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Shettar PS, Hiremath MB. GC-MS analysis and anti-oxidant activity of bioactive compounds of Simarouba glauca leaf extracts. Nat Prod Res 2024:1-10. [PMID: 38651517 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2024.2344737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to analyse the phytochemical composition, anti-oxidant activity, FT-IR and GC-MS analysis of Simarouba glauca leaf extracts. The chloroform extract exhibited highest T.P.C. (139.82 ± 0.06 mg/g GAE) and highest T.F.C. (41.95 ± 0.50 mg/g QE). The GC-MS analysis confirmed the presence of ten compounds in acetone extract and twenty-two compounds in methanol extract. The GC-MS analysis of acetone fraction showed the major peaks such as Glycerine (13.20%), 1,1,1-trichloro-2-methyl-2-propanol (8.92%), Cyclohexanol,2-methyl-5-(1-methylethenyl)- (6.09%), Tetradecane, 2,6,10-trimethyl (7.68%) and Phytol (7.53%). Some of these compounds exhibit anti-oxidant activities. GC-MS analysis of methanol fraction exhibited the presence of following compounds: Undecane (8.52%), 2,3-Trimethylene-4-pyrone (1.79%), cis-Sinapyl alcohol (2.33%) and Umckalin (1.19%). The acetone and methanol fractions exhibited higher percentage of inhibition in DPPH assay. The overall results of this study indicate that the acetone and methanol fractions have been demonstrated to be efficacious against various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyadarshini S Shettar
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Karnatak University, Dharwad, Karnataka, India
| | - Murigendra B Hiremath
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Karnatak University, Dharwad, Karnataka, India
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2
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Ghosh C, Das MC, Acharjee S, Bhattacharjee S, Sandhu P, Kumari M, Bhowmik J, Ghosh R, Banerjee B, De UC, Akhter Y, Bhattacharjee S. Combating Staphylococcus aureus biofilm formation: the inhibitory potential of tormentic acid and 23-hydroxycorosolic acid. Arch Microbiol 2023; 206:25. [PMID: 38108905 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03762-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Plant extracts have been used to treat microbiological diseases for centuries. This study examined plant triterpenoids tormentic acid (TA) and 23-hydroxycorosolic acid (HCA) for their antibiofilm effects on Staphylococcus aureus strains (MTCC-96 and MTCC-7405). Biofilms are bacterial colonies bound by a matrix of polysaccharides, proteins, and DNA, primarily impacting healthcare. As a result, ongoing research is being conducted worldwide to control and prevent biofilm formation. Our research showed that TA and HCA inhibit S. aureus planktonic growth by depolarizing the bacterial membrane. In addition, zone of inhibition studies confirmed their effectiveness, and crystal violet staining and biofilm protein quantification confirmed their ability to prevent biofilm formation. TA and HCA exhibited substantial reductions in biofilm formation for S. aureus (MTCC-96) by 54.85% and 48.6% and for S. aureus (MTCC-7405) by 47.07% and 56.01%, respectively. Exopolysaccharide levels in S. aureus biofilm reduced significantly by TA (25 μg/mL) and HCA (20 μg/mL). Microscopy, bacterial motility, and protease quantification studies revealed their ability to reduce motility and pathogenicity. Furthermore, TA and HCA treatment reduced the mRNA expression of S. aureus virulence genes. In silico analysis depicted a high binding affinity of triterpenoids for biofilm and quorum-sensing associated proteins in S. aureus, with TA having the strongest affinity for TarO (- 7.8 kcal/mol) and HCA for AgrA (- 7.6 kcal/mol). TA and HCA treatment reduced bacterial load in S. aureus-infected peritoneal macrophages and RAW264.7 cells. Our research indicates that TA and HCA can effectively combat S. aureus by inhibiting its growth and suppressing biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinmoy Ghosh
- Department of Molecular Biology & Bioinformatics, Tripura University (A Central University), Suryamaninagar, Tripura, 799022, India
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India
| | - Manash C Das
- Department of Molecular Biology & Bioinformatics, Tripura University (A Central University), Suryamaninagar, Tripura, 799022, India
| | - Shukdeb Acharjee
- Department of Molecular Biology & Bioinformatics, Tripura University (A Central University), Suryamaninagar, Tripura, 799022, India
| | - Samadrita Bhattacharjee
- Department of Molecular Biology & Bioinformatics, Tripura University (A Central University), Suryamaninagar, Tripura, 799022, India
| | - Padmani Sandhu
- Centre for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Shahpur, Kangra, Himachal Pradesh, 176206, India
| | - Monika Kumari
- Centre for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Shahpur, Kangra, Himachal Pradesh, 176206, India
| | - Joyanta Bhowmik
- Department of Chemistry, Tripura University (A Central University), Suryamaninagar, Tripura, 799022, India
| | - Ranjit Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Tripura University (A Central University), Suryamaninagar, Tripura, 799022, India
| | | | - Utpal Chandra De
- Department of Chemistry, Tripura University (A Central University), Suryamaninagar, Tripura, 799022, India
| | - Yusuf Akhter
- Department of Biotechnology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Surajit Bhattacharjee
- Department of Molecular Biology & Bioinformatics, Tripura University (A Central University), Suryamaninagar, Tripura, 799022, India.
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3
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Keshav P, Goyal DK, Kaur S. In vitro and in vivo therapeutic antileishmanial potential of ellagic acid against Leishmania donovani in murine model. Med Microbiol Immunol 2023; 212:35-51. [PMID: 36399160 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-022-00754-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Parasite of genus Leishmania viz. L. donovani and L. infantum cause visceral leishmaniasis (VL) or Kala-azar, systemic disease with significant enlargement of the liver and spleen, weight loss, anemia, fever and immunosuppression. The silent expansion of vectors, reservoir hosts and resistant strains is also of great concern in VL control. Considering all these issues, the present study focused on in vitro and in vivo antileishmanial screening of ellagic acid (EA) against L. donovani. The in vitro study was performed against the protozoan parasite L. donovani and a 50% inhibitory concentration was calculated. The DNA arrest in the sub-G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle was studied. In vivo studies included the assessment of parasite burden and immunomodulation in response to treatment of ellagic acid in BALB/c mice. The levels of Th1 and Th2 cytokines and isotype antibodies were assessed in different groups of mice. EA showed in vitro parasiticidal activity with IC50 18.55 µg/mL and thwarted cell-cycle progression at the sub-G0/G1 phase. Administration of ellagic acid to the BALB/c mice reported diminution of splenic and hepatic parasite burden coupled with an expansion of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes. EA further potentiated a protective immune response with augmentation of Th1 type immune response evidenced by elevation of serum IgG2a levels and DTH response. EA was reported to be safe and non-toxic to the THP-1 cell line as well as to the liver and kidneys of mice. These findings endorse the therapeutic potential of EA with significant immunomodulation and can serve as a promising agent against this debilitating parasitic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Keshav
- Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Zoology (UGC-CAS), Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Deepak Kumar Goyal
- Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Zoology (UGC-CAS), Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Sukhbir Kaur
- Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Zoology (UGC-CAS), Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
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Picrasma quassioides (D.DON) Benn. Ethanolic Extract Improves Atopic Dermatitis and Hyperactivity Disorder in DNCB-Treated BALB/c Mice. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12042032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder that can be associated with psychiatric disorders. Picrasma quassioides (D.Don) Benn (Gomokpi, GMP), a traditional medicinal herb, has been used to treat skin diseases, including AD. The current study examined the effects of an ethanolic extract of GMP on 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB)-induced AD mice. The severity of skin symptoms and behavioral changes in AD mice were evaluated. GMP alleviated the AD-like skin inflammation and hyperlocomotion activity in DNCB-treated BALB/c mice. The effects of GMP behavioral abnormalities might occur by inhibiting TNF-α production in the PFC. GMP suppressed the production of TARC (Th2 chemokine) in TI-stimulated HaCaT keratinocytes. Moreover, GMP also exerted immunosuppressive effects by reducing TNF-α production in LPS-stimulated Raw264.7 macrophages, IL-17 expression in PI-stimulated EL4 cells, and VEGF secretion in SP-stimulated HMC-1 cells. These findings suggest that GMP could be useful for treating AD by modulating inflammatory responses and comorbid behavioral changes.
