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Ettayebi K, Kaur G, Patil K, Dave J, Ayyar BV, Tenge VR, Neill FH, Zeng XL, Speer AL, Di Rienzi SC, Britton RA, Blutt SE, Crawford SE, Ramani S, Atmar RL, Estes MK. Advancements in Human Norovirus Cultivation in Human Intestinal Enteroids. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.24.595764. [PMID: 38826387 PMCID: PMC11142254 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.24.595764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) are a significant cause of both epidemic and sporadic acute gastroenteritis worldwide. The lack of a reproducible culture system for HuNoVs was a major obstacle in studying virus replication and pathogenesis for almost a half-century. This barrier was overcome with our successful cultivation of multiple HuNoV strains in human intestinal enteroids (HIEs), which has significantly advanced HuNoV research. We previously optimized culture media conditions and generated genetically-modified HIE cultures to enhance HuNoV replication in HIEs. Building upon these achievements, we now present additional advancements to this culture system, which involve testing different media, unique HIE lines, and additional virus strains. HuNoV infectivity was evaluated and compared in new HIE models, including HIEs generated from different intestinal segments of individual adult organ donors, HIEs made from human embryonic stem cell-derived human intestinal organoids that were transplanted into mice (H9tHIEs), genetically-engineered (J4 FUT2 knock-in [ KI ], J2 STAT1 knock-out [ KO ]) HIEs, as well as HIEs derived from a patient with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) and from infants. Our findings reveal that small intestinal HIEs, but not colonoids, from adults, H9tHIEs, HIEs from a CVID patient, and HIEs from infants support HuNoV replication with segment and strain-specific differences in viral infection. J4 FUT2-KI HIEs exhibit the highest susceptibility to HuNoV infection, allowing the cultivation of a broader range of GI and GII HuNoV strains than previously reported. Overall, these results contribute to a deeper understanding of HuNoVs and highlight the transformative potential of HIE cultures in HuNoV research. Importance Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) are very contagious and cause significant acute gastroenteritis globally, but studying them has been hindered by the lack of a reproducible culture system for nearly 50 years. This barrier was overcome by successfully cultivating multiple HuNoV strains in human intestinal enteroids (HIEs), advancing HuNoV research. We previously optimized culture conditions and developed genetically modified HIEs to enhance HuNoV replication. In this study, we tested different media, unique HIE lines, and additional virus strains, evaluating HuNoV infectivity in new HIE models. These models include HIEs from various intestinal segments of adult donors, human embryonic stem cell-derived HIEs transplanted into mice (H9tHIEs), genetically-engineered HIEs (J4 FUT2 knock-in [ KI ], J2 STAT1 knock-out [ KO ]), HIEs from a common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) patient, and from infants. Our findings show that adult small intestinal HIEs, H9tHIEs, CVID patient HIEs, and infant HIEs support HuNoV replication with segment and strain-specific differences. J4 FUT2-KI HIEs exhibited the highest susceptibility, allowing cultivation of a broader range of HuNoV strains. These results enhance the understanding of HuNoVs and highlight the transformative potential of HIE cultures in HuNoV research.
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Kimura-Someya T, Katsura K, Kato-Murayama M, Hosaka T, Uchikubo-Kamo T, Ihara K, Hanada K, Sato S, Murayama K, Kataoka M, Shirouzu M, Someya Y. Structural analyses of the GI.4 norovirus by cryo-electron microscopy and X-ray crystallography revealing binding sites for human monoclonal antibodies. J Virol 2024; 98:e0019724. [PMID: 38593321 PMCID: PMC11092324 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00197-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Noroviruses are major causative agents of acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis in humans. There are neither antiviral therapeutic agents nor vaccines for noroviruses at this time. To evaluate the potential usefulness of two previously isolated human monoclonal antibody fragments, CV-1A1 and CV-2F5, we first conducted a single-particle analysis to determine the cryo-electron microscopy structure of virus-like particles (VLPs) from the genogroup I genotype 4 (GI.4) Chiba strain uniformly coated with CV-1A1 fragments. The results revealed that the GI.4-specific CV-1A1 antibody bound to the P2 subdomain, in which amino acids are less conserved and variable. Interestingly, a part of the CV-1A1 intrudes into the histo-blood group antigen-binding site, suggesting that this antibody might exert neutralizing activity. Next, we determined the crystal structure of the protruding (P) domain of the capsid protein in the complex form with the CV-2F5 antibody fragment. Consistent with the cross-reactivity, the CV-2F5 bound to the P1 subdomain, which is rich in amino acids conserved among the GI strains, and moreover induced a disruption of Chiba VLPs. These results suggest that the broadly reactive CV-2F5 antibody can be used as both a universal detection reagent and an antiviral drug for GI noroviruses. IMPORTANCE We conducted the structural analyses of the VP1 protein from the GI.4 Chiba norovirus to identify the binding sites of the previously isolated human monoclonal antibodies CV-1A1 and CV-2F5. The cryo-electron microscopy of the Chiba virus-like particles (VLPs) complexed with the Fv-clasp forms of GI.4-specific CV-1A1 revealed that this antibody binds to the highly variable P2 subdomain, suggesting that this antibody may have neutralizing ability against the GI.4 strains. X-ray crystallography revealed that the CV-2F5 antibody bound to the P1 subdomain, which is rich in conserved amino acids. This result is consistent with the ability of the CV-2F5 antibody to react with a wide variety of GI norovirus strains. It is also found that the CV-2F5 antibody caused a disruption of VLPs. Our findings, together with previous reports on the structures of VP1 proteins and VLPs, are expected to open a path for the structure-based development of antivirals and vaccines against norovirus disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kazushige Katsura
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | - Toshiaki Hosaka
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | - Kentaro Ihara
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kazuharu Hanada
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shin Sato
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Murayama
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Michiyo Kataoka
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mikako Shirouzu
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yuichi Someya
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
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3
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Hayashi T, Kobayashi S, Hirano J, Murakami K. Human norovirus cultivation systems and their use in antiviral research. J Virol 2024; 98:e0166323. [PMID: 38470106 PMCID: PMC11019851 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01663-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Human norovirus (HuNoV) is a major cause of acute gastroenteritis and foodborne diseases, affecting all age groups. Despite its clinical needs, no approved antiviral therapies are available. Since the discovery of HuNoV in 1972, studies on anti-norovirals, mechanism of HuNoV infection, viral inactivation, etc., have been hampered by the lack of a robust laboratory-based cultivation system for HuNoV. A recent breakthrough in the development of HuNoV cultivation systems has opened opportunities for researchers to investigate HuNoV biology in the context of de novo HuNoV infections. A tissue stem cell-derived human intestinal organoid/enteroid (HIO) culture system is one of those that supports HuNoV replication reproducibly and, to our knowledge, is most widely distributed to laboratories worldwide to study HuNoV and develop therapeutic strategies. This review summarizes recently developed HuNoV cultivation systems, including HIO, and their use in antiviral studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Hayashi
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sakura Kobayashi
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junki Hirano
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kosuke Murakami
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
- Center for Emergency Preparedness and Response, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
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Wasielewski VV, Itani TM, Zakharova YA, Semenov AV. Current trends and new approaches for human norovirus replication in cell culture: a literature review. Arch Virol 2024; 169:71. [PMID: 38459228 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-024-05999-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Human norovirus (HuNoV) is one of the world's leading causes of acute gastroenteritis. At present, effective reproduction of the virus in cell cultures remains a challenge for virologists, as there is a lack of a permissive cell line that allows the entire viral life cycle to be reproduced. This is a barrier to the study of the HuNoV life cycle, its tropism, and virus-host interactions. It is also a major hurdle for the development of viral detection platforms, and ultimately for the development of therapeutics. The lack of an inexpensive, technically simple, and easily implemented cultivation method also negatively affects our ability to evaluate the efficacy of a variety of control measures (disinfectants, food processes) for human norovirus. In the process of monitoring this pathogen, it is necessary to detect infectious viral particles in water, food, and other environmental samples. Therefore, improvement of in vitro replication of HuNoV is still needed. In this review, we discuss current trends and new approaches to HuNoV replication in cell culture. We highlight ways in which previous research on HuNoV and other noroviruses has guided and influenced the development of new HuNoV culture systems and discuss the improvement of in vitro replication of HuNoV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin V Wasielewski
- Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing, Federal Scientific Research Institute of Viral Infections «Virome», Ekaterinburg, 620030, Russian Federation
| | - Tarek M Itani
- Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing, Federal Scientific Research Institute of Viral Infections «Virome», Ekaterinburg, 620030, Russian Federation.
