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Harsini S, Rezaei N. Autoimmune diseases. Clin Immunol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-818006-8.00001-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Huo F, Li D, Zhao B, Luo Y, Zhao B, Zou X, Li Y, Yang W. Deficiency of autoimmune regulator impairs the immune tolerance effect of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells in mice. Autoimmunity 2018; 51:10-17. [PMID: 29297233 DOI: 10.1080/08916934.2017.1422124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
As a transcription factor, autoimmune regulator (Aire) participates in thymic negative selection and maintains immune tolerance mainly by regulating the ectopic expression of tissue-restricted antigens (TRAs) in medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs). Aire is also expressed in dendritic cells (DCs). DCs are professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that affect the differentiation of T cells toward distinct subpopulations and participate in the immune response and tolerance, thereby playing an important role in maintaining homeostasis. To determine the role of Aire in maintaining immune tolerance by bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs), in the present study we utilized Aire-knockout mice to examine the changes of maturation status and TRAs expression on BMDCs, additionally investigate the differentiation of CD4+ T cells. The results showed that expression of costimulatory molecule and major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) molecule was increased and expression of various TRAs was decreased in BMDCs from Aire-knockout mice. Aire deficiency reduced the differentiation of naïve CD4+ T cells into type 2T helper (Th2) cells and regulatory T cells (Tregs) but enhanced the differentiation of naïve CD4+ T cells into Th1 cells, Th17 cells, and follicular helper T (Tfh) cells. The results demonstrate that Aire expressed by BMDCs plays an important role in the maintenance of homeostasis by regulating TRA expression and the differentiation of T cell subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Huo
- a Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences , Jilin University , Changchun , Jilin , China
- b Department of Intensive Care Unit , First Hospital, Jilin University , Changchun , Jilin , China
| | - Dongbei Li
- c College of Life Science and Technology , Xinxiang Medical University , Xinxiang , Henan , China
| | - Bo Zhao
- a Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences , Jilin University , Changchun , Jilin , China
| | - Yadong Luo
- a Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences , Jilin University , Changchun , Jilin , China
| | - Bingjie Zhao
- a Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences , Jilin University , Changchun , Jilin , China
| | - Xueyang Zou
- a Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences , Jilin University , Changchun , Jilin , China
| | - Yi Li
- a Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences , Jilin University , Changchun , Jilin , China
| | - Wei Yang
- a Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences , Jilin University , Changchun , Jilin , China
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Chung JY, Figgett W, Fairfax K, Bernard C, Chan J, Toh BH, Mackay F, Alderuccio F. Gene therapy delivery of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) via hematopoietic stem cell transfer induces MOG-specific B cell deletion. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:2593-601. [PMID: 24532581 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1203563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The various mechanisms that have been described for immune tolerance govern our ability to control self-reactivity and minimize autoimmunity. However, the capacity to genetically manipulate the immune system provides a powerful avenue to supplement this natural tolerance in an Ag-specific manner. We have previously shown in the mouse model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis that transfer of bone marrow (BM) transduced with retrovirus encoding myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) promotes disease resistance and CD4(+) T cell deletion within the thymus. However, the consequence of this strategy on B cell tolerance is not known. Using BM from IgH(MOG) mice that develop MOG-specific B cell receptors, we generated mixed chimeras together with BM-encoding MOG. In these animals, the development of MOG-specific B cells was abrogated, resulting in a lack of MOG-specific B cells in all B cell compartments examined. This finding adds a further dimension to our understanding of the mechanisms of tolerance that are associated with this gene therapy approach to treating autoimmunity and may have important implications for Ab-mediated autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Yu Chung
