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Gschwind R, Ugarcina Perovic S, Weiss M, Petitjean M, Lao J, Coelho LP, Ruppé E. ResFinderFG v2.0: a database of antibiotic resistance genes obtained by functional metagenomics. Nucleic Acids Res 2023:7173762. [PMID: 37207327 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkad384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Metagenomics can be used to monitor the spread of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). ARGs found in databases such as ResFinder and CARD primarily originate from culturable and pathogenic bacteria, while ARGs from non-culturable and non-pathogenic bacteria remain understudied. Functional metagenomics is based on phenotypic gene selection and can identify ARGs from non-culturable bacteria with a potentially low identity shared with known ARGs. In 2016, the ResFinderFG v1.0 database was created to collect ARGs from functional metagenomics studies. Here, we present the second version of the database, ResFinderFG v2.0, which is available on the Center of Genomic Epidemiology web server (https://cge.food.dtu.dk/services/ResFinderFG/). It comprises 3913 ARGs identified by functional metagenomics from 50 carefully curated datasets. We assessed its potential to detect ARGs in comparison to other popular databases in gut, soil and water (marine + freshwater) Global Microbial Gene Catalogues (https://gmgc.embl.de). ResFinderFG v2.0 allowed for the detection of ARGs that were not detected using other databases. These included ARGs conferring resistance to beta-lactams, cycline, phenicol, glycopeptide/cycloserine and trimethoprim/sulfonamide. Thus, ResFinderFG v2.0 can be used to identify ARGs differing from those found in conventional databases and therefore improve the description of resistomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Gschwind
- University of Paris Cité, INSERM UMR 1137 IAME, F-75018Paris, France
| | - Svetlana Ugarcina Perovic
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, China
| | - Maja Weiss
- Research Group for Genomic Epidemiology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs, Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Marie Petitjean
- University of Paris Cité, INSERM UMR 1137 IAME, F-75018Paris, France
| | - Julie Lao
- University of Paris Cité, INSERM UMR 1137 IAME, F-75018Paris, France
| | - Luis Pedro Coelho
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, China
| | - Etienne Ruppé
- University of Paris Cité, INSERM UMR 1137 IAME, F-75018Paris, France
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Nainwal N, Sharma Y, Jakhmola V. Dry powder inhalers of antitubercular drugs. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2022; 135:102228. [PMID: 35779497 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2022.102228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Despite advancements in the medical and pharmaceutical fields, tuberculosis remains a major health problem globally. Patients do not widely accept the conventional approach to treating tuberculosis (TB) due to prolonged treatment periods with multiple high doses of drugs and associated side effects. A pulmonary route is a non-invasive approach to delivering drugs, hormones, nucleic acid, steroids, proteins, and peptides directly to the lungs, improving the efficacy of the treatment and consequently decreasing the adverse effect of the treatment. This route has been successfully developed for the treatment of various respiratory diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), tuberculosis (TB), lung cancer, and other pulmonary infections. The major approaches of inhalation delivery systems include nebulizers, metered-dose inhalers (MDIs), and dry powder inhalers (DPIs). However, dry powder inhalers (DPIs) are more advantageous due to their stability and ability to deliver a high dose of the drug to the lungs. The present review analyzes the modern therapeutic approach of inhaled dry powders, with a special focus on novel drug delivery system (NDDS) based DPIs for the treatment of TB. The article also discussed the challenges of preparing inhalable dry powder formulations for the treatment of TB. The clinical development of inhalable anti-TB drugs is also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Nainwal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Sardar Bhagwan Singh University, Balawala, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248161, India.
| | - Yuwanshi Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Sardar Bhagwan Singh University, Balawala, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248161, India.
| | - Vikash Jakhmola
- Uttaranchal Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Uttaranchal University, Premnagar, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248007, India.
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Falco A, Aranaga C, Ocampo I, Takiff H. Overexpression of mfpA Gene Increases Ciprofloxacin Resistance in Mycobacterium smegmatis. Int J Microbiol 2021; 2021:6689186. [PMID: 33824663 PMCID: PMC8007378 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6689186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluoroquinolones (FQs) are antibiotics useful in the treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis, but FQ-resistant mutants can be selected rapidly. Although mutations in the DNA gyrase are the principal cause of this resistance, pentapeptide proteins have been found to confer low-level FQ resistance in Gram-negative bacteria. MfpA is a pentapeptide repeat protein conserved in mycobacterial chromosomes, where it is adjacent to a group of four highly conserved genes termed a conservon. We wished to characterize the transcriptional regulation of the mfpA gene and relate its expression to ciprofloxacin resistance in M. smegmatis. Reverse transcription PCR showed that mfpA gene is part of an operon containing the conservon genes. Using a transcriptional fusion, we showed that a promoter was located 5' to the mfpEA operon. We determined the promoter activity under different growth conditions and found that the expression of the operon increases slightly in late growth phases in basic pH and in subinhibitory concentrations of ciprofloxacin. Finally, by cloning the mfpA gene in an inducible vector, we showed that induced expression of mfpA increases the ciprofloxacin Minimal Inhibitory Concentration. These results confirm that increased expression of the mfpA gene, which is part of the mfpEA operon, increases ciprofloxacin resistance in M. smegmatis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aura Falco
- Grupo de Investigación en Microbiología, Industria y Ambiente (GIMIA), Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Santiago de Cali, Cali, Colombia
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Centro de Microbiología y Biología Celular, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Km. 11, Carretera Panamericana, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Carlos Aranaga
- Grupo de Investigación en Química y Biotecnología (QUIBIO), Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Santiago de Cali, Cali, Colombia
| | - Ivan Ocampo
- Grupo de Investigación en Microbiología, Industria y Ambiente (GIMIA), Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Santiago de Cali, Cali, Colombia
| | - Howard Takiff
- Grupo de Investigación en Microbiología, Industria y Ambiente (GIMIA), Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Santiago de Cali, Cali, Colombia
- Integrated Mycobacterial Pathogenomics, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Department of Tuberculosis Control and Prevention, Shenzhen Nanshan Centre for Chronic Disease Control, Shenzhen, China
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Small organic molecules targeting the energy metabolism of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 212:113139. [PMID: 33422979 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.113139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Causing approximately 10 million incident cases and 1.3-1.5 million deaths every year, Mycobacterium tuberculosis remains a global health problem. The risk is further exacerbated with latent tuberculosis (TB) infection, the HIV pandemic, and increasing anti-TB drug resistance. Therefore, unexplored chemical scaffolds directed towards new molecular targets are increasingly desired. In this context, mycobacterial energy metabolism, particularly the oxidative phosphorylation (OP) pathway, is gaining importance. Mycobacteria possess primary dehydrogenases to fuel electron transport; aa3-type cytochrome c oxidase and bd-type menaquinol oxidase to generate a protonmotive force; and ATP synthase, which is essential for both growing mycobacteria as well as dormant mycobacteria because ATP is produced under both aerobic and hypoxic conditions. Small organic molecules targeting OP are active against latent TB as well as resistant TB strains. FDA approval of the ATP synthase inhibitor bedaquiline and the discovery of clinical candidate Q203, which both interfere with the cytochrome bc1 complex, have already confirmed mycobacterial energy metabolism to be a valuable anti-TB drug target. This review highlights both preferable molecular targets within mycobacterial OP and promising small organic molecules targeting OP. Progressive research in the area of mycobacterial OP revealed several highly potent anti-TB compounds with nanomolar-range MICs as low as 0.004 μM against Mtb H37Rv. Therefore, we are convinced that targeting the OP pathway can combat resistant TB and latent TB, leading to more efficient anti-TB chemotherapy.