| | - Yuliya A Zakharova
- Institute of Disinfectology of the F.F. Erisman Federal Scientific Centre of Hygiene Rospotrebnadzor, Mosсow, Russian Federation
| | - Aleksandr V Semenov
- Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing, Federal Scientific Research Institute of Viral Infections «Virome», Ekaterinburg, 620030, Russian Federation
- Ural Federal University named after the First President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin, Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation
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Ibaraki M, Lai L, Huerta C, Natrajan MS, Collins MH, Anderson EJ, Mulligan MJ, Rouphael N, Moe CL, Liu P. Blockade Antibody Responses in Human Subjects Challenged with a New Snow Mountain Virus Inoculum. ARCHIVES OF MICROBIOLOGY & IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 7:318-325. [PMID: 38707746 PMCID: PMC11067712 DOI: 10.26502/ami.936500129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Background Noroviruses (NoVs) are a leading cause of non-bacterial gastroenteritis in young children and adults worldwide. Snow Mountain Virus (SMV) is the prototype of NoV GII genotype 2 (GII.2) that has been developed as a viral model for human challenge studies, an important tool for studying pathogenesis and immune response of NoV infections and for evaluating NoV vaccine candidates. Previous studies have identified blockade antibodies that block the binding of NoV virus-like particles (VLPs) to histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) as a surrogate for neutralization in human Norwalk virus and GII.4 infections but little is known about SMV blockade antibodies. Methods In this secondary data analysis study, blockade antibodies were characterized in pre-challenge and post-challenge serum samples from human subjects challenged with a new SMV inoculum. The correlation between blockade antibody geometric mean antibody titers (GMTs) and SMV-specific serum IgG/IgA GMTs were examined after stratifying the subjects by infection status. A linear mixed model was applied to test the association between HBGA blockade antibody concentrations and post-challenge days accounting for covariates and random effects. Results Laboratory results from 33 SMV inoculated individuals were analyzed and 75.7% (25/33) participants became infected. Serum SMV-specific blockade antibodies, IgA, and IgG were all significantly different between infected and uninfected individuals beginning day 15 post-challenge. Within infected individuals, a significant correlation was observed between both IgG and IgA and blockade antibody concentration as early as day 6 post-challenge. Analysis of blockade antibody using the linear mixed model showed that infected individuals, when compared to uninfected individuals, had a statistically significant increase in blockade antibody concentrations across the post-challenge days. Among the post-challenge days, blockade antibody concentrations on days 15, 30, and 45 were significantly higher than those observed pre-challenge. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) analysis indicated that the variability of blockade antibody titers is more observed between individuals rather than within subjects. Conclusions These results indicate that HBGA-blockade antibody GMTs are generated after SMV challenge and the blockade antibodies were still detectable at day 45 post-challenge. These data indicate that the second-generation of SMV inoculum is highly effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Ibaraki
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Lilin Lai
- Grossman School of Medicine and New York University Vaccine Center, New York University, New York, USA
| | - Christopher Huerta
- Hope Clinic of the Emory Vaccine Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Muktha S Natrajan
- Hope Clinic of the Emory Vaccine Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Matthew H Collins
- Hope Clinic of the Emory Vaccine Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Evan J Anderson
- Hope Clinic of the Emory Vaccine Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Mark J Mulligan
- Grossman School of Medicine and New York University Vaccine Center, New York University, New York, USA
| | - Nadine Rouphael
- Hope Clinic of the Emory Vaccine Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Christine L Moe
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Pengbo Liu
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Hou YN, Jin YQ, Zhang XF, Tang F, Hou JW, Liu ZM, Han ZB, Zhang H, Du LF, Shao S, Su JG, Liang Y, Zhang J, Li QM. Chimeric virus-like particles of human norovirus constructed by structure-guided epitope grafting elicit cross-reactive immunity against both GI.1 and GII.4 genotypes. J Virol 2023; 97:e0093823. [PMID: 37792003 PMCID: PMC10617407 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00938-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Human norovirus (HuNoV) is highly infectious and can result in severe illnesses in the elderly and children. So far, there is no effective antiviral drug to treat HuNoV infection, and thus, the development of HuNoV vaccines is urgent. However, NoV evolves rapidly, and currently, at least 10 genogroups with numerous genotypes have been found. The genetic diversity of NoV and the lack of cross-protection between different genotypes pose challenges to the development of broadly protective vaccines. In this study, guided by structural alignment between GI.1 and GII.4 HuNoV VP1 proteins, several chimeric-type virus-like particles (VLPs) were designed through surface-exposed loop grafting. Mouse immunization studies show that two of the designed chimeric VLPs induced cross-immunity against both GI.1 and GII.4 HuNoVs. To our knowledge, this is the first designed chimeric VLPs that can induce cross-immune activities across different genogroups of HuNoV, which provides valuable strategies for the development of cross-reactive HuNoV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Nan Hou
- The Sixth Laboratory, National Vaccine and Serum Institute (NVSI), Beijing, China
- National Engineering Center for New Vaccine Research, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Qin Jin
- The Sixth Laboratory, National Vaccine and Serum Institute (NVSI), Beijing, China
- National Engineering Center for New Vaccine Research, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Feng Zhang
- The Sixth Laboratory, National Vaccine and Serum Institute (NVSI), Beijing, China
- National Engineering Center for New Vaccine Research, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Tang
- The Sixth Laboratory, National Vaccine and Serum Institute (NVSI), Beijing, China
- National Engineering Center for New Vaccine Research, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Wei Hou
- The Sixth Laboratory, National Vaccine and Serum Institute (NVSI), Beijing, China
- National Engineering Center for New Vaccine Research, Beijing, China
| | - Zhao Ming Liu
- The Sixth Laboratory, National Vaccine and Serum Institute (NVSI), Beijing, China
- National Engineering Center for New Vaccine Research, Beijing, China
| | - Zi Bo Han
- The Sixth Laboratory, National Vaccine and Serum Institute (NVSI), Beijing, China
- National Engineering Center for New Vaccine Research, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- The Sixth Laboratory, National Vaccine and Serum Institute (NVSI), Beijing, China
- National Engineering Center for New Vaccine Research, Beijing, China
| | - Li Fang Du
- The Sixth Laboratory, National Vaccine and Serum Institute (NVSI), Beijing, China
- National Engineering Center for New Vaccine Research, Beijing, China
| | - Shuai Shao
- The Sixth Laboratory, National Vaccine and Serum Institute (NVSI), Beijing, China
- National Engineering Center for New Vaccine Research, Beijing, China
| | - Ji Guo Su
- National Engineering Center for New Vaccine Research, Beijing, China
- High Performance Computing Center, National Vaccine and Serum Institute (NVSI), Beijing, China
| | - Yu Liang
- The Sixth Laboratory, National Vaccine and Serum Institute (NVSI), Beijing, China
- National Engineering Center for New Vaccine Research, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- The Sixth Laboratory, National Vaccine and Serum Institute (NVSI), Beijing, China
- National Engineering Center for New Vaccine Research, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Ming Li
- The Sixth Laboratory, National Vaccine and Serum Institute (NVSI), Beijing, China
- National Engineering Center for New Vaccine Research, Beijing, China
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Lewis MA, Cortés-Penfield NW, Ettayebi K, Patil K, Kaur G, Neill FH, Atmar RL, Ramani S, Estes MK. Standardization of an antiviral pipeline for human norovirus in human intestinal enteroids demonstrates nitazoxanide has no to weak antiviral activity. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2023; 67:e0063623. [PMID: 37787556 PMCID: PMC10583671 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00636-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) are the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis. In immunocompetent hosts, symptoms usually resolve within 3 days; however, in immunocompromised persons, HuNoV infection can become persistent, debilitating, and sometimes life-threatening. There are no licensed therapeutics for HuNoV due to a near half-century delay in its cultivation. Treatment for chronic HuNoV infection in immunosuppressed patients anecdotally includes nitazoxanide, a broad-spectrum antimicrobial licensed for treatment of parasite-induced gastroenteritis. Despite its off-label use for chronic HuNoV infection, nitazoxanide has not been clearly demonstrated to be an effective treatment. In this study, we standardized a pipeline for antiviral testing using multiple human small intestinal enteroid lines representing different intestinal segments and evaluated whether nitazoxanide inhibits replication of five HuNoV strains in vitro. Nitazoxanide did not exhibit high selective antiviral activity against any HuNoV strain tested, indicating it is not an effective antiviral for HuNoV infection. Human intestinal enteroids are further demonstrated as a model to serve as a preclinical platform to test antivirals against HuNoVs to treat gastrointestinal disease. Abstr.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda A. Lewis
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Nicolás W. Cortés-Penfield
- Department of Medicine, Infectious Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Khalil Ettayebi
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ketki Patil
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Gurpreet Kaur
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Frederick H. Neill
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Robert L. Atmar
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Sasirekha Ramani
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Mary K. Estes
