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Nguyen TD, Itayama T, Iwami N, Shimizu K, Dao TS, Pham TL, Tran VQ, Maseda H. Toxicity of ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin to Moina macrocopa and investigation of p-value adjustments for (eco)toxicological studies. Drug Chem Toxicol 2024; 47:662-673. [PMID: 37491899 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2023.2239524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Ciprofloxacin (CFX) and ofloxacin (OFX) are commonly found as residual contaminants in aquatic environments, posing potential risks to various species. To ensure the safety of aquatic wildlife, it is essential to determine the toxicity of these antibiotics and establish appropriate concentration limits. Additionally, in (eco)toxicological studies, addressing the issue of multiple hypothesis testing through p-value adjustments is crucial for robust decision-making. In this study, we assessed the no observed adverse effect concentration (NOAEC) of CFX and OFX on Moina macrocopa across a concentration range of 0-400 µg L-1. Furthermore, we investigated multiple p-value adjustments to determine the NOAECs. Our analysis yielded consistent results across seven different p-value adjustments, indicating NOAECs of 100 µg CFX L-1 for age at first reproduction and 200 µg CFX L-1 for fertility. For OFX treatment, a NOAEC of 400 µg L-1 was observed for both biomarkers. However, further investigation is required to establish the NOAEC of OFX at higher concentrations with greater certainty. Our findings demonstrate that CFX exhibits higher toxicity compared to OFX, consistent with previous research. Moreover, this study highlights the differential performance of p-value adjustment methods in terms of maintaining statistical power while controlling the multiplicity problem, and their practical applicability. The study emphasizes the low NOAECs for these antibiotics in the zooplanktonic group, highlighting their significant risks to ecological and environmental safety. Additionally, our investigation of p-value adjustment approaches contributes to a deeper understanding of their performance characteristics, enabling (eco)toxicologists to select appropriate methods based on their specific needs and priorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tan-Duc Nguyen
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki City, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Itayama
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki City, Japan
| | - Norio Iwami
- School of Science and Engineering, Meisei University, Hino City, Japan
| | - Kazuya Shimizu
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Toyo University, Gunma City, Japan
| | - Thanh-Son Dao
- Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Thanh Luu Pham
- Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), Graduate University of Science and Technology, Hanoi City, Vietnam
- Institute of Tropical Biology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Vinh Quang Tran
- Asian Centre for Water Research (CARE), Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Hideaki Maseda
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Ikeda City, Japan
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Aghajani J, Saif S, Farnia P, Farnia P, Ghanavi J, Velayati AA. An 8-year study on the prevalence and drug resistance of mycobacteria in clinical specimens (2011–2018). CLINICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY AND GLOBAL HEALTH 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cegh.2019.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Recent therapeutic approaches for the management of tuberculosis: Challenges and opportunities. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 99:735-745. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.01.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Mishra SK, Tripathi G, Kishore N, Singh RK, Singh A, Tiwari VK. Drug development against tuberculosis: Impact of alkaloids. Eur J Med Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Rubinstein E, Lagacé-Wiens P. Quinolones. Infect Dis (Lond) 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-6285-8.00144-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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Nasr Esfahani B, Zarkesh Esfahani FS, Bahador N, Moghim S, Radaei T, Rezaei Yazdi H, Ghasemian Safaei H, Fazeli H. Analysis of DNA gyrA Gene Mutation in Clinical and Environmental Ciprofloxacin-Resistant Isolates of Non-Tuberculous Mycobacteria Using Molecular Methods. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2016; 9:e30018. [PMID: 27217921 PMCID: PMC4870840 DOI: 10.5812/jjm.30018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background During the past several years, nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) have been reported as some of the most important agents of infection in immunocompromised patients. Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate the ciprofloxacin susceptibility of clinical and environmental NTM species isolated from Isfahan province, Iran, using the agar dilution method, and to perform an analysis of gyrA gene-related ciprofloxacin resistance. Materials and Methods A total of 41 clinical and environmental isolates of NTM were identified by conventional and multiplex PCR techniques. The isolates were separated out of water, blood, abscess, and bronchial samples. The susceptibility of the isolates to 1 µg/mL, 2 µg/mL and 4 µg/mL of ciprofloxacin concentrations was determined by the agar dilution method according to CLSI guidelines. A 120-bp area of the gyrA gene was amplified, and PCR-SSCP templates were defined using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The 120-bp of gyrA amplicons with different PCR-SSCP patterns were sequenced. Results The frequency of the identified isolates was as follows: Mycobacterium fortuitum, 27 cases; M. gordonae, 10 cases; M. smegmatis, one case; M. conceptionense, one case; and M. abscessus, two cases. All isolates except for M. abscessus were sensitive to all three concentrations of ciprofloxacin. The PCR-SSCP pattern of the gyrA gene of resistant M. abscessus isolates showed four different bands. The gyrA sequencing of resistant M. abscessus isolates showed 12 alterations in nucleotides compared to the M. abscessus ATCC 19977 resistant strain; however, the amino acid sequences were similar. Conclusions This study demonstrated the specificity and sensitivity of the PCR-SSCP method for finding mutations in the gyrA gene. Due to the sensitivity of most isolates to ciprofloxacin, this antibiotic should be considered an appropriate drug for the treatment of related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahram Nasr Esfahani
- Department of Microbiology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, IR Iran
| | - Fatemeh Sadat Zarkesh Esfahani
- Department of Microbiology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Fars, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Fatemeh Sadat Zarkesh Esfahani, Department of Microbiology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Fars, IR Iran. Tel: +98-9133007218, Fax: +98-3133932376, E-mail:
| | - Nima Bahador
- Department of Microbiology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Fars, IR Iran
| | - Sharareh Moghim
- Department of Microbiology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, IR Iran
| | - Tooba Radaei
- Department of Microbiology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, IR Iran
| | - Hadi Rezaei Yazdi
- Department of Microbiology, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, IR Iran
| | | | - Hossein Fazeli
- Department of Microbiology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, IR Iran
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Thee S, Garcia-Prats A, Donald P, Hesseling A, Schaaf H. Fluoroquinolones for the treatment of tuberculosis in children. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2015; 95:229-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2015.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Adwan G, Salameh Y, Adwan K. Effect of ethanolic extract of Ecballium elaterium against Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2015; 1:456-60. [PMID: 23569813 DOI: 10.1016/s2221-1691(11)60100-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Revised: 04/27/2011] [Accepted: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the antimicrobial activity of ethanolic extract of Ecballium elaterium (E. elaterium) fruits alone against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) strains and Candida albicans (C. albicans) strains, or in combination with penicillin against Staphylococcus areus strains. METHODS Evaluation of the antimicrobial activity or synergy interaction was carried out using microdilution method. RESULTS The results showed that ethanolic extract of E. elaterium fruits has antimicrobial activity against methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA), methicillin sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) and C. albicans. This extract showed a significant decrease in minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of penicillin against both MRSA and MSSA strains. Fractional inhibitory concentration index (FIC) between penicillin and ethanolic extract of E. elaterium fruits against these test strains was less than 0.5. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that ethanolic extract of E. elaterium fruits has antimicrobial activity against S. aureus and C. albicans and there is a possibility of concurrent use of penicillin and E. elaterium extract in combination in the treatment of infections caused by MRSA and MSSA strains. A wider study is needed to identify the effective components, the mode of action and the possible toxic effect in vivo of these ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghaleb Adwan
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, An-Najah N. University, P. O. Box (7)-Nablus, Palestine
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Shakya N, Garg G, Agrawal B, Kumar R. Chemotherapeutic interventions against tuberculosis. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2012; 5:690-718. [PMID: 24281707 PMCID: PMC3763665 DOI: 10.3390/ph5070690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Revised: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis is the second leading cause of infectious deaths globally. Many effective conventional antimycobacterial drugs have been available, however, emergence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) has overshadowed the effectiveness of the current first and second line drugs. Further, currently available agents are complicated by serious side effects, drug interactions and long-term administration. This has prompted urgent research efforts in the discovery and development of new anti-tuberculosis agent(s). Several families of compounds are currently being explored for the treatment of tuberculosis. This review article presents an account of the existing chemotherapeutics and highlights the therapeutic potential of emerging molecules that are at different stages of development for the management of tuberculosis disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Shakya
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, 728-Heritage Medical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2S2, Canada.