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Edessa D, Sisay M, Dessie Y. Unfavorable outcomes to second-line tuberculosis therapy among HIV-infected versus HIV-uninfected patients in sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0237534. [PMID: 32797110 PMCID: PMC7428180 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drug resistance is a key obstacle to the global target set to end tuberculosis by 2030. Clinical complexities in drug-resistant tuberculosis and HIV-infection co-management could worsen outcomes of second-line anti-tuberculosis drugs. A comprehensive estimate for risks of unsuccessful outcomes to second-line tuberculosis therapy in HIV-infected versus HIV-uninfected patients is mandatory to address such aspects in segments of the target set. Therefore, this meta-analysis was aimed to estimate the pooled risk ratios of unfavorable outcomes to second-line tuberculosis therapy between HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected patients in sub-Saharan Africa. METHODS We conducted a literature search from PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, SCOPUS and Google Scholar. We screened the retrieved records by titles and abstracts. Finally, we assessed eligibility and quality of full-text articles for the records retained by employing appraisal checklist of the Joanna Briggs Institute. We analyzed the data extracted from the included studies by using Review Manager Software, version 5.3 and presented our findings in forest and funnel plots. Protocol for this study was registered on PROSPERO (ID: CRD42020160473). RESULTS A total of 19 studies with 1,766 from 4,481 HIV-infected and 1,164 from 3,820 HIV-uninfected patients had unfavorable outcomes. The risk ratios we estimated between HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected drug-resistant tuberculosis patients were 1.18 (95% CI: 1.07-1.30; I2 = 48%; P = 0.01) for the overall unfavorable outcome; 1.50 (95% CI: 1.30-1.74) for death; 0.66 (95% CI: 0.38-1.13) for treatment failure; and 0.82 (95% CI: 0.74-0.92) for loss from treatment. Variable increased risks of unfavorable outcomes estimated for subgroups with significance in mixed-age patients (RR: 1.22; 95% CI: 1.10-1.36) and eastern region of sub-Saharan Africa (RR: 1.47; 95% CI: 1.23-1.75). CONCLUSIONS We found a higher risk of unfavorable treatment outcome in drug-resistant tuberculosis patients with death highly worsening in HIV-infected than in those HIV-uninfected patients. The risks for the unfavorable outcomes were significantly higher in mixed-age patients and in the eastern region of sub-Saharan Africa. Therefore, special strategies that reduce the risks of death should be discovered and implemented for HIV and drug-resistant tuberculosis co-infected patients on second-line tuberculosis therapy with optimal integration of the two programs in the eastern region of sub-Saharan Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dumessa Edessa
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Oromia, Ethiopia
| | - Mekonnen Sisay
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Oromia, Ethiopia
| | - Yadeta Dessie
- School of Public Health, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Oromia, Ethiopia
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Amount of Cycloserine Emanating from Terizidone Metabolism and Relationship with Hepatic Function in Patients with Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis. Drugs R D 2020; 19:289-296. [PMID: 31396892 PMCID: PMC6738357 DOI: 10.1007/s40268-019-00281-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and objectives The dosing of cycloserine and terizidone is the same, as both drugs are considered equivalent or used interchangeably. Nevertheless, it is not certain from the literature that these drugs are interchangeable. Therefore, the amount of cycloserine resulting from the metabolism of terizidone and the relationship with hepatic function were determined. Methods This prospective clinical study involved 39 patients with drug-resistant tuberculosis admitted for an intensive phase of treatment. Cycloserine pharmacokinetic parameters for individual patients, like area under the curve (AUC), clearance (CLm/F), peak concentration (Cmax) and trough concentration (Cmin), were calculated from a previously validated joint population pharmacokinetic model of terizidone and cycloserine. Correlation and regression analyses were performed for pharmacokinetic parameters and unconjugated bilirubin (UB), conjugated bilirubin (CB), albumin, the ratio of aspartate transaminase to alanine aminotransferase (AST/ALT), or binding affinity of UB to albumin (Kaf), using R statistical software version 3.5.3. Results Thirty-eight patients took a daily dose of 750 mg terizidone, while one took 500 mg. The amount of cycloserine [median (range)] that emanated from terizidone metabolism was 51.6 (0.64–374) mg. Cmax (R2 = 22%, p = 0.003) and Cmin (R2 = 10.6%, p = 0.044) were significantly associated with increased CB concentration. Cmax was significantly associated with increased Kaf (R2 = 10.1%, p = 0.048), while high CLm/F was significantly associated with decreased AST/ALT (R2 = 21%, p = 0.003). Conclusions Cycloserine is not interchangeable with terizidone, as amounts are lower than expected. Cycloserine may be a predisposing factor to the development of hyperbilirubinaemia, as CLm/F is affected by hepatic function.
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Mulubwa M, Mugabo P. Sensitive Ultra-performance Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method for Determination of Cycloserine in Plasma for a Pharmacokinetics Study. J Chromatogr Sci 2019; 57:560-564. [PMID: 30927010 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmz028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
A simple and sensitive ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method has been developed and validated for the analysis of cycloserine in patients' plasma. Using methanol, cyloserine and propranolol (internal standard (IS)) was extracted from plasma by protein precipitation procedure. The chromatographic separation was successfully achieved on Phenomenex KinetexTM PFP C18 (2.1 mm × 100 mm, 2.6 μm) reversed-phase column. Acidified with 0.1% formic acid, water and acetonitrile were used as mobile phases for gradient elution. Cycloserine and IS were detected by Xevo® TQ MS triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer. The transition of protonated precursor to product ion were monitored at 103 → 75 m/z and 260.2 → 183 m/z for cycloserine and IS, respectively. The lower limit of quantification was 0.01 μg/mL. The method was linear over the concentration range 0.01-50 μg/mL with average coefficient of determination of 0.9994. The within-run and between-run precision and accuracy were in the range 3.7-19.3% (RSD) and 98.7-117.3%, respectively. Processed cycloserine sample was stable for 48 hours at 8°C and after three freeze-thaw cycles. The extraction efficiency ranged between 88.7 and 91.2%. The method was successfully applied in a pharmacokinetic study for the determination of cycloserine in plasma of patients with drug-resistant tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mwila Mulubwa
- School of Pharmacy, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Pierre Mugabo
- School of Pharmacy, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, Cape Town, South Africa
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Preclinical Development of Inhalable d-Cycloserine and Ethionamide To Overcome Pharmacokinetic Interaction and Enhance Efficacy against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2019; 63:AAC.00099-19. [PMID: 30962335 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00099-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We compared the pharmacokinetics and efficacy of a combination of d-cycloserine (DCS) and ethionamide (ETO) via oral and inhalation routes in mice. The plasma half-life (t 1/2) of oral ETO at a human-equivalent dose decreased from 4.63 ± 0.61 h to 1.64 ± 0.40 h when DCS was coadministered. The area under the concentration-time curve from 0 h to time t (AUC0- t ) was reduced to one-third. Inhalation overcame the interaction. Inhalation, but not oral doses, reduced the lung CFU/g of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv from 6 to 3 log10 in 4 weeks, indicating bactericidal activity.