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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8
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Su L, Huang W, Neill FH, Estes MK, Atmar RL, Palzkill T. Mapping human norovirus antigens during infection reveals the breadth of the humoral immune response. NPJ Vaccines 2023; 8:87. [PMID: 37280322 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-023-00683-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human noroviruses (HuNoV) are the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide. The humoral immune response plays an important role in clearing HuNoV infections and elucidating the antigenic landscape of HuNoV during an infection can shed light on antibody targets to inform vaccine design. Here, we utilized Jun-Fos-assisted phage display of a HuNoV genogroup GI.1 genomic library and deep sequencing to simultaneously map the epitopes of serum antibodies of six individuals infected with GI.1 HuNoV. We found both unique and common epitopes that were widely distributed among both nonstructural proteins and the major capsid protein. Recurring epitope profiles suggest immunodominant antibody footprints among these individuals. Analysis of sera collected longitudinally from three individuals showed the presence of existing epitopes in the pre-infection sera, suggesting these individuals had prior HuNoV infections. Nevertheless, newly recognized epitopes surfaced seven days post-infection. These new epitope signals persisted by 180 days post-infection along with the pre-infection epitopes, suggesting a persistent production of antibodies recognizing epitopes from previous and new infections. Lastly, analysis of a GII.4 genotype genomic phage display library with sera of three persons infected with GII.4 virus revealed epitopes that overlapped with those identified in GI.1 affinity selections, suggesting the presence of GI.1/GII.4 cross-reactive antibodies. The results demonstrate that genomic phage display coupled with deep sequencing can characterize HuNoV antigenic landscapes from complex polyclonal human sera to reveal the timing and breadth of the human humoral immune response to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn Su
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Wanzhi Huang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Frederick H Neill
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Mary K Estes
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Robert L Atmar
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Timothy Palzkill
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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9
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Lewis MA, Cortés-Penfield NW, Ettayebi K, Patil K, Kaur G, Neill FH, Atmar RL, Ramani S, Estes MK. A Standardized Antiviral Pipeline for Human Norovirus in Human Intestinal Enteroids Demonstrates No Antiviral Activity of Nitazoxanide. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.23.542011. [PMID: 37293103 PMCID: PMC10245936 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.23.542011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) are the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis. In immunocompetent hosts, symptoms usually resolve within three days; however, in immunocompromised persons, HuNoV infection can become persistent, debilitating, and sometimes life-threatening. There are no licensed therapeutics for HuNoV due to a near half-century delay in its cultivation. Treatment for chronic HuNoV infection in immunosuppressed patients anecdotally includes nitazoxanide, a broad-spectrum antimicrobial licensed for treatment of parasite-induced gastroenteritis. Despite its off-label use for chronic HuNoV infection, nitazoxanide has not been clearly demonstrated to be an effective treatment. In this study, we established a standardized pipeline for antiviral testing using multiple human small intestinal enteroid (HIE) lines representing different intestinal segments and evaluated whether nitazoxanide inhibits replication of 5 HuNoV strains in vitro . Nitazoxanide did not exhibit high selective antiviral activity against any HuNoV strains tested, indicating it is not an effective antiviral for norovirus infection. HIEs are further demonstrated as a model to serve as a pre-clinical platform to test antivirals against human noroviruses to treat gastrointestinal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda A. Lewis
- Department of Molecular Virology & Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | | | - Khalil Ettayebi
- Department of Molecular Virology & Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Ketki Patil
- Department of Molecular Virology & Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Gurpreet Kaur
- Department of Molecular Virology & Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Frederick H. Neill
- Department of Molecular Virology & Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Robert L. Atmar
- Department of Molecular Virology & Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Sasirekha Ramani
- Department of Molecular Virology & Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Mary K. Estes
- Department of Molecular Virology & Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
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10
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Ayyar BV, Ettayebi K, Salmen W, Karandikar UC, Neill FH, Tenge VR, Crawford SE, Bieberich E, Prasad BVV, Atmar RL, Estes MK. CLIC and membrane wound repair pathways enable pandemic norovirus entry and infection. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1148. [PMID: 36854760 PMCID: PMC9974061 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36398-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Globally, most cases of gastroenteritis are caused by pandemic GII.4 human norovirus (HuNoV) strains with no approved therapies or vaccines available. The cellular pathways that these strains exploit for cell entry and internalization are unknown. Here, using nontransformed human jejunal enteroids (HIEs) that recapitulate the physiology of the gastrointestinal tract, we show that infectious GII.4 virions and virus-like particles are endocytosed using a unique combination of endosomal acidification-dependent clathrin-independent carriers (CLIC), acid sphingomyelinase (ASM)-mediated lysosomal exocytosis, and membrane wound repair pathways. We found that besides the known interaction of the viral capsid Protruding (P) domain with host glycans, the Shell (S) domain interacts with both galectin-3 (gal-3) and apoptosis-linked gene 2-interacting protein X (ALIX), to orchestrate GII.4 cell entry. Recognition of the viral and cellular determinants regulating HuNoV entry provides insight into the infection process of a non-enveloped virus highlighting unique pathways and targets for developing effective therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Vijayalakshmi Ayyar
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Khalil Ettayebi
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Wilhelm Salmen
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Umesh C Karandikar
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Frederick H Neill
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Victoria R Tenge
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sue E Crawford
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Erhard Bieberich
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506 and VAMC, Lexington, KY, 40502, USA
| | - B V Venkataram Prasad
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Robert L Atmar
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mary K Estes
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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11
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Minimal Antigenic Evolution after a Decade of Norovirus GII.4 Sydney_2012 Circulation in Humans. J Virol 2023; 97:e0171622. [PMID: 36688654 PMCID: PMC9973034 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01716-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Norovirus is a major human pathogen that can cause severe gastroenteritis in vulnerable populations. The extensive viral diversity presented by human noroviruses constitutes a major roadblock for the development of effective vaccines. In addition to the large number of genotypes, antigenically distinct variants of GII.4 noroviruses have chronologically emerged over the last 3 decades. The last variant to emerge, Sydney_2012, has been circulating at high incidence worldwide for over a decade. We analyzed 1449 capsid sequences from GII.4 Sydney_2012 viruses to determine genetic changes indicative of antigenic diversification. Phylogenetic analyses show that Sydney_2012 viruses scattered within the tree topology with no single cluster dominating during a given year or geographical location. Fourteen residues presented high variability, 7 of which mapped to 4 antigenic sites. Notably, ~52% of viruses presented mutations at 2 or more antigenic sites. Mutational patterns showed that residues 297 and 372, which map to antigenic site A, changed over time. Virus-like particles (VLPs) developed from wild-type Sydney_2012 viruses and engineered to display all mutations detected at antigenic sites were tested against polyclonal sera and monoclonal antibodies raised against Sydney_2012 and Farmington_Hills_2002 VLPs. Minimal changes in reactivity were detected with polyclonal sera and only 4 MAbs lost binding, with all mapping to antigenic site A. Notably, reversion of residues from Sydney_2012 reconstituted epitopes from ancestral GII.4 variants. Overall, this study demonstrates that, despite circulating for over a decade, Sydney_2012 viruses present minimal antigenic diversification and provides novel insights on the diversification of GII.4 noroviruses that could inform vaccine design. IMPORTANCE GII.4 noroviruses are the major cause of acute gastroenteritis in all age groups. This predominance has been attributed to the continued emergence of phylogenetically discrete variants that escape immune responses to previous infections. The last GII.4 variant to emerge, Sydney_2012, has been circulating at high incidence for over a decade, raising the question of whether this variant is undergoing antigenic diversification without presenting a major distinction at the phylogenetic level. Sequence analyses that include >1400 capsid sequences from GII.4 Sydney_2012 showed changes in 4 out of the 6 major antigenic sites. Notably, while changes were detected in one of the most immunodominant sites over time, these resulted in minimal changes in the antigenic profile of these viruses. This study provides new insights on the mechanism governing the antigenic diversification of GII.4 norovirus that could help in the development of cross-protective vaccines to human noroviruses.
