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Bartels YL, van Lent PLEM, van der Kraan PM, Blom AB, Bonger KM, van den Bosch MHJ. Inhibition of TLR4 signalling to dampen joint inflammation in osteoarthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2024; 63:608-618. [PMID: 37788083 PMCID: PMC10907820 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kead493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Local and systemic low-grade inflammation, mainly involving the innate immune system, plays an important role in the development of OA. A receptor playing a key role in initiation of this inflammation is the pattern-recognition receptor Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). In the joint, various ligands for TLR4, many of which are damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), are present that can activate TLR4 signalling. This leads to the production of pro-inflammatory and catabolic mediators that cause joint damage. In this narrative review, we will first discuss the involvement of TLR4 ligands and signalling in OA. Furthermore, we will provide an overview of methods for inhibit, TLR4 signalling by RNA interference, neutralizing anti-TLR4 antibodies, small molecules and inhibitors targeting the TLR4 co-receptor MD2. Finally, we will focus on possible applications and challenges of these strategies in the dampening of inflammation in OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne L Bartels
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter L E M van Lent
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter M van der Kraan
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Arjen B Blom
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Kimberly M Bonger
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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2
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Monoclonal Antibody to CD14, TLR4, or CD11b: Impact of Epitope and Isotype Specificity on ROS Generation by Human Granulocytes and Monocytes. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:5708692. [PMID: 33294123 PMCID: PMC7700042 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5708692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharides (LPSs or endotoxins) from Gram-negative bacteria represent pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that are recognized by CD14 and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). Lipopolysaccharides prime polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) for substantial production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during its response to secondary stimuli such as chemoattractants or pathogens. The excessive ROS production can damage surrounding host tissues, thereby amplifying the inflammatory reaction caused by pathogens. Today, specific antibodies against CD14, TLR4, and CD11b are being used as the essential tools to elucidate the role of these receptors in acute inflammation and some of these antibodies have advised as therapeutic agents for clinical use. Because each antibody has two antigen-binding arms [F(ab′)2] and one Fc arm, its effect on cellular response is much more complicated rather than simple blockage of target receptor. In fact, IgG antibody, once bound to target receptor, engages Fc receptors γ (FcγRs) and thereby is able to activate the adaptive immune system. The consequences of antibody-dependent binary heterotypic association of CD14, TLR4, or CD11b with FcγRs as well as homotypic one on ROS production are not well elucidated. Moreover, the consequences of antigenic recognition of CD14, TLR4, or CD11b by specific F(ab′)2 fragments are not always investigated. In this review, we will discuss known mechanisms underlying the therapeutic efficiency of CD14, TLR4, and CD11b/CD18 antibodies with a focus on LPS-dependent ROS or cytokine production by PMNs or monocytes. The impacts of F(ab′)2 as well as antibody IgG subclasses (isotypes) in therapeutic efficiency or agonistic potency of known antibodies against abovementioned receptors are presented. We also pay attention to how the efficiency of different IgG antibody subclasses is modulated during LPS-induced inflammation and by production of priming agents such as interferon γ (IFN-γ). Our review reinforces the molecular targets and therapeutic approaches to amelioration of harmful consequences of excessive activation of human pattern recognition receptors.