- Department of Immunology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3181, Australia
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Gattringer M, Baranyi U, Pilat N, Hock K, Klaus C, Buchberger E, Ramsey H, Iacomini J, Valenta R, Wekerle T. Engraftment of retrovirally transduced Bet v 1-GFP expressing bone marrow cells leads to allergen-specific tolerance. Immunobiology 2013; 218:1139-46. [PMID: 23623394 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2013.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Molecular chimerism is a promising strategy to induce tolerance to disease-causing antigens expressed on genetically modified haematopoietic stem cells. The approach was employed successfully in models of autoimmunity and organ transplantation. Recently, we demonstrated that molecular chimerism induces robust and lasting tolerance towards the major grass pollen allergen Phl p 5. Since allergens are a group of antigens differing widely in their function, origin and structure we further examined the effectiveness of molecular chimerism using the Phl p 5-unrelated major birch pollen allergen Bet v 1, co-expressed with the reporter GFP. Besides, inhibition of CD26 was used to promote engraftment of modified stem cells. Retrovirus VSV-Betv1-GFP was generated to transduce 5-FU-mobilized BALB/c hematopoietic cells to express membrane-bound Bet v 1 (VSV-GFP virus was used as control). Myeloablated BALB/c mice received Betv1-GFP or GFP expressing bone marrow cells, pre-treated with a CD26 inhibitor. Chimerism was followed by flow cytometry. Tolerance was assessed by measuring allergen-specific isotype levels in sera, RBL assays and T-cell proliferation assays. Mice transplanted with transduced BMC developed multi-lineage molecular chimerism which remained stable long-term (>8 months). After repeated immunizations with Bet v 1 and Phl p 5 serum levels of Bet v 1-specific antibodies (IgE, IgG1, IgG2a, IgG3 and IgA) remained undetectable in Betv1-GFP chimeras while high levels of Phl p 5-specific antibodies developed. Likewise, basophil degranulation was induced in response to Phl p 5 but not to Bet v 1 and specific non-responsiveness to Bet v 1 was observed in proliferation assays. These data demonstrate successful tolerization towards Bet v 1 by molecular chimerism. Stable long-term chimerism was achieved under inhibition of CD26. These results provide evidence for the broad applicability of molecular chimerism as tolerance strategy in allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Gattringer
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
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Induction of antigen-specific tolerance through hematopoietic stem cell-mediated gene therapy: the future for therapy of autoimmune disease? Autoimmun Rev 2012; 12:195-203. [PMID: 23047179 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2011.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 08/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Based on the principle that immune ablation followed by HSC-mediated recovery purges disease-causing leukocytes to interrupt autoimmune disease progression, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) has been increasingly used as a treatment for severe autoimmune diseases. Despite clinically-relevant outcomes, HSCT is associated with serious iatrogenic risks and is suitable only for the most serious and intractable diseases. A further limitation of autologous HSCT is that relapse rates can be high, suggesting disease-causing leukocytes are incompletely purged or the environmental and genetic determinants that drive disease remain active. Incorporation of antigen-specific tolerance approaches that synergise with autologous HSCT could reduce or prevent relapse. Further, by reducing the requirement for highly toxic immune-ablation and instead relying on antigen-specific tolerance, the clinical utility of HSCT could be significantly diversified. Substantial progress has been made exploring HSCT-mediated induction of antigen-specific tolerance in animal models but studies have focussed on primarily on prevention of autoimmune diseases. However, as diagnosis of autoimmune disease is often not made until autoimmune disease is well developed and populations of autoantigen-specific pathogenic effector and memory T cells have become well established, immunotherapies must be developed to address effector and memory T-cell responses which have traditionally been considered the key impediment to immunotherapy. Here, focusing on T-cell mediated autoimmune diseases we review progress made in antigen-specific immunotherapy using HSCT-mediated approaches, induction of tolerance in effector and memory T cells and the challenges for progression and clinical application of antigen-specific 'tolerogenic' HSCT therapy.
