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Gaeta NC, de Sá Guimarães AM, Timenetsky J, Clouser S, Gregory L, Ganda E. Comparative genomic analysis of Brazilian Mesomycoplasma ovipneumoniae strains revealed genomic differences associated with the geographic origin and health status and mutations in the gyrA. Vet Microbiol 2024; 295:110158. [PMID: 38917663 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2024.110158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Sheep respiratory disease (SRD) is a multifactorial illness commonly affecting sheep. Mesomycoplasma (Mycoplasma) ovipneumoniae is one of the most important etiological agents of SRD and should be better understood, especially in countries where it was recently detected, such as Brazil. Also, the intensive use of quinolones in mycoplasmal infections increases the selective pressure for resistance to this drug class, and no data about antimicrobial resistance in Brazil is available. Therefore, this study aimed to perform a comparative genomic analysis of newly isolated Brazilian M. ovipneumoniae strains, identify point mutations in target genes that may be associated with antibiotic resistance, and perform a phylogenomic analysis of these strains with available genome representatives of M. ovipneumoniae. Glucose-fermenting fried egg-like colonies identified as M. ovipneumoniae were obtained after a culture of tracheobronchial lavage from infected sheep. The genomes were sequenced, de novo assembled and comparatively evaluated. Important putative virulence factors were detected in all isolates: the analysis of the average nucleotide homology of all these genes with the M. ovipneumoniae ATCC 29419 revealed associations between clpB, lgt, tuf, and dnaJ genes and geographic location. In addition, nucleotide substitutions in a few positions of the Quinolone-Resistant Determinant Region of the gyrA gene, including the Ser83Ala, were detected. The phylogenomic analysis showed that the Brazilian isolates belonged to two different clades corresponding to geographic location, and the isolates from São Paulo showed high similarity, which differs from isolates from Rio de Janeiro. This first genomic analysis of the Brazilian M. ovipneumoniae genomes demonstrates strain segregation according to location and health status, reinforcing the importance of continuous surveillance and diagnostics of this bacteria causing sheep respiratory disease in the Brazilian flocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- N C Gaeta
- Laboratory of Bacterial Zoonosis. School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science. University of São Paulo, Brazil; Veterinary Medicine. Faculdades Integradas Campos Salles, Brazil.
| | - A M de Sá Guimarães
- Laboratory of Applied Research in Mycobacteria, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - J Timenetsky
- Laboratory of Mycoplasmas. Institute of Biomedical Sciences. University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - S Clouser
- College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, USA
| | - L Gregory
- Department of Internal Medicine. School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science. University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - E Ganda
- College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, USA.
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2
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Chicken Production and Human Clinical Escherichia coli Isolates Differ in Their Carriage of Antimicrobial Resistance and Virulence Factors. Appl Environ Microbiol 2023; 89:e0116722. [PMID: 36651726 PMCID: PMC9973021 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01167-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Contamination of food animal products by Escherichia coli is a leading cause of foodborne disease outbreaks, hospitalizations, and deaths in humans. Chicken is the most consumed meat both in the United States and across the globe according to the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Although E. coli is a ubiquitous commensal bacterium of the guts of humans and animals, its ability to acquire antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes and virulence factors (VFs) can lead to the emergence of pathogenic strains that are resistant to critically important antibiotics. Thus, it is important to identify the genetic factors that contribute to the virulence and AMR of E. coli. In this study, we performed in-depth genomic evaluation of AMR genes and VFs of E. coli genomes available through the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System GenomeTrackr database. Our objective was to determine the genetic relatedness of chicken production isolates and human clinical isolates. To achieve this aim, we first developed a massively parallel analytical pipeline (Reads2Resistome) to accurately characterize the resistome of each E. coli genome, including the AMR genes and VFs harbored. We used random forests and hierarchical clustering to show that AMR genes and VFs are sufficient to classify isolates into different pathogenic phylogroups and host origin. We found that the presence of key type III secretion system and AMR genes differentiated human clinical isolates from chicken production isolates. These results further improve our understanding of the interconnected role AMR genes and VFs play in shaping the evolution of pathogenic E. coli strains. IMPORTANCE Pathogenic Escherichia coli causes disease in both humans and food-producing animals. E. coli pathogenesis is dependent on a repertoire of virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance genes. Food-borne outbreaks are highly associated with the consumption of undercooked and contaminated food products. This association highlights the need to understand the genetic factors that make E. coli virulent and pathogenic in humans and poultry. This research shows that E. coli isolates originating from human clinical settings and chicken production harbor different antimicrobial resistance genes and virulence factors that can be used to classify them into phylogroups and host origins. In addition, to aid in the repeatability and reproducibility of the results presented in this study, we have made a public repository of the Reads2Resistome pipeline and have provided the accession numbers associated with the E. coli genomes analyzed.
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Gao J, Han Z, Li P, Zhang H, Du X, Wang S. Outer Membrane Protein F Is Involved in Biofilm Formation, Virulence and Antibiotic Resistance in Cronobacter sakazakii. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9112338. [PMID: 34835462 PMCID: PMC8619257 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9112338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In some Gram-negative bacteria, ompF encodes outer membrane protein F (OmpF), which is a cation-selective porin and is responsible for the passive transport of small molecules across the outer membrane. However, there are few reports about the functions of this gene in Cronobacter sakazakii. To investigate the role of ompF in detail, an ompF disruption strain (ΔompF) and a complementation strain (cpompF) were successfully obtained. We find that OmpF can affect the ability of biofilm formation in C. sakazakii. In addition, the variations in biofilm composition of C. sakazakii were examined using Raman spectroscopy analyses caused by knocking out ompF, and the result indicated that the levels of certain biofilm components, including lipopolysaccharide (LPS), were significantly decreased in the mutant (ΔompF). Then, SDS-PAGE was used to further analyze the LPS content, and the result showed that the LPS levels were significantly reduced in the absence of ompF. Therefore, we conclude that OmpF affects biofilm formation in C. sakazakii by reducing the amount of LPS. Furthermore, the ΔompF mutant showed decreased (2.7-fold) adhesion to and invasion of HCT-8 cells. In an antibiotic susceptibility analysis, the ΔompF mutant showed significantly smaller inhibition zones than the WT, indicating that OmpF had a positive effect on the influx of antibiotics into the cells. In summary, ompF plays a positive regulatory role in the biofilm formation and adhesion/invasion, which is achieved by regulating the amount of LPS, but is a negative regulator of antibiotic resistance in C. sakazakii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxin Gao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China; (J.G.); (H.Z.)
| | - Zhonghui Han
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China;
| | - Ping Li
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China;
| | - Hongyan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China; (J.G.); (H.Z.)
| | - Xinjun Du
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China;
- Correspondence: (X.D.); (S.W.)
| | - Shuo Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
- Correspondence: (X.D.); (S.W.)
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4
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Kaspersen H, Fiskebeck EZ, Sekse C, Slettemeås JS, Urdahl AM, Norström M, Lagesen K, Simm R. Comparative Genome Analyses of Wild Type- and Quinolone Resistant Escherichia coli Indicate Dissemination of QREC in the Norwegian Broiler Breeding Pyramid. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:938. [PMID: 32508776 PMCID: PMC7248565 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Quinolones are important antimicrobials for both humans and animals, and resistance toward these compounds is a serious threat to public health. In Norway, quinolone resistant E. coli (QREC) have been detected at low levels in a high proportion of broiler flocks, even without the use of quinolones in rearing of broilers. Due to the pyramidal structure of broiler breeding, QREC isolates may be disseminated from grandparent animals down through the pyramid. However, quinolone resistance can also develop in wild type E. coli through specific chromosomal mutations, and by horizontal acquisition of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes. The goal of this study was to determine whether QREC is disseminated through the broiler breeding pyramid or developed locally at some stage in the broiler production chain. For this purpose, we whole genome sequenced wild type- and QREC isolates from broiler and parent flocks that had been isolated in the Norwegian monitoring program for antimicrobial resistance in feed, food and animals (NORM-VET) between 2006 and 2017, from 22 different production sites. The sequencing data was used for typing of the isolates, phylogenetic analysis and identification of relevant resistance mechanisms. Highly similar QREC isolates were identified within major sequence types from multiple production sites, suggesting dissemination of QREC isolates in the broiler production chain. The occurrence of potential resistance development among the WT E. coli was low, indicating that this may be a rare phenomenon in the Norwegian broiler production. The results indicate that the majority of the observed QREC at the bottom of the broiler production pyramid originates from parent or grandparent animals. These results highlight the importance of surveillance at all levels of the broiler production pyramid and of implementation of proper biosecurity measures to control dissemination of QREC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Roger Simm
- Institute of Oral Biology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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5
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Changing paradigm of antibiotic resistance amongst Escherichia coli isolates in Indian pediatric population. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213850. [PMID: 30995225 PMCID: PMC6469777 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance happens when microorganisms mutates in manners that render the drugs like antibacterial, antiviral, antiparasitic and antifungal, ineffective. The normal mutation process is encouraged by the improper use of antibiotics. Mutations leading to quinolone resistance occur in a highly conserved region of the quinolone resistance-determining region (QRDR) of DNA gyrAse and topoisomerase IV gene. We analyzed antibiotic resistant genes and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in gyrA and parC genes in QRDR in 120 E. coli isolates (both diarrheagenic and non-pathogenic) recovered from fresh stool samples collected from children aged less than 5 years from Delhi, India. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed according to standard clinical and laboratory standards institute (CLSI) guidelines. Phylogenetic analysis showed the clonal diversity and phylogenetic relationships among the E. coli isolates. The SNP analysis depicted mutations in gyrA and parC genes in QRDR. The sul1 gene, responsible for sulfonamide resistance, was present in almost half (47.5%) of the isolates across the diseased and healthy samples. The presence of antibiotic resistance genes in E. coli isolates from healthy children indicate the development, dissemination and carriage of antibiotic resistance in their gut. Our observations suggest the implementation of active surveillance and stewardship programs to promote appropriate antibiotic use and minimizing further danger.