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Rode HB, Lade DM, Grée R, Mainkar PS, Chandrasekhar S. Strategies towards the synthesis of anti-tuberculosis drugs. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:5428-5459. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ob00817a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In this report, we reviewed the strategies towards the synthesis of anti-tuberculosis drugs. They include semisynthetic approaches, resolution based strategies, microbial transformations, solid phase synthesis, and asymmetric synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haridas B. Rode
- Department of Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology
- Hyderabad-500007
- India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)
| | - Dhanaji M. Lade
- Department of Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology
- Hyderabad-500007
- India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)
| | - René Grée
- University of Rennes
- CNRS
- ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes)
- UMR 6226
- F-35000 Rennes
| | - Prathama S. Mainkar
- Department of Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology
- Hyderabad-500007
- India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)
| | - Srivari Chandrasekhar
- Department of Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology
- Hyderabad-500007
- India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)
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Zong Z, Huo F, Shi J, Jing W, Ma Y, Liang Q, Jiang G, Dai G, Huang H, Pang Y. Relapse Versus Reinfection of Recurrent Tuberculosis Patients in a National Tuberculosis Specialized Hospital in Beijing, China. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1858. [PMID: 30154770 PMCID: PMC6102324 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) recurrence can result from either relapse of an original infection or exogenous reinfection with a new strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). The aim of this study was to assess the roles of relapse and reinfection among recurrent TB cases characterized by a high prevalence rate of drug-resistant TB within a hospital setting. After 58 paired recurrent TB cases were genotyped to distinguish relapse from reinfection, 37 (63.8%) were demonstrated to be relapse cases, while the remaining 21 were classified as reinfection cases. Statistical analysis revealed that male gender was a risk factor for TB reinfection, odds ratios and 95% confidence interval (OR [95% CI]: 4.188[1.012–17.392], P = 0.049). Of MTB isolates obtained from the 37 relapse cases, 11 exhibited conversion from susceptible to resistance to at least one antibiotic, with the most frequent emergence of drug resistance observed to be levofloxacin. For reinfection cases, reemergence of rifampicin-resistant isolates harboring double gene mutations, of codon 531 of rpoB and codon 306 of embB, were observed. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that relapse is a major mechanism leading to TB recurrence in Beijing Chest Hospital, a national hospital specialized in TB treatment. Moreover, male patients are at higher risk for reinfection. The extremely high rate of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) among reinfection cases reflects more successful transmission of MDR-TB strains versus non-resistant strains overall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaojing Zong
- National Clinical Laboratory on Tuberculosis, Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Resistance Tuberculosis Research, Beijing Chest Hospital, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Fengmin Huo
- National Clinical Laboratory on Tuberculosis, Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Resistance Tuberculosis Research, Beijing Chest Hospital, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Shi
- Beijing Pediatric Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Jing
- National Clinical Laboratory on Tuberculosis, Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Resistance Tuberculosis Research, Beijing Chest Hospital, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yifeng Ma
- National Clinical Laboratory on Tuberculosis, Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Resistance Tuberculosis Research, Beijing Chest Hospital, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Liang
- National Clinical Laboratory on Tuberculosis, Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Resistance Tuberculosis Research, Beijing Chest Hospital, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Guanglu Jiang
- National Clinical Laboratory on Tuberculosis, Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Resistance Tuberculosis Research, Beijing Chest Hospital, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Guangming Dai
- National Clinical Laboratory on Tuberculosis, Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Resistance Tuberculosis Research, Beijing Chest Hospital, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hairong Huang
- National Clinical Laboratory on Tuberculosis, Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Resistance Tuberculosis Research, Beijing Chest Hospital, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Pang
- National Clinical Laboratory on Tuberculosis, Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Resistance Tuberculosis Research, Beijing Chest Hospital, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Mugweru J, Liu J, Makafe G, Chiwala G, Wang B, Wang C, Li X, Tan Y, Yew WW, Tan S, Zhang T. Mutation EthA W21R confers co-resistance to prothionamide and ethionamide in both Mycobacterium bovis BCG and Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv. Infect Drug Resist 2018; 11:891-894. [PMID: 29942141 PMCID: PMC6005328 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s163965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethionamide (ETA) and prothionamide (PRO) are interchangeably used in tuberculosis (TB) chemotherapy regimens. Subtle discrepancies between biochemical and genetic information on the modes of sensitivity and resistance of isoniazid (INH) and ETA warrants further studies. We report a new mutation – EthAW21R – in Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guérin that corresponds with co-resistance to both PRO and ETA, which to the best of our knowledge has not been reported before. Our findings suggest that mutation EthAW21R could be used as a marker site for testing PRO and ETA cross-resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius Mugweru
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory (GRMH-GDL), Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health (GIBH), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Guangzhou, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Embu, Embu, Kenya
| | - Jianxiong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou Chest Hospital, Guangzhou
| | - Gaelle Makafe
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory (GRMH-GDL), Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health (GIBH), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Guangzhou, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Gift Chiwala
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory (GRMH-GDL), Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health (GIBH), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Guangzhou, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bangxing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory (GRMH-GDL), Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health (GIBH), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Guangzhou, China
| | - Changwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory (GRMH-GDL), Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health (GIBH), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinjie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou Chest Hospital, Guangzhou
| | - Yaoju Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou Chest Hospital, Guangzhou
| | - Wing Wai Yew
- Stanley Ho Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shouyong Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou Chest Hospital, Guangzhou
| | - Tianyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory (GRMH-GDL), Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health (GIBH), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Guangzhou, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Antituberculosis drug prescribing for inpatients in a national tuberculosis hospital in China, 2011-2015. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2018; 14:17-22. [PMID: 29476986 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2018.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to describe trends in antituberculosis drug prescribing for inpatients from 2011-2015 in a Chinese national tuberculosis (TB) hospital. METHODS This retrospective study, performed in March 2016, reviewed the medical records of all inpatients from Beijing Chest Hospital diagnosed with TB between 2011-2015. Medication used for TB treatment during the inpatient period was recorded. RESULTS A total of 11465 inpatients were enrolled in the study. The most frequently prescribed drug for inpatients was isoniazid (71.2%; 8164/11465), followed by ethambutol (67.5%; 7738/11465), pyrazinamide (59.7%; 6839/11465) and rifampicin (40.0%; 4589/11465). In addition, amikacin (16.5%; 1889/11465), levofloxacin (33.0%; 3789/11465), para-aminosalicylic acid (12.4%; 1422/11465) and clarithromycin (3.5%; 406/11465) were the most common drugs used in the treatment of inpatients for Group II, III, IV and V drugs, respectively. A significant increasing trend in prescribing was found for rifampicin, pyrazinamide, capreomycin, moxifloxacin, prothionamide, para-aminosalicylic acid, cycloserine, clofazimine and linezolid, respectively, whilst there was a significant decreasing trend in the rate of prescribing of ethambutol, amikacin, levofloxacin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and clarithromycin during the 5-year study period (Ptrend<0.01). CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that prescription of anti-TB drugs varied greatly across clinical diagnostic categories, treatment history and drug susceptibility profiles of TB patients. The World Health Organization (WHO)-endorsed standard regimen should be more extensively employed under conditions where drug susceptibility testing is unavailable in order to guide clinicians to formulate a suitable treatment regimen for TB patients.