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Abstract
Autoimmune diseases result from an aberrant response of the immune system that target self-tissues. Our understanding of normal immune development has been used to subvert this self-reactivity and involves exposing self-antigen to the developing immune system. This can be achieved through bone marrow derived cells, thus introducing potential clinical application. We have used the mouse model of multiple sclerosis to demonstrate that the transfer of bone marrow encoding a target autoantigen can be used to promote immune tolerance. The process of preconditioning recipients for hematopoietic stem cell transfer is critical for potential human translation. Thus, we have directly addressed if our model can also be applied in non-myeloablative and less toxic conditioning to promote tolerance and reverse established disease. Our studies to date indicate that this can indeed be achieved and that only low levels of chimerism are required to achieve tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Alderuccio
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
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Alderuccio F, Nasa Z, Chung J, Ko HJ, Chan J, Toh BH. Hematopoietic Stem Cell Gene Therapy as a Treatment for Autoimmune Diseases. Mol Pharm 2011; 8:1488-94. [DOI: 10.1021/mp2001523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frank Alderuccio
- Department of Immunology, Monash Central Clinical School, and ‡Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Southern Clinical School, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Zeyad Nasa
- Department of Immunology, Monash Central Clinical School, and ‡Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Southern Clinical School, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jieyu Chung
- Department of Immunology, Monash Central Clinical School, and ‡Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Southern Clinical School, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hyun-Ja Ko
- Department of Immunology, Monash Central Clinical School, and ‡Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Southern Clinical School, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - James Chan
- Department of Immunology, Monash Central Clinical School, and ‡Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Southern Clinical School, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ban-Hock Toh
- Department of Immunology, Monash Central Clinical School, and ‡Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Southern Clinical School, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
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Alderuccio F, Chan J, Scott DW, Toh BH. Gene therapy and bone marrow stem-cell transfer to treat autoimmune disease. Trends Mol Med 2009; 15:344-51. [PMID: 19665432 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2009.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2009] [Revised: 06/09/2009] [Accepted: 06/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Current treatment of human autoimmune disease by autologous bone marrow stem-cell transfer is hampered by frequent disease relapses. This is most probably owing to re-emergent self-reactive lymphocytes. Gene therapy combined with bone marrow stem cells has successfully introduced genes lacking in immunodeficiences. Because the bone marrow compartment has a key role in establishing immune tolerance, this combination strategy should offer a rational approach to prevent re-emergent self-reactive lymphocytes by establishing solid, life-long immune tolerance to causative self-antigen. Indeed, we have recently demonstrated the success of this combination approach to prevent and cure an experimental autoimmune disease. We suggest that this combination strategy has the potential for translation to treat human autoimmune diseases in which causative self-antigens are known.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Alderuccio
- Department of Immunology, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Victoria 3181, Australia.
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Field J, Biondo MA, Murphy K, Alderuccio F, Toh BH. Experimental Autoimmune Gastritis: Mouse Models Of Human Organ-specific Autoimmune Disease. Int Rev Immunol 2009; 24:93-110. [PMID: 15763991 DOI: 10.1080/08830180590884585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune gastritis (EAG) is an excellent model of human autoimmune gastritis, the underlying cause of pernicious anaemia. Murine autoimmune gastritis replicates human gastritis in being characterized by a chronic inflammatory mononuclear cell infiltrate in the gastric mucosa, destruction of parietal and zymogenic cells, and autoantibodies to the alpha-and beta-subunits of the gastric H+/K+ ATPase. Disease is induced strain specifically in gastritis-susceptible BALB/c mice by methods with a greater variety than those for most other experimental autoimmune diseases. The disease is induced in the regional gastric lymph node in which pathogenic CD4+ T cells are recruited. The model provides an excellent illustration of regulation by CD4+CD25+T cells, and, indeed, the removal of such regulatory cells, e.g., by neonatal thymectomy, is thought to be a major mechanism by which disease can develop. The culprit T helper type 1 (Th1) CD4+ T cells recognize either the alpha- or beta-subunits of the gastric H+/K+ ATPase, but the beta-subunit appears to be the initiating autoantigen, while the alpha-subunit may have a role in perpetuating disease. Since no specific environmental modifiers are identifiable, the origins of the disease are intrinsic; this is illustrated by the capacity of a cytokine (GM-CSF)-dependent inflammatory stimulus in the stomach to initiate EAG, according to a transgenic model in which thymectomy is dispensible. Thus, EAG is an exquisite model for a reductionist analysis of the multiple elements that in combination induce autoimmunity in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Field
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Monash University Medical School, Prahran, Victoria, Australia
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Alderuccio F, Murphy K, Biondo M, Field J, Toh BH. Reversing the Autoimmune Condition: Experience with Experimental Autoimmune Gastritis. Int Rev Immunol 2009; 24:135-55. [PMID: 15763994 DOI: 10.1080/08830180590884396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases remain a significant health problem in our society, despite the best efforts to understand and treat these conditions. Current clinical treatments are aimed at alleviating the consequences of these diseases, with limited prospects for cure. Our studies with the experimental model of autoimmune gastritis have led us to explore potential curative strategies that can reverse the autoimmune condition. Using mouse models, we have shown that expression of the known gastric autoantigen in the thymus results in immunological tolerance and resistance to the induction of autoimmune gastritis. Also, induced tolerance in donor mice can be transferred to syngeneic recipient mice by bone marrow cells. Strategies based on these observations could lead to reversal of established disease. Transfer of ensuing knowledge to the cure of serious human autoimmune diseases is our ultimate goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Alderuccio
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Monash University Central and Eastern Clinical School, Prahran, Victoria, Australia.