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Dwivedi N, Mishra BN, Katoch VM. 2D-QSAR model development and analysis on variant groups of anti-tuberculosis drugs. Bioinformation 2011; 7:82-90. [PMID: 21938210 PMCID: PMC3174041 DOI: 10.6026/97320630007082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A quantitative structure activity relationship study was performed on different groups of anti-tuberculosis drug compound for establishing quantitative relationship between biological activity and their physicochemical /structural properties. In recent years, a large number of herbal drugs are promoted in treatment of tuberculosis especially due to the emergence of MDR (multi drug resistance) and XDR (extensive drug resistance) tuberculosis. Multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) is resistant to front-line drugs (isoniazid and rifampicin, the most powerful anti-TB drugs) and extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB) is resistant to front-line and second-line drugs. The possibility of drug resistance TB increases when patient does not take prescribed drugs for defined time period. Natural products (secondary metabolites) isolated from the variety of sources including terrestrial and marine plants and animals, and microorganisms, have been recognized as having antituberculosis action and have recently been tested preclinically for their growth inhibitory activity towards Mycobacterium tuberculosis or related organisms. A quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR) studies were performed to explore the antituberculosis compound from the derivatives of natural products . Theoretical results are in accord with the in vitro experimental data with reported growth inhibitory activity towards Mycobacterium tuberculosis or related organisms. Antitubercular activity was predicted through QSAR model, developed by forward feed multiple linear regression method with leave-one-out approach. Relationship correlating measure of QSAR model was 74% (R(2) = 0.74) and predictive accuracy was 72% (RCV(2) = 0.72). QSAR studies indicate that dipole energy and heat of formation correlate well with anti-tubercular activity. These results could offer useful references for understanding mechanisms and directing the molecular design of new lead compounds with improved anti-tubercular activity. The generated QSAR model revealed the importance of structural, thermodynamic and electro topological parameters. The quantitative structure activity relationship provides important structural insight in designing of potent antitubercular agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraja Dwivedi
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Engineering & Technology, Lucknow-226021, India
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Engineering & Technology, IFTM, Lodhipur-Rajput, Delhi Road, Moradabad-244001, India
- Department of Health Research (Govt. of India) & Indian Council of Medical Research, Ansari Nagar, NewDelhi-110029, India
| | - Bhartendu Nath Mishra
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Engineering & Technology, Lucknow-226021, India
| | - Vishwa Mohan Katoch
- Department of Health Research (Govt. of India) & Indian Council of Medical Research, Ansari Nagar, NewDelhi-110029, India
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Yin X, Yu Z. Mutation characterization of gyrA and gyrB genes in levofloxacin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical isolates from Guangdong Province in China. J Infect 2010; 61:150-4. [PMID: 20452372 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2010.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2010] [Revised: 04/08/2010] [Accepted: 05/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Fluoroquinolone (FQ)-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) clinical isolates have emerged in many areas of the world. The aim of this study was to observe the molecular characterization of gyrA and gyrB genes in FQ-resistant MTB clinical isolates from Guangdong Province in China. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 62 MTB clinical strains were originally isolated from patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. The phenotype of susceptibility of each strain was determined by the absolute concentration method and the sequences of the QRDR in gyrA and gyrB genes were detected with DNA direct sequencing technique. RESULTS 44 of 60 (73.3%) levofloxacin-resistant MTB clinical isolates, including 17 of 18 (94.4%) high-level resistant strains and 27 of 42 (64.3%) low-level resistant strains, had mutation in QRDR of gyrA gene. The mutation patterns involved six patterns of single codon mutation (H70R, A90V, S91A, D94G, D94A or D94N) and one pattern of double codons mutation (A90V with D94A). Of 60 levofloxacin-resistant MTB clinical isolates, only one (1.6%) mutated in gyrB gene (T511N). CONCLUSIONS These findings confirm that mutations of gyrA codons 90, 91 and 94 constitute the primary mechanism of FQ resistance in MTB. Furthermore, our findings indicate that the regional investigations are necessary for the comprehensive understanding of FQ resistance of MTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomao Yin
- Institute for Pulmonary Disease, Guangzhou Chest Hospital, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, China.