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3
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Tsukamoto H, Kubota K, Shichiku A, Maekawa M, Mano N, Yagita H, Ohta S, Tomioka Y. An agonistic anti-Toll-like receptor 4 monoclonal antibody as an effective adjuvant for cancer immunotherapy. Immunology 2020; 158:136-149. [PMID: 31515801 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune-checkpoint blockade antibodies have been approved for the treatment of cancer. However, poorly immunogenic tumours are less responsive to such therapies. Agonistic anti-Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) activate only cell-surface TLR4; in contrast, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) activates both TLR4 and intracellular inflammatory caspases. In this study, we investigated the adjuvant activity of an anti-TLR4 mAb in T-cell-mediated antitumour immunity. The anti-TLR4 mAb induced the activation of antigen-specific T-cells in adoptive transfer studies. The growth of ovalbumin (OVA)-expressing tumours was significantly suppressed by administration of OVA and the anti-TLR4 mAb in combination, but not individually. The antitumour effect of anti-PD-1 mAb was enhanced in mice administered with OVA plus the anti-TLR4 mAb. The OVA-specific IFN-γ-producing CD8 T-cells were induced by administration of OVA and the anti-TLR4 mAb. The suppression of tumour growth was diminished by depletion of CD8, but not CD4, T-cells. The inflammatory response to the anti-TLR4 mAb was of significantly lesser magnitude than that to LPS, as assessed by NF-κB activation and production of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β. Administration of LPS (at a dose that elicited levels of proinflammatory cytokines comparable to those by the anti-TLR4 mAb) plus OVA induced no or less-marked activation of OVA-specific T-cells and failed to suppress tumour growth in mice. In conclusion, the agonistic anti-TLR4 mAb induces potent CD8 T-cell-dependent antitumour immunity and an inflammatory response of lesser magnitude than does LPS. The agonistic anti-TLR4 mAb has potential as an adjuvant for use in vaccines against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Tsukamoto
- Laboratory of Oncology, Pharmacy Practice and Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kanae Kubota
- Laboratory of Oncology, Pharmacy Practice and Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ayumi Shichiku
- Laboratory of Oncology, Pharmacy Practice and Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Maekawa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Nariyasu Mano
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hideo Yagita
- Department of Immunology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shoichiro Ohta
- Department of Medical Technology and Sciences, School of Health Sciences at Fukuoka, International University of Health and Welfare, Okawa, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Tomioka
- Laboratory of Oncology, Pharmacy Practice and Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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4
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Huggard D, Doherty DG, Molloy EJ. Immune Dysregulation in Children With Down Syndrome. Front Pediatr 2020; 8:73. [PMID: 32175298 PMCID: PMC7056667 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2020.00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is the most common genetic syndrome associated with immune defects. The extent of immune dysregulation in DS is substantial, spanning the innate and adaptive systems and including anomalies in: T and B cells, monocytes, neutrophil chemotaxis, circulating cytokines, and suboptimal antibody responses which all contribute to an increased risk of infections, poorer clinical outcomes and chronic inflammation in this vulnerable cohort. Other aspects of innate immunity may also be abnormal and contribute to the increased morbidity and warrant further interrogation such as: gamma delta T cell function, the inflammasome, Toll-like receptors and their pathways. Pharmacotherapies such as pavilizumab, pneumococcal and influenza immunizations, as well as potential immunoprophylactic agents such as pidotimod, azithromycin and Broncho-Vaxom may help alleviate the infectious consequences. Children with DS need to be managed with a heightened sense of awareness and urgency in the setting of sepsis and signs of chronic inflammation need regular screening and appropriate follow up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean Huggard
- Paediatrics, Trinity College, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Trinity Translational Medicine Institute (TTMI), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Paediatrics, Children's Hospital Ireland at Crumlin and Tallaght, Dublin, Ireland.,National Children's Research Centre Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Derek G Doherty
- Paediatrics, Trinity College, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Trinity Translational Medicine Institute (TTMI), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Eleanor J Molloy
- Paediatrics, Trinity College, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Trinity Translational Medicine Institute (TTMI), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Paediatrics, Children's Hospital Ireland at Crumlin and Tallaght, Dublin, Ireland.,National Children's Research Centre Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Coombe Women and Infants University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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5