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12
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Artman C, Idegwu N, Brumfield KD, Lai K, Hauta S, Falzarano D, Parreño V, Yuan L, Geyer JD, Goepp JG. Feasibility of Polyclonal Avian Immunoglobulins (IgY) as Prophylaxis against Human Norovirus Infection. Viruses 2022; 14:v14112371. [PMID: 36366469 PMCID: PMC9698945 DOI: 10.3390/v14112371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human norovirus (HuNoV) is the leading viral cause of diarrhea, with GII.4 as the predominant genotype of HuNoV outbreaks globally. However, new genogroup variants emerge periodically, complicating the development of anti-HuNoV vaccines; other prophylactic or therapeutic medications specifically for HuNoV disease are lacking. Passive immunization using oral anti-HuNoV antibodies may be a rational alternative. Here, we explore the feasibility of using avian immunoglobulins (IgY) for preventing HuNoV infection in vitro in a human intestinal enteroid (HIE) model. METHODS Hens were immunized with virus-like particles (VLP) of a GII.4 HuNoV strain (GII.4/CHDC2094/1974/US) by intramuscular injection. The resulting IgY was evaluated for inhibition of binding to histo-blood group antigens (HBGA) and viral neutralization against representative GII.4 and GII.6 clinical isolates, using an HIE model. RESULTS IgY titers were detected by three weeks following initial immunization, persisting at levels of 1:221 (1:2,097,152) from 9 weeks to 23 weeks. Anti-HuNoV IgY significantly (p < 0.05) blocked VLP adhesion to HBGA up to 1:12,048 dilution (0.005 mg/mL), and significantly (p < 0.05) inhibited replication of HuNoV GII.4[P16] Sydney 2012 in HIEs up to 1:128 dilution (0.08 mg/mL). Neutralization was not detected against genotype GII.6. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate the feasibility of IgY for preventing infection of HIE by HuNoV GII.4. Clinical preparations should cover multiple circulating HuNoV genotypes for comprehensive effects. Plans for animal studies are underway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad Artman
- Scaled Microbiomics, LLC, Hagerstown, MD 21740, USA
| | | | - Kyle D. Brumfield
- Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park Campus, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- University of Maryland Institute for Advanced Computer Studies, University of Maryland, College Park Campus, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Ken Lai
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Shirley Hauta
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Darryl Falzarano
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Viviana Parreño
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
- INCUINTA, IVIT, National Institute of Agricultural Technology (INTA, Argentina), Buenos Aires 1712, Argentina
| | - Lijuan Yuan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - James D. Geyer
- Institute for Rural Health Research, College of Community Health Science, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Julius G. Goepp
- Scaled Microbiomics, LLC, Hagerstown, MD 21740, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-585-820-9937
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13
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Ford-Siltz LA, Tohma K, Alvarado GS, Kendra JA, Pilewski KA, Crowe JE, Parra GI. Cross-reactive neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies mapping to variable antigenic sites on the norovirus major capsid protein. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1040836. [DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1040836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human noroviruses are the major viral cause of acute gastroenteritis around the world. Although norovirus symptoms are in most cases mild and self-limited, severe and prolonged symptoms can occur in the elderly and in immunocompromised individuals. Thus, there is a great need for the development of specific therapeutics that can help mitigate infection. In this study, we sought to characterize a panel of human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs; NORO-123, -115, -273A, -263, -315B, and -250B) that showed carbohydrate blocking activity against the current pandemic variant, GII.4 Sydney 2012. All antibodies tested showed potent neutralization against GII.4 Sydney virus in human intestinal enteroid culture. While all mAbs recognized only GII.4 viruses, they exhibited differential binding patterns against a panel of virus-like particles (VLPs) representing major and minor GII.4 variants spanning twenty-five years. Using mutant VLPs, we mapped five of the mAbs to variable antigenic sites A (NORO-123, -263, -315B, and -250B) or C (NORO-115) on the major capsid protein. Those mapping to the antigenic site A showed blocking activity against multiple variants dating back to 1987, with one mAb (NORO-123) showing reactivity to all variants tested. NORO-115, which maps to antigenic site C, showed reactivity against multiple variants due to the low susceptibility for mutations presented by naturally-occurring variants at the proposed binding site. Notably, we show that cross-blocking and neutralizing antibodies can be elicited against variable antigenic sites. These data provide new insights into norovirus immunity and suggest potential for the development of cross-protective vaccines and therapeutics.
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14
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Brewer-Jensen PD, Reyes Y, Becker-Dreps S, González F, Mallory ML, Gutiérrez L, Zepeda O, Centeno E, Vielot N, Diez-Valcarce M, Vinjé J, Baric R, Lindesmith LC, Bucardo F. Norovirus Infection in Young Nicaraguan Children Induces Durable and Genotype-Specific Antibody Immunity. Viruses 2022; 14:v14092053. [PMID: 36146859 PMCID: PMC9501366 DOI: 10.3390/v14092053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
There are significant challenges to the development of a pediatric norovirus vaccine, mainly due to the antigenic diversity among strains infecting young children. Characterizing human norovirus serotypes and understanding norovirus immunity in naïve children would provide key information for designing rational vaccine platforms. In this study, 26 Nicaraguan children experiencing their first norovirus acute gastroenteritis (AGE) episode during the first 18 months of life were investigated. We used a surrogate neutralization assay that measured antibodies blocking the binding of 13 different norovirus virus-like particles (VLPs) to histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) in pre- and post-infection sera. To assess for asymptomatic norovirus infections, stools from asymptomatic children were collected monthly, screened for norovirus by RT-qPCR and genotyped by sequencing. Seroconversion of an HBGA-blocking antibody matched the infecting genotype in 25 (96%) of the 26 children. A subset of 13 (50%) and 4 (15%) of the 26 children experienced monotypic GII and GI seroconversion, respectively, strongly suggesting a type-specific response in naïve children, and 9 (35%) showed multitypic seroconversion. The most frequent pairing in multitypic seroconversion (8/12) were GII.4 Sydney and GII.12 noroviruses, both co-circulating at the time. Blocking antibody titers to these two genotypes did not correlate with each other, suggesting multiple exposure rather than cross-reactivity between genotypes. In addition, GII titers remained consistent for at least 19 months post-infection, demonstrating durable immunity. In conclusion, the first natural norovirus gastroenteritis episodes in these young children were dominated by a limited number of genotypes and induced responses of antibodies blocking binding of norovirus VLPs in a genotype-specific manner, suggesting that an effective pediatric norovirus vaccine likely needs to be multivalent and include globally dominant genotypes. The duration of protection from natural infections provides optimism for pediatric norovirus vaccines administered early in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D. Brewer-Jensen
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Yaoska Reyes
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua, León 21000, Nicaragua
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Sylvia Becker-Dreps
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Family Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Fredman González
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua, León 21000, Nicaragua
| | - Michael L. Mallory
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Lester Gutiérrez
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua, León 21000, Nicaragua
| | - Omar Zepeda
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua, León 21000, Nicaragua
| | - Edwing Centeno
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua, León 21000, Nicaragua
| | - Nadja Vielot
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Marta Diez-Valcarce
- Division of Viral Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Jan Vinjé
- Division of Viral Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Ralph Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Lisa C. Lindesmith
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Filemon Bucardo
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua, León 21000, Nicaragua
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +505-89040938
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15
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Nolan LS, Baldridge MT. Advances in understanding interferon-mediated immune responses to enteric viruses in intestinal organoids. Front Immunol 2022; 13:943334. [PMID: 35935957 PMCID: PMC9354881 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.943334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferons (IFN) are antiviral cytokines with critical roles in regulating pathogens at epithelial barriers, but their capacity to restrict human enteric viruses has been incompletely characterized in part due to challenges in cultivating some viruses in vitro, particularly human norovirus. Accordingly, advancements in the development of antiviral therapies and vaccine strategies for enteric viral infections have been similarly constrained. Currently emerging is the use of human intestinal enteroids (HIEs) to investigate mechanisms of human enteric viral pathogenesis. HIEs provide a unique opportunity to investigate host-virus interactions using an in vitro system that recapitulates the cellular complexity of the in vivo gastrointestinal epithelium. This approach permits the exploration of intestinal epithelial cell interactions with enteric viruses as well as the innate immune responses mediated by IFNs and IFN-stimulated genes. Here, we describe recent findings related to the production, signaling, and function of IFNs in the response to enteric viral infections, which will ultimately help to reveal important aspects of pathogenesis and facilitate the future development of therapeutics and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lila S. Nolan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Newborn Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis Children’s Hospital, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Megan T. Baldridge
- Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
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16
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Lindesmith LC, Brewer-Jensen PD, Mallory ML, Zweigart MR, May SR, Kelly D, Williams R, Becker-Dreps S, Bucardo F, Allen DJ, Breuer J, Baric RS. Antigenic Site Immunodominance Redirection Following Repeat Variant Exposure. Viruses 2022; 14:1293. [PMID: 35746763 PMCID: PMC9229260 DOI: 10.3390/v14061293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human norovirus is a leading cause of acute gastroenteritis, driven by antigenic variants within the GII.4 genotype. Antibody responses to GII.4 vaccination in adults are shaped by immune memory. How children without extensive immune memory will respond to GII.4 vaccination has not been reported. Here, we characterized the GII.4 neutralizing antibody (nAb) landscape following natural infection using a surrogate assay and antigenic site chimera virus-like particles. We demonstrate that the nAb landscape changes with age and virus exposure. Among sites A, C, and G, nAbs from first infections are focused on sites A and C. As immunity develops with age/exposure, site A is supplemented with antibodies that bridge site A to sites C and G. Cross-site nAbs continue to develop into adulthood, accompanied by an increase in nAb to site G. Continued exposure to GII.4 2012 Sydney correlated with a shift to co-dominance of sites A and G. Furthermore, site G nAbs correlated with the broadening of nAb titer across antigenically divergent variants. These data describe fundamental steps in the development of immunity to GII.4 over a lifetime, and illustrate how the antigenicity of one pandemic variant could influence the pandemic potential of another variant through the redirection of immunodominant epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa C. Lindesmith
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (P.D.B.-J.); (M.L.M.); (M.R.Z.); (S.R.M.); (S.B.-D.)