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Pérard J, Ollagnier de Choudens S. Iron-sulfur clusters biogenesis by the SUF machinery: close to the molecular mechanism understanding. J Biol Inorg Chem 2017; 23:581-596. [PMID: 29280002 PMCID: PMC6006206 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-017-1527-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Iron–sulfur clusters (Fe–S) are amongst the most ancient and versatile inorganic cofactors in nature which are used by proteins for fundamental biological processes. Multiprotein machineries (NIF, ISC, SUF) exist for Fe–S cluster biogenesis which are mainly conserved from bacteria to human. SUF system (sufABCDSE operon) plays a general role in many bacteria under conditions of iron limitation or oxidative stress. In this mini-review, we will summarize the current understanding of the molecular mechanism of Fe–S biogenesis by SUF. The advances in our understanding of the molecular aspects of SUF originate from biochemical, biophysical and recent structural studies. Combined with recent in vivo experiments, the understanding of the Fe–S biogenesis mechanism considerably moved forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Pérard
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux, Biocat, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France.,Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux, CNRS, BioCat, UMR 5249, Grenoble, France.,CEA-Grenoble, DRF/BIG/CBM, Grenoble, France
| | - Sandrine Ollagnier de Choudens
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux, Biocat, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France. .,Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux, CNRS, BioCat, UMR 5249, Grenoble, France. .,CEA-Grenoble, DRF/BIG/CBM, Grenoble, France.
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14
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Mishra SK, Tripathi G, Kishore N, Singh RK, Singh A, Tiwari VK. Drug development against tuberculosis: Impact of alkaloids. Eur J Med Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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15
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Bhuva NH, Talpara PK, Singala PM, Gothaliya VK, Shah VH. Synthesis and biological evaluation of pyrimidinyl sulphonamide derivatives as promising class of antitubercular agents. JOURNAL OF SAUDI CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jscs.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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16
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Chaudhari KS, Patel HM, Surana SJ. Pyridines: Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) inhibitors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 64:119-128. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijtb.2016.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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17
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Sagwa EL, Souverein PC, Ribeiro I, Leufkens HGM, Mantel-Teeuwisse AK. Differences in VigiBase® reporting of aminoglycoside and capreomycin-suspected ototoxicity during tuberculosis treatment. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2016; 26:1-8. [DOI: 10.1002/pds.4125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Evans L. Sagwa
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences; Utrecht University; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Patrick C. Souverein
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences; Utrecht University; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Inês Ribeiro
- Centre for Health Technology Assessment and Drug Research; Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image; Coimbra Portugal
| | - Hubert G. M. Leufkens
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences; Utrecht University; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Aukje K. Mantel-Teeuwisse
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences; Utrecht University; Utrecht The Netherlands
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18
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Ran K, Gao C, Deng H, Lei Q, You X, Wang N, Shi Y, Liu Z, Wei W, Peng C, Xiong L, Xiao K, Yu L. Identification of novel 2-aminothiazole conjugated nitrofuran as antitubercular and antibacterial agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:3669-74. [PMID: 27289321 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.05.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of antibiotic resistant pathogens is an ongoing main problem in the therapy of bacterial infections. In order to develop promising antitubercular and antibacterial lead compounds, we designed and synthesized a new series of derivatives of 2-aminothiazole conjugated nitrofuran with activities against both Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Staphylococcus aureus. Eight compounds 12e, 12k, 12l, 12m, 18a, 18d, 18e, and 18j emerged as promising antitubercular agents. Structure-activity relationships (SARs) were discussed and showed that the derivatives substituted at the position-3 of benzene of 5-nitro-N-(4-phenylthiazol-2-yl)furan-2-carboxamide exhibited superior potency. The most potent compound 18e, substituted with benzamide at this position, displayed minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 0.27μg/mL against Mtb H37Ra and 1.36μg/mL against S. aureus. Furthermore, compound 18e had no obvious cytotoxicity to normal Vero cells (IC50=50.2μM). The results suggest that the novel scaffolds of aminothiazole conjugated nitrofuran would be a promising class of potent antitubercular and antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Ran
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Chao Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Hongxia Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qian Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xinyu You
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Bioengineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Ningyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yaojie Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhihao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Wei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Cuiting Peng
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Bioengineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Lu Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Kunjie Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Luoting Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Department of Pharmaceutical and Bioengineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China.
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Abstract
In this chapter we review the molecular mechanisms of drug resistance to the major first- and second-line antibiotics used to treat tuberculosis.
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20
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Madaiah M, Prashanth MK, Revanasiddappa HD, Veeresh B. Synthesis and evaluation of novel imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine derivatives as antimycobacterial agents against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. NEW J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6nj02069k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Novel imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine derivatives showed cytotoxicity and decreased the bacterial load in lung and spleen tissues in the in vivo animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Bantal Veeresh
- Department of Pharmacology
- G. Pullareddy College of Pharmacy
- Mehdipatnam
- India
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21
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Synthesis and structural activity relationship study of antitubercular carboxamides. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2014; 2014:614808. [PMID: 25610646 PMCID: PMC4295614 DOI: 10.1155/2014/614808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The unusual structure and chemical composition of the mycobacterial cell wall, the tedious duration of therapy, and resistance developed by the microorganism have made the recurrence of the disease multidrug resistance and extensive or extreme drug resistance. The prevalence of tuberculosis in synergy with HIV/AIDS epidemic augments the risk of developing the disease by 100-fold. The need to synthesize new drugs that will shorten the total duration of effective treatment and/or significantly reduce the dosage taken under DOTS supervision, improve on the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis which defies the treatment with isoniazid and rifampicin, and provide effective treatment for latent TB infections which is essential for eliminating tuberculosis prompted this review. In this review, we considered the synthesis and structure activity relationship study of carboxamide derivatives with antitubercular potential.