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Tsukamoto H, Kozakai S, Kobayashi Y, Takanashi R, Aoyagi T, Numasaki M, Ohta S, Tomioka Y. Impaired antigen-specific lymphocyte priming in mice after Toll-like receptor 4 activation via induction of monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Eur J Immunol 2019; 49:546-563. [PMID: 30671932 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201847805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In sepsis, the pathology involves a shift from a proinflammatory state toward an immunosuppressive phase. We previously showed that an agonistic anti-TLR4 antibody induced long-term endotoxin tolerance and suppressed antigen-specific secondary IgG production when primed prior to immunization with antigen. These findings led us to speculate that TLR4-induced innate tolerance due to primary infection causes an immunosuppressive pathology in sepsis. Therefore, the mechanism underlying impaired antigen-specific humoral immunity by the TLR4 antibody was investigated. We showed, in a mouse model, that primary antigen-specific IgG responses were impaired in TLR4 antibody-induced tolerized mice, which was the result of reduced numbers of antigen-specific GC B cells and plasma cells. Ovalbumin-specific CD4 and CD8 T-cell responses were impaired in TLR4 antibody-injected OT-I and -II transgenic mice ex vivo. Adoptive transfer studies demonstrated suppression of OVA-specific CD4 and CD8 T-cell responses by the TLR4 antibody in vivo. The TLR4 antibody induced Gr1+ CD11b+ myeloid-derived suppressor cell (MDSC) expansion with suppression of T-cell activation. Monocytic MDSCs were more suppressive and exhibited higher expression of PD-L1 and inducible nitric oxidase compared with granulocytic MDSCs. In conclusion, immune tolerance conferred by TLR4 activation induces the expansion of monocytic MDSCs, which impairs antigen-specific T-cell priming and IgG production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Tsukamoto
- Laboratory of Oncology, Pharmacy Practice and Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aramaki, Sendai, Japan
| | - Sao Kozakai
- Laboratory of Oncology, Pharmacy Practice and Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aramaki, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yohei Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Oncology, Pharmacy Practice and Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aramaki, Sendai, Japan
| | - Risako Takanashi
- Laboratory of Oncology, Pharmacy Practice and Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aramaki, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takuya Aoyagi
- Laboratory of Oncology, Pharmacy Practice and Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aramaki, Sendai, Japan
| | - Muneo Numasaki
- Department of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shoichiro Ohta
- Department of Medical Technology and Sciences School of Health Sciences at Fukuoka, International University of Health and Welfare, Okawa, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Tomioka
- Laboratory of Oncology, Pharmacy Practice and Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aramaki, Sendai, Japan
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6
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Tsukamoto H, Takeuchi S, Kubota K, Kobayashi Y, Kozakai S, Ukai I, Shichiku A, Okubo M, Numasaki M, Kanemitsu Y, Matsumoto Y, Nochi T, Watanabe K, Aso H, Tomioka Y. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-binding protein stimulates CD14-dependent Toll-like receptor 4 internalization and LPS-induced TBK1-IKKϵ-IRF3 axis activation. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:10186-10201. [PMID: 29760187 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.796631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is an indispensable immune receptor for lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a major component of the Gram-negative bacterial cell wall. Following LPS stimulation, TLR4 transmits the signal from the cell surface and becomes internalized in an endosome. However, the spatial regulation of TLR4 signaling is not fully understood. Here, we investigated the mechanisms of LPS-induced TLR4 internalization and clarified the roles of the extracellular LPS-binding molecules, LPS-binding protein (LBP), and glycerophosphatidylinositol-anchored protein (CD14). LPS stimulation of CD14-expressing cells induced TLR4 internalization in the presence of serum, and an inhibitory anti-LBP mAb blocked its internalization. Addition of LBP to serum-free cultures restored LPS-induced TLR4 internalization to comparable levels of serum. The secretory form of the CD14 (sCD14) induced internalization but required a much higher concentration than LBP. An inhibitory anti-sCD14 mAb was ineffective for serum-mediated internalization. LBP lacking the domain for LPS transfer to CD14 and a CD14 mutant with reduced LPS binding both attenuated TLR4 internalization. Accordingly, LBP is an essential serum molecule for TLR4 internalization, and its LPS transfer to membrane-anchored CD14 (mCD14) is a prerequisite. LBP induced the LPS-stimulated phosphorylation of TBK1, IKKϵ, and IRF3, leading to IFN-β expression. However, LPS-stimulated late activation of NF-κB or necroptosis were not affected. Collectively, our results indicate that LBP controls LPS-induced TLR4 internalization, which induces TLR adaptor molecule 1 (TRIF)-dependent activation of the TBK1-IKKϵ-IRF3-IFN-β pathway. In summary, we showed that LBP-mediated LPS transfer to mCD14 is required for serum-dependent TLR4 internalization and activation of the TRIF pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Tsukamoto
- From the Laboratory of Oncology, Pharmacy Practice and Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Sendai 980-8578,
| | - Shino Takeuchi
- From the Laboratory of Oncology, Pharmacy Practice and Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Sendai 980-8578
| | - Kanae Kubota
- From the Laboratory of Oncology, Pharmacy Practice and Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Sendai 980-8578
| | - Yohei Kobayashi
- From the Laboratory of Oncology, Pharmacy Practice and Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Sendai 980-8578
| | - Sao Kozakai
- From the Laboratory of Oncology, Pharmacy Practice and Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Sendai 980-8578
| | - Ippo Ukai
- From the Laboratory of Oncology, Pharmacy Practice and Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Sendai 980-8578
| | - Ayumi Shichiku
- From the Laboratory of Oncology, Pharmacy Practice and Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Sendai 980-8578
| | - Misaki Okubo
- From the Laboratory of Oncology, Pharmacy Practice and Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Sendai 980-8578