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6
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Tonoyan L, Fleming GTA, Friel R, O'Flaherty V. Continuous culture of Escherichia coli, under selective pressure by a novel antimicrobial complex, does not result in development of resistance. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2401. [PMID: 30787338 PMCID: PMC6382887 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-38925-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We attempted to generate de novo resistance to a newly described biocidal complex, ITC (iodo-thiocyanate complex), and to levofloxacin (LVX) in Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, by means of selective chemostat culture. We measured resistance by determining the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for these agents. E. coli underwent 20-day parallel adaptive evolution routes under no antimicrobial selection, and gradually increasing ITC and LVX selection pressure. Long-term exposure of E. coli to ITC did not induce resistance to ITC, or cross-resistance to LVX. No distinct mutational pattern was evidenced from whole-genome sequence (WGS)-based comparisons of ITC-challenged and unchallenged bacterial populations. Moreover, the exposed E. coli population could not survive a 2 × MIC challenge of ITC. By contrast, resistance to LVX was rapidly induced (on day 1 the MIC had increased 16-fold), selected for (by day 14 the MIC had increased 64-fold) and enriched with a highly characteristic genome mutational pattern. WGS of this evolving population revealed that the majority of mutations appeared in the genes of LVX target proteins (GyrA, ParC, ParE) and drug influx (OmpF). This study suggests that the usage of ITC may not trigger the emergence of facile resistance or cross-resistance, in contrast to common antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilit Tonoyan
- Microbiology, School of Natural Sciences and Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland.
| | - Gerard T A Fleming
- Microbiology, School of Natural Sciences and Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Ruairi Friel
- Westway Health, Unit 120, Business Innovation Centre, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Vincent O'Flaherty
- Microbiology, School of Natural Sciences and Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland.
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7
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Chen L, Zhang Y, Du J, Zhang X, Li M, Chen H, Yu X, Sun Y, Zhou T. Description and plasmid characterization of the qnrD determinant in Proteeae in Wenzhou, Southern China. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2018; 51:115-122. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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8
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Ehrmann E, Jolivet-Gougeon A, Bonnaure-Mallet M, Fosse T. Role of DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV mutations in fluoroquinolone resistance of Capnocytophaga spp. clinical isolates and laboratory mutants. J Antimicrob Chemother 2018; 72:2208-2212. [PMID: 28453633 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkx119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Capnocytophaga spp. are often reported to cause bacteraemia and extra-oral infections and are characterized by their significant contribution to resistance to β-lactam and macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin antibiotics in the human oral microbiota. The implication of mutations in the quinolone resistance-determining region (QRDR) of DNA gyrase A and B ( gyrA and gyrB ) and topoisomerase IV ( parC and parE ) of fluoroquinolone (FQ)-resistant Capnocytophaga spp., hitherto unknown, was explored in this study. Methods Two reference strains ( Capnocytophaga gingivalis ATCC 33624 and Capnocytophaga sputigena ATCC 33612) and four Capnocytophaga spp. isolated from clinical samples were studied. Nine in vitro FQ-resistant mutants, derived from two reference strains and one FQ-susceptible clinical isolate, were selected by successive inoculations onto medium containing levofloxacin. MICs of ofloxacin, norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin and moxifloxacin were determined. The presumed QRDRs of GyrA, GyrB, ParC and ParE from Capnocytophaga spp. were determined by sequence homology to Bacteroides fragilis and Escherichia coli . PCR primers were designed to amplify the presumed QRDR genetic region of Capnocytophaga spp. and sequence analyses were performed using the BLAST program at the National Center for Biotechnology Information. Results and conclusions gyrA mutations leading to a substitution from amino acid position 80 to 86 were systematically detected in Capnocytophaga spp. with ciprofloxacin MIC >1 mg/L and considered as the primary target of FQs. No mutational alteration in the QRDR of gyrB was detected. Other mutations in parC and parE led to spontaneous amino acid substitutions of DNA topoisomerase IV subunit B with no alteration in FQ susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Ehrmann
- Pôle odontologie, CHU de Nice, Nice, France.,Faculté d'Odontologie, Université de Nice-Sophia-Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - Anne Jolivet-Gougeon
- Equipe de Microbiologie EA 1254/Inserm U 1241 NUMECAN, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France.,CHU de Rennes, 35043 Rennes, France
| | - Martine Bonnaure-Mallet
- Equipe de Microbiologie EA 1254/Inserm U 1241 NUMECAN, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France.,CHU de Rennes, 35043 Rennes, France
| | - Thierry Fosse
- Service d'hygiène et vaccinations, CHU de Nice, 06003 Nice, France.,Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, Nice, France
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Chang J, Chen Y, Xu Z, Wang Z, Zeng Q, Fan H. Switchable Control of Antibiotic Activity: A Shape-Shifting “Tail” Strategy. Bioconjug Chem 2017; 29:74-82. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.7b00599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinming Chang
- Key
Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, P.R. China
| | - Yi Chen
- Key
Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, P.R. China
- Department
of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Zhou Xu
- Key
Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, P.R. China
| | - Zhonghui Wang
- Key
Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, P.R. China
| | - Qi Zeng
- Key
Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, P.R. China
| | - Haojun Fan
- Key
Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, P.R. China
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10
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Wang J, Guo ZW, Zhi CP, Yang T, Zhao JJ, Chen XJ, Zeng L, Lv LC, Zeng ZL, Liu J. Impact of plasmid-borne oqxAB on the development of fluoroquinolone resistance and bacterial fitness in Escherichia coli. J Antimicrob Chemother 2017; 72:1293-1302. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkw576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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11
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Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance in Enterobacteriaceae: a systematic review with a focus on Mediterranean countries. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2016; 36:421-435. [PMID: 27889879 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-016-2847-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Quinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antimicrobial drugs. These molecules have been widely prescribed to treat various infectious diseases and have been classified into several generations based on their spectrum of activity. Quinolones inhibit bacterial DNA synthesis by interfering with the action of DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV. Mutations in the genes encoding these targets are the most common mechanisms of high-level fluoroquinolone resistance. Moreover, three mechanisms for plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) have been discovered since 1998 and include Qnr proteins, the aminoglycoside acetyltransferase AAC(6')-Ib-cr, and plasmid-mediated efflux pumps QepA and OqxAB. Plasmids with these mechanisms often encode additional antimicrobial resistance (extended spectrum beta-lactamases [ESBLs] and plasmidic AmpC [pAmpC] ß-lactamases) and can transfer multidrug resistance. The PMQR determinants are disseminated in Mediterranean countries with prevalence relatively high depending on the sources and the regions, highlighting the necessity of long-term surveillance for the future monitoring of trends in the occurrence of PMQR genes.