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Outten FW. Recent advances in the Suf Fe-S cluster biogenesis pathway: Beyond the Proteobacteria. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2014; 1853:1464-9. [PMID: 25447545 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Fe-S clusters play critical roles in cellular function throughout all three kingdoms of life. Consequently, Fe-S cluster biogenesis systems are present in most organisms. The Suf (sulfur formation) system is the most ancient of the three characterized Fe-S cluster biogenesis pathways, which also include the Isc and Nif systems. Much of the first work on the Suf system took place in Gram-negative Proteobacteria used as model organisms. These early studies led to a wealth of biochemical, genetic, and physiological information on Suf function. From those studies we have learned that SufB functions as an Fe-S scaffold in conjunction with SufC (and in some cases SufD). SufS and SufE together mobilize sulfur for cluster assembly and SufA traffics the complete Fe-S cluster from SufB to target apo-proteins. However, recent progress on the Suf system in other organisms has opened up new avenues of research and new hypotheses about Suf function. This review focuses primarily on the most recent discoveries about the Suf pathway and where those new models may lead the field. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Fe/S proteins: Analysis, structure, function, biogenesis and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Wayne Outten
- University of South Carolina, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
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23
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Medellín-Garibay SE, Milán-Segovia RDC, Magaña-Aquino M, Portales-Pérez DP, Romano-Moreno S. Pharmacokinetics of rifampicin in Mexican patients with tuberculosis and healthy volunteers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 66:1421-8. [PMID: 24841364 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to compare the pharmacokinetics (PK) of rifampicin (RIF) between healthy volunteers and patients with tuberculosis (TB). METHODS RIF was administered as a single 600-mg dose to 24 healthy volunteers and 24 TB patients, followed by serial blood sampling. Plasma concentrations were analysed using a chromatographic method, and the PK parameters were estimated using WinNonlin software. KEY FINDINGS Peak plasma concentration ranged from 6.4 to 19.9 mg/l, which was subtherapeutic for 15% of the study participants in both groups, mostly in men (71.4%). The mean area under the concentration-time curve (AUC0-24h ) did not show differences between these groups (P > 0.05). The absorption rate was slower in TB patients and the volume of distribution normalized by total body weight (Vd/kg) was greater than healthy volunteers (P < 0.05). A greater Vd and clearance were found in male subjects. The lag time (tlag) and the time before reach Cmax (Tmax) were longer for female TB patients (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION The main differences in PK parameters of RIF between Mexican TB patients and healthy volunteers were demonstrated in absorption and distribution processes. In addition, differences in PK parameters observed by sex should be considered for further dosing recommendations.
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24
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Sulfur mobilization for Fe-S cluster assembly by the essential SUF pathway in the Plasmodium falciparum apicoplast and its inhibition. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 58:3389-98. [PMID: 24709262 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02711-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The plastid of the malaria parasite, the apicoplast, is essential for parasite survival. It houses several pathways of bacterial origin that are considered attractive sites for drug intervention. Among these is the sulfur mobilization (SUF) pathway of Fe-S cluster biogenesis. Although the SUF pathway is essential for apicoplast maintenance and parasite survival, there has been limited biochemical investigation of its components and inhibitors of Plasmodium SUFs have not been identified. We report the characterization of two proteins, Plasmodium falciparum SufS (PfSufS) and PfSufE, that mobilize sulfur in the first step of Fe-S cluster assembly and confirm their exclusive localization to the apicoplast. The cysteine desulfurase activity of PfSufS is greatly enhanced by PfSufE, and the PfSufS-PfSufE complex is detected in vivo. Structural modeling of the complex reveals proximal positioning of conserved cysteine residues of the two proteins that would allow sulfide transfer from the PLP (pyridoxal phosphate) cofactor-bound active site of PfSufS. Sulfide release from the l-cysteine substrate catalyzed by PfSufS is inhibited by the PLP inhibitor d-cycloserine, which forms an adduct with PfSufS-bound PLP. d-Cycloserine is also inimical to parasite growth, with a 50% inhibitory concentration close to that reported for Mycobacterium tuberculosis, against which the drug is in clinical use. Our results establish the function of two proteins that mediate sulfur mobilization, the first step in the apicoplast SUF pathway, and provide a rationale for drug design based on inactivation of the PLP cofactor of PfSufS.
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25
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Omotade TO, Heffron JD, Klimko CP, Marchand CL, Miller LL, Halasahoris SA, Bozue JA, Welkos SL, Cote CK. D-cycloserine or similar physiochemical compounds may be uniquely suited for use in Bacillus anthracis spore decontamination strategies. J Appl Microbiol 2013; 115:1343-56. [PMID: 23927578 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Revised: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS As observed in the aftermath of the anthrax attacks of 2001, decontamination and remediation of a site contaminated by the accidental or intentional release of Bacillus anthracis spores is difficult, costly and potentially damaging to the environment. The identification of novel strategies that neutralize the threat of spores while minimizing environmental damage remains a high priority. We investigated the efficacy of d-cycloserine (DCS), an antibiotic and inhibitor of the spore-associated enzyme (alanine racemase) responsible for converting l-alanine to d-alanine, as a spore germination enhancer and antimicrobial agent. METHODS AND RESULTS We characterized the impact of DCS exposure on both germinating spores and vegetative cells of fully virulent B. anthracis by evaluating spore germination kinetics, determining the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) required to affect growth of the bacteria and performing macrophage viability assays. DCS enhanced germination induced by l-alanine and also efficiently killed the newly germinated spores. Furthermore, DCS proved nontoxic to macrophages at concentrations that provided protection from the killing effects of spores. Similar tests were conducted with Bacillus thuringiensis (subspecies kurstaki and Al Hakam) to determine its potential as a possible surrogate for B. anthracis field trials. Bacillus thuringiensis spores responded in a similar manner to B. anthracis spores when exposed to DCS. CONCLUSIONS These results further support that DCS augments the germination response of spores in the presence of l-alanine but also reveal that DCS is bactericidal towards germinating spores. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY DCS (or similar compounds) may be uniquely suited for use as part of decontamination strategies by augmenting the induction of spore germination and then rendering the germinated spores nonviable.