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Howe R, Williams E. Quinolones. Infect Dis (Lond) 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-04579-7.00139-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Mitnick CD, McGee B, Peloquin CA. Tuberculosis pharmacotherapy: strategies to optimize patient care. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2009; 10:381-401. [PMID: 19191677 PMCID: PMC2674232 DOI: 10.1517/14656560802694564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The treatment of tuberculosis (TB) is a mature discipline, with more than 60 years of clinical experience accrued across the globe. The requisite Multi-drug treatment of drug-susceptible TB, however, lasts 6 months and has never been optimized according to current standards. Multi-drug resistant TB and TB in individuals coinfected with HIV present additional treatment challenges. OBJECTIVE This article reviews the role that existing drugs and new compounds could have in shortening or improving treatment for TB. The key to treatment shortening seems to be sterilizing activity, or the ability of drugs to kill mycobacteria that persist after the initial days of multi-drug treatment. RESULTS Among existing anti-TB drugs, the rifamycins hold the greatest potential for shortening treatment and improving outcomes, in both HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected populations, without dramatic increases in toxicity. Clinical studies underway or being planned, are supported by in vitro , animal and human evidence of increased sterilizing activity--without significant increases in toxicity--at elevated daily doses. Fluoroquinolones also seem to have significant sterilizing activity. At present, at least two class members are being evaluated for treatment shortening with different combinations of first-line drugs. However, in light of apparent rapid selection for fluoroquinolone-resistant mutants, relative frequency of serious adverse events and a perceived need to 'reserve' fluoroquinolones for the treatment of drug-resistant TB, their exact role in TB treatment remains to be determined. Other possible improvements may come from inhaled delivery or split dosing (linezolid) of anti-TB drugs for which toxicity (ethionamide) or lack of absorption (aminoglycosides and polypeptides) precludes delivery of maximally effective, oral doses, once daily. New classes of drugs with novel mechanisms of action, nitroimidazopyrans and a diarylquinoline, among others, may soon provide opportunities for improving treatment of drug-resistant TB or shortening treatment of drug-susceptible TB. CONCLUSION More potential options for improved TB treatment currently exist than at any other time in the last 30 years. The challenge in TB pharmacotherapy is to devise well-tolerated, efficacious, short-duration regimens that can be used successfully against drug-resistant and drug-resistant TB in a heterogeneous population of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole D Mitnick
- Department of Global Health & Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 643 Huntington Ave., 4th Floor, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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Lu PL, Peng CF, Hwang JJ, Chen YH. Activity of twelve second-line antimicrobial agents against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Taiwan. J Chemother 2008; 20:202-7. [PMID: 18467246 DOI: 10.1179/joc.2008.20.2.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Multidrug resistant (MDR) tuberculosis has emerged as a major public health problem worldwide. However, knowledge of the regional complete susceptibility to second-line drugs is rare, which impedes development of a global strategy of tuberculosis control. Presently, we determined the susceptibility of 125 isolates from southern Taiwan to 5 first-line and 12 second-line antituberculosis drugs. Except for a lower resistance to ethionamide (9.6% of isolates), more than 20% of the isolates were resistant to second-line drugs (kanamycin, 29.6%; p-aminosalicyclic acid, 71.2%; cycloserine, 24.8%; capreomycin, 24.8%; and ofloxacin, 28.5%). Twenty-two (17.6%) MDR strains displayed higher resistance to second-line antituberculous agents, compared with non-MDR