| | - Muneo Numasaki
- the Department of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Sendai 980-8575, and
| | - Yoshitomi Kanemitsu
- From the Laboratory of Oncology, Pharmacy Practice and Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Sendai 980-8578
| | - Yotaro Matsumoto
- From the Laboratory of Oncology, Pharmacy Practice and Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Sendai 980-8578
| | - Tomonori Nochi
- the Laboratory of Functional Morphology and.,International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology (CFAI), Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aoba, Aramaki, Sendai 980-0845, Japan
| | - Kouichi Watanabe
- the Laboratory of Functional Morphology and.,International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology (CFAI), Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aoba, Aramaki, Sendai 980-0845, Japan
| | - Hisashi Aso
- the Laboratory of Functional Morphology and.,International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology (CFAI), Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aoba, Aramaki, Sendai 980-0845, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Tomioka
- From the Laboratory of Oncology, Pharmacy Practice and Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Sendai 980-8578,
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7
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Tsukamoto H, Yamagata Y, Ukai I, Takeuchi S, Okubo M, Kobayashi Y, Kozakai S, Kubota K, Numasaki M, Kanemitsu Y, Matsumoto Y, Tomioka Y. An inhibitory epitope of human Toll-like receptor 4 resides on leucine-rich repeat 13 and is recognized by a monoclonal antibody. FEBS Lett 2017; 591:2406-2416. [PMID: 28741733 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced activation of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) elicits the innate immune response and can trigger septic shock if excessive. Two antibodies (HT4 and HT52) inhibit LPS-induced human TLR4 activation via novel LPS binding-independent mechanisms. The HT52 epitope resides on leucine-rich repeat 2 (LRR2) and is a feature of many inhibitory antibodies; antigen specificity of HT4 does not reside in LRR2. Here, we identified an HT4 epitope on LRR13 located close to the TLR4 dimerization interface that plays a role in NFκB activation. HT4 and HT52 mutually enhanced TLR4 inhibition. LRR13 is a novel inhibitory epitope and may be useful for developing anti-TLR4 antibodies. Combination therapy with LRR2 and LRR13 may effectively inhibit TLR4 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Tsukamoto
- Laboratory of Oncology, Pharmacy Practice and Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yuki Yamagata
- Laboratory of Oncology, Pharmacy Practice and Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ippo Ukai
- Laboratory of Oncology, Pharmacy Practice and Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shino Takeuchi
- Laboratory of Oncology, Pharmacy Practice and Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Misaki Okubo
- Laboratory of Oncology, Pharmacy Practice and Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yohei Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Oncology, Pharmacy Practice and Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Sao Kozakai
- Laboratory of Oncology, Pharmacy Practice and Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kanae Kubota
- Laboratory of Oncology, Pharmacy Practice and Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Muneo Numasaki
- Department of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yoshitomi Kanemitsu
- Laboratory of Oncology, Pharmacy Practice and Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yotaro Matsumoto
- Laboratory of Oncology, Pharmacy Practice and Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Tomioka
- Laboratory of Oncology, Pharmacy Practice and Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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8
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Tsukamoto H, Ukai I, Yamagata Y, Takeuchi S, Kubota K, Kozakai S, Suzuki N, Kimoto M, Tomioka Y. Leucine-rich repeat 2 of human Toll-like receptor 4 contains the binding site for inhibitory monoclonal antibodies. FEBS Lett 2015; 589:3893-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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9
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Downregulation of Lung Toll-Like Receptor 4 Could Effectively Attenuate Liver Transplantation-Induced Pulmonary Damage at the Early Stage of Reperfusion. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:383907. [PMID: 26491225 PMCID: PMC4603309 DOI: 10.1155/2015/383907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) is a severe complication of orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) with unclear underline mechanism. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) has been identified as a key receptor mediating inflammation. We hypothesized that TLR4-mediated pulmonary inflammation may contribute to development of ALI during OLT. Patients with or without ALI were observed for serum cytokines and expression of TLR4 on peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs). Next, rats which underwent orthotopic autologous liver transplantation (OALT) were divided into sham and model groups. Pulmonary function and the level of TLR4 expression and cytokines were analyzed. Furthermore, the role of TLR4 in OALT-mediated ALI was assessed in rats treated with TLR4-siRNA before OALT. The PMNs TLR4 expression and the serum TNF-α and IL-β level were higher in patients with ALI than those with non-ALI. Interestingly, lung TLR4 expression was significantly increased after 8 hours of OALT with increased levels of TNF-α and IL-β, which lead to lung pathological damage and an increase of lung myeloperoxidase content. Moreover, knockdown of TLR4 reduced lung cytokines release and reversed the above pathologic changes after OALT and finally improved rats' survival rate. In conclusion, TLR4 overexpression, potentially by stimulating proinflammatory cytokine overproduction, contributes to the development of ALI after OLT.