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Veena H, Gowda SK, Achur RN, Thippeswamy NB. Molecular mechanism of Escherichia coli H10407 induced diarrhoea and its control through immunomodulatory action of bioactives from Simarouba amara (Aubl.). J Microbiol 2021; 59:435-447. [PMID: 33630248 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-021-0423-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) infection is a major cause of death in children under the age of five in developing countries. ETEC (O78:H11:CFA/I:LT+:ST+) mechanism has been studied in detail with either heat labile (LT) or heat stable (ST) toxins using in vitro and in vivo models. However, there is no adequate information on ETEC pathogenesis producing both the toxins (LT, ST) in BALB/c mice model. In this study, female mice have been employed to understand ETEC H10407 infection induced changes in physiology, biochemical and immunological patterns up to seven days post-infection and the antidiarrhoeal effect of Simarouba amara (Aubl.) bark aqueous extract (SAAE) has also been looked into. The results indicate that BALB/c is sensitive to ETEC infection resulting in altered jejunum and ileum histomorphology. Withal, ETEC influenced cAMP, PGE2, and NO production resulting in fluid accumulation with varied Na+, K+, Cl-, and Ca2+ levels. Meanwhile, ETEC subverted expression of IL-1β, intestine alkaline phosphatase (IAP), and myeloperoxidase (MPO) in jejunum and ileum. Our data also indicate the severity of pathogenesis reduction which might be due to attainment of equilibrium after reaching optimum rate of infection. Nevertheless, degree of pathogenesis was highly significant (p < 0.01) in all the studied parameters. Besides that, SAAE was successful in reducing the infectious diarrhoea by inhibiting ETEC H10407 in intestine (jejunum and ileum), and shedding in feces. SAAE decreased cAMP, PGE2, and fluid accumulation effectively and boosted the functional activity of immune system in jejunum and ileum IAP, MPO, IL-1β, and nitric oxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hegde Veena
- Department of Microbiology, Kuvempu University, Jnana Sahyadri, Shankaraghatta, Shivamogga, 577451, Karnataka, India
| | - Sandesh K Gowda
- Niranthara Scientific Solutions Pvt. Ltd, Bengaluru, 560060, Karnataka, India
| | - Rajeshwara N Achur
- Department of Biochemistry, Kuvempu University, Jnana Sahyadri, Shankaraghatta, Shivamogga, 577451, Karnataka, India
| | - Nayaka Boramuthi Thippeswamy
- Department of Microbiology, Kuvempu University, Jnana Sahyadri, Shankaraghatta, Shivamogga, 577451, Karnataka, India.
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Roy N, Ghosh S, Juin SK, Ghosh R, Majumdar SB, Majumdar S. Immunomodulator mediated changes in plasma membrane calcium ATPase in controlling visceral leishmaniasis. Exp Parasitol 2020; 217:107948. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2020.107948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Paik D, Pramanik PK, Chakraborti T. Curative efficacy of purified serine protease inhibitor PTF3 from potato tuber in experimental visceral leishmaniasis. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 85:106623. [PMID: 32504996 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
To overcome the drug toxicity and frequent resistance of parasites against the conventional drugs for the healing of human visceral leishmaniasis, innovative plant derived antileishmanial components are very imperative. Fuelled by the complications of clinically available antileishmanial drugs, a novel potato serine protease inhibitor was identified with its efficacy on experimental visceral leishmaniasis (VL). The serine protease inhibitors from potato tuber extract (PTEx) bearing molecular mass of 39 kDa (PTF1), 23 kDa (PTF2) and 17 kDa (PTF3) were purified and identified. Among them, PTF3 was selected as the most active inhibitor (IC50 143.5 ± 2.4 µg/ml) regarding its antileishmanial property. Again, intracellular amastigote load was reduced upto 83.1 ± 1.7% in pre-treated parasite and 88.5 ± 0.5% in in vivo model with effective dose of PTF3. Protective immune response by PTF3 was noted with increased production of antimicrobial substances and up-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Therapeutic potency of PTF3 is also followed by 80% survival in infected hamster. The peptide mass fingerprint (MALDI-TOF) results showed similarity of PTF3 with serine protease inhibitors database. Altogether, these results strongly propose the effectiveness of PTF3 as potent immunomodulatory therapeutics for controlling VL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dibyendu Paik
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Kalyani, Kalyani 741235, West Bengal, India
| | - Pijush Kanti Pramanik
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Kalyani, Kalyani 741235, West Bengal, India
| | - Tapati Chakraborti
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Kalyani, Kalyani 741235, West Bengal, India.
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Mutual inter-regulation between iNOS and TGF-β1: Possible molecular and cellular mechanisms of iNOS in wound healing. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1866:165850. [PMID: 32497615 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.165850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Abnormal wound healing with excessive scarring is a major health problem with socioeconomic and psychological impacts. In human, chronic wounds and scarring are associated with upregulation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Recently, we have shown physiological regulation of iNOS in wound healing. Here, we sought to investigate the possible mechanistic role of iNOS in wound healing using biochemical and immunohistochemical assays. We found: (a) iNOS is the main source of wound nitric oxide (NO), (b) NOS inhibition in the wound, downregulated iNOS protein, mRNA and enzymatic activity, and reduced wound NO, and (c) iNOS inhibition resulted in delayed healing at early time points, and excessive scarring at late time points. Furthermore, molecular and cellular analysis of the wound showed that iNOS inhibition significantly (P < 0.05) increased TGF-β1 mRNA and protein levels, fibroblasts and collagen deposition. These latter findings suggest that iNOS might be exerting its action in the wound by signaling through TGF-β1 that activates wound fibroblasts to produce excessive collagen. Our current findings provide further support that iNOS is crucial for physiological wound healing, and suggest that dysregulation of iNOS during the inflammatory phase impairs healing, and results in disfiguring post-healing scarring. Thus, the mutual feedback regulation between iNOS and TGF-β1 at the gene, protein and functional levels might be the mechanism through which iNOS regulates the healing. Monitoring and maintenance of wound NO levels might be important for healing and avoiding long-term complications in susceptible people including patients with diabetic wounds, venous ulcers or keloid prone.
