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Giannoukakis N. Tolerogenic dendritic cells in type 1 diabetes: no longer a concept. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1212641. [PMID: 37388741 PMCID: PMC10303908 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1212641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Tolerogenic dendritic cells (tDC) arrest the progression of autoimmune-driven dysglycemia into clinical, insulin-requiring type 1 diabetes (T1D) and preserve a critical mass of β cells able to restore some degree of normoglycemia in new-onset clinical disease. The safety of tDC, generated ex vivo from peripheral blood leukocytes, has been demonstrated in phase I clinical studies. Accumulating evidence shows that tDC act via multiple layers of immune regulation arresting the action of pancreatic β cell-targeting effector lymphocytes. tDC share a number of phenotypes and mechanisms of action, independent of the method by which they are generated ex vivo. In the context of safety, this yields confidence that the time has come to test the best characterized tDC in phase II clinical trials in T1D, especially given that tDC are already being tested for other autoimmune conditions. The time is also now to refine purity markers and to "universalize" the methods by which tDC are generated. This review summarizes the current state of tDC therapy for T1D, presents points of intersection of the mechanisms of action that the different embodiments use to induce tolerance, and offers insights into outstanding matters to address as phase II studies are imminent. Finally, we present a proposal for co-administration and serially-alternating administration of tDC and T-regulatory cells (Tregs) as a synergistic and complementary approach to prevent and treat T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Giannoukakis
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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2
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Liu R, Song P, Gu X, Liang W, Sun W, Hua Q, Zhang Y, Qiu Z. Comprehensive Landscape of Immune Infiltration and Aberrant Pathway Activation in Ischemic Stroke. Front Immunol 2022; 12:766724. [PMID: 35140708 PMCID: PMC8818702 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.766724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke (IS) is a multifactorial disease caused by the interaction of multiple environmental and genetic risk factors, and it is the most common cause of disability. The immune microenvironment and inflammatory response participate in the whole process of IS occurrence and development. Therefore, the rational use of relevant markers or characteristic pathways in the immune microenvironment will become one of the important therapeutic strategies for the treatment of IS. We collected peripheral blood samples from 10 patients diagnosed with IS at the First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University and First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan" University, and from 10 normal people. The GSE16561 dataset was downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. xCell, gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), single-sample GSEA (ssGSEA) and immune-related gene analysis were used to evaluate the differences in the immune microenvironment and characteristic pathways between the IS and control groups of the two datasets. xCell analysis showed that the IS-24h group had significantly reduced central memory CD8+ T cell, effector memory CD8+ T cell, B cell and Th1 cell scores and significantly increased M1 macrophage and macrophage scores. GSEA showed that the IS-24h group had significantly increased inflammation-related pathway activity(myeloid leukocyte activation, positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor biosynthetic process, myeloid leukocyte migration and leukocyte chemotaxis), platelet-related pathway activity(platelet activation, signaling and aggregation; protein polymerization; platelet degranulation; cell-cell contact zone) and pathology-related pathway activity (ERBB signaling pathway, positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathway, and regulation of MAP kinase activity). Immune-related signature analysis showed that the macrophage signature, antigen presentation-related signature, cytotoxicity-related signature, B cell-related signature and inflammation-related signature were significantly lower in the IS-24h group than in the control group. In this study, we found that there were significant differences in the immune microenvironment between the peripheral blood of IS patients and control patients, as shown by the IS group having significantly reduced CD8+ Tcm, CD8+ Tem, B cell and Th1 cell scores and significantly increased macrophage and M1 macrophage scores. Additionally, inflammation-related, pathological, and platelet-related pathway activities were significantly higher in the IS group than in the control group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Liu
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Department of Neurology, Ganzhou People’s Hospital, Ganzhou, China
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pingping Song
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xunhu Gu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Weidong Liang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qian Hua
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Yusheng Zhang