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13
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Effects of Stress, Reactive Oxygen Species, and the SOS Response on De Novo Acquisition of Antibiotic Resistance in Escherichia coli. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 60:1319-27. [PMID: 26666928 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02684-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Strategies to prevent the development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria are needed to reduce the threat of infectious diseases to human health. The de novo acquisition of resistance due to mutations and/or phenotypic adaptation occurs rapidly as a result of interactions of gene expression and mutations (N. Handel, J. M. Schuurmans, Y. Feng, S. Brul, and B. H. Ter Kuile, Antimicrob Agents Chemother 58:4371-4379, 2014, http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.02892-14). In this study, the contribution of several individual genes to the de novo acquisition of antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli was investigated using mutants with deletions of genes known to be involved in antibiotic resistance. The results indicate that recA, vital for the SOS response, plays a crucial role in the development of antibiotic resistance. Likewise, deletion of global transcriptional regulators, such as gadE or soxS, involved in pH homeostasis and superoxide removal, respectively, can slow the acquisition of resistance to a degree depending on the antibiotic. Deletion of the transcriptional regulator soxS, involved in superoxide removal, slowed the acquisition of resistance to enrofloxacin. Acquisition of resistance occurred at a lower rate in the presence of a second stress factor, such as a lowered pH or increased salt concentration, than in the presence of optimal growth conditions. The overall outcome suggests that a central cellular mechanism is crucial for the development of resistance and that genes involved in the regulation of transcription play an essential role. The actual cellular response, however, depends on the class of antibiotic in combination with environmental conditions.
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14
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Piras C, Soggiu A, Greco V, Martino PA, Del Chierico F, Putignani L, Urbani A, Nally JE, Bonizzi L, Roncada P. Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance to enrofloxacin in uropathogenic Escherichia coli in dog. J Proteomics 2015; 127:365-76. [PMID: 26066767 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2015.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Escherichia coli (E. coli) urinary tract infections (UTIs) are becoming a serious problem both for pets and humans (zoonosis) due to the close contact and to the increasing resistance to antibiotics. This study has been performed in order to unravel the mechanism of induced enrofloxacin resistance in canine E. coli isolates that represent a good tool to study this pathology. The isolated E. coli has been induced with enrofloxacin and studied through 2D DIGE and shotgun MS. Discovered differentially expressed proteins are principally involved in antibiotic resistance and linked to oxidative stress response, to DNA protection and to membrane permeability. Moreover, since enrofloxacin is an inhibitor of DNA gyrase, the overexpression of DNA starvation/stationary phase protection protein (Dsp) could be a central point to discover the mechanism of this clone to counteract the effects of enrofloxacin. In parallel, the dramatic decrease of the synthesis of the outer membrane protein W, which represents one of the main gates for enrofloxacin entrance, could explain additional mechanism of E. coli defense against this antibiotic. All 2D DIGE and MS data have been deposited into the ProteomeXchange Consortium with identifier PXD002000 and DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.6019/PXD002000. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: HUPO 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Piras
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie e Sanità Pubblica, Università degli studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessio Soggiu
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie e Sanità Pubblica, Università degli studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Viviana Greco
- Fondazione Santa Lucia - IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", Italy
| | - Piera Anna Martino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie e Sanità Pubblica, Università degli studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Lorenza Putignani
- Parasitology and Metagenomics Units, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Urbani
- Fondazione Santa Lucia - IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", Italy
| | - Jarlath E Nally
- Bacterial Diseases of Livestock Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, United States
| | - Luigi Bonizzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie e Sanità Pubblica, Università degli studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Roncada
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie e Sanità Pubblica, Università degli studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Istituto Sperimentale Italiano L. Spallanzani, Milano, Italy.
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15
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Meireles D, Leite-Martins L, Bessa LJ, Cunha S, Fernandes R, de Matos A, Manaia CM, Martins da Costa P. Molecular characterization of quinolone resistance mechanisms and extended-spectrum β-lactamase production in Escherichia coli isolated from dogs. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2015; 41:43-8. [PMID: 25999092 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2015.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 04/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of antimicrobial resistances is now a worldwide problem. Investigating the mechanisms by which pets harboring resistant strains may receive and/or transfer resistance determinants is essential to better understanding how owners and pets can interact safely. Here, we characterized the genetic determinants conferring resistance to β-lactams and quinolones in 38 multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli isolated from fecal samples of dogs, through PCR and sequencing. The most frequent genotype included the β-lactamase groups TEM (n=5), and both TEM+CTX-M-1 (n=5). Within the CTX-M group, we identified the genes CTX-M-32, CTX-M-1, CTX-M-15, CTX-M-55/79, CTX-M-14 and CTX-M-2/44. Thirty isolates resistant to ciprofloxacin presented two mutations in the gyrA gene and one or two mutations in the parC gene. A mutation in gyrA (reported here for the first time), due to a transversion and transition (TCG→GTG) originating a substitution of a serine by a valine in position 83 was also detected. The plasmid-encoded quinolone resistance gene, qnrs1, was detected in three isolates. Dogs can be a reservoir of genetic determinants conferring antimicrobial resistance and thus may play an important role in the spread of antimicrobial resistance to humans and other co-habitant animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Meireles
- Produção Aquática, ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Ciências Químicas e das Biomoléculas, Escola Superior de Tecnologia de Saúde do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - L Leite-Martins
- Produção Aquática, ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Clínica Veterinária, ICBAS, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - L J Bessa
- Produção Aquática, ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; CIIMAR - Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - S Cunha
- Produção Aquática, ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Ciências Químicas e das Biomoléculas, Escola Superior de Tecnologia de Saúde do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - R Fernandes
- Ciências Químicas e das Biomoléculas, Escola Superior de Tecnologia de Saúde do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - A de Matos
- Clínica Veterinária, ICBAS, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; CECA - Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal, ICETA - Instituto de Ciências e Tecnologias Agrárias e Agro-Alimentares, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - C M Manaia
- CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Porto, Portugal
| | - P Martins da Costa
- Produção Aquática, ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; CIIMAR - Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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Huang K, Xu CW, Zeng B, Xia QQ, Zhang AY, Lei CW, Guan ZB, Cheng H, Wang HN. Dynamics of quinolone resistance in fecal Escherichia coli of finishing pigs after ciprofloxacin administration. J Vet Med Sci 2014; 76:1213-8. [PMID: 24919413 PMCID: PMC4197147 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.14-0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli resistance to quinolones has now become a serious issue in large-scale pig farms of China. It is necessary to study the dynamics of quinolone resistance in fecal Escherichia coli of pigs after antimicrobial administration. Here, we present the hypothesis that the emergence of resistance in pigs requires drug accumulation for 7 days or more. To test this hypothesis, 26 pigs (90 days old, about 30 kg) not fed any antimicrobial after weaning were selected and divided into 2 equal groups: the experimental (EP) group and control (CP) group. Pigs in the EP group were orally treated daily with 5 mg ciprofloxacin/kg of body weight for 30 days, and pigs in the CP group were fed a normal diet. Fresh feces were collected at 16 time points from day 0 to day 61. At each time point, ten E. coli clones were tested for susceptibility to quinolones and mutations of gyrA and parC. The results showed that the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) for ciprofloxacin increased 16-fold compared with the initial MIC (0.5 µg/ml) after ciprofloxacin administration for 3 days and decreased 256-fold compared with the initial MIC (0.5 µg/ml) after ciprofloxacin withdrawal for 26 days. GyrA (S83L, D87N/ D87Y) and parC (S80I) substitutions were observed in all quinolone-resistant E. coli (QREC) clones with an MIC ≥8 µg/ml. This study provides scientific theoretical guidance for the rational use of antimicrobials and the control of bacterial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Huang
- School of Life Science, Sichuan University, Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, "985 Project" Science Innovative Platform for Resource and Environment Protection of Southwestern China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, P. R. China
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Perilli M, Segatore B, Tavio M, Setacci D, Celenza G, De Santis F, Pellegrini C, Rossolini GM, Amicosante G. In VitroSelection and Characterization of Mutants in TEM-1-ProducingEscherichia coliby Ceftazidime and Ceftibuten. J Chemother 2013; 19:123-6. [PMID: 17434819 DOI: 10.1179/joc.2007.19.2.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
The present work was undertaken to study the ability of ceftazidime and ceftibuten to selectin vitro Escherichia coli HB101 harboring bla(TEM-1) beta-lactamase gene. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of ceftazidime and ceftibuten were increased by a factor of 32, overcoming in the case of ceftazidime the breakpoint for clinical resistance. Outer membrane protein analysis and PCR for bla(TEM )alleles revealed that ceftazidime and ceftibuten select for different resistance mechanisms. Ceftazidime created mutants that encode an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (TEM-12) and exhibit decreased expression of OmpF. Ceftibuten was unable to select for extended-spectrum beta-lactamase expressing mutants but reduced the expression of two porins, OmpC and OmpF. The stability of ceftibuten to hydrolysis and the difference in the structure of these beta-lactam antibiotics could be responsible for the selection of different mechanisms of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Perilli
- Department of Sciences and Biomedical Technologies, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
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Huguet A, Pensec J, Soumet C. Resistance in Escherichia coli: variable contribution of efflux pumps with respect to different fluoroquinolones. J Appl Microbiol 2013; 114:1294-9. [PMID: 23414263 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Revised: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Resistance to fluoroquinolones is partially the result of a decrease in drug accumulation in Escherichia coli through different mechanisms. However, the variable contribution of these mechanisms with respect to different fluoroquinolones is poorly investigated. Therefore, the current study aimed to compare the contribution of resistance attributed to efflux-mediated mechanisms for different fluoroquinolones. METHODS AND RESULTS Susceptibility of enrofloxacin, marbofloxacin and ciprofloxacin were compared after treatment with an efflux pump inhibitor in 17 ciprofloxacin-resistant E. coli isolates, and also the expression profile of the genes encoding the porins and efflux pumps involved in this resistance was evaluated. After treatment with the efflux pump inhibitor Phe-Arg-β-naphthylamide (PAβN), susceptibilities differed significantly between antimicrobial agents, the decrease for MIC being higher for enrofloxacin than for marbofloxacin or ciprofloxacin. AcrB expression level increased significantly (+26%) in ciprofloxacin-resistant E. coli isolates compared with ciprofloxacin-susceptible isolates, whereas the expression level decreased for ompF (-50%) and ompC (-30%). CONCLUSIONS There was a higher contribution of resistance nodulation division (RND) efflux pumps to resistance to hydrophobic fluoroquinolones. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Comparison between expression profile of efflux pumps and hydrophobicity of the antimicrobial agents could result in variable resistance for different fluoroquinolones.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Huguet
- Fougères laboratory, Anses, Fougères, France.