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Alderuccio F, Chan J, Toh BH. Tweaking the immune system: Gene therapy-assisted autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation as a treatment for autoimmune disease. Autoimmunity 2009; 41:679-85. [DOI: 10.1080/08916930802197123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Chan J, Ban EJ, Chun KH, Wang S, McQualter J, Bernard C, Toh BH, Alderuccio F. Methylprednisolone induces reversible clinical and pathological remission and loss of lymphocyte reactivity to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Autoimmunity 2008; 41:405-13. [PMID: 18568646 DOI: 10.1080/08916930802011258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an animal model of human multiple sclerosis (MS). EAE, induced by immunisation with myelin-associated autoantigens, is characterised by an inflammatory infiltrate in the central nervous system (CNS) associated with axonal degeneration, demyelination and damage. We have recently shown in an experimental mouse model of autoimmune gastritis that methylprednisolone treatment induces a reversible remission of gastritis with regeneration of the gastric mucosa. Here, we examined the effect of oral methylprednisolone on the mouse EAE model of human MS induced by immunisation with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide (MOG(35-55)). We examined the clinical scores, CNS pathology and lymphocyte reactivity to MOG(35-55) following treatment and withdrawal of the steroid. Methylprednisolone remitted the clinical signs of EAE and the inflammatory infiltrate in the CNS, accompanied by loss of lymphocyte reactivity to MOG(35-55) peptide. Methylprednisolone withdrawal initiated relapse of the clinical features, a return of the CNS inflammatory infiltrate and lymphocyte reactivity to MOG(35-55) peptide. This is the first study to show that methylprednisolone induced a reversible remission in the clinical and pathological features of EAE in mice accompanied by loss of lymphocyte reactivity to the encephalitogen. This model will be useful for studies directed at a better understanding of mechanisms associated with steroid-induced disease remission, relapse and remyelination and also as an essential adjunct to an overall curative strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Chan
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University, Clayton, Vic., Australia
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Chan J, Clements W, Field J, Nasa Z, Lock P, Yap F, Toh BH, Alderuccio F. Transplantation of bone marrow genetically engineered to express proinsulin II protects against autoimmune insulitis in NOD mice. J Gene Med 2007; 8:1281-90. [PMID: 16989008 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a T-cell-dependent autoimmune disease resulting from destructive inflammation (insulitis) of the insulin-producing pancreatic beta-cells. Transgenic expression of proinsulin II by a MHC class II promoter or transfer of bone marrow from these transgenic mice protects NOD mice from insulitis and diabetes. We assessed the feasibility of gene therapy in the NOD mouse as an approach to treat T1D by ex vivo genetic manipulation of normal hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) with proinsulin II followed by transfer to recipient mice. METHODS HSCs were isolated from 6-8-week-old NOD female mice and transduced in vitro with retrovirus encoding enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) and either proinsulin II or control autoantigen. Additional control groups included mice transferred with non-manipulated bone marrow and mice which did not receive bone marrow transfer. EGFP-sorted or non-sorted HSCs were transferred into pre-conditioned 3-4-week-old female NOD mice and insulitis was assessed 8 weeks post-transfer. RESULTS Chimerism was established in all major lymphoid tissues, ranging from 5-15% in non-sorted bone marrow transplants to 20-45% in EGFP-sorted bone marrow transplants. The incidence and degree of insulitis was significantly reduced in mice receiving proinsulin II bone marrow compared to controls. However, the incidence of sialitis in mice receiving proinsulin II bone marrow and control mice was not altered, indicating protection from insulitis was antigen specific. CONCLUSIONS We show for the first time that ex vivo genetic manipulation of HSCs to express proinsulin II followed by transplantation to NOD mice can establish molecular chimerism and protect from destructive insulitis in an antigen-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Chan
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Commercial Road, Prahran, Victoria 3181, Australia