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10
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He Z, Chen X, Wang S, Zou Z. Toll-like receptor 4 monoclonal antibody attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury in mice. Exp Ther Med 2014; 8:871-876. [PMID: 25120616 PMCID: PMC4113535 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2014.1805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) has an important role in the recognition of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and in the activation of the inflammatory cascade. In the present study, the effect of TLR4 monoclonal antibody (mAb) on LPS-induced acute lung injury (ALI) was investigated in mice. A total of 45 male BALB/c mice were randomly divided into three groups, namely, the control (group C), sepsis (group S) and pretreatment groups (group P). Mice in group P were intraperitoneally treated with TLR4 mAb 1 h prior to the intraperitoneal administration of LPS. Following treatment with LPS for increasing times periods in groups S and P, the mRNA expression level of TLR4 in the lung tissue and the expression of inflammatory factors in the serum were analyzed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, respectively. The degree of pulmonary edema, expressed as (wet weight - dry weight)/wet weight, as well as the lung injury scores, observed using a light microscope, were also analyzed. The results demonstrated that intraperitoneal administration of LPS in mice increased the mRNA expression levels of TLR4, the secretion of inflammatory factors in the serum, the degree of pulmonary edema and the lung injury score in a time-dependent manner. However, pretreatment with TLR4 mAb effectively attenuated the increased mRNA expression of TLR4 and the overproduction of inflammatory factors to correct the pulmonary edema and the elevated lung injury score induced by LPS. Therefore, TLR4 plays a critical role in LPS-induced ALI, and the TLR4 mAb decreases the secretion of inflammatory factors and attenuates the degree of pulmonary edema, thereby protecting the lungs from LPS-induced ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijie He
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, University of Sun Yat-sen, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Xiaotong Chen
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, University of Sun Yat-sen, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Shouping Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, University of Sun Yat-sen, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Zijun Zou
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, University of Sun Yat-sen, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
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11
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Shang L, Daubeuf B, Triantafilou M, Olden R, Dépis F, Raby AC, Herren S, Dos Santos A, Malinge P, Dunn-Siegrist I, Benmkaddem S, Geinoz A, Magistrelli G, Rousseau F, Buatois V, Salgado-Pires S, Reith W, Monteiro R, Pugin J, Leger O, Ferlin W, Kosco-Vilbois M, Triantafilou K, Elson G. Selective antibody intervention of Toll-like receptor 4 activation through Fc γ receptor tethering. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:15309-18. [PMID: 24737331 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.537936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is mediated mainly by leukocytes that express both Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and Fc γ receptors (FcγR). Dysregulated activation of leukocytes via exogenous and endogenous ligands of TLR4 results in a large number of inflammatory disorders that underlie a variety of human diseases. Thus, differentially blocking inflammatory cells while sparing structural cells, which are FcγR-negative, represents an elegant strategy when targeting the underlying causes of human diseases. Here, we report a novel tethering mechanism of the Fv and Fc portions of anti-TLR4 blocking antibodies that achieves increased potency on inflammatory cells. In the presence of ligand (e.g. lipopolysaccharide (LPS)), TLR4 traffics into glycolipoprotein microdomains, forming concentrated protein platforms that include FcγRs. This clustering produces a microenvironment allowing anti-TLR4 antibodies to co-engage TLR4 and FcγRs, increasing their avidity and thus substantially increasing their inhibitory potency. Tethering of antibodies to both TLR4 and FcγRs proves valuable in ameliorating inflammation in vivo. This novel mechanism of action therefore has the potential to enable selective intervention of relevant cell types in TLR4-driven diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limin Shang