strains, with markedly higher resistance rates evident for ethambutol, pyrazinamide, streptomycin, kanamycin, and ofloxacin. For clofazimine, amikacin, clarithromycin, ciprofloxacin, and amoxicillin/clavulanate, the MIC(90 )of the MDR isolates all exceeded those of non-MDR isolates. Moreover, four extensively drug resistant (XDR) strains first found in Taiwan, accounted for 3.2% of all isolates. The high resistance to the second-line drugs, especially among MDR strains, stresses the importance of proper treatment in Taiwan and threatens the global control of tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Liang Lu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Graduate Institute of Medicine Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Shaharyar M, Ali MA, Abdullah MM. Synthesis and antiproliferative activity of 1-[(sub)]-6-fluoro-3-[(sub)]-1, 3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl-7-piperazino-1, 4-dihydro-4-quinolinone derivatives. Med Chem Res 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-007-9031-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Palani D, Kulandai LT, Naraharirao MH, Guruswami S, Ramendra B. Application of polymerase chain reaction-based restriction fragment length polymorphism in typing ocular rapid-growing nontuberculous mycobacterial isolates from three patients with postoperative endophthalmitis. Cornea 2007; 26:729-35. [PMID: 17592326 DOI: 10.1097/ico.0b013e318060ac3a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We describe postoperative endophthalmitis caused by rapid-growing nontuberculous mycobacteria (RGNTM) in 3 patients after small-incision cataract surgery with intraocular lens (IOL) implantation performed elsewhere and referred to us for management. Subsequent identification and confirmation was carried out with biochemical tests and polymerase chain reaction-based restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). MATERIALS AND METHODS The corneal scraping and eviscerated material of the first patient, the corneal button and the IOL of the second patient, and the corneal scraping of the third patient were processed for routine bacteriologic studies including acid-fast bacilli (AFB) by smear (excepting the IOL) and culture. Subsequent identification of the RGNTM was carried out by using biochemical tests and PCR-RFLP by using primers targeting the heat shock protein 65 region of mycobacteria. RESULTS AFB smear was positive in all 3 patients. The corneal scraping of the first patient, the corneal button and IOL of the second patient, and the corneal scraping of the third patient were culture positive for RGNTM and were identified as Mycobacterium abscessus in the first and second patients and M. fortuitum sorbitol-positive third biovariant in the third patient. CONCLUSIONS A clinical suspicion of infection by RGNTM in delayed-onset postoperative endophthalmitis should be considered when resistance to standard therapy is encountered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepa Palani
- L and T Microbiology Research Centre, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
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Caballero AR, Marquart ME, O'Callaghan RJ, Thibodeaux BA, Johnston KH, Dajcs JJ. Effectiveness of fluoroquinolones against Mycobacterium abscessus in vivo. Curr Eye Res 2006; 31:23-9. [PMID: 16421016 DOI: 10.1080/02713680500477321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the effectiveness of fluoroquinolones against Mycobacterium abscessus in vivo. METHODS M. abscessus growth was determined quantitatively in rabbit corneas after intrastromal bacterial injection (10(4) CFU/cornea; n >or= 4 corneas per group). Eyes were treated topically with 0.3% ciprofloxacin, 0.5% levofloxacin, or 0.5% moxifloxacin by three protocols: (1) 1 drop of antibiotic applied hourly for 10 hr on day 3 postinfection (PI); (2) 1 drop applied every 2 hr for 10 hr on days 2 and 3 PI; or (3) 1 drop applied every 2 hr for 10 hr on days 1, 2, and 3 PI. Corneas were cultured 1 hr after the last topical drop. Results are expressed as the log CFU. RESULTS Bacteria in control group reached maximal numbers in vivo by day 3 PI (approximately 6 logs CFU/cornea). Treatment of infected eyes on day 3 with moxifloxacin