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Patel K, Patel DK. Health Benefits of Quassin from Quassia amara: A Comprehensive Review of their Ethnopharmacological Importance, Pharmacology, Phytochemistry and Analytical Aspects. CURRENT NUTRITION & FOOD SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1573401314666181023094645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
:
Medicinal plants have been indispensable to human life as they are used in food,
cosmetics, medicines, nutraceuticals, perfumery, beverages and many more sectors. The medicinal
plant contains various important classes of phytochemicals and broadly they are categorized into either
primary or secondary metabolite. A large number of modern medicines are mainly derived from
plant and other natural sources. Medicinal properties of plants are mainly due to the presence of their
secondary metabolite and good examples are salicylic acid, morphine, quinine, vincristin and
vinblastine. In spite of the great discovery of allopathic medicine, plant pure phytoconstituents play
an important role in the modern medicine. Various plant based medicine are available in the market
and people are using it on the basis of the belief that it is safer compared to the allopathic medicine.
Furthermore, based on these believes, people use most of the traditional medicines in their routine
life for the treatment of numerous disorders and this is called self-medication. Quassia amara plant
belongs to Simaroubaceae family which is one of the best examples of the self-medicated plant. Traditionally
Quassia amara has antimalarial, stomachic, antianaemic, antibiotics, cytotoxic and
antiamoebic activity. Its reproductive, insecticidal, larvicidal and vermifuge properties have been also
reported in the literature. Quassinoids are the important phytoconstituents of this plant and are the
main bitter principles of Quassia amara too. Quassin is a white crystalline substance and is widely
used in Chinese herbal medicine for their bitter taste. The purpose of this review is to gain an understanding
of the Quassin and Quassia amara and to present information and knowledge regarding this
phytoconstituent. Medicinal uses, pharmacological importance and various bioanalytical methods of
Quassin and Quassia amara have been presented in this review. The benefit of this review is to get
better understanding and ideas of Quassin and Quassia amara research findings in various disciplines.
Furthermore, there is a need to perform more scientific investigation to explore the other beneficial
properties of Quassia amara and Quassin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanika Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical science, Shalom Institute of Health and Allied Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Allahabad 211007, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical science, Shalom Institute of Health and Allied Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Allahabad 211007, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Wanqun C, Ling H, Heyuan L, Qi L, Dongmei F, Yunzhan Z. Interleukin-12 and interferon-γ acting on damp-heat of spleen-stomach syndrome triggered by helicobacter pylori. J TRADIT CHIN MED 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/s0254-6272(18)30047-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Das A, Das MC, Das N, Bhattacharjee S. Evaluation of the antileishmanial potency, toxicity and phytochemical constituents of methanol bark extract of Sterculia villosa. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2017; 55:998-1009. [PMID: 28173714 PMCID: PMC6130613 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2017.1285946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Visceral leishmaniasis is a protozoan disease caused by Leishmania donovani parasite. The genus Sterculia (Malvaceae) possesses ethnobotanical potential against this protozoan infection. OBJECTIVE Determining the potential role of methanol bark extracts from Sterculia villosa Roxb (SVE) and its phytoconstituents against Leishmania donovani promastigotes. MATERIALS AND METHODS SVE was analysed by TLC, UV-Vis, IR spectroscopy and biochemical assays. Antileishmanial potential of SVE (0.5-130 μg/mL for 72 h) was characterized by MTT assay. Fluorescent microscopy was performed to validate the IC50 dose. To determine the effect of SVE on promastigotes, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and superoxide generation, lipid peroxidation and DNA fragmentation assays were performed. Molecular aggregation of compounds was determined by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Extent of cytotoxicity of SVE at IC50 dose was determined against RAW 264.7 macrophages, peritoneal macrophages and murine RBCs. In vivo cytotoxicity of SVE was evaluated in BALB/c mice. RESULT SVE exhibited reverse dose dependent antileishmanial activity when 130-0 μg/mL doses were tested against promastigotes. The IC50 and IC70 values were found to be 17.5 and 10 μg/mL, respectively. SVE at IC50 dose demonstrated elevated level of ROS, superoxide, lipid peroxidation and DNA fragmentation against promastigotes with no cytotoxicity. AFM analysis suggested increasing size of molecular aggregation (31.3 nm < 35.2 nm < 2.93 μm) with increase in concentration (10 μg < 17.5 μg < 130 μg). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS The study elucidates the antileishmanial potential of SVE against Leishmania donovani promastigotes by exerting oxidative stress and DNA damage. In sum, SVE can be explored as an immunotherapeutic candidate against leishmaniasis and other infectious diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antiprotozoal Agents/isolation & purification
- Antiprotozoal Agents/pharmacology
- Antiprotozoal Agents/toxicity
- Chromatography, Thin Layer
- DNA Fragmentation
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Leishmania donovani/drug effects
- Leishmania donovani/genetics
- Leishmania donovani/growth & development
- Leishmania donovani/metabolism
- Leishmaniasis, Visceral/drug therapy
- Leishmaniasis, Visceral/metabolism
- Leishmaniasis, Visceral/parasitology
- Lethal Dose 50
- Lipid Peroxidation/drug effects
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/drug effects
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/pathology
- Methanol/chemistry
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Oxidative Stress/drug effects
- Parasitic Sensitivity Tests
- Phytochemicals/isolation & purification
- Phytochemicals/pharmacology
- Phytochemicals/toxicity
- Phytotherapy
- Plant Bark/chemistry
- Plant Extracts/isolation & purification
- Plant Extracts/pharmacology
- Plant Extracts/toxicity
- Plants, Medicinal
- RAW 264.7 Cells
- Solvents/chemistry
- Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet
- Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared
- Sterculia/chemistry
- Superoxides/metabolism
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Antu Das
- Department of Molecular Biology & Bioinformatics, Tripura University (A Central University), Suryamaninagar, India
| | - Manash C. Das
- Department of Molecular Biology & Bioinformatics, Tripura University (A Central University), Suryamaninagar, India
| | - Niranjan Das
- Department of Chemistry, Netaji Shubhas Mahavidyalaya, Udaipur, India
| | - Surajit Bhattacharjee
- Department of Molecular Biology & Bioinformatics, Tripura University (A Central University), Suryamaninagar, India
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Das A, Jawed JJ, Das MC, Sandhu P, De UC, Dinda B, Akhter Y, Bhattacharjee S. Antileishmanial and immunomodulatory activities of lupeol, a triterpene compound isolated from Sterculia villosa. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2017; 50:512-522. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2017.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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13
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Vikas B, Akhil BS, Suja SR, Sujathan K. An Exploration of Phytochemicals from Simaroubaceae. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2017; 18:1765-1767. [PMID: 28749102 PMCID: PMC5648376 DOI: 10.22034/apjcp.2017.18.7.1765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural products such as plants, animals and minerals have been the basis of treatment of human diseases. Herbal remedies have been used for the treatment of many ailments. Many compounds have been derived from the plant species mentioned in the ancient texts of Indian system of medicine for the treatment of a number of ailments. The R and D thrust in the pharmaceutical sector is focused on development of new drugs, innovative/indigenous processes for known drugs and development of plant based drugs through investigation of leads from the traditional systems of medicine. The family Simaroubaceae is grouped in the order Rutales, is known to have a diverse range of secondary metabolites. Plants from this family are used as medicine to cure cancer and many other diseases. Isolation of diverse chemical compounds from Simaroubaceae on its stem bark, root bark and leaves have been reported. In this review, we are analysing with the chemical constituents of family Simaroubaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biba Vikas
- Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research, Trivandrum, Kerala, India.