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Marodon G, Fisson S, Levacher B, Fabre M, Salomon BL, Klatzmann D. Induction of antigen-specific tolerance by intrathymic injection of lentiviral vectors. Blood 2006; 108:2972-8. [PMID: 16809618 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-03-010900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune tolerance to self-antigens is established during lymphocyte differentiation in the thymus, but a simple means to induce antigen-specific tolerance in the thymus is still elusive. We show here that intrathymic injection of a lentiviral vector expressing the hemagglutinin antigen (HA) in TCR-HA transgenic mice resulted in negative selection of HA-specific effector T cells and sustained positive selection of HA-specific regulatory T cells (Tregs). This positive selection increased the number of HA-specific Tregs 10-fold and was comparable with the one observed in TCR-HA transgenic mice crossed with transgenic mice expressing HA under the control of the insulin promoter (Ins-HA). HA expression by radioresistant thymic epithelial cells was sufficient to drive Treg generation. Intrathymic injection of the lentiviral vector also resulted in an enrichment of HA-specific Tregs in peripheral lymphoid organs, which prevented diabetes induced in Ins-HA mice by transfer of HA-specific effector T cells. In this model, HA-specific Tregs inhibited effector T-cell division in pancreatic lymph nodes. Finally, we show that intrathymic injection of a lentiviral vector expressing preproinsulin-2 could reduce the occurrence of spontaneous diabetes in nonobese diabetic mice. Intrathymic gene transfer using lentiviral vectors thus offers new means to manipulate antigen-specific tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Marodon
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris6 (UPMC), UMR 7087, Hôpital de La Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
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Biondo M, Field J, Toh BH, Alderuccio F. Prednisolone promotes remission and gastric mucosal regeneration in experimental autoimmune gastritis. J Pathol 2006; 209:384-91. [PMID: 16710833 DOI: 10.1002/path.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A cardinal feature of organ-specific autoimmunity is destructive pathology in the target organ. In human and experimental models of autoimmune gastritis, mononuclear cell infiltration and cellular destruction in the gastric mucosa are disease hallmarks. Strategies to cure autoimmune disease must not only establish immunological tolerance to autoantigen, but also rid the organ of pathogenic autoreactive cells. The present study has assessed the effect of prednisolone treatment in clearing the inflammatory infiltrate in experimental autoimmune gastritis and in preventing disease relapse in athymic compared with euthymic mice. Experimental autoimmune gastritis was induced by neonatal thymectomy or by transgenic expression of GM-CSF (PC-GMCSF mice). Groups of mice were treated with prednisolone (10 mg/kg per day) for 10 weeks or with prednisolone for 10 weeks followed by 10 weeks without prednisolone. Stomachs were examined for gross morphological changes, and by histology and immunohistochemistry for composition of inflammatory infiltrate and gastric mucosal integrity. Autoantibody to gastric H+/K+ ATPase was determined by ELISA. Prednisolone promoted remission of gastritis in both mouse models of experimental autoimmune gastritis, evident by reduction in stomach size, clearing of gastric inflammatory infiltrate, and regeneration of the gastric mucosa. Prednisolone withdrawal resulted in disease relapse in all PC-GMCSF mice, whereas approximately 40% of neonatal thymectomy mice retained normal stomach morphology and remained free of gastric pathology. It is concluded that prednisolone promotes remission and gastric mucosal regeneration in experimental autoimmune gastritis. Prolonged remission of autoimmune gastritis in some athymic mice suggests a role for the thymus in disease relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Biondo
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Monash University Central and Eastern Clinical School, Commercial Road, Prahran, Melbourne, Victoria 3181, Australia
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Alderuccio F, Murphy K, Toh BH. Stem cells engineered to express self-antigen to treat autoimmunity. Trends Immunol 2003; 24:176-80. [PMID: 12697448 DOI: 10.1016/s1471-4906(03)00066-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases are incurable. We propose a combination curative strategy using haematopoietic stem cells and gene therapy. The strategy should establish molecular chimerism with culprit antigen expressed by donor antigen-presenting cells in the thymus, resulting in immunological tolerance. Our strategy is based on the intrathymic tolerance and disease resistance established by transgenic expression of antigen in the thymus under control of an MHC class II promoter. We propose that transplantation with genetically engineered stem cells provides an advance over current autologous bone marrow transplantation, in that it should remove the significant risk of disease relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Alderuccio
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Monash University Medical School, Victoria 3181, Australia
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