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20
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Sarathy JP, Dartois V, Lee EJD. The role of transport mechanisms in mycobacterium tuberculosis drug resistance and tolerance. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2012; 5:1210-35. [PMID: 24281307 PMCID: PMC3816664 DOI: 10.3390/ph5111210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Revised: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In the fight against tuberculosis, cell wall permeation of chemotherapeutic agents remains a critical but largely unsolved question. Here we review the major mechanisms of small molecule penetration into and efflux from Mycobacterium tuberculosis and other mycobacteria, and outline how these mechanisms may contribute to the development of phenotypic drug tolerance and induction of drug resistance. M. tuberculosis is intrinsically recalcitrant to small molecule permeation thanks to its thick lipid-rich cell wall. Passive diffusion appears to account for only a fraction of total drug permeation. As in other bacterial species, influx of hydrophilic compounds is facilitated by water-filled open channels, or porins, spanning the cell wall. However, the diversity and density of M. tuberculosis porins appears lower than in enterobacteria. Besides, physiological adaptations brought about by unfavorable conditions are thought to reduce the efficacy of porins. While intracellular accumulation of selected drug classes supports the existence of hypothesized active drug influx transporters, efflux pumps contribute to the drug resistant phenotype through their natural abundance and diversity, as well as their highly inducible expression. Modulation of efflux transporter expression has been observed in phagocytosed, non-replicating persistent and multi-drug resistant bacilli. Altogether, M. tuberculosis has evolved both intrinsic properties and acquired mechanisms to increase its level of tolerance towards xenobiotic substances, by preventing or minimizing their entry. Understanding these adaptation mechanisms is critical to counteract the natural mechanisms of defense against toxic compounds and develop new classes of chemotherapeutic agents that positively exploit the influx and efflux pathways of mycobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jansy Passiflora Sarathy
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases Pte Ltd, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01, Chromos, 138670, Singapore.
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Birosova L, Mikulasova M. The effect of environmental pollutants and food processing on the development of antibiotic resistance. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2012; 158:315-20. [PMID: 23128813 DOI: 10.5507/bp.2012.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The purpose of this study was to determine how various compounds known to be positive mutagens, contribute to the development of mutations leading to ciprofloxacin resistance in Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotype Typhimurium. The molecular mechanism of ciprofloxacin resistance in treated strains was investigated. METHODS A modified version of the incorporation plate test was used for quantitative determination of ciprofloxacin resistant mutants and for assessment of the mutation frequency induced by the positive mutagens in different concentrations. An AS-PCR-RFLP for monitoring of gyrA mutations was applied. RESULTS Mutation frequency, expressed as number of antibiotic resistant colonies per 10(8) viable cells, was much higher after exposure of bacterial cells to 3-(5-nitro-2-furyl) acrylic acid and 2-nitrofluorene. All isolated cultures retain decreased susceptibility to antibiotic after multiple passages in antibiotic-free medium. 2-nitrofluorene was the best inducer of mutations in gyrA and in regulation genes affecting suppression of synthesis of outer membrane porins. 3-(5-nitro-2-furyl) acrylic acid gives rise to overproduction of efflux pump. CONCLUSIONS The data suggest that antibiotic resistance may not be only a consequence of misuse of antibiotics. A polluted environment as well as food processing could contribute to this unwanted process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Birosova
- Department of Nutrition and Food Assessment, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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22
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Antibiotic Resistance of Escherichia coli Serotypes from Cochin Estuary. Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis 2012; 2012:124879. [PMID: 23008708 PMCID: PMC3447347 DOI: 10.1155/2012/124879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Revised: 07/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed at detecting the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant serotypes of Escherichia coli in Cochin estuary, India. E. coli strains were isolated during the period January 2010-December 2011 from five different stations set at Cochin estuary. Water samples from five different stations in Cochin estuary were collected on a monthly basis for a period of two years. Isolates were serotyped, antibiogram-phenotyped for twelve antimicrobial agents, and genotyped by polymerase chain reaction for uid gene that codes for β-D-glucuronidase. These E. coli strains from Cochin estuary were tested against twelve antibiotics to determine the prevalence of multiple antibiotic resistance among them. The results revealed that more than 53.33% of the isolates were multiple antibiotic resistant. Thirteen isolates showed resistance to sulphonamides and two of them contained the sul 1 gene. Class 1 integrons were detected in two E. coli strains which were resistant to more than seven antibiotics. In the present study, O serotyping, antibiotic sensitivity, and polymerase chain reaction were employed with the purpose of establishing the present distribution of multiple antibiotic-resistant serotypes, associated with E. coli isolated from different parts of Cochin estuary.
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Isolation and quantitation of topoisomerase complexes accumulated on Escherichia coli chromosomal DNA. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012; 56:5458-64. [PMID: 22869559 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01182-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA topoisomerases are important targets in anticancer and antibacterial therapy because drugs can initiate cell death by stabilizing the transient covalent topoisomerase-DNA complex. In this study, we employed a method that uses CsCl density gradient centrifugation to separate unbound from DNA-bound GyrA/ParC in Escherichia coli cell lysates after quinolone treatment, allowing antibody detection and quantitation of the covalent complexes on slot blots. Using these procedures modified from the in vivo complexes of enzyme (ICE) bioassay, we found a correlation between gyrase-DNA complex formation and DNA replication inhibition at bacteriostatic (1× MIC) norfloxacin concentrations. Quantitation of the number of gyrase-DNA complexes per E. coli cell permitted an association between cell death and chromosomal gyrase-DNA complex accumulation at norfloxacin concentrations greater than 1× MIC. When comparing levels of gyrase-DNA complexes to topoisomerase IV-DNA complexes in the absence of drug, we observed that the gyrase-DNA complex level was higher (∼150-fold) than that of the topoisomerase IV-DNA complex. In addition, levels of gyrase and topoisomerase IV complexes reached a significant increase after 30 min of treatment at 1× and 1.7× MIC, respectively. These results are in agreement with gyrase being the primary target for quinolones in E. coli. We further validated the utility of this method for the study of topoisomerase-drug interactions in bacteria by showing the gyrase covalent complex reversibility after removal of the drug from the medium, and the resistant effect of the Ser83Leu gyrA mutation on accumulation of gyrase covalent complexes on chromosomal DNA.