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Renata SG, Ana CFA, Suzana CR, Rosana CL, Celuta SA, Alane BV, Daniela SA, Igor AR. Antileishmanial effects of the alkaloid-rich fraction of Quassia amara L. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.5897/jmpr2016.6253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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15
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Islamuddin M, Chouhan G, Want MY, Ozbak HA, Hemeg HA, Afrin F. Immunotherapeutic Potential of Eugenol Emulsion in Experimental Visceral Leishmaniasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0005011. [PMID: 27776125 PMCID: PMC5077126 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The therapy of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is limited by resistance, toxicity and decreased bioavailability of the existing drugs coupled with dramatic increase in HIV-co-infection, non-availability of vaccines and down regulation of cell-mediated immunity (CMI). Thus, we envisaged combating the problem with plant-derived antileishmanial drug that could concomitantly mitigate the immune suppression of the infected hosts. Several plant-derived compounds have been found to exert leishmanicidal activity via immunomodulation. In this direction, we investigated the antileishmanial activity of eugenol emulsion (EE), complemented with its immunomodulatory and therapeutic efficacy in murine model of VL. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Oil-in-water emulsion of eugenol (EE) was prepared and size measured by dynamic light scattering (DLS). EE exhibited significant leishmanicidal activity with 50% inhibitory concentration of 8.43±0.96 μg ml-1 and 5.05±1.72 μg ml─1, respectively against the promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes of Leishmania donovani. For in vivo effectiveness, EE was administered intraperitoneally (25, 50 and 75 mg/kg b.w./day for 10 days) to 8 week-infected BALB/c mice. The cytotoxicity of EE was assessed in RAW 264.7 macrophages as well as in naive mice. EE induced a significant drop in hepatic and splenic parasite burdens as well as diminution in spleen and liver weights 10 days post-treatment, with augmentation of 24h-delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) response and high IgG2a:IgG1, mirroring induction of CMI. Enhanced IFN-γ and IL-2 levels, with fall in disease-associated Th2 cytokines (IL-4 and IL-10) detected by flow cytometric bead-based array, substantiated the Th1 immune signature. Lymphoproliferation and nitric oxide release were significantly elevated upon antigen revoke in vitro. The immune-stimulatory activity of EE was further corroborated by expansion of IFN-γ producing CD4+ and CD8+ splenic T lymphocytes and up-regulation of CD80 and CD86 on peritoneal macrophages. EE treated groups exhibited induction of CD8+ central memory T cells as evidenced from CD62L and CD44 expression. No biochemical alterations in hepatic and renal enzymes were observed. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate antileishmanial activity of EE, potentiated by Th1 immunostimulation without adverse side effects. The Th1 immune polarizing effect may help to alleviate the depressed CMI and hence complement the leishmanicidal activity.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Protozoan/blood
- Antiprotozoal Agents/therapeutic use
- Cell Line
- Cytokines/blood
- Cytokines/immunology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Emulsions
- Eugenol/adverse effects
- Eugenol/chemistry
- Eugenol/pharmacology
- Eugenol/therapeutic use
- Female
- Hypersensitivity, Delayed
- Immunity, Cellular
- Immunomodulation
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Interleukin-10/blood
- Interleukin-10/genetics
- Interleukin-2/blood
- Interleukin-2/genetics
- Interleukin-4/blood
- Interleukin-4/genetics
- Leishmania donovani/drug effects
- Leishmania donovani/immunology
- Leishmaniasis, Visceral/immunology
- Leishmaniasis, Visceral/parasitology
- Leishmaniasis, Visceral/therapy
- Liver/parasitology
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/drug effects
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/parasitology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Nitric Oxide/metabolism
- Spleen/parasitology
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Islamuddin
- Parasite Immunology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi, India
| | - Garima Chouhan
- Parasite Immunology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi, India
| | - Muzamil Yaqub Want
- Parasite Immunology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi, India
| | - Hani A. Ozbak
- Department of Medical Laboratories Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Medina, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassan A. Hemeg
- Department of Medical Laboratories Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Medina, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Farhat Afrin
- Department of Medical Laboratories Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Medina, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- * E-mail: ,
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16
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Gul MZ, Chandrasekaran S, K M, Bhat MY, Maurya R, Qureshi IA, Ghazi IA. Bioassay-Guided Fractionation and In Vitro Antiproliferative Effects of Fractions ofArtemisia nilagiricaon THP-1 cell line. Nutr Cancer 2016; 68:1210-24. [DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2016.1205900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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17
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Mans DRA, Beerens T, Magali I, Soekhoe RC, Schoone GJ, Oedairadjsingh K, Hasrat JA, van den Bogaart E, Schallig HDFH. In vitro evaluation of traditionally used Surinamese medicinal plants for their potential anti-leishmanial efficacy. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 180:70-77. [PMID: 26778603 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Plant-based preparations are extensively used in Surinamese folk medicine for treating leishmaniasis, but often without a scientific rationale. AIM OF THE STUDY To evaluate 25 Surinamese medicinal plants for their potential efficacy against leishmaniasis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Concentrated plant extracts were evaluated for their effect on the viability of L. (V.) guyanensis AMC, L. (L.) major NADIM5, and L. (L.) donovani GEDII promastigotes, as well as intracellular amastigotes of L. (L.) donovani BHU814 in infected THP-1 cells. Selectivity was assessed by cytotoxicity against THP-1 cells. RESULTS The only plant extract that showed potentially meaningful anti-leishmanial activity was that from Solanum lycocarpum that displayed mean IC50 values of about 51, 61, and <16 µg/mL against L. (V) guyanensis, L. (L) major, and L. (L) donovani promastigotes, respectively; about 374 µg/mL against L. (L) donovani amastigotes; and >500 µg/mL against THP-1 cells. The Bryophyllum pinnatum, Inga alba, and Quassia amara extracts displayed moderate to high IC50 values against promastigotes (about 51 to >500 µg/mL) and/or amastigotes (about 224 to >500 µg/mL) but were relatively toxic to THP-1 cells (IC50 values <16 to about 42 µg/mL). The remaining plant extracts exhibited in many cases IC50 values close to, around, or above 500µg/mL against promastigotes, amastigotes, and THP-1 cells. CONCLUSIONS The S. lycocarpum preparation may be useful against leishmaniasis and may have a good safety index, warranting further investigations into its active constituents and mechanism(s) of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R A Mans
- Department of Pharmacology, Anton de Kom University of Suriname, Paramaribo, Suriname.