- From the NovImmune SA, 14 Chemin des Aulx, 1228 Plan les Ouates, Switzerland,
| | - Bruno Daubeuf
- From the NovImmune SA, 14 Chemin des Aulx, 1228 Plan les Ouates, Switzerland
| | - Martha Triantafilou
- the Cardiff University School of Medicine, Department of Child Health, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Robin Olden
- the Cardiff University School of Medicine, Department of Child Health, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Fabien Dépis
- From the NovImmune SA, 14 Chemin des Aulx, 1228 Plan les Ouates, Switzerland
| | - Anne-Catherine Raby
- From the NovImmune SA, 14 Chemin des Aulx, 1228 Plan les Ouates, Switzerland
| | - Suzanne Herren
- From the NovImmune SA, 14 Chemin des Aulx, 1228 Plan les Ouates, Switzerland
| | - Anaelle Dos Santos
- From the NovImmune SA, 14 Chemin des Aulx, 1228 Plan les Ouates, Switzerland
| | - Pauline Malinge
- From the NovImmune SA, 14 Chemin des Aulx, 1228 Plan les Ouates, Switzerland
| | | | - Sanae Benmkaddem
- INSERM UMR 699, Faculté de Médecine Paris Diderot, Site Xavier Bichat, 16 Rue Henri Huchard, Paris 75018 Cedex 18, France, and
| | - Antoine Geinoz
- the Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | | | - François Rousseau
- From the NovImmune SA, 14 Chemin des Aulx, 1228 Plan les Ouates, Switzerland
| | - Vanessa Buatois
- From the NovImmune SA, 14 Chemin des Aulx, 1228 Plan les Ouates, Switzerland
| | | | - Walter Reith
- the Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Renato Monteiro
- INSERM UMR 699, Faculté de Médecine Paris Diderot, Site Xavier Bichat, 16 Rue Henri Huchard, Paris 75018 Cedex 18, France, and
| | - Jérôme Pugin
- the University Hospitals of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Leger
- From the NovImmune SA, 14 Chemin des Aulx, 1228 Plan les Ouates, Switzerland
| | - Walter Ferlin
- From the NovImmune SA, 14 Chemin des Aulx, 1228 Plan les Ouates, Switzerland
| | - Marie Kosco-Vilbois
- From the NovImmune SA, 14 Chemin des Aulx, 1228 Plan les Ouates, Switzerland
| | - Kathy Triantafilou
- the Cardiff University School of Medicine, Department of Child Health, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Greg Elson
- From the NovImmune SA, 14 Chemin des Aulx, 1228 Plan les Ouates, Switzerland
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12
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Tsukamoto H, Ihara H, Ito R, Ukai I, Suzuki N, Kimoto M, Tomioka Y, Ikeda Y. MD-2-dependent human Toll-like receptor 4 monoclonal antibodies detect extracellular association of Toll-like receptor 4 with extrinsic soluble MD-2 on the cell surface. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 440:31-6. [PMID: 24021278 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
MD-2 is essential for lipopolysaccharide (LPS) recognition of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) but not for cell surface expression. The TLR4/MD-2 complex is formed intracellularly through co-expression. Extracellular complex formation remains a matter for debate because of the aggregative nature of secreted MD-2 in the absence of TLR4 co-expression. We demonstrated extracellular complex formation using three independent monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), all of which are specific for complexed TLR4 but unreactive with free TLR4 and MD-2. These mAbs bound to TLR4-expressing Ba/F3 cells only when co-cultured with MD-2-secreting Chinese hamster ovary cells or incubated with conditioned medium from these cells. All three mAbs bound the extracellularly formed complex indistinguishably from the intracellularly formed complex in titration studies. In addition, we demonstrated that two mAbs lost their affinity for TLR4/MD-2 on LPS stimulation, suggesting that these mAbs bound to conformation-sensitive epitopes. This was also found when the extracellularly formed complex was stimulated with LPS. Additionally, we showed that cell surface TLR4 and extrinsically secreted MD-2 are capable of forming the functional complex extracellularly, indicating an additional or alternative pathway for the complex formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Tsukamoto
- Laboratory of Oncology, Pharmacy Practice and Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Sendai 980-8578, Japan; Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga 849-8501, Japan.