| | - Paul D. Brewer-Jensen
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (P.D.B.-J.); (M.L.M.); (M.R.Z.); (S.R.M.); (S.B.-D.)
| | - Michael L. Mallory
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (P.D.B.-J.); (M.L.M.); (M.R.Z.); (S.R.M.); (S.B.-D.)
| | - Mark R. Zweigart
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (P.D.B.-J.); (M.L.M.); (M.R.Z.); (S.R.M.); (S.B.-D.)
| | - Samantha R. May
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (P.D.B.-J.); (M.L.M.); (M.R.Z.); (S.R.M.); (S.B.-D.)
| | - Daniel Kelly
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK; (D.K.); (D.J.A.)
| | - Rachel Williams
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK; (R.W.); (J.B.)
- Department of Genetics & Genomic Medicine, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Sylvia Becker-Dreps
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (P.D.B.-J.); (M.L.M.); (M.R.Z.); (S.R.M.); (S.B.-D.)
- Department of Family Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Filemón Bucardo
- Department of Microbiology, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua-León (UNAN-León), León 21000, Nicaragua;
| | - David J. Allen
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK; (D.K.); (D.J.A.)
| | - Judith Breuer
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK; (R.W.); (J.B.)
- Department of Microbiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Ralph S. Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (P.D.B.-J.); (M.L.M.); (M.R.Z.); (S.R.M.); (S.B.-D.)
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17
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Hou W, Lv L, Wang Y, Xing M, Guo Y, Xie D, Wei X, Zhang X, Liu H, Ren J, Zhou D. 6-Valent Virus-Like Particle-Based Vaccine Induced Potent and Sustained Immunity Against Noroviruses in Mice. Front Immunol 2022; 13:906275. [PMID: 35711416 PMCID: PMC9197435 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.906275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Norovirus is a major cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide, and no vaccine is currently available. The genetic and antigenic diversity of Norovirus presents challenges for providing broad immune protection, which calls for a multivalent vaccine application. In this study, we investigated the possibility of developing a virus-like particle (VLP)-based 6-valent Norovirus vaccine candidate (Hexa-VLPs) that covers GI.1, GII.2, GII.3, GII.4, GII.6, and GII.17 genotypes. Hexa-VLPs (30 µg) adjuvanted with 500 µg of aluminum hydroxide (alum) were selected as the optimal immunization dose after a dose-escalation study. Potent and long-lasting blockade antibody responses were induced by 2-or 3-shot Hexa-VLPs, especially for the emerging GII.P16-GII.2 and GII.17 (Kawasaki 2014) genotypes. Hexa-VLPs plus alum elicited Th1/Th2 mixed yet Th2-skewed immune responses, characterized by an IgG1-biased subclass profile and significant IL-4+ T-cell activation. Notably, simultaneous immunization with a mixture of six VLPs revealed no immunological interference among the component antigens. These results demonstrate that Hexa-VLPs are promising broad-spectrum vaccines to provide immunoprotection against major GI/GII epidemic strains in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenli Hou
- Key Laboratory of Bio resource and Eco-environment, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lihui Lv
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yihan Wang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Man Xing
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yingying Guo
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Di Xie
- R&D Centre, Chengdu Kanghua Biological Products Co., Ltd, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin Wei
- R&D Centre, Chengdu Kanghua Biological Products Co., Ltd, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiuyue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio resource and Eco-environment, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hui Liu
- R&D Centre, Chengdu Kanghua Biological Products Co., Ltd, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Dongming Zhou, ; Jiling Ren, ; Hui Liu,
| | - Jiling Ren
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Dongming Zhou, ; Jiling Ren, ; Hui Liu,
| | - Dongming Zhou
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Dongming Zhou, ; Jiling Ren, ; Hui Liu,
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18
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Abstract
Human noroviruses are the most common viral cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide. Currently, there are no approved vaccines or specific therapeutics to treat the disease. Some obstacles delaying the development of a norovirus vaccine are: (i) the extreme diversity presented by noroviruses; (ii) our incomplete understanding of immunity to noroviruses; and (iii) the lack of a robust cell culture system or animal model for human noroviruses. Recent advances in in vitro cultivation of norovirus, novel approaches applied to viral genomics and immunity, and completion of vaccine trials and birth cohort studies have provided new information toward a better understanding of norovirus immunity. Here, we will discuss the complex relationship between norovirus diversity and correlates of protection for human noroviruses, and how this information could be used to guide the development of cross-protective vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A. Ford-Siltz
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States
| | - Kentaro Tohma
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States
| | - Gabriel I. Parra
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States,CONTACT Gabriel I. Parra Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Building 52/72, Room 1308, Silver Spring, MD20993, United States
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19
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van Loben Sels JM, Meredith LW, Sosnovtsev SV, de Graaf M, Koopmans MP, Lindesmith LC, Baric RS, Green KY, Goodfellow IG. A luciferase-based approach for measuring HBGA blockade antibody titers against human norovirus. J Virol Methods 2021; 297:114196. [PMID: 34019938 PMCID: PMC9924141 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2021.114196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Noroviruses are the most common cause of viral gastroenteritis worldwide, yet there is a deficit in the understanding of protective immunity. Surrogate neutralization assays have been widely used that measure the ability of antibodies to block virus-like particle (VLP) binding to histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs). However, screening large sample sets against multiple antigens using the traditional HBGA blocking assay requires significant investment in terms of time, equipment, and technical expertise, largely associated with the generation of purified VLPs. METHODS To address these issues, a luciferase immunoprecipitation system (LIPS) assay was modified to measure the norovirus-specific HBGA blockade activity of antibodies. The assay (designated LIPS-Blockade) was validated using a panel of well-characterized homotypic and heterotypic hyperimmune sera as well as strain-specific HBGA blocking monoclonal antibodies. RESULTS The LIPS-Blockade assay was comparable in specificity to a standard HBGA blocking protocol performed with VLPs. Using time-ordered patient sera, the luciferase-based approach was also able to detect changes in HBGA blocking titers following viral challenge and natural infection with norovirus. CONCLUSION In this study we developed a rapid, robust, and scalable surrogate neutralization assay for noroviruses that circumvented the need for purified VLPs. This LIPS-Blockade assay should streamline the process of large-scale immunological studies, ultimately aiding in the characterization of protective immunity to human noroviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M. van Loben Sels
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 2QQ UK,Caliciviruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
| | - Luke W. Meredith
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 2QQ UK
| | - Stanislav V. Sosnovtsev
- Caliciviruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
| | - Miranda de Graaf
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Marion P.G. Koopmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CN Rotterdam, NL
| | - Lisa C. Lindesmith
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599 USA
| | - Ralph S. Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599 USA
| | - Kim Y. Green
- Caliciviruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA,Corresponding author at: Dr. Kim Y. Green, Caliciviruses Section, LID/DIR/NIAID, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Building 50, Room 6318, 50 South Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA –
| | - Ian G. Goodfellow
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 2QQ UK
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20
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Zhao B, Hu L, Song Y, Patil K, Ramani S, Atmar RL, Estes MK, Prasad BVV. Norovirus Protease Structure and Antivirals Development. Viruses 2021; 13:v13102069. [PMID: 34696498 PMCID: PMC8537771 DOI: 10.3390/v13102069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Human norovirus (HuNoV) infection is a global health and economic burden. Currently, there are no licensed HuNoV vaccines or antiviral drugs available. The protease encoded by the HuNoV genome plays a critical role in virus replication by cleaving the polyprotein and is an excellent target for developing small-molecule inhibitors. The current strategy for developing HuNoV protease inhibitors is by targeting the enzyme’s active site and designing inhibitors that bind to the substrate-binding pockets located near the active site. However, subtle differential conformational flexibility in response to the different substrates in the polyprotein and structural differences in the active site and substrate-binding pockets across different genogroups, hamper the development of effective broad-spectrum inhibitors. A comparative analysis of the available HuNoV protease structures may provide valuable insight for identifying novel strategies for the design and development of such inhibitors. The goal of this review is to provide such analysis together with an overview of the current status of the design and development of HuNoV protease inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyang Zhao
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (B.Z.); (K.P.); (S.R.); (R.L.A.); (M.K.E.)