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yusheng Zhang, ; Zhengang Qiu,
| | - Zhengang Qiu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yusheng Zhang, ; Zhengang Qiu,
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Wang Y, Zhang JH, Sheng J, Shao A. Immunoreactive Cells After Cerebral Ischemia. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2781. [PMID: 31849964 PMCID: PMC6902047 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system is rapidly activated after ischemic stroke. As immune cells migrate and infiltrate across the blood-brain barrier into the ischemic region, a cascade of cellular and molecular biological reactions occur, involving migrated immune cells, resident glial cells, and the vascular endothelium. These events regulate infarction evolution and thus influence the outcome of ischemic stroke. Most immune cells exert dual effects on cerebral ischemia, and some crucial cells may become central targets in ischemic stroke treatment and rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijie Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - John H Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | - Jifang Sheng
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Anwen Shao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Karim MR, Wang YF. Phenotypic identification of CD19 +CD5 +CD1d + regulatory B cells that produce interleukin 10 and transforming growth factor β 1 in human peripheral blood. Arch Med Sci 2019; 15:1176-1183. [PMID: 31572462 PMCID: PMC6764295 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2018.77772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Regulatory B cells (Bregs), a novel subpopulation of B cells, are a significant area of research due to their immune regulatory function in the immunological response. Bregs have been reported to regulate acute inflammation and immunity through the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines. MATERIAL AND METHODS A B cell subpopulation was identified using flow cytometric analysis in two different processes: 1) after preparation and storage of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) using Ficoll density gradient centrifugation from a human blood sample, 2) followed by isolation and storage of B cells through magnetic separation using a B cell isolation kit and MS column. ELISA assays were performed to observe the cytokine production of interkleukin 10 (IL-10) and transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) by this novel B cell subpopulation. RESULTS Double positive staining of CD5+CD1d+ Bregs represents (19.27 ±1.52) from PBMCs, (33.32 ±2.95) from B cells accordingly (n = 40). Through ELISA assays, it has been found that B cell subpopulation produces IL-10 (0.56 ±0.08) and TGF-β1 (0.90 ±0.12) (n = 40). CONCLUSIONS These methods should be able to facilitate progress in research on Bregs through the following steps: 1) the regulatory role may be observed in comparison with particular autoimmune diseases, inflammation, cancer, and immunologic responses to find out whether Breg alteration and/or cytokine production is altered as well in these disorders or conditions. 2) If the alteration of Bregs and cytokine production is significant along with the clinical correlation, a further in vitro study can be initiated with exposure of certain drugs to overcome the alteration of the cytokine production; then, an in vivo study can be initiated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Rezaul Karim
- Department of Neurology, Taihe Hospital of Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
- Biomedical Research Institute of Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Yun-Fu Wang
- Department of Neurology, Taihe Hospital of Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
- Biomedical Research Institute of Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
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Malone K, Amu S, Moore AC, Waeber C. Immunomodulatory Therapeutic Strategies in Stroke. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:630. [PMID: 31281252 PMCID: PMC6595144 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of immunity in all stages of stroke is increasingly being recognized, from the pathogenesis of risk factors to tissue repair, leading to the investigation of a range of immunomodulatory therapies. In the acute phase of stroke, proposed therapies include drugs targeting pro-inflammatory cytokines, matrix metalloproteinases, and leukocyte infiltration, with a key objective to reduce initial brain cell toxicity. Systemically, the early stages of stroke are also characterized by stroke-induced immunosuppression, where downregulation of host defences predisposes patients to infection. Therefore, strategies to modulate innate immunity post-stroke have garnered greater attention. A complementary objective is to reduce longer-term sequelae by focusing on adaptive immunity. Following stroke onset, the integrity of the blood–brain barrier is compromised, exposing central nervous system (CNS) antigens to systemic adaptive immune recognition, potentially inducing autoimmunity. Some pre-clinical efforts have been made to tolerize the immune system to CNS antigens pre-stroke. Separately, immune cell populations that exhibit a regulatory phenotype (T- and B- regulatory cells) have been shown to ameliorate post-stroke inflammation and contribute to tissue repair. Cell-based therapies, established in oncology and transplantation, could become a strategy to treat the acute and chronic stages of stroke. Furthermore, a role for the gut microbiota in ischaemic injury has received attention. Finally, the immune system may play a role in remote ischaemic preconditioning-mediated neuroprotection against stroke. The development of stroke therapies involving organs distant to the infarct site, therefore, should not be overlooked. This review will discuss the immune mechanisms of various therapeutic strategies, surveying published data and discussing more theoretical mechanisms of action that have yet to be exploited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Malone