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13
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Wang N, Wang H, Yao H, Wei Q, Mao XM, Jiang T, Xiang J, Dila N. Expression and activity of the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway in mouse intestine following administration of a short-term high-fat diet. Exp Ther Med 2013; 6:635-640. [PMID: 24137239 PMCID: PMC3786917 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2013.1214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance in obesity is associated with chronic systemic low-grade inflammation. Although it has been shown that Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in the liver, muscle and adipose tissue plays an important role in obesity-associated inflammation and insulin resistance, the effect of TLR4 activation in the intestine has not been investigated. The aim of this study was to explore the activation of the mouse intestinal TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway following the administration of a short-term high-fat diet, as well as the function of the signaling pathway in the local enteric inflammatory response. The effect of the high-fat diet on TLR4 activation, NF-κB and phosphorylated IκB (PIκB) activity, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and IL-6 expression in the intestinal tissues of diet-induced obese C57BL/6 mice was investigated. The results demonstrated that the high-fat diet induced TLR4 mRNA and protein expression in intestinal tissues. TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway activation gradually increased as the number of days of high-fat diet administration increased, and peaked on day 7. Additionally, activation of the signaling pathway reduced PIκB expression levels and increased TNF-α and IL-6 expression levels in intestinal tissues. Our results demonstrated that a short-term high-fat diet induces activation of the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway in intestinal tissues, which causes local intestinal low-grade inflammation. These data improve our understanding of the molecular events involved in intestinal low-grade inflammation, which may be the triggering factor for chronic systemic low-grade inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wang
- Department of No. 1 Cadre Wards Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, P.R. China
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14
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Specific Dioscorea Phytoextracts Enhance Potency of TCL-Loaded DC-Based Cancer Vaccines. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:932040. [PMID: 23935688 PMCID: PMC3723319 DOI: 10.1155/2013/932040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Revised: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Dioscorea tuber phytoextracts can confer immunomodulatory activities ex vivo and improve regeneration of bone marrow cells in vivo. In present study, we evaluated specific Dioscorea phytoextracts for use ex vivo as a bone-marrow-derived dendritic cell- (DC-) based vaccine adjuvant for cancer immunotherapy. Fractionated Dioscorea extracts (DsII) were assayed for their effect on maturation and functions of DC ex vivo and antimelanoma activity of DC-based vaccine in vivo. The phytoextract from 50–75% ethanol-precipitated fraction of Dioscorea alata var. purpurea Tainung no. 5 tuber, designated as DsII-TN5, showed a strong augmentation of tumor cell lysate- (TCL-) loaded DC-mediated activation of T-cell proliferation. DsII-TN5 stimulated the expression of CD40, CD80, CD86, and IL-1β in TCL-loaded DCs and downregulated the expression of TGF-β1. DC vaccines prepared by a specific schema (TCL (2 h) + LPS (22 h)) showed the strongest antitumor activity. DsII-TN5 as a DC vaccine adjuvant showed strong antimelanoma activity and reduced myeloid-derived suppressor cell (MDSC) population in tested mice. DsII-TN5 can also activate DCs to enhance Th1- and Th17-related cytokine expressions. Biochemical analysis showed that DsII-TN5 consists mainly of polysaccharides containing a high level (53%) of mannose residues. We suggest that DsII-TN5 may have potential for future application as a potent, cost-effective adjuvant for DC-based cancer vaccines.