| | - Liya Hu
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Yongcheng Song
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Ketki Patil
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (B.Z.); (K.P.); (S.R.); (R.L.A.); (M.K.E.)
| | - Sasirekha Ramani
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (B.Z.); (K.P.); (S.R.); (R.L.A.); (M.K.E.)
| | - Robert L. Atmar
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (B.Z.); (K.P.); (S.R.); (R.L.A.); (M.K.E.)
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mary K. Estes
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (B.Z.); (K.P.); (S.R.); (R.L.A.); (M.K.E.)
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - B. V. Venkataram Prasad
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (B.Z.); (K.P.); (S.R.); (R.L.A.); (M.K.E.)
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-713-798-5686
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21
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Tenge VR, Hu L, Prasad BVV, Larson G, Atmar RL, Estes MK, Ramani S. Glycan Recognition in Human Norovirus Infections. Viruses 2021; 13:2066. [PMID: 34696500 PMCID: PMC8537403 DOI: 10.3390/v13102066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recognition of cell-surface glycans is an important step in the attachment of several viruses to susceptible host cells. The molecular basis of glycan interactions and their functional consequences are well studied for human norovirus (HuNoV), an important gastrointestinal pathogen. Histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs), a family of fucosylated carbohydrate structures that are present on the cell surface, are utilized by HuNoVs to initially bind to cells. In this review, we describe the discovery of HBGAs as genetic susceptibility factors for HuNoV infection and review biochemical and structural studies investigating HuNoV binding to different HBGA glycans. Recently, human intestinal enteroids (HIEs) were developed as a laboratory cultivation system for HuNoV. We review how the use of this novel culture system has confirmed that fucosylated HBGAs are necessary and sufficient for infection by several HuNoV strains, describe mechanisms of antibody-mediated neutralization of infection that involve blocking of HuNoV binding to HBGAs, and discuss the potential for using the HIE model to answer unresolved questions on viral interactions with HBGAs and other glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria R. Tenge
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (V.R.T.); (B.V.V.P.); (R.L.A.); (M.K.E.)
| | - Liya Hu
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - B. V. Venkataram Prasad
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (V.R.T.); (B.V.V.P.); (R.L.A.); (M.K.E.)
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Göran Larson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Gothenburg, SE 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden;
| | - Robert L. Atmar
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (V.R.T.); (B.V.V.P.); (R.L.A.); (M.K.E.)
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mary K. Estes
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (V.R.T.); (B.V.V.P.); (R.L.A.); (M.K.E.)
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sasirekha Ramani
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (V.R.T.); (B.V.V.P.); (R.L.A.); (M.K.E.)
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22
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Zweigart MR, Becker-Dreps S, Bucardo F, González F, Baric RS, Lindesmith LC. Serological Humoral Immunity Following Natural Infection of Children with High Burden Gastrointestinal Viruses. Viruses 2021; 13:2033. [PMID: 34696463 PMCID: PMC8538683 DOI: 10.3390/v13102033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute gastroenteritis (AGE) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, resulting in an estimated 440,571 deaths of children under age 5 annually. Rotavirus, norovirus, and sapovirus are leading causes of childhood AGE. A successful rotavirus vaccine has reduced rotavirus hospitalizations by more than 50%. Using rotavirus as a guide, elucidating the determinants, breath, and duration of serological antibody immunity to AGE viruses, as well as host genetic factors that define susceptibility is essential for informing development of future vaccines and improving current vaccine candidates. Here, we summarize the current knowledge of disease burden and serological antibody immunity following natural infection to inform further vaccine development for these three high-burden viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R. Zweigart
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (M.R.Z.); (S.B.-D.)
| | - Sylvia Becker-Dreps
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (M.R.Z.); (S.B.-D.)
- Department of Family Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Filemón Bucardo
- Department of Microbiology, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua, León 21000, Nicaragua; (F.B.); (F.G.)
| | - Fredman González
- Department of Microbiology, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua, León 21000, Nicaragua; (F.B.); (F.G.)
| | - Ralph S. Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (M.R.Z.); (S.B.-D.)
| | - Lisa C. Lindesmith
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (M.R.Z.); (S.B.-D.)
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23
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Antigenic cartography reveals complexities of genetic determinants that lead to antigenic differences among pandemic GII.4 noroviruses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2015874118. [PMID: 33836574 PMCID: PMC7980451 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2015874118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Noroviruses are the predominant cause of acute gastroenteritis, with a single genotype (GII.4) responsible for the majority of infections. This prevalence is characterized by the periodic emergence of new variants that present substitutions at antigenic sites of the major structural protein (VP1), facilitating escape from herd immunity. Notably, the contribution of intravariant mutations to changes in antigenic properties is unknown. We performed a comprehensive antigenic analysis on a virus-like particle panel representing major chronological GII.4 variants to investigate diversification at the inter- and intravariant level. Immunoassays, neutralization data, and cartography analyses showed antigenic similarities between phylogenetically related variants, with major switches to antigenic properties observed over the evolution of GII.4 variants. Genetic analysis indicated that multiple coevolving amino acid changes-primarily at antigenic sites-are associated with the antigenic diversification of GII.4 variants. These data highlight complexities of the genetic determinants and provide a framework for the antigenic characterization of emerging GII.4 noroviruses.
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24
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Broadly cross-reactive human antibodies that inhibit genogroup I and II noroviruses. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4320. [PMID: 34262046 PMCID: PMC8280134 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24649-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The rational development of norovirus vaccine candidates requires a deep understanding of the antigenic diversity and mechanisms of neutralization of the virus. Here, we isolate and characterize a panel of broadly cross-reactive naturally occurring human monoclonal IgMs, IgAs and IgGs reactive with human norovirus (HuNoV) genogroup I or II (GI or GII). We note three binding patterns and identify monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that neutralize at least one GI or GII HuNoV strain when using a histo-blood group antigen (HBGA) blocking assay. The HBGA blocking assay and a virus neutralization assay using human intestinal enteroids reveal that the GII-specific mAb NORO-320, mediates HBGA blocking and neutralization of multiple GII genotypes. The Fab form of NORO-320 neutralizes GII.4 infection more potently than the mAb, however, does not block HBGA binding. The crystal structure of NORO-320 Fab in complex with GII.4 P-domain shows that the antibody recognizes a highly conserved region in the P-domain distant from the HBGA binding site. Dynamic light scattering analysis of GII.4 virus-like particles with mAb NORO-320 shows severe aggregation, suggesting neutralization is by steric hindrance caused by multivalent cross-linking. Aggregation was not observed with the Fab form of NORO-320, suggesting that this clone also has additional inhibitory features. Noroviruses can cause gastroenteritis and there is currently no licensed vaccine or specific treatment available. Here, the authors isolate human monoclonal antibodies and characterize one antibody (NORO-320) with broad reactivity to genogroup I and II noroviruses.