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Fàbrega A, Rosner JL, Martin RG, Solé M, Vila J. SoxS-dependent coregulation of ompN and ydbK in a multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli strain. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2012; 332:61-7. [PMID: 22515487 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2012.02577.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Revised: 04/06/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
SoxS, MarA, and Rob are homologous transcriptional activators of numerous superoxide- and antibiotic resistance genes but many of the regulated genes are yet to be characterized. In this study, microarrays and RT-PCR analysis were used to show the overexpression of the ompN porin and its upstream gene, ydbK, in an Escherichia coli multidrug-resistant mutant and in a strain constitutive for SoxS. However, transcriptional fusions revealed that SoxS (not MarA or Rob) only activated the ydbK promoter but not the ompN upstream region. RT-PCR experiments showed the overexpression of a combined ydbK - ompN transcript in the SoxS-overexpressing strain. Surprisingly, a bioinformatic approach revealed no soxbox upstream of the ydbK promoter. Thus, the ydbK and ompN genes are coexpressed in an operon and are likely activated by SoxS indirectly. It is known that YdbK is involved in superoxide resistance. Thus, individual ompN and ydbK mutants were tested for superoxide susceptibility. Nonetheless, only the ydbK mutant was susceptible to paraquat, a superoxide generator. These mutants, as well as an OmpN-overproducing strain, were further tested for antibiotic resistance. No significant decreased susceptibility was observed. Thus, ydbK plays a role in superoxide resistance but no role for either gene is found in resistance to the antibiotics tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Fàbrega
- Barcelona Centre for International Health Research, CRESIB, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Mechanisms of fluoroquinolone resistance in Escherichia coli isolates from food-producing animals. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:7113-20. [PMID: 21856834 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00600-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Eleven multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli isolates (comprising 6 porcine and 5 bovine field isolates) displaying fluoroquinolone (FQ) resistance were selected from a collection obtained from the University Veterinary Hospital (Dublin, Ireland). MICs of nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin were determined by Etest. All showed MICs of nalidixic acid of >256 μg/ml and MICs of ciprofloxacin ranging from 4 to >32 μg/ml. DNA sequencing was used to identify mutations within the quinolone resistance-determining regions of target genes, and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to evaluate the expression of the major porin, OmpF, and component genes of the AcrAB-TolC efflux pump and its associated regulatory loci. Decreased MIC values to nalidixic acid and/or ciprofloxacin were observed in the presence of the efflux pump inhibitor phenylalanine-arginine-β-naphthylamide (PAβN) in some but not all isolates. Several mutations were identified in genes coding for quinolone target enzymes (3 to 5 mutations per strain). All isolates harbored GyrA amino acid substitutions at positions 83 and 87. Novel GyrA (Asp87 → Ala), ParC (Ser80 → Trp), and ParE (Glu460 → Val) substitutions were observed. The efflux activity of these isolates was evaluated using a semiautomated ethidium bromide (EB) uptake assay. Compared to wild-type E. coli K-12 AG100, isolates accumulated less EB, and in the presence of PAβN the accumulation of EB increased. Upregulation of the acrB gene, encoding the pump component of the AcrAB-TolC efflux pump, was observed in 5 of 11 isolates, while 10 isolates showed decreased expression of OmpF. This study identified multiple mechanisms that likely contribute to resistance to quinolone-based drugs in the field isolates studied.
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Smithson A, Chico C, Ramos J, Netto C, Sanchez M, Ruiz J, Porron R, Bastida MT. Prevalence and risk factors for quinolone resistance among Escherichia coli strains isolated from males with community febrile urinary tract infection. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2011; 31:423-30. [PMID: 21761126 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-011-1322-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and clinical risk factors for quinolone resistance (QR) in E. coli strains from males with febrile urinary tract infection (FUTI). An ambispective cross-sectional study was performed in which we evaluated 153 males with a community FUTI caused by E. coli. Among the 153 FUTI episodes, 101 (66%) were due to quinolone susceptible E. coli strains while 52 (34%) were caused by QR E. coli strains. In the univariate analysis QR was associated with older age, higher Charlson scores, dementia, past UTI, urinary tract abnormalities, previous antibiotic use, particularly with fluoroquinolones (FQ), a healthcare-associated (HA)-UTI (HA-UTI) and to four of the components included in the definition of HA-UTI: hospital admission, nursing home residence, indwelling urethral catheter and invasive urinary instrumentation. In the multivariate analysis, HA-UTI (OR 3.82, 95% CI 1.3-11.24; P 0.015) and use of antimicrobials in the previous month (OR 5.82, 95% CI 2.3-14.88; P < 0.001) mainly with FQ (OR 13.97, 95% CI 2.73-71.53; P 0.002) were associated with QR. To have a HA-UTI and a previous use of FQ in the preceding month were strong risk factors for QR E. coli, and thus empirical antimicrobial treatment with quinolones should be avoided in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Smithson
- Emergency Department, Fundació Hospital de l´Esperit Sant, C/Avinguda Mossen Pons i Rabadà s/n, 08923, Santa Coloma Gramenet, Barcelona, Spain.
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Biswas S, Rolain JM. Bartonella infection: treatment and drug resistance. Future Microbiol 2011; 5:1719-31. [PMID: 21133691 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.10.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bartonella species, which belong to the α-2 subgroup of Proteobacteria, are fastidious Gram-negative bacteria that are highly adapted to their mammalian host reservoirs. Bartonella species are responsible for different clinical conditions affecting humans, including Carrion's disease, cat scratch disease, trench fever, bacillary angiomatosis, endocarditis and peliosis hepatis. While some of these diseases can resolve spontaneously without treatment, in other cases, the disease is fatal without antibiotic treatment. In this article, we discuss the antibiotic susceptibility patterns of Bartonella species, detected using several methods. We also provide an overview of Bartonella infection in humans and animals and discuss the antibiotic treatment recommendations for the different infections, treatment failure and the molecular mechanism of antibiotic resistance in these bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silpak Biswas
- CNRS-IRD, UMR 6236, Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Université de la Méditerranée, 27 boulevard Jean-Moulin, Marseille cedex 05, France
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Contribution of mutations in DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV genes to ciprofloxacin resistance in Escherichia coli clinical isolates. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2011; 37:253-5. [PMID: 21236644 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2010.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2010] [Revised: 11/12/2010] [Accepted: 11/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
DNA gyrase (GyrA and GyrB) and topoisomerase IV (ParC and ParE) are the two essential type II topoisomerases in Escherichia coli. These enzymes act via inhibition of DNA replication. Mutations in the quinolone resistance-determining region (QRDR) of the gyrA, gyrB, parC and parE genes from clinical isolates of E. coli were determined by DNA sequencing of 54 ciprofloxacin-resistant clinical isolates from a hospital in Delhi, India. The majority of the E. coli isolates were shown to carry mutations in gyrA, parC and parE. Ciprofloxacin resistance due to accumulation of such a high number of mutations in the QRDR regions of gyrA at positions Ser83 and Asp87 and parC at position Ser80 as well as outside of the QRDR region of parE at Ser458 and Glu460 confers high-level resistance of ciprofloxacin in clinical isolates. The high frequency of occurrence of mutations in the parE gene (44.4% strains) is alarming, as topoisomerase IV is a secondary target of quinolones.
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Lautenbach E, Metlay JP, Mao X, Han X, Fishman NO, Bilker WB, Tolomeo P, Wheeler M, Nachamkin I. The prevalence of fluoroquinolone resistance mechanisms in colonizing Escherichia coli isolates recovered from hospitalized patients. Clin Infect Dis 2010; 51:280-5. [PMID: 20597679 PMCID: PMC2897836 DOI: 10.1086/653931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fluoroquinolones are the most commonly prescribed antimicrobials. The epidemiology of fecal colonization with Escherichia coli demonstrating reduced susceptibility to fluoroquinolones remains unclear. METHODS During a 3-year period (15 September 2004 through 19 October 2007), all patients hospitalized for >3 days were approached for fecal sampling. All E. coli isolates with reduced susceptibility to fluoroquinolones (minimum inhibitory concentration [MIC] of levofloxacin, 0.125 microg/mL) were identified. We characterized gyrA and parC mutations and organic solvent tolerance. Isolates were compared using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. RESULTS Of 353 patients colonized with E. coli demonstrating reduced fluoroquinolone susceptibility, 300 (85.0%) had 1 gyrA mutation, 161 (45.6%) had 1 parC mutation, and 171 (48.6%) demonstrated organic solvent tolerance. The mean numbers of total mutations (ie, gyrA and parC) for E. coli isolates with a levofloxacin MIC of 8 microg/mL versus <8.0 microg/mL were 2.70 and 0.82 (P < .001). Of the 136 E. coli isolates with a levofloxacin MIC of 8 microg/mL, 90 (66.2%) demonstrated a nalidixic acid MIC of 16 microg/mL. Significant differences were found over time in the proportion of E. coli isolates demonstrating gyrA mutation, parC mutation, and organic solvent tolerance. There was little evidence of clonal spread of isolates. Conclusions. Gastrointestinal tract colonization with E. coli demonstrating reduced susceptibility to levofloxacin is common. Although 40% of study isolates exhibited a levofloxacin MIC of <8 microg/mL (and would thus be missed by current Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute breakpoints), nalidixic acid resistance may be a useful marker for detection of such isolates. Significant temporal changes occurred in the proportion of isolates exhibiting various resistance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebbing Lautenbach
- Divisions of Infectious Diseases, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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del Valle LJ, Flores L, Vargas M, García-de-la-Guarda R, Quispe RL, Ibañez ZB, Alvarado D, Ramírez P, Ruiz J. Bartonella bacilliformis, endemic pathogen of the Andean region, is intrinsically resistant to quinolones. Int J Infect Dis 2010; 14:e506-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2009.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2009] [Revised: 07/07/2009] [Accepted: 07/29/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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Pope CF, Gillespie SH, Moore JE, McHugh TD. Approaches to measure the fitness of Burkholderia cepacia complex isolates. J Med Microbiol 2010; 59:679-686. [PMID: 20185551 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.017830-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc) are highly resistant to many antibacterial agents and infection can be difficult to eradicate. A coordinated approach has been used to measure the fitness of Bcc bacteria isolated from cystic fibrosis (CF) patients with chronic Bcc infection using methods relevant to Bcc growth and survival conditions. Significant differences in growth rate were observed among isolates; slower growth rates were associated with isolates that exhibited higher MICs and were resistant to more antimicrobial classes. The nucleotide sequences of the quinolone resistance-determining region of gyrA in the isolates were determined and the ciprofloxacin MIC correlated with amino acid substitutions at codons 83 and 87. Biologically relevant methods for fitness measurement were developed and could be applied to investigate larger numbers of clinical isolates. These methods were determination of planktonic growth rate, biofilm formation, survival in water and survival during drying. We also describe a method to determine mutation rate in Bcc bacteria. Unlike in Pseudomonas aeruginosa where hypermutability has been detected in strains isolated from CF patients, we were unable to demonstrate hypermutability in this panel of Burkholderia cenocepacia and Burkholderia multivorans isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- C F Pope