| | - T Beerens
- Koninklijk Instituut voor de Tropen (KIT)/Royal Tropical Institute, KIT Biomedical Research, Parasitology Unit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - I Magali
- Department of Pharmacology, Anton de Kom University of Suriname, Paramaribo, Suriname
| | - R C Soekhoe
- Department of Pharmacology, Anton de Kom University of Suriname, Paramaribo, Suriname
| | - G J Schoone
- Koninklijk Instituut voor de Tropen (KIT)/Royal Tropical Institute, KIT Biomedical Research, Parasitology Unit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - K Oedairadjsingh
- Department of Pharmacology, Anton de Kom University of Suriname, Paramaribo, Suriname
| | - J A Hasrat
- Department of Pharmacology, Anton de Kom University of Suriname, Paramaribo, Suriname
| | - E van den Bogaart
- Koninklijk Instituut voor de Tropen (KIT)/Royal Tropical Institute, KIT Biomedical Research, Parasitology Unit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H D F H Schallig
- Koninklijk Instituut voor de Tropen (KIT)/Royal Tropical Institute, KIT Biomedical Research, Parasitology Unit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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18
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Ghosh P, Ghosh A, Mandal A, Sultana SS, Dey S, Pal C. Oxysterols: Synthesis and anti-leishmanial activities. Steroids 2016; 107:65-73. [PMID: 26742629 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2015.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Oxygenated sterols (2-16) were synthesized by skeletal rearrangement of steroidal allylic alcohols. All the derivatives were screened for their anti-leishmanial activities. Compounds 3, 11 and 12 showed potent activities. Compound 12 was found least toxic and induced highest nitric oxide (NO) at 48 h. Least toxicity of compound 12 on splenocytes validated its best anti-amastigote effect and induction of NO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranab Ghosh
- Natural Products and Polymer Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohanpur, Darjeeling 734 013, India.
| | - Ashim Ghosh
- Natural Products and Polymer Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohanpur, Darjeeling 734 013, India
| | - Amitava Mandal
- Natural Products and Polymer Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohanpur, Darjeeling 734 013, India
| | - Sirin Salma Sultana
- Cellular Immunology and Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, West Bengal State University, Barasat, North 24 PGS, West Bengal 700 126, India
| | - Somaditya Dey
- Cellular Immunology and Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, West Bengal State University, Barasat, North 24 PGS, West Bengal 700 126, India
| | - Chiranjib Pal
- Cellular Immunology and Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, West Bengal State University, Barasat, North 24 PGS, West Bengal 700 126, India
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19
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Natural Products: Insights into Leishmaniasis Inflammatory Response. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:835910. [PMID: 26538837 PMCID: PMC4619978 DOI: 10.1155/2015/835910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne disease that affects several populations worldwide, against which there are no vaccines available and the chemotherapy is highly toxic. Depending on the species causing the infection, the disease is characterized by commitment of tissues, including the skin, mucous membranes, and internal organs. Despite the relevance of host inflammatory mediators on parasite burden control, Leishmania and host immune cells interaction may generate an exacerbated proinflammatory response that plays an important role in the development of leishmaniasis clinical manifestations. Plant-derived natural products have been recognized as bioactive agents with several properties, including anti-protozoal and anti-inflammatory activities. The present review focuses on the antileishmanial activity of plant-derived natural products that are able to modulate the inflammatory response in vitro and in vivo. The capability of crude extracts and some isolated substances in promoting an anti-inflammatory response during Leishmania infection may be used as part of an effective strategy to fight the disease.
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20
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Gupta G, Peine KJ, Abdelhamid D, Snider H, Shelton AB, Rao L, Kotha SR, Huntsman AC, Varikuti S, Oghumu S, Naman CB, Pan L, Parinandi NL, Papenfuss TL, Kinghorn AD, Bachelder EM, Ainslie KM, Fuchs JR, Satoskar AR. A Novel Sterol Isolated from a Plant Used by Mayan Traditional Healers Is Effective in Treatment of Visceral Leishmaniasis Caused by Leishmania donovani. ACS Infect Dis 2015; 1:497-506. [PMID: 27623316 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.5b00081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), caused by the protozoan parasite Leishmania donovani, is a global health problem affecting millions of people worldwide. Treatment of VL largely depends on therapeutic drugs such as pentavalent antimonials, amphotericin B, and others, which have major drawbacks due to drug resistance, toxicity, and high cost. In this study, for the first time, we have successfully demonstrated the synthesis and antileishmanial activity of the novel sterol pentalinonsterol (PEN), which occurs naturally in the root of a Mexican medicinal plant, Pentalinon andrieuxii. In the experimental BALB/c mouse model of VL induced by infection with L. donovani, intravenous treatment with liposome-encapsulated PEN (2.5 mg/kg) led to a significant reduction in parasite burden in the liver and spleen. Furthermore, infected mice treated with liposomal PEN showed a strong host-protective TH1 immune response characterized by IFN-γ production and formation of matured hepatic granulomas. These results indicate that PEN could be developed as a novel drug against VL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Gupta
- Department of Pathology,
The Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, 320 West
10th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, School of Medicine of
Ribeirão Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes
3900, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Kevin J. Peine
- Molecular,
Cellular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, 484 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School
of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, 125 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Dalia Abdelhamid
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College
of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Heidi Snider
- Department of Pathology,
The Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, 320 West
10th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Andrew B. Shelton
- Division
of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department
of Internal Medicine, The Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, 473 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Latha Rao
- Division
of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department
of Internal Medicine, The Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, 473 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Sainath R. Kotha
- Division
of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department
of Internal Medicine, The Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, 473 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Andrew C. Huntsman
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College
of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Sanjay Varikuti
- Department of Pathology,
The Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, 320 West
10th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Steve Oghumu
- Department of Pathology,
The Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, 320 West
10th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - C. Benjamin Naman
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College
of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Li Pan
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College
of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Narasimham L. Parinandi
- Division
of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department
of Internal Medicine, The Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, 473 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Tracy L. Papenfuss
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary
Medicine, The Ohio State University, 1900 Coffey Road, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
- Department
of Pathology, WIL Research, Ashland, Ohio 55805, United States
| | - A. Douglas Kinghorn
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College
of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Eric M. Bachelder
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School
of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, 125 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Kristy M. Ainslie
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School
of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, 125 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - James R. Fuchs
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College
of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Abhay R. Satoskar
- Department of Pathology,
The Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, 320 West
10th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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21