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15
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Liu J, Smagghe G, Swevers L. Transcriptional response of BmToll9-1 and RNAi machinery genes to exogenous dsRNA in the midgut of Bombyx mori. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 59:646-654. [PMID: 23602829 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2013.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Revised: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Injection of dsRNA is widely applied to silence endogenous genes and study gene function in insects. However, it is not yet clear to what extent it can also exert non-specific effects, for instance by interference with the innate immune response. In this study, we report on the transcriptional response of BmToll9-1 to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and dsRNA in the silkmoth, Bombyx mori. BmToll9-1 encodes a Toll receptor highly expressed in midgut tissue and that shows limited similarity to the mammalian TLR3 endolysosome receptor for dsRNA; while Dcr2 and Ago2 encode two key components of the RNAi machinery. An expression pattern study of all 14 Toll receptors in B. mori showed that BmToll9-1 was expressed in different larval and pupal tissues with the highest expression level detected in the midgut, indicating a possible function in immunity against pathogens taken up by the food. In order to investigate the response of BmToll9-1, different ways to deliver dsRNA, specific for GFP (dsGFP), and LPS were applied in Bombyx 5th instar larvae. The feeding experiments suggested that dsGFP did not suppress the expression of BmToll9-1 significantly, while LPS could suppress the expression of BmToll9-1 after 3h of feeding. On the other hand, the injection experiments showed that dsGFP, as well as LPS, could significantly inhibit the expression of BmToll9-1 in 3h. Bacteria that constantly expressed dsGFP could also down-regulate the expression of BmToll9-1 to a greater extent than bacteria that do not express dsGFP. The failure of dsGFP by feeding to affect the expression of BmToll9-1 was correlated with the rapid degradation of dsGFP by dsRNase in the midgut juice. Expression of the RNAi machinery genes Dcr2 and Ago2, as well as dsRNase, was also affected by injection of dsRNA and not by feeding, but in these cases an induction was observed instead of a down-regulation. Because LPS is a well-known pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP), it suggested that the decrease in BmToll9-1 expression is a consequence of the activation of the innate immune response by LPS. The similar response of BmToll9-1 between the two triggers, LPS and dsRNA, suggests that dsRNA can also act as a PAMP in the midgut of Bombyx. Furthermore, induction of the genes Dcr2, Ago2 and dsRNase may also constitute a defense mechanism against invading dsRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisheng Liu
- Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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16
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Kanevskiy LM, Telford WG, Sapozhnikov AM, Kovalenko EI. Lipopolysaccharide induces IFN-γ production in human NK cells. Front Immunol 2013; 4:11. [PMID: 23372571 PMCID: PMC3556587 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells have been shown to play a regulatory role in sepsis. According to the current view, NK cells become activated via macrophages or dendritic cells primed by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Recently, TLR4 gene expression was detected in human NK cells suggesting the possibility of a direct action of LPS on NK cells. In this study, effects of LPS on NK cell cytokine production and cytotoxicity were studied using highly purified human NK cells. LPS was shown to induce IFN-γ production in the presence of IL-2 in NK cell populations containing>98% CD56+ cells. Surprisingly, in the same experiments LPS decreased NK cell degranulation. No significant expression of markers related to blood dendritic cells, monocytes or T or B lymphocytes in the NK cell preparations was observed; the portions of HLA-DR-bright, CD14+, CD3+, and CD20+ cells amounted to less than 0.1% within the cell populations. No more than 0.2% of NK cells were shown to be slightly positive for surface TLR4 in our experimental system, although intracellular staining revealed moderate amounts of TLR4 inside the NK cell population. These cells were negative for surface CD14, the receptor participating in LPS recognition by TLR4. Incubation of NK cells with IL-2 or/and LPS did not lead to an increase in TLR4 surface expression. TLR4-CD56+ NK cells isolated by cell sorting secreted IFN-γ in response to LPS. Antibody to TLR4 did not block the LPS-induced increase in IFN-γ production. We have also shown that Re-form of LPS lacking outer core oligosaccharide and O-antigen induces less cytokine production in NK cells than full-length LPS. We speculate that the polysaccharide fragments of LPS molecule may take part in LPS-induced IFN-γ production by NK cells. Collectively our data suggest the existence of a mechanism of LPS direct action on NK cells distinct from established TLR4-mediated signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid M Kanevskiy
- Laboratory of Cell Interactions, Department of Immunology, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry,Russian Academy of Science Moscow, Russia
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17
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Tsukamoto H, Fukudome K, Takao S, Tsuneyoshi N, Ohta S, Nagai Y, Ihara H, Miyake K, Ikeda Y, Kimoto M. Reduced Surface Expression of TLR4 by a V254I Point Mutation Accounts for the Low Lipopolysaccharide Responder Phenotype of BALB/c B Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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