- Centre for Clinical Microbiology, University College London, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2QG, UK
| | - S H Gillespie
- Regional Microbiology Network, Health Protection Agency, Holborn Gate, London WC1V 7PP, UK.,Centre for Clinical Microbiology, University College London, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2QG, UK
| | - J E Moore
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Cromore Road, Coleraine BT52 1SA, UK.,Department of Bacteriology, Belfast City Hospital, Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7AB, UK
| | - T D McHugh
- Centre for Clinical Microbiology, University College London, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2QG, UK
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LIM SK, LIM KG, LEE HS, JUNG SC, KANG MI, NAM HM. Prevalence and Molecular Characterization of Fluoroquinolone-Resistant Escherichia coli Isolated from Diarrheic Cattle in Korea. J Vet Med Sci 2010; 72:611-4. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.08-0302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Suk-Kyung LIM
- National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Service, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry
| | - Keum-Gi LIM
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University
| | - Hee-Soo LEE
- National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Service, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry
| | - Suk-Chan JUNG
- National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Service, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry
| | - Mun-Il KANG
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University
| | - Hyang-Mi NAM
- National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Service, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry
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Biswas S, Maggi RG, Papich MG, Breitschwerdt EB. Molecular mechanisms of Bartonella henselae resistance to azithromycin, pradofloxacin and enrofloxacin. J Antimicrob Chemother 2009; 65:581-2. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkp459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Constitutive SoxS expression in a fluoroquinolone-resistant strain with a truncated SoxR protein and identification of a new member of the marA-soxS-rob regulon, mdtG. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009; 54:1218-25. [PMID: 20008776 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00944-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated levels of fluoroquinolone resistance are frequently found among Escherichia coli clinical isolates. This study investigated the antibiotic resistance mechanisms of strain NorE5, derived in vitro by exposing an E. coli clinical isolate, PS5, to two selection steps with increasing concentrations of norfloxacin. In addition to the amino acid substitution in GyrA (S83L) present in PS5, NorE5 has an amino acid change in ParC (S80R). Furthermore, we now find by Western blotting that NorE5 has a multidrug resistance phenotype resulting from the overexpression of the antibiotic resistance efflux pump AcrAB-TolC. Microarray and gene fusion analyses revealed significantly increased expression in NorE5 of soxS, a transcriptional activator of acrAB and tolC. The high soxS activity is attributable to a frameshift mutation that truncates SoxR, rendering it a constitutive transcriptional activator of soxS. Furthermore, microarray and reverse transcription-PCR analyses showed that mdtG (yceE), encoding a putative efflux pump, is overexpressed in the resistant strain. SoxS, MarA, and Rob activated an mdtG::lacZ fusion, and SoxS was shown to bind to the mdtG promoter, showing that mdtG is a member of the marA-soxS-rob regulon. The mdtG marbox sequence is in the backward or class I orientation within the promoter, and its disruption resulted in a loss of inducibility by MarA, SoxS, and Rob. Thus, chromosomal mutations in parC and soxR are responsible for the increased antibiotic resistance of NorE5.
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Moon DC, Seol SY, Gurung M, Jin JS, Choi CH, Kim J, Lee YC, Cho DT, Lee JC. Emergence of a new mutation and its accumulation in the topoisomerase IV gene confers high levels of resistance to fluoroquinolones in Escherichia coli isolates. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2009; 35:76-9. [PMID: 19781915 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2009.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2009] [Accepted: 08/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV genes are the main mechanisms of resistance to quinolones. In this study, we determined mutations in gyrA, gyrB, parC and parE among 57 ciprofloxacin-resistant Escherichia coli isolates from a South Korean hospital and analysed the relationship between the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of fluoroquinolones and mutations in the topoisomerase IV gene. All ciprofloxacin-resistant E. coli isolates carried double mutations in gyrA and at least a single mutation in parC; some isolates also carried a single mutation in parE. The most common mutations were S83L and D87N in gyrA, S80I in parC and S458A in parE, which accounted for 25% of isolates. Single mutations in parE at L445I, S458P and S458W were identified for the first time. Double mutations in parC and a combination of single mutations in parC and parE significantly increased the MIC values of fluoroquinolones. In vitro induction of resistance to ciprofloxacin showed that double mutations in gyrA were a prerequisite to conferring a resistant phenotype to fluoroquinolones, and an additional mutation in the topoisomerase IV gene increased the MIC values of ciprofloxacin. In conclusion, emergence of a new mutation in parC and parE and its accumulation induces high levels of resistance to fluoroquinolones in E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Chan Moon
- Department of Microbiology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, #101, Dongin-dong-2 ga, Jung-gu, Daegu 700-422, Republic of Korea
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36
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Ravanel N, Gestin B, Maurin M. In vitro selection of fluoroquinolone resistance in Brucella melitensis. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2009; 34:76-81. [PMID: 19261448 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2009.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2008] [Revised: 12/31/2008] [Accepted: 01/04/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Moxifloxacin-resistant mutants of Brucella melitensis 16M [moxifloxacin minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)=1mg/L] were selected in order to characterise fluoroquinolone resistance mechanisms in this species. Eight independent mutants were obtained, with moxifloxacin MICs of 16-32mg/L. The mutants displayed variable cross-resistance levels to other fluoroquinolone compounds, but no increased resistance to aminoglycosides, tetracycline, rifampicin, macrolides or co-trimoxazole. Sequencing of type II topoisomerase-encoding genes (gyrA, gyrB, parC and parE), which are natural targets for fluoroquinolones, revealed a gyrA mutation leading to the amino acid substitution Ala83Val (Escherichia coli numbering system) in five mutants with a moxifloxacin MIC of 32mg/L, whereas no mutation was found in the remaining three mutants with a MIC of 16mg/L. Phenylalanine-arginine-beta-naphthylamide dihydrochloride, an efflux pump inhibitor, reduced moxifloxacin MICs by a factor of two to eight in all resistant mutants. In B. melitensis, fluoroquinolone resistance may arise from gyrA mutation and efflux pump overexpression mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Ravanel
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Grenoble, Université Joseph Fourier, BP217, 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
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Relationship between the expression of ompF and quinolone resistance in Escherichia coli. J Infect Chemother 2009; 15:361-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s10156-009-0716-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2008] [Accepted: 07/15/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Fàbrega A, Madurga S, Giralt E, Vila J. Mechanism of action of and resistance to quinolones. Microb Biotechnol 2009; 2:40-61. [PMID: 21261881 PMCID: PMC3815421 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-7915.2008.00063.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2008] [Revised: 08/20/2008] [Accepted: 08/24/2008] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluoroquinolones are an important class of wide-spectrum antibacterial agents. The first quinolone described was nalidixic acid, which showed a narrow spectrum of activity. The evolution of quinolones to more potent molecules was based on changes at positions 1, 6, 7 and 8 of the chemical structure of nalidixic acid. Quinolones inhibit DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV activities, two enzymes essential for bacteria viability. The acquisition of quinolone resistance is frequently related to (i) chromosomal mutations such as those in the genes encoding the A and B subunits of the protein targets (gyrA, gyrB, parC and parE), or mutations causing reduced drug accumulation, either by a decreased uptake or by an increased efflux, and (ii) quinolone resistance genes associated with plasmids have been also described, i.e. the qnr gene that encodes a pentapeptide, which blocks the action of quinolones on the DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV; the aac(6')-Ib-cr gene that encodes an acetylase that modifies the amino group of the piperazin ring of the fluoroquinolones and efflux pump encoded by the qepA gene that decreases intracellular drug levels. These plasmid-mediated mechanisms of resistance confer low levels of resistance but provide a favourable background in which selection of additional chromosomally encoded quinolone resistance mechanisms can occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Fàbrega
- Department of Microbiology, Hospital Clinic, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergi Madurga
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Barcelona, Spain
- Departments of Physical Chemistry & IQTCUB and
| | - Ernest Giralt
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Barcelona, Spain
- Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Vila
- Department of Microbiology, Hospital Clinic, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Spain
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39
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The mechanism of ciprofloxacin resistance in dihydrogen peroxide-induced mutants of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhimurium consists mainly in mutations in gyrA gene and less in mutations affecting ciprofloxacin uptake. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2008; 53:368-72. [PMID: 18759123 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-008-0057-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2007] [Revised: 02/22/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The effect of H(2)O(2) on the induction of ciprofloxacin (CFL) resistant mutants of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium was evaluated and determinants of CFL resistance in the mutants were analyzed. Factors associated with CFL resistance in H(2)O(2)-induced mutants included (i) mutations in gyrA gene, predominantly (63 %) Asp(87)-->Asn and less (37 %) Ser(83)-->Phe substitutions, (ii) mutations in the regulatory genes of MarRAB or SoxRS or in the individual structural genes of these operons. Such mutations are induced by H(2)O(2) in a much lower extent. Reduced OmpF expression simultaneously with enhanced efflux was detected only in one mutant strain and 20 % of mutant strains had increased CFL efflux from the cells.