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Ojha D, Das R, Sobia P, Dwivedi V, Ghosh S, Samanta A, Chattopadhyay D. Pedilanthus tithymaloides Inhibits HSV Infection by Modulating NF-κB Signaling. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139338. [PMID: 26405764 PMCID: PMC4583282 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Pedilanthus tithymaloides (PT), a widely used ethnomedicinal plant, has been employed to treat a number of skin conditions. To extend its utility and to fully exploit its medicinal potential, we have evaluated the in vitro antiviral activity of a methanolic extract of PT leaves and its isolated compounds against Herpes Simplex Virus type 2 (HSV-2). Bioactivity-guided studies revealed that the extract and one of its constituents, luteolin, had potent antiviral activity against wild-type and clinical isolates of HSV-2 (EC50 48.5–52.6 and 22.4–27.5 μg/ml, respectively), with nearly complete inhibition at 86.5–101.8 and 40.2–49.6 μg/ml, respectively. The inhibitory effect was significant (p<0.001) when the drug was added 2 h prior to infection, and was effective up to 4 h post-infection. As viral replication requires NF-κB activation, we examined whether the observed extract-induced inhibition of HSV-2 was related to NF-κB inhibition. Interestingly, we observed that treatment of HSV-2-infected cells with extract or luteolin suppressed NF-κB activation. Although NF-κB, JNK and MAPK activation was compromised during HSV replication, neither the extract nor luteolin affected HSV-2-induced JNK1/2 and MAPK activation. Moreover, the PT leaf extract and luteolin potently down-regulated the expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, Interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, NO and iNOS and the production of gamma interferon (IFN-γ), which are directly involved in controlling the NF-κB signaling pathway. Thus, our results indicate that both PT leaf extract and luteolin modulate the NF-κB signaling pathway, resulting in the inhibition of HSV-2 replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Durbadal Ojha
- ICMR Virus Unit, ID and BG Hospital, General Block 4, 57 Dr Suresh Chandra Banerjee Road, Beliaghata, Kolkata 700010, India
| | - Rashmi Das
- ICMR Virus Unit, ID and BG Hospital, General Block 4, 57 Dr Suresh Chandra Banerjee Road, Beliaghata, Kolkata 700010, India
| | - Parveen Sobia
- Department of Microbiology, College of Cell Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Vedprakash Dwivedi
- Department of Microbiology, College of Cell Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Soma Ghosh
- ICMR Virus Unit, ID and BG Hospital, General Block 4, 57 Dr Suresh Chandra Banerjee Road, Beliaghata, Kolkata 700010, India
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Raja SC Mallick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Amalesh Samanta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Raja SC Mallick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Debprasad Chattopadhyay
- ICMR Virus Unit, ID and BG Hospital, General Block 4, 57 Dr Suresh Chandra Banerjee Road, Beliaghata, Kolkata 700010, India
- * E-mail:
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New flavonol methyl ether from the leaves of Vitex peduncularis exhibits potential inhibitory activity against Leishmania donovani through activation of iNOS expression. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 87:328-35. [PMID: 25264585 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.09.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
One new flavonol methyl ether (1), along with four known compounds from the leaves of methanol extract of Vitex peduncularis Wall and three known compounds from the leaves of methanol extract of Vitex pinnata Linn (Verbenaceae) were isolated. The chemical structure of the new compound was established by detailed spectroscopic studies. The in vitro antileishmanial activities of 1 against both Leishmania donovani promastigote and amastigote forms were evaluated. To characterize the effector mechanism of compound 1 against Leishmania parasite infected THP-1 macrophage cells, RT-PCR analysis of inducible nitric oxide synthase 2 (iNOS2) was done followed by measurement of nitric oxide generation by Griess reaction. Pentostam (sodium antimonygluconate) was used as reference drug. Compound 1 exhibited better antileishmanial activity than sodium antimonygluconate (SAG) (having IC50 values for promastigote, 2.4 and 58.5 μM and for amastigotes, 0.93 and 36.2 μM, respectively). Compound 1 was less toxic than SAG towards THP-1 having CC50 of 123.7 μM and 364.3 μM, respectively. Moreover, compound 1 was found to induce a potent host-protective response by enhancing NO generation and iNOS2 expression in infected macrophages to prevent the progression of Leishmania parasite.
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Alves IA, Miranda HM, Soares LA, Randau KP. Simaroubaceae family: botany, chemical composition and biological activities. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE FARMACOGNOSIA-BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACOGNOSY 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjp.2014.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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24
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Want MY, Islamuddin M, Chouhan G, Dasgupta AK, Chattopadhyay AP, Afrin F. A new approach for the delivery of artemisinin: formulation, characterization, and ex-vivo antileishmanial studies. J Colloid Interface Sci 2014; 432:258-69. [PMID: 25086720 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2014.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Artemisinin, a potential antileishmanial compound with poor bioavailability and stability has limited efficacy in visceral leishmaniasis. Encapsulating artemisinin into poly lactic-co glycolic nanoparticles may improve its effectiveness and reduce toxicity. EXPERIMENTS Artemisinin-loaded nanoparticles were prepared, optimized (using Box-Behnken design) and characterized by dynamic light scattering technique, Atomic force microscopy (AFM), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Fourier Transform-Infra Red spectroscopy. Release kinetics of artemisinin from optimized nanoformulation was studied by dialysis method at pH 7.4 and 5.5. Cytotoxicity and antileishmanial activity of these nanoparticles was tested on murine macrophages by MTT assay and macrophage-infested Leishmania donovani amastigotes ex vivo, respectively. FINDINGS Artemisinin-loaded nanoparticles were 221±14nm in diameter, with polydispersity index, zeta potential, drug loading and entrapment efficiency of 0.1±0.015, -9.07±0.69mV, 28.03±1.14 and 68.48±1.97, respectively. AFM and TEM studies indicated that the particles were spherical in shape. These colloidal particles showed a sustained release pattern in vitro. Treatment with artemisinin-loaded nanoparticles significantly reduced the number of amastigotes per macrophage and percent infected macrophages ex vivo compared to free artemisinin. These nanoparticles were also non-toxic to macrophages compared to artemisinin alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muzamil Yaqub Want
- Parasite Immunology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Mohammad Islamuddin
- Parasite Immunology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Garima Chouhan
- Parasite Immunology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Anjan Kumar Dasgupta
- Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry, Ballygunge Science College, University of Calcutta, Kolkata 700019, India
| | | | - Farhat Afrin
- Parasite Immunology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi 110062, India.
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25
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Chouhan G, Islamuddin M, Sahal D, Afrin F. Exploring the role of medicinal plant-based immunomodulators for effective therapy of leishmaniasis. Front Immunol 2014; 5:193. [PMID: 24829566 PMCID: PMC4017133 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a pestilent affliction that importunately needs better therapeutics necessitated by the absence of effective vaccine, emergence as HIV co-infection, and the dread of debilitating chemotherapy. The Leishmania parasites incapacitate host macrophages by preventing the formation of phagolysosomes, impeding antigen presentation to T cells, leading to suppression of cell-mediated immunity. An ideal approach to cure leishmaniasis includes administration of antileishmanial compounds that can concomitantly establish an effective Th1 response via restoration of requisite signaling between macrophages and T cells, for subsequent activation of macrophages to eliminate intracellular amastigotes. Plants have provided an opulent treasure of biomolecules that have fueled the discovery of antileishmanial drugs. Modulation of immune functions using medicinal plants and their products has emerged as an effective therapeutic strategy. Herein, we review the plant extracts and natural products that have resulted in therapeutic polarization of host immunity to cure leishmaniasis. These immunostimulatory phytochemicals as source of potential antileishmanials may provide new strategies to combat leishmaniasis, alone or as adjunct modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garima Chouhan
- Parasite Immunology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University) , New Delhi , India
| | - Mohammad Islamuddin
- Parasite Immunology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University) , New Delhi , India
| | - Dinkar Sahal
- Malaria Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology , New Delhi , India
| | - Farhat Afrin
- Parasite Immunology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University) , New Delhi , India