or levofloxacin resulted in approximately 2.0 log decrease in CFU/cornea relative to the untreated control. Treatment on days 2 and 3 with moxifloxacin or levofloxacin resulted in approximately 3.0 and 2.5 log CFU/cornea decrease, respectively. Ciprofloxacin had no effect on bacterial load. Treatment on days 1, 2, and 3 with moxifloxacin resulted in a 5.5 log CFU decrease, whereas treatment with levofloxacin or ciprofloxacin resulted in a approximately 4.0 log CFU decrease. CONCLUSIONS Moxifloxacin, and to a lesser extent levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin, demonstrated significant effectiveness for reducing the number of M. abscessus in vivo, suggesting the potential usage of these agents in prevention of M. abscessus keratitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando R Caballero
- Department of Microbiology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216, USA
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Akcali S, Surucuoglu S, Cicek C, Ozbakkaloglu B. In vitro activity of ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin and levofloxacin against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Ann Saudi Med 2005; 25:409-12. [PMID: 16270765 PMCID: PMC6089726 DOI: 10.5144/0256-4947.2005.409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The increasing incidence of drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis necessitates therapeutic alternatives. The fluoroquinolones fulfill most of the criteria for an ideal class of antimycobacterial drugs. The aim of the present study was to determine to in vitro activities of ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, and levofloxacin against M. tuberculosis strains. METHODS Susceptibility to four antituberculous drugs used in first-line treatment of tuberculosis was tested in 100 strains isolated from clinical samples. Nineteen strains (19%) were resistant to at least one of the four antituberculous drugs and 13 were multidrug resistant. The in vitro antimycobacterial activity of ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, and levofloxacin was then determined against 100 M. tuberculosis strains using standard agar proportion dilution method. RESULTS Ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, and levofloxacin were active against all tested strains of M. tuberculosis in vitro. CONCLUSIONS Ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, and levofloxacin have relatively potent in vitro activity against M. tuberculosis. Further in vivo studies are needed to determine the role of these compounds in the treatment of tuberculosis, but use should be limited to special circumstances rather than first-line treatment.
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Cynamon MH, Sklaney M, Yeo AET. The activity of grepafloxacin in two murine models of Mycobacterium avium infection. J Infect Chemother 2004; 10:185-8. [PMID: 15290460 DOI: 10.1007/s10156-004-0316-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2003] [Accepted: 04/27/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The activity against Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) of varying doses of grepafloxacin (GRE; 25 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg, and 200 mg/kg) were compared to clarithromycin (CLA; 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg), ethambutol (EMB; 100 mg/kg), and rifabutin (RBT; 10 mg/kg) using an intranasal (IN) infection model compared to an intravenous (IV) infection model. Beige mice (C57BL6/J-Lyst bg J/+) were infected intranasally with about 10(6) organisms and for the IV model about 10(7) organisms. Treatment for both models was started 1 week postinfection and given by gavage 5 days/week for 4 weeks. At the initiation of therapy, an early control group was killed to determine the initial organism load. Three days following the completion of therapy, drug-treated groups of mice and the late control group were killed and the response to therapy measured. The most effective agents were CLA and RBT. GRE and EMB had modest activities in both the IN and the IV models. A matched comparison between IN and IV challenges for each of the agents used revealed greater suppression of MAC in the IN model compared to the IV model.