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40
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Turkmani A, Psaroulaki A, Christidou A, Chochlakis D, Tabaa D, Tselentis Y. In vitro-selected resistance to fluoroquinolones in two Brucella strains associated with mutational changes in gyrA. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2008; 32:227-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2008.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2008] [Revised: 03/03/2008] [Accepted: 03/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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41
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Bore E, Hébraud M, Chafsey I, Chambon C, Skjæret C, Moen B, Møretrø T, Langsrud Ø, Rudi K, Langsrud S. Adapted tolerance to benzalkonium chloride in Escherichia coli K-12 studied by transcriptome and proteome analyses. Microbiology (Reading) 2007; 153:935-946. [PMID: 17379704 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.29288-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Benzalkonium chloride (BC) is a commonly used disinfectant and preservative. This study describes changes in expression level at the transcriptomic and proteomic level for Escherichia coli K-12 gradually adapted to a tolerance level to BC of 7-8 times the initial MIC. Results from DNA arrays and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis for global gene and protein expression studies were confirmed by real-time quantitative PCR. Peptide mass fingerprinting by MALDI-TOF MS was used to identify differentially expressed proteins. Changes in expression level in adapted cells were shown for porins, drug transporters, glycolytic enzymes, ribosomal subunits and several genes and proteins involved in protection against oxidative stress and antibiotics. Adapted strains showed increased tolerance to several antibiotics. In conclusion, E. coli K-12 adapted to higher tolerance to BC acquired several general resistance mechanisms, including responses normally related to the multiple antibiotic resistance (Mar) regulon and protection against oxidative stress. The results revealed that BC treatment might result in superoxide stress in E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erlend Bore
- The Norwegian University of Life Science (UMB), PO Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
- Matforsk, Norwegian Food Research Institute, Osloveien 1, N-1430 Ås, Norway
| | - Michel Hébraud
- Plate-forme Protéomique, INRA site de Theix, 63122 Saint-Genès Champanelle, France
- UR454 Microbiologie-Equipe QuaSA, INRA site de Theix, 63122 Saint-Genès Champanelle, France
| | - Ingrid Chafsey
- UR454 Microbiologie-Equipe QuaSA, INRA site de Theix, 63122 Saint-Genès Champanelle, France
| | - Christophe Chambon
- Plate-forme Protéomique, INRA site de Theix, 63122 Saint-Genès Champanelle, France
| | - Camilla Skjæret
- The Norwegian University of Life Science (UMB), PO Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
- Matforsk, Norwegian Food Research Institute, Osloveien 1, N-1430 Ås, Norway
| | - Birgitte Moen
- The Norwegian University of Life Science (UMB), PO Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
- Matforsk, Norwegian Food Research Institute, Osloveien 1, N-1430 Ås, Norway
| | - Trond Møretrø
- Matforsk, Norwegian Food Research Institute, Osloveien 1, N-1430 Ås, Norway
| | - Øyvind Langsrud
- Matforsk, Norwegian Food Research Institute, Osloveien 1, N-1430 Ås, Norway
| | - Knut Rudi
- Matforsk, Norwegian Food Research Institute, Osloveien 1, N-1430 Ås, Norway
| | - Solveig Langsrud
- Matforsk, Norwegian Food Research Institute, Osloveien 1, N-1430 Ås, Norway
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42
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Hopkins KL, Davies RH, Threlfall EJ. Mechanisms of quinolone resistance in Escherichia coli and Salmonella: Recent developments. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2005; 25:358-73. [PMID: 15848289 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2005.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 371] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Fluoroquinolones are broad-spectrum antimicrobials highly effective for treatment of a variety of clinical and veterinary infections. Their antibacterial activity is due to inhibition of DNA replication. Usually resistance arises spontaneously due to point mutations that result in amino acid substitutions within the topoisomerase subunits GyrA, GyrB, ParC or ParE, decreased expression of outer membrane porins, or overexpression of multidrug efflux pumps. In addition, the recent discovery of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance could result in horizontal transfer of fluoroquinolone resistance between strains. Acquisition of high-level resistance appears to be a multifactorial process. Care needs to taken to avoid overuse of this important class of antimicrobial in both human and veterinary medicine to prevent an increase in the occurrence of resistant zoonotic and non-zoonotic bacterial pathogens that could subsequently cause human or animal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie L Hopkins
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Laboratory of Enteric Pathogens, Health Protection Agency Centre for Infections, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5HT, UK.
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43
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Tavío MM, Vila J, Perilli M, Casañas LT, Maciá L, Amicosante G, Jiménez de Anta MT. Enhanced active efflux, repression of porin synthesis and development of Mar phenotype by diazepam in two enterobacteria strains. J Med Microbiol 2004; 53:1119-1122. [PMID: 15496390 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.45613-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work was to determine whether diazepam could induce the multiple antibiotic resistance (Mar) phenotype in Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli strains. The Mar phenotype is characterized by decreased susceptibility to multiple antibiotics due to the loss of porins and/or increased expression of active efflux systems. The effect of subinhibitory concentrations of diazepam on the susceptibility of different antimicrobial agents, outer-membrane protein expression and norfloxacin intracellular accumulation was studied. The results revealed that diazepam concentrations equal or twice adult dosage induced the same Mar phenotype as two well known E. coli marRAB inducers, sodium salicylate and sodium benzoate. Susceptibility to norfloxacin in a K. pneumoniae clinical isolate and E. coli strain Ag100 decreased due to enhanced active efflux and loss of porin expression. A decreased susceptibility to chloramphenicol, tetracycline, nalidixic acid and β-lactam antibiotics was also observed. In conclusion, like sodium salicylate or sodium benzoate, diazepam may induce the Mar phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- María M Tavío
- Microbiology, Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Las Palmas de G. C., Dr. Pasteur, 35080 Las Palmas, Spain 2Department of Microbiology, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Villarroel, 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain 3Department of Science and Biomedical Technology, School of Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Jordi Vila
- Microbiology, Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Las Palmas de G. C., Dr. Pasteur, 35080 Las Palmas, Spain 2Department of Microbiology, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Villarroel, 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain 3Department of Science and Biomedical Technology, School of Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Mariagrazia Perilli
- Microbiology, Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Las Palmas de G. C., Dr. Pasteur, 35080 Las Palmas, Spain 2Department of Microbiology, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Villarroel, 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain 3Department of Science and Biomedical Technology, School of Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Lucía T Casañas
- Microbiology, Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Las Palmas de G. C., Dr. Pasteur, 35080 Las Palmas, Spain 2Department of Microbiology, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Villarroel, 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain 3Department of Science and Biomedical Technology, School of Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Laura Maciá
- Microbiology, Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Las Palmas de G. C., Dr. Pasteur, 35080 Las Palmas, Spain 2Department of Microbiology, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Villarroel, 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain 3Department of Science and Biomedical Technology, School of Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Amicosante
- Microbiology, Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Las Palmas de G. C., Dr. Pasteur, 35080 Las Palmas, Spain 2Department of Microbiology, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Villarroel, 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain 3Department of Science and Biomedical Technology, School of Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - María T Jiménez de Anta
- Microbiology, Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Las Palmas de G. C., Dr. Pasteur, 35080 Las Palmas, Spain 2Department of Microbiology, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Villarroel, 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain 3Department of Science and Biomedical Technology, School of Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