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25
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Kondapi DS, Ramani S, Estes MK, Atmar RL, Okhuysen PC. Norovirus in Cancer Patients: A Review. Open Forum Infect Dis 2021; 8:ofab126. [PMID: 34189156 PMCID: PMC8232388 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofab126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Norovirus (NoV) is the leading cause of viral-related diarrhea in cancer patients, in whom it can be chronic, contributing to decreased quality of life, interruption of cancer care, malnutrition, and altered mucosal barrier function. Immunosuppressed cancer patients shed NoV for longer periods of time than immunocompetent hosts, favoring quasispecies development and emergence of novel NoV variants. While nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) for NoV diagnosis have revolutionized our understanding of NoV burden of disease, not all NAATs provide information on viral load or infecting genotype. There is currently no effective antiviral or vaccine for chronic NoV infections. Screening for inhibitors of NoV replication in intestinal organoid culture models and creation of NoV-specific adoptive T cells are promising new strategies to develop treatments for chronic NoV in immunosuppressed patients. Herein we summarize data on the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic challenges, and treatment of NoV infection in patients with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Samantha Kondapi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Sasirekha Ramani
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Mary K Estes
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Robert L Atmar
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Pablo C Okhuysen
- Infection Control and Employee Health, Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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26
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Du J, Gu Q, Liu Y, Li Q, Guo T, Liu Y. The endemic GII.4 norovirus-like-particle induced-antibody lacks of cross-reactivity against the epidemic GII.17 strain. J Med Virol 2021; 93:3974-3979. [PMID: 32869863 PMCID: PMC8246737 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Norovirus-like particle (VLP) vaccine is promising against human norovirus infection. Unfortunately, genetic diversity of norovirus hindered the development of this vaccine. In this study, the immunogenicity of norovirus VLPs induced by the endemic GII.4 and the epidemic GII.17 genotypes, and the cross-reactivity between them as well as GI.1 and GII.3 VLPs were evaluated in mice by using serum IgG and histo-blood group antigen (HBGA) blocking antibodies as index. Results showed well immunogenicity of both GII.4 and GII.17 VLPs in mice. Serum IgG GMT (Geometric Mean Titer) were 3.63 (GII.4) and 3.88 (GII.17) respectively, and sustained to the 15th week. The HBGA blocking antibodies were 130 (GII.4) and 360 (GII.17) respectively at the end of the 4th week. Additionally, there was a dramatically statistical difference found in the cross-reactivity within genogroup (GII.3, GII.4 and GII.17) (p < .001), and also showed similar difference between genogroups (GI.1 vs. GII.3, GII.4 and GII.17) (p < .001). Summarized the pPICZa pichi pichia expression system showed a potential to be the alternative for expression of norovirus VLPs in secretion form, and the little cross-reactivity found between the endemic strain and the epidemic strain provides an evident for the consideration of selecting candidates of norovirus vaccine strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialiang Du
- Division of Enteric Viral VaccinesNational Institutes for Food and Drug ControlBeijingChina
| | - Qiong Gu
- Division of Enteric Viral VaccinesNational Institutes for Food and Drug ControlBeijingChina
- National Vaccine and Serum InstituteBeijingChina
| | - Yan Liu
- Division of Enteric Viral VaccinesNational Institutes for Food and Drug ControlBeijingChina
| | - Qiming Li
- National Vaccine and Serum InstituteBeijingChina
| | - Tai Guo
- Division of Enteric Viral VaccinesNational Institutes for Food and Drug ControlBeijingChina
| | - Yueyue Liu
- Division of Enteric Viral VaccinesNational Institutes for Food and Drug ControlBeijingChina
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27
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Crawford SE, Ramani S, Blutt SE, Estes MK. Organoids to Dissect Gastrointestinal Virus-Host Interactions: What Have We Learned? Viruses 2021; 13:999. [PMID: 34071878 PMCID: PMC8230193 DOI: 10.3390/v13060999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Historically, knowledge of human host-enteric pathogen interactions has been elucidated from studies using cancer cells, animal models, clinical data, and occasionally, controlled human infection models. Although much has been learned from these studies, an understanding of the complex interactions between human viruses and the human intestinal epithelium was initially limited by the lack of nontransformed culture systems, which recapitulate the relevant heterogenous cell types that comprise the intestinal villus epithelium. New investigations using multicellular, physiologically active, organotypic cultures produced from intestinal stem cells isolated from biopsies or surgical specimens provide an exciting new avenue for understanding human specific pathogens and revealing previously unknown host-microbe interactions that affect replication and outcomes of human infections. Here, we summarize recent biologic discoveries using human intestinal organoids and human enteric viral pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue E. Crawford
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (S.E.C.); (S.R.); (S.E.B.)
| | - Sasirekha Ramani
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (S.E.C.); (S.R.); (S.E.B.)
| | - Sarah E. Blutt
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (S.E.C.); (S.R.); (S.E.B.)
| | - Mary K. Estes
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (S.E.C.); (S.R.); (S.E.B.)
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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28
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Aggarwal S, Hassan E, Baldridge MT. Experimental Methods to Study the Pathogenesis of Human Enteric RNA Viruses. Viruses 2021; 13:975. [PMID: 34070283 PMCID: PMC8225081 DOI: 10.3390/v13060975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Every year, millions of children are infected with viruses that target the gastrointestinal tract, causing acute gastroenteritis and diarrheal illness. Indeed, approximately 700 million episodes of diarrhea occur in children under five annually, with RNA viruses norovirus, rotavirus, and astrovirus serving as major causative pathogens. Numerous methodological advancements in recent years, including the establishment of novel cultivation systems using enteroids as well as the development of murine and other animal models of infection, have helped provide insight into many features of viral pathogenesis. However, many aspects of enteric viral infections remain elusive, demanding further study. Here, we describe the different in vitro and in vivo tools available to explore different pathophysiological attributes of human enteric RNA viruses, highlighting their advantages and limitations depending upon the question being explored. In addition, we discuss key areas and opportunities that would benefit from further methodological progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somya Aggarwal
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; (S.A.); (E.H.)
| | - Ebrahim Hassan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; (S.A.); (E.H.)
| | - Megan T. Baldridge
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; (S.A.); (E.H.)
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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29
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Kelly D, Jere KC, Darby AC, Allen DJ, Iturriza-Gómara M. Complete genome characterization of human noroviruses allows comparison of minor alleles during acute and chronic infections. Access Microbiol 2021; 3:000203. [PMID: 34151158 PMCID: PMC8209700 DOI: 10.1099/acmi.0.000203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) circulate globally, affect all age groups and place a substantial burden upon health services. High genetic diversity leading to antigenic variation plays a significant role in HuNoV epidemiology, driving periodic global emergence of epidemic variants. Studies have suggested that immunocompromised individuals may be a reservoir for such epidemic variants, but studies investigating the diversity and emergence of HuNoV variants in immunocompetent individuals are underrepresented. To address this, we sequenced the genomes of HuNoVs present in samples collected longitudinally from one immunocompetent (acute infection) and one immunocompromised (chronic infection) patient. A broadly reactive HuNoV capture-based method was used to concentrate the virus present in these specimens prior to massively parallel sequencing to recover near complete viral genomes. Using a novel bioinformatics pipeline, we demonstrated that persistent minor alleles were present in both acute and chronic infections, and that minor allele frequencies represented a larger proportion of the population during chronic infection. In acute infection, minor alleles were more evenly spread across the genome, although present at much lower frequencies, and therefore difficult to discern from error. By contrast, in the chronic infection, more minor alleles were present in the minor structural protein. No non-synonymous minor alleles were detected in the major structural protein over the short sampling period of the HuNoV chronic infection, suggesting where immune pressure is variable or non-existent, epidemic variants could emerge over longer periods of infection by random chance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kelly
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,Present address: Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Khuzwayo C Jere
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,Malawi-Liverpool Wellcome Trust - Clinical Research Programme, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Alistair C Darby
- Centre of Genomic Research, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - David J Allen
- Department of Pathogen Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.,Virus Reference Department, National Infections Service, Public Health England, Colindale, London, UK.,NIHR Health Protection Research Unit Gastrointestinal Infections, Liverpool, UK
| | - Miren Iturriza-Gómara
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,NIHR Health Protection Research Unit Gastrointestinal Infections, Liverpool, UK
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30
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Characterization of a hospital-based gastroenteritis outbreak caused by GII.6 norovirus in Jinshan, China. Epidemiol Infect 2020; 148:e289. [PMID: 33292874 PMCID: PMC7770467 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268820002538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
An acute gastroenteritis (AGE) outbreak caused by a norovirus occurred at a hospital in Shanghai, China, was studied for molecular epidemiology, host susceptibility and serological roles. Rectal and environmental swabs, paired serum samples and saliva specimens were collected. Pathogens were detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction and DNA sequencing. Histo-blood group antigens (HBGA) phenotypes of saliva samples and their binding to norovirus protruding proteins were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The HBGA-binding interfaces and the surrounding region were analysed by the MegAlign program of DNAstar 7.1. Twenty-seven individuals in two care units were attacked with AGE at attack rates of 9.02 and 11.68%. Eighteen (78.2%) symptomatic and five (38.4%) asymptomatic individuals were GII.6/b norovirus positive. Saliva-based HBGA phenotyping showed that all symptomatic and asymptomatic cases belonged to A, B, AB or O secretors. Only four (16.7%) out of the 24 tested serum samples showed low blockade activity against HBGA-norovirus binding at the acute phase, whereas 11 (45.8%) samples at the convalescence stage showed seroconversion of such blockade. Specific blockade antibody in the population played an essential role in this norovirus epidemic. A wide HBGA-binding spectrum of GII.6 supports a need for continuous health attention and surveillance in different settings.