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Affiliation(s)
- T O Omotade
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
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26
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Kibirige D, Ssekitoleko R. Endocrine and metabolic abnormalities among HIV-infected patients: A current review. Int J STD AIDS 2013; 24:603-11. [DOI: 10.1177/0956462413479895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Multiple endocrine and metabolic abnormalities have been reported among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients since the pre-antiretroviral therapy era. These abnormalities present with either subclinical or overt clinical features. Endocrine and metabolic abnormalities primarily occur due to the direct destructive effects of HIV, malignancies and opportunistic infections on the varied endocrine glands and antiretroviral therapy-associated toxicities. This article offers a broad review on the commonly encountered endocrine and metabolic abnormalities among HIV-infected patients. Timely endocrine or metabolic evaluations should be performed among patients suspected with endocrine or metabolic dysfunction and appropriate treatment instituted since the majority of these conditions pose an increased risk of mortality if undiagnosed or untreated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davis Kibirige
- Department of Medicine, St. Raphael of St. Francis hospital Nsambya, Kampala, Uganda
- Diabetes and Endocrine Clinic, St. Raphael of St. Francis hospital Nsambya, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Richard Ssekitoleko
- Department of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
- Infectious diseases unit, Mulago National Referral and Teaching Hospital, Kampala, Uganda
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27
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Ascenzi P, Coletta A, Cao Y, Trezza V, Leboffe L, Fanali G, Fasano M, Pesce A, Ciaccio C, Marini S, Coletta M. Isoniazid inhibits the heme-based reactivity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis truncated hemoglobin N. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69762. [PMID: 23936350 PMCID: PMC3731299 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Isoniazid represents a first-line anti-tuberculosis medication in prevention and treatment. This prodrug is activated by a mycobacterial catalase-peroxidase enzyme called KatG in Mycobacterium tuberculosis), thereby inhibiting the synthesis of mycolic acid, required for the mycobacterial cell wall. Moreover, isoniazid activation by KatG produces some radical species (e.g., nitrogen monoxide), that display anti-mycobacterial activity. Remarkably, the ability of mycobacteria to persist in vivo in the presence of reactive nitrogen and oxygen species implies the presence in these bacteria of (pseudo-)enzymatic detoxification systems, including truncated hemoglobins (trHbs). Here, we report that isoniazid binds reversibly to ferric and ferrous M. tuberculosis trHb type N (or group I; Mt-trHbN(III) and Mt-trHbN(II), respectively) with a simple bimolecular process, which perturbs the heme-based spectroscopic properties. Values of thermodynamic and kinetic parameters for isoniazid binding to Mt-trHbN(III) and Mt-trHbN(II) are K = (1.1±0.1)×10−4 M, kon = (5.3±0.6)×103 M−1 s−1 and koff = (4.6±0.5)×10−1 s−1; and D = (1.2±0.2)×10−3 M, don = (1.3±0.4)×103 M−1 s−1, and doff = 1.5±0.4 s−1, respectively, at pH 7.0 and 20.0°C. Accordingly, isoniazid inhibits competitively azide binding to Mt-trHbN(III) and Mt-trHbN(III)-catalyzed peroxynitrite isomerization. Moreover, isoniazid inhibits Mt-trHbN(II) oxygenation and carbonylation. Although the structure of the Mt-trHbN-isoniazid complex is not available, here we show by docking simulation that isoniazid binding to the heme-Fe atom indeed may take place. These data suggest a direct role of isoniazid to impair fundamental functions of mycobacteria, e.g. scavenging of reactive nitrogen and oxygen species, and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Ascenzi
- Interdepartmental Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, University Roma Tre, Roma, Italy.
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28
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Synthesis and structure-activity relationships evaluation of benzothiazinone derivatives as potential anti-tubercular agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:4919-22. [PMID: 23886691 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.06.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Revised: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
N-Alkyl and heterocycle substituted 1,3-benzothiazin-4-one (BTZ) derivatives were synthesized. The anti-mycobacterial activities of these compounds were evaluated by determination of minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) for Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra and M. tuberculosis H37Rv. It was found that an extended or branched alkyl chain analog could enhance the potency, and activities of N-alkyl substituted BTZs were not affected by either nitro or trifluoromethyl at 6-position. Trifluoromethyl plays an important role in maintaining anti-tubercular activity in the piperazine or piperidine analogs. Compound 8o, which contains an azaspirodithiolane group, showed a MIC of 0.0001 μM against M. tuberculosis H37Rv, 20-fold more potent than BTZ043 racemate. These results suggested that the volume and lipophilicity of the substituents were important in maintaining activity. In addition, compound 8o was nontoxic to Vero cells and orally bioavailable in a preliminary pharmacokinetics study.
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Friggeri L, Ballante F, Ragno R, Musmuca I, De Vita D, Manetti F, Biava M, Scipione L, Di Santo R, Costi R, Feroci M, Tortorella S. Pharmacophore assessment through 3-D QSAR: evaluation of the predictive ability on new derivatives by the application on a series of antitubercular agents. J Chem Inf Model 2013; 53:1463-74. [PMID: 23617317 DOI: 10.1021/ci400132q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacophoric mapping is a useful procedure to frame, especially when crystallographic receptor structures are unavailable as in ligand-based studies, the hypothetical site of interaction. In this study, 71 pyrrole derivatives active against M. tuberculosis were used to derive through a recent new 3-D QSAR protocol, 3-D QSAutogrid/R, several predictive 3-D QSAR models on compounds aligned by a previously reported pharmacophoric application. A final multiprobe (MP) 3-D QSAR model was then obtained configuring itself as a tool to derive pharmacophoric quantitative models. To stress the applicability of the described models, an external test set of unrelated and newly synthesized series of R-4-amino-3-isoxazolidinone derivatives found to be active at micromolar level against M. tuberculosis was used, and the predicted bioactivities were in good agreement with the experimental values. The 3-D QSAutogrid/R procedure proved to be able to correlate by a single multi-informative scenario the different activity molecular profiles thus confirming its usefulness in the rational drug design approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Friggeri
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, P. le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
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Padilha EC, Pires RV, Filho MAFN, de Pontes Machado DV, Baldan HM, Davanço MG, Campos ML, Brunetti IL, Peccinini RG. Pharmacokinetic and safety evaluation of the use of ciprofloxacin on an isoniazid-rifampicin regimen in rabbits. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2012; 33:501-9. [DOI: 10.1002/bdd.1817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Revised: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elias Carvalho Padilha
- Department of Natural Active Principles and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; São Paulo State University; Araraquara; SP; Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Vieira Pires
- Department of Natural Active Principles and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; São Paulo State University; Araraquara; SP; Brazil
| | - Marco Antonio Ferraz Nogueira Filho
- Department of Natural Active Principles and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; São Paulo State University; Araraquara; SP; Brazil
| | - Diego Vinicius de Pontes Machado
- Department of Natural Active Principles and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; São Paulo State University; Araraquara; SP; Brazil
| | - Helen Mariana Baldan
- Department of Natural Active Principles and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; São Paulo State University; Araraquara; SP; Brazil
| | - Marcelo Gomes Davanço
- Department of Natural Active Principles and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; São Paulo State University; Araraquara; SP; Brazil
| | - Michel Leandro Campos
- Department of Natural Active Principles and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; São Paulo State University; Araraquara; SP; Brazil
| | - Iguatemy Lourenço Brunetti
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; São Paulo State University; Araraquara; SP; Brazil
| | - Rosângela Gonçalves Peccinini
- Department of Natural Active Principles and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; São Paulo State University; Araraquara; SP; Brazil
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31
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Berlinck RGS, Trindade-Silva AE, Santos MFC. The chemistry and biology of organic guanidine derivatives. Nat Prod Rep 2012; 29:1382-406. [PMID: 22991131 DOI: 10.1039/c2np20071f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The chemistry and biology of organic natural guanidines are reviewed, including the isolation, structure determination, synthesis, biosynthesis and biological activities of alkaloids, non-ribosomal peptides, guanidine-bearing terpenes, polyketides and shikimic acid derivatives from natural sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto G S Berlinck
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, CP 780, CEP 13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brasil.