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Shivahare R, Vishwakarma P, Parmar N, Yadav PK, Haq W, Srivastava M, Gupta S, Kar S. Combination of liposomal CpG oligodeoxynucleotide 2006 and miltefosine induces strong cell-mediated immunity during experimental visceral leishmaniasis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94596. [PMID: 24732039 PMCID: PMC3986403 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Immuno-modulators in combination with antileishmanial drug miltefosine is a better therapeutic approach for treatment of Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) as it not only reduces the dose of miltefosine but also shortens the treatment regimen. However, immunological mechanisms behind the perceived benefits of this combination therapy have not been investigated in detail. In the present study, we hypothesized that potential use of drugs that target the host in addition to the parasite might represent an alternative strategy for combination therapy. We investigated immune responses generated in Leishmania donovani infected animals (hamsters and mice) treated with combination of CpG-ODN-2006 and miltefosine at short dose regimen. Infected animals were administered CpG-ODN-2006 (0.4 mg/kg, single dose), as free and liposomal form, either alone or in combination with miltefosine for 5 consecutive days and parasite clearance was evaluated at day 4 and 7 post treatment. Animals that received liposomal CpG-ODN-2006 (lipo-CpG-ODN-2006) and sub-curative miltefosine (5 mg/kg) showed the best inhibition of parasite multiplication (∼97%) which was associated with a biased Th1 immune response in. Moreover, compared to all the other treated groups, we observed increased mRNA expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-12) and significantly suppressed levels of Th2 cytokines (IL-10 and TGF-β) on day 4 post treatment in animals that underwent combination therapy with lipo-CpG-ODN-2006 and sub-curative miltefosine. Additionally, same therapy also induced heightened iNOS mRNA levels and NO generation, increased IgG2 antibody level and strong T-cell response in these hamsters compared with all the other treated groups. Collectively, our results suggest that combination of lipo-CpG-ODN-2006 and sub-curative miltefosine generates protective T-cell response in an animal model of visceral leishmaniasis which is characterized by strong Th1 biased immune response thereby underlining our hypothesis that combination therapy, at short dose regimen can be used as a novel way of treating visceral leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Shivahare
- Division of Parasitology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Preeti Vishwakarma
- Division of Parasitology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Naveen Parmar
- Division of Parasitology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Pawan Kumar Yadav
- Division of Parasitology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Wahajul Haq
- Division of Medicinal and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Mrigank Srivastava
- Division of Parasitology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Suman Gupta
- Division of Parasitology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Susanta Kar
- Division of Parasitology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
- * E-mail:
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Sharma G, Kar S, Basu Ball W, Ghosh K, Das PK. The curative effect of fucoidan on visceral leishmaniasis is mediated by activation of MAP kinases through specific protein kinase C isoforms. Cell Mol Immunol 2014; 11:263-74. [PMID: 24561457 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2013.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Fucoidan can cure both antimony-sensitive and antimony-resistant visceral leishmaniasis through immune activation. However, the signaling events underlying this cellular response remain uncharacterized. The present study reveals that fucoidan induces activation of p38 and ERK1/2 and NF-κB DNA binding in both normal and Leishmania donovani-infected macrophages, as revealed by western blotting and electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), respectively. Pharmacological inhibition of p38, ERK1/2 or the NF-κB pathway markedly attenuated fucoidan-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine synthesis and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene transcription, resulting in a reduction of parasite clearance. To decipher the underlying mechanism of fucoidan-mediated parasite suppression, the expression and functionality of various protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms were evaluated by immunoblotting and enzyme activity assay. Fucoidan elicited an increase in expression and activity of PKC-α, -βI and -βII isoforms in infected macrophages. Functional knockdown of PKC-α and -β resulted in downregulation of p38 and ERK1/2, along with a marked reduction of IL-12 and TNF-α production in fucoidan-treated infected macrophages. Collectively, these results suggest that the curative effect of fucoidan is mediated by PKC-dependent activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/NF-κB pathway, which ultimately results in the production of nitric oxide (NO) and disease-resolving pro-inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunjan Sharma
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Susanta Kar
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Writoban Basu Ball
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Kuntal Ghosh
- Department of Biochemistry, Calcutta University, Kolkata, India
| | - Pijush K Das
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
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Yamanaka CN, Giordani RB, Rezende CO, Eger I, Kessler RL, Tonini ML, de Moraes MH, Araújo DP, Zuanazzi JA, de Almeida MV, Steindel M. Assessment of Leishmanicidal and Trypanocidal Activities of Aliphatic Diamine Derivatives. Chem Biol Drug Des 2013; 82:697-704. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Celina N. Yamanaka
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia; Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; Cx. postal 476 Florianópolis SC 88.040-970 Brazil
| | - Raquel B. Giordani
- Departamento de Farmácia; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte; Rua General Gustavo Cordeiro de Farias/Sn Natal RN 59010-180 Brazil
| | - Celso O. Rezende
- Departamento de Química; Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora; Campus Martelos Juiz de Fora MG 36036-330 Brazil
| | - Iriane Eger
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular; Instituto Carlos Chagas/Fiocruz; Curitiba PR 81.350-010 Brazil
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde; Universidade do Vale do Itajaí; Itajaí SC 88.302-202 Brazil
| | - Rafael L. Kessler
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular; Instituto Carlos Chagas/Fiocruz; Curitiba PR 81.350-010 Brazil
| | - Maiko L. Tonini
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia; Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; Cx. postal 476 Florianópolis SC 88.040-970 Brazil
| | - Milene H. de Moraes
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia; Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; Cx. postal 476 Florianópolis SC 88.040-970 Brazil
| | - Debora P. Araújo
- Departamento de Química; Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora; Campus Martelos Juiz de Fora MG 36036-330 Brazil
| | - Jose A. Zuanazzi
- Faculdade de Farmácia; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Av. Ipiranga 2752 Porto Alegre RS 90610-000 Brazil
| | - Mauro V. de Almeida
- Departamento de Química; Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora; Campus Martelos Juiz de Fora MG 36036-330 Brazil
| | - Mario Steindel
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia; Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; Cx. postal 476 Florianópolis SC 88.040-970 Brazil
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Das N, Sikder K, Bhattacharjee S, Majumdar SB, Ghosh S, Majumdar S, Dey S. Quercetin alleviates inflammation after short-term treatment in high-fat-fed mice. Food Funct 2013; 4:889-98. [PMID: 23644882 DOI: 10.1039/c3fo30241e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Consumption of a high-fat diet (HFD) promotes reactive oxygen species (ROS) which ultimately trigger inflammation. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of Moringa oleifera leaf extract (MoLE) and its active component quercetin in preventing NF-κB-mediated inflammation raised by short-term HFD. Quercetin was found to be one of the major flavonoid components from HPLC of MoLE. Swiss mice were fed for 15 days on HFD, both with or without MoLE/quercetin. The antioxidant profile was estimated from liver homogenate. NF-κB and some relevant inflammatory markers were evaluated by immunoblotting, RT-PCR and ELISA. Significantly (P < 0.05) lower antioxidant profile and higher lipid peroxidation was found in HFD group compared to control (P < 0.05). Increased nuclear import of NF-κB and elevated expressions of pro-inflammatory markers were further manifestations in the HFD group. All these changes were reversed in the MoLE/quercetin-treated groups with significant improvement of antioxidant activity compared to the HFD group. MoLE was found to be rich in polyphenols and both MoLE and quercetin showed potent free radical and hydroxyl radical quenching activity. Thus, the present study concluded that short-term treatment with MoLE and its constituent quercetin prevent HFD-mediated inflammation in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilanjan Das
- Department of Physiology, UCST, University of Calcutta, 92 APC Road, Kolkata 700 009, India