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Fendukly F, Karlsson I, Hanson HS, Kronvall G, Dornbusch K. Patterns of mutations in target genes in septicemia isolates of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae with resistance or reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin. APMIS 2003; 111:857-66. [PMID: 14510643 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0463.2003.1110904.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Thirty-two Escherichia coli and 21 Klebsiella pneumoniae septicemia isolates with varying degrees of resistance to ciprofloxacin were analyzed for the presence of point mutations within the quinolone-resistance target genes. The number of mutations observed in the resistant isolates agreed with the level of ciprofloxacin resistance in both species. Such isolates were also resistant to nalidixic acid. Isolates with borderline susceptibility to ciprofloxacin, on the other hand, behaved differently in the two species. In E. coli all the isolates harbored at least one mutation and these isolates were also resistant to nalidixic acid, while no mutations were detected in the K. pneumoniae isolates, and susceptibility to nalidixic acid was unpredictable. Therefore, nalidixic acid cannot be used as a class representative. Time-kill curve studies on an isolate with borderline susceptibility from each species showed higher degrees of resistance to ciprofloxacin in comparison to that of the wild-type E. coli. A previously unreported parC mutation, S57-->T, was detected in a resistant E. coli isolate and might expand the QRDR of this gene. Normalized resistance interpretations of histograms confirmed the setting of microbiological zone breakpoints for ciprofloxacin testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Fendukly
- Clinical Microbiology-MTC, Karolinska Institute & Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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45
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Poutanen SM, Low DE. Is it time to change fluoroquinolone MIC breakpoints for Salmonella spp.? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0196-4399(03)80027-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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46
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Wang M, Tran JH, Jacoby GA, Zhang Y, Wang F, Hooper DC. Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance in clinical isolates of Escherichia coli from Shanghai, China. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003; 47:2242-8. [PMID: 12821475 PMCID: PMC161834 DOI: 10.1128/aac.47.7.2242-2248.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 373] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although quinolone resistance usually results from chromosomal mutations, recent studies indicate that quinolone resistance can also be plasmid mediated. The gene responsible, qnr, is distinct from the known quinolone resistance genes and in previous studies seemed to be restricted to Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli isolates from the University of Alabama in Birmingham, where this resistance was discovered. In Shanghai, the frequency of ciprofloxacin resistance in E. coli has exceeded 50% since 1993. Seventy-eight unique ciprofloxacin-resistant clinical isolates of E. coli from Shanghai hospitals were screened for the qnr gene by colony blotting and Southern hybridization of plasmid DNA. Conjugation experiments were done with azide-resistant E. coli J53 as a recipient with selection for plasmid-encoded antimicrobial resistance (chloramphenicol, gentamicin, or tetracycline) and azide counterselection. qnr genes were sequenced, and the structure of the plasmid DNA adjacent to qnr was analyzed by primer walking with a sequential series of outward-facing sequencing primers with plasmid DNA templates purified from transconjugants. Six (7.7%) of 78 strains gave a reproducible hybridization signal with a qnr gene probe on colony blots and yielded strong signals on plasmid DNA preparations. Quinolone resistance was transferred from all six probe-positive strains. Transconjugants had 16- to 250-fold increases in the MICs of ciprofloxacin relative to that of the recipient. All six strains contained qnr with a nucleotide sequence identical to that originally reported, except for a single nucleotide change (CTA-->CTG at position 537) encoding the same amino acid. qnr was located in complex In4 family class 1 integrons. Two completely sequenced integrons were designated In36 and In37. Transferable plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance associated with qnr is thus prevalent in quinolone-resistant clinical strains of E. coli from Shanghai and may contribute to the rapid increase in bacterial resistance to quinolones in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minggui Wang
- Institute of Antibiotics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
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47
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Ruiz J, Marco F, Sierra JM, Aguilar L, Garcia-Mendez E, Mensa J, Jiménez De Anta MT, Vila J. In vitro activity of gemifloxacin against clinical isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae with and without mutations in the gyrA gene. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2003; 22:73-6. [PMID: 12842332 DOI: 10.1016/s0924-8579(03)00083-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The MIC of gemifloxacin and five other quinolones was tested against 31 clinical isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae; strains were analyzed for the presence of mutations in both the gyrA and parC genes. Only seven strains were resistant to nalidixic acid due to a mutation in the gyrA gene but not in the parC gene, with six and two considered intermediate to ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin, respectively. The activity of gemifloxacin was similar to that of trovafloxacin and moxifloxacin, but was more active than nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin or levofloxacin against the gyrA mutant strains. Gemifloxacin is a valid therapeutic alternative to treat infections with N. gonorrhoeae, retaining its activity against strains already presenting a mutation in gyrA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquim Ruiz
- Servei de Microbiologia, Institut Clinic d'Infeccions i Immunologia, IDIBAPS, Hospital Clínic, Villarroel 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
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48
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Payot S, Cloeckaert A, Chaslus-Dancla E. Selection and characterization of fluoroquinolone-resistant mutants of Campylobacter jejuni using enrofloxacin. Microb Drug Resist 2003; 8:335-43. [PMID: 12523631 DOI: 10.1089/10766290260469606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Significant levels of fluoroquinolone resistance were obtained in Campylobacterjejuni isolates after an unique step of selection using enrofloxacin. An Asp90-to-Asn and a Thr86-to-Ile change in the gyrase subunit GyrA were found associated with a low (MIC < or = 8 /microg/ml) or a high (MIC > or = 16 microg/ml) level of resistance to ciprofloxacin, respectively. An association of both mutations conferred a higher level of resistance (MIC > or = 128 microg/ml). Further steps of selection increased the MICs of fluoroquinolones but did not result in a multiple antibiotic resistance phenotype. The Thr86-to-Ile change was found to confer different levels of resistance, pointing out other mechanisms of resistance. However, sequencing revealed no mutation in gyrB, and several attempts did not enable any amplification of the parC gene coding for topoisomerase IV, suggesting an absence of this secondary target in C. jejuni. In addition, no difference in the major outer membrane protein expression was found among the isolates. Furthermore, the use of the recently identified efflux pump inhibitor Phe-Arg-beta-naphthylamide did not result in a significant decrease of fluoroquinolone MICs or change in the frequency of isolation of enrofloxacin-resistant mutants, and thus appears ineffective against fluoroquinolone-resistant C. jejuni isolates. Results obtained during ciprofloxacin accumulation studies confirmed that efflux probably plays a minor role in fluoroquinolone resistance of C. jejuni.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Payot
- UR86 de Pathologie Aviaire et Parasitologie, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 37380 Nouzilly, France.
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Cereto F, Molina I, González A, Del Valle O, Esteban R, Guardia J, Genescà J. Role of immunosuppression in the development of quinolone-resistant Escherichia coli spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and in the mortality of E. coli spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2003; 17:695-701. [PMID: 12641519 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2036.2003.01491.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Norfloxacin decreases the incidence of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhotics, but promotes the appearance of quinolone-resistant Escherichia coli. AIM : To define the characteristics of quinolone-resistant E. coli spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. METHODS E. coli-positive ascitic fluid cultures were identified during a 6-year period. Data on quinolone-sensitive and quinolone-resistant E. coli spontaneous bacterial peritonitis were compared. RESULTS One hundred and two E. coli-positive ascitic fluid cultures were detected. Cirrhotics accounted for 67 cases. Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis was found in 47 of the 67 (70%) cases [35 (74%) caused by quinolone-sensitive and 12 (26%) caused by quinolone-resistant E. coli]. Norfloxacin prophylaxis was higher in the quinolone-resistant group (92% vs. 6%, P < 0.001). Compared with patients with quinolone-sensitive E. coli spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, those with quinolone-resistant E. coli spontaneous bacterial peritonitis showed a higher prevalence of associated immunosuppressive factors (immunosuppressive drugs, human immunodeficiency virus infection or cancer) (92% vs. 20%, P < 0.001). Steroid therapy was independently associated with quinolone-resistant E. coli spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (odds ratio, 49; 95% confidence interval, 3.4-699; P = 0.004). The Child-Pugh score (P = 0.03), immunosuppression (P = 0.02) and renal failure (P = 0.01) were independent predictors of E. coli spontaneous bacterial peritonitis-related mortality. CONCLUSIONS Associated immunosuppression is an important co-factor for the development of quinolone-resistant E. coli spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and for E. coli spontaneous bacterial peritonitis-related mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Cereto
- Liver Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Spain
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50
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Denyer S, Maillard JY. Cellular impermeability and uptake of biocides and antibiotics in Gram-negative bacteria. J Appl Microbiol 2002. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.92.5s1.19.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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