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Rodríguez JC, Ruiz M, López M, Royo G. In vitro activity of moxifloxacin, levofloxacin, gatifloxacin and linezolid against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2002; 20:464-7. [PMID: 12458143 DOI: 10.1016/s0924-8579(02)00239-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The in vitro activity of moxifloxacin, gatifloxacin, levofloxacin and linezolid was evaluated against 234 strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolated in the Southeast of Spain. All drugs tested showed good activity, with an MIC(90) of less than 1 mg/l, and were active against isociacide and rifampicin resistant strains. Three strains were resistant to isoniazid and to the fluoroquinolones, which suggested the existence of mechanisms of resistance not yet described. These new compounds may prove to be therapeutic alternatives for treatment of multi-resistant tuberculosis and further studies should be done to demonstrate their true usefulness.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Rodríguez
- Section of Microbiology, Hospital General Universitario de Elche, Universidad Miguel Hernández, 03202 Elche, Alicante, Spain.
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Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the main causes of morbidity worldwide, and the emergence of multi-drug resistant (MDR) Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains in some parts of the world has become a major concern. The decrease in activity of the major anti-TB drugs, such as isoniazid and rifampicin, is an important threat and alternative therapies are urgently required. The anti-TB activity of the fluoroquinolones has been under investigation since the 1980s. Many are active in vitro but only a few, including ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, sparfloxacin, levofloxacin and lomefloxacin, have been clinically tested. Fluoroquinolones can be used in co-therapy with the available anti-TB drugs. However, the choice of fluoroquinolone should be based not only on the in vitro activity, but also on the long-term tolerance. Fluoroquinolones are novel anti-TB drugs to be used when a patient is infected with a MDR-TB strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Bryskier
- Aventis Pharma SA, Infectious Disease Group, Clinical Pharmacology, 102, route de Noisy, 93235 Romainville, Cédex, France.
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Rhomberg PR, Jones RN. In vitro activity of 11 antimicrobial agents, including gatifloxacin and GAR936, tested against clinical isolates of Mycobacterium marinum. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2002; 42:145-7. [PMID: 11858912 DOI: 10.1016/s0732-8893(01)00332-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In vitro activities of 11 antimicrobial agents were determined using Etest (AB BIODISK, Solna, Sweden) against 37 clinical isolates of Mycobacterium marinum. The most potent agent (MIC(50,) 0.047 microg/mL) was trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, but only 91.9% would be categorized as susceptible. Several agents had a complete spectrum of activity including gatifloxacin (MIC(90,) 0.38 microg/mL), minocycline (MIC(90,) 2 microg/mL), tetracycline (MIC(90,) 2 microg/mL) and amikacin (MIC(90,) 3 microg/mL). The new glycylcycline, GAR936, had a similar potency (MIC(90,) 3 microg/mL) to that of the parent minocycline compound (MIC(90,) 2 microg/mL), but the range of MIC values extended to 24 microg/mL. Numerous options appear to exist for the contemporary therapy of M. marinum infections including some newer fluoroquinolones and derivatives of tetracycline (doxycycline, minocycline, GAR936).
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Rodríguez JC, Ruiz M, Climent A, Royo G. In vitro activity of four fluoroquinolones against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2001; 17:229-31. [PMID: 11282270 DOI: 10.1016/s0924-8579(00)00337-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The in vitro activity of ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, levofloxacin and moxifloxacin against strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis was studied. Moxifloxacin and levofloxacin showed the greatest activity having an MIC(90) of 1 mg/l. The MIC(90) for ofloxacin was 2 mg/l and for ciprofloxacin 4 mg/l. Further studies should be made to determine the role played by these compounds in the treatment of tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Rodríguez
- Section of Microbiology, Hospital General Universitario de Elche, Universidad Miguel Hernández, 03202 Elche Alicante, Spain.