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Sylvie Amu
- Cancer Research @UCC, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Anne C Moore
- School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Christian Waeber
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Sarkar A, Shukla SK, Alqatawni A, Kumar A, Addya S, Tsygankov AY, Rafiq K. The Role of Allograft Inflammatory Factor-1 in the Effects of Experimental Diabetes on B Cell Functions in the Heart. Front Cardiovasc Med 2018; 5:126. [PMID: 30258845 PMCID: PMC6145033 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2018.00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) often causes chronic inflammation, hypertrophy, apoptosis and fibrosis in the heart and subsequently leads to myocardial remodeling, deteriorated cardiac function and heart failure. However, the etiology of the cardiac disease is unknown. Therefore, we assessed the gene expression in the left ventricle of diabetic and non-diabetic mice using Affymetrix microarray analysis. Allograft inflammatory factor-1 (AIF-1), one of the top downregulated B cell inflammatory genes, is associated with B cell functions in inflammatory responses. Real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction confirmed the Affymetrix data. The expression of CD19 and AIF-1 were downregulated in diabetic hearts as compared to control hearts. Using in vitro migration assay, we showed for the first time that AIF-1 is responsible for B cell migration as B cells migrated to GFP-AIF-1-transfected H9C2 cells compared to empty vector-transfected cells. Interestingly, overexpression of AIF-1 in diabetic mice prevented streptozotocin-induced cardiac dysfunction, inflammation and promoted B cell homing into the heart. Our results suggest that AIF-1 downregulation inhibited B cell homing into diabetic hearts, thus promoting inflammation that leads to the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy, and that overexpression of AIF-1 could be a novel treatment for this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Sarkar
- Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Sanket K Shukla
- Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Aseel Alqatawni
- Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Anil Kumar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Sankar Addya
- Kimmel Cancer Centre, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Alexander Y Tsygankov
- Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Khadija Rafiq
- Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Seifert HA, Vandenbark AA, Offner H. Regulatory B cells in experimental stroke. Immunology 2018; 154:169-177. [PMID: 29313944 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Current treatment options for human stroke are limited mainly to the modestly effective infusion of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), with additional improvement of functional independence and higher rates of angiographic revascularization observed after mechanical thrombectomy. However, new therapeutic strategies that address post-stroke immune-mediated inflammatory responses are urgently needed. Recent studies in experimental stroke have firmly implicated immune mechanisms in the propagation and partial resolution of central nervous system damage after the ischaemic event. A new-found anti-inflammatory role for regulatory B (Breg) cells in autoimmune diseases sparked interest in these cells as potential immunomodulators in stroke. Subsequent studies identified interleukin-10 as a common regulatory cytokine among all five of the currently recognized Breg cell subsets, several of which can be found in the affected brain hemisphere after induction of experimental stroke in mice. Transfer of enriched Breg cell subpopulations into both B-cell-depleted and wild-type mice confirmed their potent immunosuppressive activities in vivo, including recruitment and potentiation of regulatory T cells. Moreover, Breg cell therapy strongly reduced stroke volumes and treatment outcomes in ischaemic mice even when administered 24 hr after induction of experimental stroke, a treatment window far exceeding that of tPA. These striking results suggest that transfer of enriched Breg cell populations could have therapeutic value in human stroke, although considerable clinical challenges remain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary A Seifert
- Neuroimmunology Research, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA.,Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Arthur A Vandenbark
- Neuroimmunology Research, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA.,Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.,Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Halina Offner
- Neuroimmunology Research, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA.,Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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