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Liu B, Liu K, Lu Y, Zhang D, Yang T, Li X, Ma C, Zheng M, Wang B, Zhang G, Wang F, Ma Z, Li C, Huang H, Yin D. Systematic evaluation of structure-activity relationships of the riminophenazine class and discovery of a C2 pyridylamino series for the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Molecules 2012; 17:4545-59. [PMID: 22510605 PMCID: PMC6269036 DOI: 10.3390/molecules17044545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Revised: 04/09/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Clofazimine, a member of the riminophenazine class of drugs, is the cornerstone agent for the treatment of leprosy. This agent is currently being studied in clinical trials for the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis to address the urgent need for new drugs that can overcome existing and emerging drug resistance. However, the use of clofazimine in tuberculosis treatment is hampered by its high lipophilicity and skin pigmentation side effects. To identify a new generation of riminophenazines that is less lipophilic and skin staining, while maintaining efficacy, we have performed a systematic structure-activity relationship (SAR) investigation by synthesizing a variety of analogs of clofazimine and evaluating their anti-tuberculosis activity. The study reveals that the central tricyclic phenazine system and the pendant aromatic rings are important for anti-tuberculosis activity. However, the phenyl groups attached to the C2 and N5 position of clofazimine can be replaced by a pyridyl group to provide analogs with improved physicochemical properties and pharmacokinetic characteristics. Replacement of the phenyl group attached to the C2 position by a pyridyl group has led to a promising new series of compounds with improved physicochemical properties, improved anti-tuberculosis potency, and reduced pigmentation potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binna Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicine & Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substance Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Kai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicine & Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substance Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yu Lu
- Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, 97 Ma Chang Street, Beijing 101149, China
| | - Dongfeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicine & Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substance Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Tianming Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicine & Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substance Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicine & Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substance Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Chen Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicine & Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substance Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Meiqin Zheng
- Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, 97 Ma Chang Street, Beijing 101149, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, 97 Ma Chang Street, Beijing 101149, China
| | - Gang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicine & Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substance Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Fei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicine & Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substance Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Zhenkun Ma
- Global Alliance for TB Drug Development, 40 Wall Street, New York, NY 10005, USA
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; (Z.M.); (D.Y.); Tel.: +1-646-616-8633 (Z.M.); Fax: +1-212-227-7541 (Z.M.); Tel./Fax: +86-10-6303-7952 (D.Y.)
| | - Chun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicine & Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substance Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Haihong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicine & Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substance Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Dali Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicine & Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substance Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing 100050, China
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; (Z.M.); (D.Y.); Tel.: +1-646-616-8633 (Z.M.); Fax: +1-212-227-7541 (Z.M.); Tel./Fax: +86-10-6303-7952 (D.Y.)
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Santos LC. Review: The Molecular Basis of Resistance in <i>Mycobaterium tuberculosis</i>. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.4236/ojmm.2012.21004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Li J, Xin J, Zhang L, Jiang L, Cao H, Li L. Rapid detection of rpoB mutations in rifampin resistant M. tuberculosis from sputum samples by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. Int J Med Sci 2012; 9:148-56. [PMID: 22253562 PMCID: PMC3258557 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.3605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 12/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To establish a rapid detection method for identifying rpoB mutations associated with rifampin (RIF) resistance in sputum specimens. METHODS We detected rpoB mutations directly in 90 sputum specimens collected from suspected tuberculosis patients using PCR-based denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and compared these results with those obtained by rpoB sequencing and conventional drug susceptibility testing. RESULTS The positive detection rate of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) was 52.2% by Acid-Fast Bacilli staining and 72.2% by conventional mycobacterial culture. In contrast, the positive rate was significantly higher (93.3%) by PCR-based detection of the rpoB gene in the same specimens. Furthermore, 75% of the tested specimens presented abnormal patterns compared with the wild-type pattern (standard H37Rv strain) analysed by DGGE. A total of 12 different patterns, representing 12 different rpoB mutations, were observed in the 63 abnormal patterns. The match rate of rpoB mutations detected by DGGE reached 96.9% when compared to DNA sequencing. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that PCR-based DGGE is a rapid and reliable bio-technique for direct detection of rpoB mutations associated with RIF resistance in the sputum of suspected tuberculosis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University. 79 Qingchun Rd., Hangzhou, China
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Arbex MA, Varella MDCL, Siqueira HRD, Mello FAFD. Antituberculosis drugs: drug interactions, adverse effects, and use in special situations. Part 2: second line drugs. J Bras Pneumol 2011; 36:641-56. [PMID: 21085831 DOI: 10.1590/s1806-37132010000500017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2010] [Accepted: 06/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The main objectives of tuberculosis therapy are to cure the patients and to minimize the possibility of transmission of the bacillus to healthy subjects. Adverse effects of antituberculosis drugs or drug interactions (among antituberculosis drugs or between antituberculosis drugs and other drugs) can make it necessary to modify or discontinue treatment. We describe the general mechanism of action, absorption, metabolization, and excretion of the drugs used to treat multidrug resistant tuberculosis (aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, cycloserine/terizidone, ethionamide, capreomycin, and para-aminosalicylic acid). We describe adverse drug reactions and interactions (with other drugs, food, and antacids), as well as the most appropriate approach to special situations, such as pregnancy, breastfeeding, liver failure, and kidney failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Abdo Arbex
- Clinical Medicine Section of Department of Internal Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo/Paulista School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Minarini PR, de Souza AO, Soares EG, Barata LE, Silva CL, Bentley MVL. Antimycobacterial activity of 2-phenoxy-1-phenylethanone, a synthetic analogue of neolignan, entrapped in polymeric microparticles. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2011; 38:259-63. [DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2011.598535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Recent advances in the design and synthesis of heterocycles as anti-tubercular agents. Future Med Chem 2011; 2:1469-500. [PMID: 21426140 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.10.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the unusual structure and chemical composition of the mycobacterial cell wall, effective tuberculosis (TB) treatment is difficult, making many antibiotics ineffective and hindering the entry of drugs. With approximately 33% of infection, TB is still the second most deadly infectious disease worldwide. The reasons for this are drug-resistant TB (multidrug resistant and extensively drug resistant), persistent infection (latent TB) and synergism of TB with HIV; furthermore no new chemical entity has emerged in last 40 years. New data available from the recently sequenced genome of the mycobacterium and the application of methods of modern drug design promise much for the fight against this disease. In this review, we present an introduction to TB, followed by an overview of new heterocyclic anti-tubercular moieties published during the last decade.