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García-Rodríguez I, Sridhar A, Pajkrt D, Wolthers KC. Put Some Guts into It: Intestinal Organoid Models to Study Viral Infection. Viruses 2020; 12:v12111288. [PMID: 33187072 PMCID: PMC7697248 DOI: 10.3390/v12111288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The knowledge about enteric viral infection has vastly increased over the last eight years due to the development of intestinal organoids and enteroids that suppose a step forward from conventional studies using cell lines. Intestinal organoids and enteroids are three-dimensional (3D) models that closely mimic intestinal cellular heterogeneity and organization. The barrier function within these models has been adapted to facilitate viral studies. In this review, several adaptations (such as organoid-derived two-dimensional (2D) monolayers) and original intestinal 3D models are discussed. The specific advantages and applications, as well as improvements of each model are analyzed and an insight into the possible path for the field is given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inés García-Rodríguez
- OrganoVIR Lab, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1100 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (I.G.-R.); (A.S.)
- Department of Pediatrics Infectious Diseases, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1100 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Adithya Sridhar
- OrganoVIR Lab, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1100 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (I.G.-R.); (A.S.)
- Department of Pediatrics Infectious Diseases, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1100 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Dasja Pajkrt
- Department of Pediatrics Infectious Diseases, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1100 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Katja C. Wolthers
- OrganoVIR Lab, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1100 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (I.G.-R.); (A.S.)
- Correspondence:
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Lindesmith LC, Brewer-Jensen PD, Mallory ML, Jensen K, Yount BL, Costantini V, Collins MH, Edwards CE, Sheahan TP, Vinjé J, Baric RS. Virus-Host Interactions Between Nonsecretors and Human Norovirus. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 10:245-267. [PMID: 32289501 PMCID: PMC7301201 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2020.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Human norovirus infection is the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis. Genetic polymorphisms, mediated by the FUT2 gene (secretor enzyme), define strain susceptibility. Secretors express a diverse set of fucosylated histoblood group antigen carbohydrates (HBGA) on mucosal cells; nonsecretors (FUT2-/-) express a limited array of HBGAs. Thus, nonsecretors have less diverse norovirus strain infections, including resistance to the epidemiologically dominant GII.4 strains. Because future human norovirus vaccines will comprise GII.4 antigen and because secretor phenotype impacts GII.4 infection and immunity, nonsecretors may mimic young children immunologically in response to GII.4 vaccination, providing a needed model to study cross-protection in the context of limited pre-exposure. METHODS By using specimens collected from the first characterized nonsecretor cohort naturally infected with GII.2 human norovirus, we evaluated the breadth of serologic immunity by surrogate neutralization assays, and cellular activation and cytokine production by flow cytometry. RESULTS GII.2 infection resulted in broad antibody and cellular immunity activation that persisted for at least 30 days for T cells, monocytes, and dendritic cells, and for 180 days for blocking antibody. Multiple cellular lineages expressing interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α dominated the response. Both T-cell and B-cell responses were cross-reactive with other GII strains, but not GI strains. To promote entry mechanisms, inclusion of bile acids was essential for GII.2 binding to nonsecretor HBGAs. CONCLUSIONS These data support development of within-genogroup, cross-reactive antibody and T-cell immunity, key outcomes that may provide the foundation for eliciting broad immune responses after GII.4 vaccination in individuals with limited GII.4 immunity, including young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa C Lindesmith
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Paul D Brewer-Jensen
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Michael L Mallory
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Kara Jensen
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Boyd L Yount
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Veronica Costantini
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Matthew H Collins
- Hope Clinic of the Emory Vaccine Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Decatur, Georgia
| | - Caitlin E Edwards
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Timothy P Sheahan
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Jan Vinjé
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Ralph S Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
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Haga K, Ettayebi K, Tenge VR, Karandikar UC, Lewis MA, Lin SC, Neill FH, Ayyar BV, Zeng XL, Larson G, Ramani S, Atmar RL, Estes MK. Genetic Manipulation of Human Intestinal Enteroids Demonstrates the Necessity of a Functional Fucosyltransferase 2 Gene for Secretor-Dependent Human Norovirus Infection. mBio 2020; 11:e00251-20. [PMID: 32184242 PMCID: PMC7078471 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00251-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) are the leading cause of nonbacterial gastroenteritis worldwide. Histo-blood group antigen (HBGA) expression is an important susceptibility factor for HuNoV infection based on controlled human infection models and epidemiologic studies that show an association of secretor status with infection caused by several genotypes. The fucosyltransferase 2 gene (FUT2) affects HBGA expression in intestinal epithelial cells; secretors express a functional FUT2 enzyme, while nonsecretors lack this enzyme and are highly resistant to infection and gastroenteritis caused by many HuNoV strains. These epidemiologic associations are confirmed by infections in stem cell-derived human intestinal enteroid (HIE) cultures. GII.4 HuNoV does not replicate in HIE cultures derived from nonsecretor individuals, while HIEs from secretors are permissive to infection. However, whether FUT2 expression alone is critical for infection remains unproven, since routinely used secretor-positive transformed cell lines are resistant to HuNoV replication. To evaluate the role of FUT2 in HuNoV replication, we used CRISPR or overexpression to genetically manipulate FUT2 gene function to produce isogenic HIE lines with or without FUT2 expression. We show that FUT2 expression alone affects both HuNoV binding to the HIE cell surface and susceptibility to HuNoV infection. These findings indicate that initial binding to a molecule(s) glycosylated by FUT2 is critical for HuNoV infection and that the HuNoV receptor is present in nonsecretor HIEs. In addition to HuNoV studies, these isogenic HIE lines will be useful tools to study other enteric microbes where infection and/or disease outcome is associated with secretor status.IMPORTANCE Several studies have demonstrated that secretor status is associated with susceptibility to human norovirus (HuNoV) infection; however, previous reports found that FUT2 expression is not sufficient to allow infection with HuNoV in a variety of continuous laboratory cell lines. Which cellular factor(s) regulates susceptibility to HuNoV infection remains unknown. We used genetic manipulation of HIE cultures to show that secretor status determined by FUT2 gene expression is necessary and sufficient to support HuNoV replication based on analyses of isogenic lines that lack or express FUT2. Fucosylation of HBGAs is critical for initial binding and for modification of another putative receptor(s) in HIEs needed for virus uptake or uncoating and necessary for successful infection by GI.1 and several GII HuNoV strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Haga
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Khalil Ettayebi
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Victoria R Tenge
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Umesh C Karandikar
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Miranda A Lewis
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Shih-Ching Lin
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Frederick H Neill
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - B Vijayalakshmi Ayyar
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Xi-Lei Zeng
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Göran Larson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sasirekha Ramani
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Robert L Atmar
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Mary K Estes
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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