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Infección cutánea por Mycobacterium marinum. Descripción de tres casos y revisión de la literatura. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0001-7310(01)76484-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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25
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Dhople AM. In vitro activity of KRM-1648, either singly or in combination with ofloxacin, against Mycobacterium ulcerans. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2001; 17:57-61. [PMID: 11137650 DOI: 10.1016/s0924-8579(00)00306-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The antimicrobial effect of a benzoxazinorifamycin, KRM-1648, either alone or in combination with ofloxacin, was evaluated in vitro against two type strains and six clinical isolates of Mycobacterium ulcerans. Growth of M. ulcerans was measured by plate counts and the BACTEC radiometric method. The minimal inhibitory concentration as well as minimal bactericidal concentration of KRM-1648 against M. ulcerans was between 0.012 and 0.025 mg/l, while corresponding values for rifampicin and rifabutin were in the range of 0.1-0.8 mg/l and 0.1-0.4 mg/l respectively. When combined with ofloxacin, KRM-1648 exhibited strong synergistic activity while only additive effects were observed with the combination of rifampicin (or rifabutin) and ofloxacin. These results suggest that KRM-1648 has a great potential in the treatment of M. ulcerans infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Dhople
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL 32901, USA.
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Hara T, Takemura H, Kanemitsu K, Yamamoto H, Shimada J. Comparative uptake of grepafloxacin and ciprofloxacin by a human monocytic cell line, THP-1. J Infect Chemother 2000; 6:162-7. [PMID: 11810558 DOI: 10.1007/s101560070016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2000] [Accepted: 08/01/2000] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The present study was designed to compare the uptake of grepafloxacin by a human monocytic cell line, THP-1, with that of ciprofloxacin. THP-1 cells were incubated with 20 microg/ml of either drug, and the entry of the drugs into the cells was determined using a velocity gradient centrifugation technique and HPLC assay. Antibiotic uptake by the cells was expressed as the ratio of the intracellular to the extracellular drug concentration (IC/EC). Grepafloxacin entered THP-1 cells readily within 5 min, and at steady-state (37 degrees C; 60 min), the IC/EC ratio of grepafloxacin (11.9 +/- 1.7; n = 13) was about 2.4-fold higher than that of ciprofloxacin (5.0 +/- 1.3; n = 13). The ratios decreased at low incubation temperature (4 degrees C), in paraformaldehyde-treated dead cells, and at low extracellular pH (pH 6.0), but were not influenced by high extracellular pH (pH, 9.0). Characterization of fluoroquinolone uptake suggests that these drugs penetrate the THP-1 membrane by passive diffusion, and also, in part, via an active transport system. We also examined the uptake of the two fluoroquinolones in phorbol 12 myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-stimulated adherent THP-1 cells (THP-1 macrophages). The IC/EC ratios for both fluoroquinolones in the THP-1 macrophages were significantly higher than those in the THP-1 monocytes. Further the uptake of three other fluoroquinolones, levofloxacin, tosufloxacin, and sparfloxacin, by THP-1 monocytes was examined in comparative studies. The IC/EC ratio of grepafloxacin was comparable to that of sparfloxacin and significantly higher than that of the other fluoroquinolones. Our results indicate that grepafloxacin exhibits better intracellular accumulation than ciprofloxacin and other fluoroquinolones in human monocytic and macrophage-like cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hara
- Department of Microbiology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, 2-16-1 Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki 216-8511, Japan
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Ouadrhiri Y, Sibille Y. Phagocytosis and killing of intracellular pathogens: interaction between cytokines and antibiotics. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2000; 13:233-240. [PMID: 11964792 DOI: 10.1097/00001432-200006000-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Phagocytosis and bacterial killing are the primary functions of macrophages. Among the mechanisms involved in the phagocytic process, cytokines, especially those of T-helper 1 profile, appear to influence considerably the internalization and the intracellular fate of the pathogen within the macrophage. In particular, the evidence for a cooperation of cytokines with antibiotics in intracellular infection could provide new therapeutic approaches to intracellular infectious diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youssef Ouadrhiri
- Unit of Experimental Medicine, Christian de Duve International Institute of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Brussels, Belgium
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