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A regio- and stereoselective 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition for the synthesis of novel spiro-pyrrolothiazolyloxindoles and their antitubercular evaluation. Eur J Med Chem 2010; 45:5653-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2010.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2010] [Revised: 09/03/2010] [Accepted: 09/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Lowther J, Yard BA, Johnson KA, Carter LG, Bhat VT, Raman MCC, Clarke DJ, Ramakers B, McMahon SA, Naismith JH, Campopiano DJ. Inhibition of the PLP-dependent enzyme serine palmitoyltransferase by cycloserine: evidence for a novel decarboxylative mechanism of inactivation. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2010; 6:1682-93. [PMID: 20445930 PMCID: PMC3670083 DOI: 10.1039/c003743e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cycloserine (CS, 4-amino-3-isoxazolidone) is a cyclic amino acid mimic that is known to inhibit many essential pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP)-dependent enzymes. Two CS enantiomers are known; D-cycloserine (DCS, also known as Seromycin) is a natural product that is used to treat resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections as well as neurological disorders since it is a potent NMDA receptor agonist, and L-cycloserine (LCS) is a synthetic enantiomer whose usefulness as a drug has been hampered by its inherent toxicity arising through inhibition of sphingolipid metabolism. Previous studies on various PLP-dependent enzymes revealed a common mechanism of inhibition by both enantiomers of CS; the PLP cofactor is disabled by forming a stable 3-hydroxyisoxazole/pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate (PMP) adduct at the active site where the cycloserine ring remains intact. Here we describe a novel mechanism of CS inactivation of the PLP-dependent enzyme serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT) from Sphingomonas paucimobilis. SPT catalyses the condensation of l-serine and palmitoyl-CoA, the first step in the de novo sphingolipid biosynthetic pathway. We have used a range of kinetic, spectroscopic and structural techniques to postulate that both LCS and DCS inactivate SPT by transamination to form a free pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate (PMP) and beta-aminooxyacetaldehyde that remain bound at the active site. We suggest this occurs by ring opening of the cycloserine ring followed by decarboxylation. Enzyme kinetics show that inhibition is reversed by incubation with excess PLP and that LCS is a more effective SPT inhibitor than DCS. UV-visible spectroscopic data, combined with site-directed mutagenesis, suggest that a mobile Arg(378) residue is involved in cycloserine inactivation of SPT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Lowther
- EaStChem, School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JJ, Scotland, UK
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Hearn MJ, Chen MF, Terrot MS, Webster ER, Cynamon MH. Preparation and properties in vitroand in vivoof antitubercular pyrroles. J Heterocycl Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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An Outbreak of Avian Mycobacteriosis Caused by Mycobacterium intracellulare in Little Blue Penguins (Eudyptula minor). J Zoo Wildl Med 2009; 40:680-6. [DOI: 10.1638/2009-0014.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Hassan A, El-Mogy S, Zalata K, Mostafa T. Bilateral testicular tuberculomas: a case detection. Andrologia 2009; 41:130-5. [PMID: 19260851 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0272.2008.00903.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Genitourinary tuberculosis (TB) is the most frequent manifestation of extrapulmonary TB, where the epididymides, seminal vesicles and prostate are the commonly infected sites, followed by the testes. We report a 29-year-old man who presented with primary infertility since 2 years. He had a history of bilateral painful scrotal swelling with fever since 4 years, diagnosed as pyogenic scrotal abscess, which was managed by incision and drainage. At presentation, fever, weight loss and night sweats were absent. On examination, he had ovoid slightly tender, firm to hard irregular masses in the lower poles of both testes with no line of separation encroaching on both epididymes. Both testes were not felt distinctly and the overlying scrotal skin showed no signs of inflammation. Semen analysis revealed azoospermia. Scrotal colour coded duplex ultrasonography demonstrated moderately enlarged testes having well defined hypoechoic masses with foci of calcifications. Magnetic resonance imaging confirmed these findings. Biopsy and histopathology detected the presence of caseating granuloma and Ziehl-Neelsen staining of paraffin sections demonstrated acid-fast bacilli. The patient was treated with combination therapy. Tracing of the condition is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hassan
- Department of Dermatology and Andrology, Mansoura University, Egypt
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O'Flaherty S, Ross RP, Coffey A. Bacteriophage and their lysins for elimination of infectious bacteria. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2009; 33:801-19. [PMID: 19416364 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2009.00176.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
When phages were originally identified, the possibility of using them as antibacterial agents against pathogens was immediately recognized and put into practise based on the knowledge available at the time. However, with the advent of antibiotics a decline in the use of phage as therapeutics followed. Phages did, however, become more useful in the study of fundamental aspects of molecular biology and in the diagnostic laboratory for the identification of pathogenic bacteria. More recently, the original application of phage as therapeutics to treat human and animal infections has been rekindled, particularly in an era where antibiotic resistance has become so problematic/commonplace. Phage lysins have also been studied and utilized in their own right as potential therapeutics for the treatment of bacterial infections. Indeed the past decade has seen a considerable amount of research worldwide focused on the engineering of phages as antibacterial agents in a wide range of applications. Furthermore, the US Food and Drug Administration and/or the US Department of Agriculture have recently approved commercial phage preparations to prevent bacterial contamination of livestock, food crops, meat and other foods. Such developments have prompted this review into the status of phage research as it pertains to the control of infectious bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah O'Flaherty
- Moorepark Food Research Centre, Teagasc, Fermoy Co, Cork, Ireland
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Ahmad Z, Khuller GK. Alginate-based sustained release drug delivery systems for tuberculosis. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2008; 5:1323-34. [DOI: 10.1517/17425240802600662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Ichikawa S. [Medicinal chemistry targeting nucleosides and nucleic acids based on fine synthetic chemistry]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2008; 128:1403-30. [PMID: 18827462 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.128.1403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Nucleosides and nucleotides are one of the most important elements for cells by the fact that they are components of DNAs and RNAs. In addition, they play important roles in most fundamental cellular metabolic pathways such as energy donors, second messengers, and cofactors for various enzymes. Therefore, there exists a rich source in drug discovery targeting nucleosides and nucleotides. In order to utilize nucleosides and nucleic acids on the drug development, it is very important to develop reactions and methods, by which the highly coordinating and labile nucleoside intermediates can be used. With these in mind, we have been working on synthetic nucleoside and nucleic acid chemistry. First, branched sugar nucleoside derivatives, which are potential antitumor agents, have been synthesized utilizing samarium diiodide (SmI(2)) mediated Reformatsky reaction or aldol reaction. 3'-beta-Carbamoylmethylcytidine (CAMC) was found to exhibit potent cytotoxicity against various human tumor cell lines. Synthetic methodology of the caprazamycins, which are promising antibacterial nucleoside natural products, was also developed by the strategy including beta-selective ribosylation without using a neighboring group participation. Our synthetic route provided a range of key analogues with partial structures to define the pharmacophore. Simplification of the caprazamycins was further pursued to develop diketopiperazine analogs. Medicinal chemistry of oligodeoxynucleotides has been conducted. Thus, novel triazole-linked dumbbell oligodeoxynucleotides and modular bent oligodeoxynucleotides were synthesized. They exhibit excellent binding affinity to NF-kappaB or HMGB1 A-box protein, which are important therapeutic targets. Therefore, the results obtained conclusively demonstrated these oligodeoxynucleotides could be proposed as powerful decoy molecules.
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