supporting the integration of poultry surveillance data with human H7N9 notifications as an early warning of the timing and areas at risk for human infection. The findings also highlight areas in China where monitoring of poultry movement and poultry infections could be prioritized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Zhou
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Lu Gao
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Centre, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Youming Wang
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Centre, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Yin Li
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Centre, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao, PR China.,School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Yi Zhang
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Centre, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Chaojian Shen
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Centre, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Ailing Liu
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Centre, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Qi Yu
- Beijing Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, PR China
| | - Wenyi Zhang
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Science, Beijing, PR China
| | - Alexander Pekin
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Fusheng Guo
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Carl Smith
- School of Business, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Archie C A Clements
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia.,Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Australia
| | - John Edwards
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,China Animal Health and Epidemiology Centre, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao, PR China.,School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Baoxu Huang
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Centre, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao, PR China.
| | - Ricardo J Soares Magalhães
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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11
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Dignard C, Leibler JH. Recent Research on Occupational Animal Exposures and Health Risks: A Narrative Review. Curr Environ Health Rep 2019; 6:236-246. [PMID: 31823248 PMCID: PMC7099379 DOI: 10.1007/s40572-019-00253-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In the last year, an increasing number of studies have reported on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) transmission in Africa and Asia and in migrant workers. We reviewed original research on occupational health and safety of animal workers published from January 1, 2018, through June 30, 2019, with a targeted focus on infectious disease studies published in these populations. RECENT FINDINGS Studies focused on occupational exposures to infectious agents, dust and allergens, pesticides, and occupational injury. Research on zoonotic MRSA used whole genome-sequencing technologies to evaluate transmission in Africa and Asia. Swine worker exposure to porcine coronavirus and emerging influenza A viruses was documented in China. 16s RNA amplicon sequencing identified distinct microbiota compositions in households with active animal farmers. Multiple bioaerosol exposures were assessed for industrial dairy workers. Occupational injury studies highlighted the struggles of Latino animal workers in the USA. These studies highlighted the global expansion of zoonotic antibiotic resistance and identified novel occupational zoonoses of concern. The integration of microbiome assessment and compound mixtures into the evaluation of dust and endotoxin exposures for animal workers marks a new direction for this work.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jessica H Leibler
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, 715 Albany St, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
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12
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Zhou X, Zhang Y, Shen C, Liu A, Wang Y, Yu Q, Guo F, Clements ACA, Smith C, Edwards J, Huang B, Soares Magalhães RJ. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices associated with avian influenza along the live chicken market chains in Eastern China: A cross-sectional survey in Shanghai, Anhui, and Jiangsu. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 66:1529-1538. [PMID: 30891947 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The avian influenza (AI) virus of the H7N9 subtype emerged in China in 2013. Live bird markets (LBMs) selling live meat chickens were indicated to present a high-risk of the virus dissemination. This study aimed to quantify the level of knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) on AI and to measure the associated risk factors among different actors along the live chicken market chain within H7N9-affected Eastern provinces in China. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in these provinces from June to July 2014. Structured questionnaires about KAP on AI were delivered to chicken farmers, chicken vendors, and consumers in LBMs. Multivariable generalized least squares regression models were developed to identify predictors of KAP scores among different actors. Our results indicate that KAP scores of chicken farmers were generally higher than those of chicken vendors. Chicken farmers who worked for more than 15 years had significantly lower total KAP scores than those who worked for less than 6 years. Chicken farmers who worked more than 15 hrs in a day had significantly lower attitude scores than those who worked less than 6 hrs. For chicken vendors, females and individuals > 35 years old had significantly lower knowledge scores compared to the reference categories. Practice scores were significantly higher in female vendors and those vendors who also conducted slaughter compared to males and vendors who did not conduct slaughter. Consumers who bought chicken at least once every month had better risk awareness compared to those who bought chicken at least once every week. In addition, female consumers had significantly better practice scores than male consumers. In conclusion, risk-based health promotion interventions should be developed and implemented by animal health agencies (targeting farmers and vendors) and public health agencies (targeting frequent and male consumers) to prevent transmission of H7N9 along the market chain in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Zhou
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology Survey, China Animal Health and Epidemiology Centre, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Chaojian Shen
- Department of Epidemiology Survey, China Animal Health and Epidemiology Centre, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Ailing Liu
- Department of Epidemiology Survey, China Animal Health and Epidemiology Centre, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Youming Wang
- Department of Epidemiology Survey, China Animal Health and Epidemiology Centre, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Qi Yu
- Beijing Centre for Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, PR China
| | - Fusheng Guo
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Archie C A Clements
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Carl Smith
- School of Business, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - John Edwards
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia.,Department of Epidemiology Survey, China Animal Health and Epidemiology Centre, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao, PR China.,School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Baoxu Huang
- Department of Epidemiology Survey, China Animal Health and Epidemiology Centre, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Ricardo J Soares Magalhães
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia.,UQ Child Health Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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13
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Li R, Zhang T, Bai Y, Li H, Wang Y, Bi Y, Chang J, Xu B. Live Poultry Trading Drives China's H7N9 Viral Evolution and Geographical Network Propagation. Front Public Health 2018; 6:210. [PMID: 30140667 PMCID: PMC6094976 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2018.00210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The on-going reassortment, human-adapted mutations, and spillover events of novel A(H7N9) avian influenza viruses pose a significant challenge to public health in China and globally. However, our understanding of the factors that disseminate the viruses and drive their geographic distributions is limited. We applied phylogenic analysis to examine the inter-subtype interactions between H7N9 viruses and the closest H9N2 lineages in China during 2010-2014. We reconstructed and compared the inter-provincial live poultry trading and viral propagation network via phylogeographic approach and network similarity technique. The substitution rates of the isolated viruses in live poultry markets and the characteristics of localized viral evolution were also evaluated. We discovered that viral propagation was geographically-structured and followed the live poultry trading network in China, with distinct north-to-east paths of spread and circular transmission between eastern and southern regions. The epicenter of H7N9 has moved from the Shanghai-Zhejiang region to Guangdong Province was also identified. Besides, higher substitution rate was observed among isolates sampled from live poultry markets, especially for those H7N9 viruses. Live poultry trading in China may have driven the network-structured expansion of the novel H7N9 viruses. From this perspective, long-distance geographic expansion of H7N9 were dominated by live poultry movements, while at local scales, diffusion was facilitated by live poultry markets with highly-evolved viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiyun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, College of Global Change and Earth System Science Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuqi Bai
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Yong Wang
- Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping Beijing, China
| | - Yuhai Bi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianyu Chang
- College of Veterinary Medicine China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, College of Global Change and Earth System Science Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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