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Mallick S, Halder S, Dutta A, Dey S, Paul K, Maiti S, Bandyopadhyay C, Saha B, Pal C. Chromone linked nitrone derivative induces the expression of iNOS2 and Th1 cytokines but reduces the Th2 response in experimental visceral leishmaniasis. Int Immunopharmacol 2013; 15:772-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2013.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Revised: 01/27/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Ghosh K, Sharma G, Saha A, Kar S, Das PK, Ukil A. Successful therapy of visceral leishmaniasis with curdlan involves T-helper 17 cytokines. J Infect Dis 2013; 207:1016-25. [PMID: 23255562 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jis771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate and characterize the therapeutic potential of curdlan, a naturally occurring β-glucan immunomodulator, against visceral leishmaniasis, a fatal parasitic disease. Curdlan eliminated the liver and spleen parasite burden in a 45-day BALB/c mouse model of visceral leishmaniasis at a dosage of 10 mg/kg/day as determined by Giemsa-stained organ impression smears. Curdlan was associated with production of the disease-resolving T-helper (Th) 1 and Th17-inducing cytokines interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, and IL-23, as well as with production of Th17 cytokines IL-17 and IL-22, as determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Reversal of curdlan-mediated protection by anti-IL-17 and anti-IL-23 monoclonal antibodies showed the importance of Th17 cytokines. Significantly decreased production of both IL-17 and IL-22 by mice that received anti-IL-23 antibody suggested the essential role of IL-23 in Th17 differentiation. Although administration of recombinant IL-17 or IL-23 caused significant suppression of the organ parasite burden, with marked generation of interferon γ and nitric oxide (NO), effects were much faster for IL-17. These results documented that although both IL-23 and IL-17 play major roles in the antileishmanial effect of curdlan, the effect of IL-23 may occur indirectly, through the induction of IL-17 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuntal Ghosh
- Department of Biochemistry, Calcutta University, Kolkata, India
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Gul MZ, Ahmad F, Kondapi AK, Qureshi IA, Ghazi IA. Antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of Abrus precatorius leaf extracts--an in vitro study. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 13:53. [PMID: 23452983 PMCID: PMC3600005 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-13-53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of traditional medicine at the primary health care level is widespread and plant-based treatments are being recommended for curing various diseases by traditional medical practitioners all over the world. The phytochemicals present in the fruits, vegetables and medicinal plants are getting attention day-by-day for their active role in the prevention of several human diseases. Abrus precatorius is a widely distributed tropical medicinal plant with several therapeutic properties. Therefore in the present study, A. precatorius leaf extracts were examined for their antioxidant and cytotoxic properties in vitro in order to discover resources for new lead structures or to improve the traditional medicine. METHODS In this study, antioxidant and antiproliferative properties of the different leaf extracts (hexane, ethyl acetate, ethanol and water) from A. precatorius were investigated along with the quantification of the polyphenol and flavonoid contents. The ability of deactivating free radicals was extensively investigated with in vitro biochemical methods like DPPH(∙), (∙)OH, NO, SO(2-) scavenging assays and inhibition capability of Fe(II)-induced lipid peroxidation. Furthermore, antiproliferative activities using different human cancer cell lines and primary cell line was carried out by MTT method. RESULTS Total phenolic content and total flavonoid content of the extracts were found in the range of 1.65 ± 0.22 to 25.48 ± 0.62 GAE mg/g dw and 6.20 ± 0.41 to 17.16 ± 1.04 QE mg/g dw respectively. The experimental results further revealed that A. precatorius extracts showed strong antiradical properties, capable to chelate Fe(2+) and possess good inhibition ability of lipid peroxidation. In addition, as a first step towards the identification of phytoconstituents endowed with potent chemopreventive activities, we evaluated the inhibitory effects of A. precatorius extracts on the proliferation of four different human tumour cell lines such as human colon adenocarcinoma cells (Colo-205), human retinoblastoma cancer cells (Y79), human hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HepG2) and Leukemia cells (SupT1). Ethanol extract (APA) and ethyl acetate extract (APE) of A. precatorius had apparent capabilities of inhibiting the survival of tested human cancer cell lines. Moreover, it was observed that the A. precatorius extracts did not inhibit the growth of mice peritoneal macrophages, thus confirming that plants extracts are selective against the cancer cell lines. CONCLUSION This work provides a scientific support for the high antioxidant and antiproliferative activity of this plant and thus it may find potential applications in the treatment of the diseases caused by ROS. Further studies are needed to confirm in vivo anti-tumorgenicity and subsequent chemical characterization of the active molecule(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mir Z Gul
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Prof. C. R. Rao Road, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500 046, India
| | - Farhan Ahmad
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Prof. C. R. Rao Road, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 500 046, India
| | - Anand K Kondapi
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Prof. C. R. Rao Road, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 500 046, India
| | - Insaf A Qureshi
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Prof. C. R. Rao Road, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 500 046, India
| | - Irfan A Ghazi
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Prof. C. R. Rao Road, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500 046, India
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Astelbauer F, Gruber M, Brem B, Greger H, Obwaller A, Wernsdorfer G, Congpuong K, Wernsdorfer WH, Walochnik J. Activity of selected phytochemicals against Plasmodium falciparum. Acta Trop 2012; 123:96-100. [PMID: 22537982 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2012.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2010] [Revised: 03/31/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
According to the WHO, in 2008, there were 247 million reported cases of malaria and nearly one million deaths from the disease. Parasite resistance against first-line drugs, including artemisinin and mefloquine, is increasing. In this study the plant-derived compounds aglafolin, rocaglamid, kokusaginine, arborine, arborinine and tuberostemonine were investigated for their anti-plasmodial activity in vitro. Fresh Plasmodium falciparum isolates were taken from patients in the area of Mae Sot, north-western Thailand in 2008 and the inhibition of schizont maturation was determined for the respective compounds. With inhibitory concentrations effecting 50%, 90% and 99% inhibition (IC(50), IC(90) and IC(99)) of 60.95 nM, 854.41 nM and 7351.49 nM, respectively, rocaglamid was the most active of the substances, closely followed by aglafoline with 53.49 nM, 864.55 nM and 8354.20 nM. The activity was significantly below that of artemisinin, but moderately higher than that of quinine. Arborine, arborinine, tuberostemonine and kokusaginine showed only marginal activity against P. falciparum characterized by IC(50) and IC(99) values higher than 350 nM and 180 μM, respectively, and regressions with relatively shallow slopes S>14.38. Analogues of rocaglamid and aglafoline merit further exploration of their anti-plasmodial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Astelbauer
- Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
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Immunomodulation by chemotherapeutic agents against Leishmaniasis. Int Immunopharmacol 2011; 11:1668-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2011.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2011] [Accepted: 08/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Sen R, Chatterjee M. Plant derived therapeutics for the treatment of Leishmaniasis. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 18:1056-69. [PMID: 21596544 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2011.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2010] [Revised: 12/20/2010] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Diseases caused by insect borne trypanosomatid parasites are significant, yet remain a neglected public health problem. Leishmania, a unicellular protozoan parasite is the causative organism of Leishmaniasis and is transmitted by female phlebotamine sandflies affecting millions of people worldwide. In the wake of resistance to pentavalent antimonial drugs, new therapeutic alternatives are desirable. The plant kingdom has in the past provided several affordable compounds and this review aims to provide an overview of the current status of available leishmanicidal plant derived compounds that are effective singly or in combination with conventional anti-leishmanial drugs, yet are non toxic to mammalian host cells. Furthermore, delineation of the contributory biochemical mechanisms involved in mediating their effect would help develop new chemotherapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupashree Sen
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, 244 B, Acharya JC Bose Road, Kolkata, West Bengal 700020, India
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Saha P, Bhattacharjee S, Sarkar A, Manna A, Majumder S, Chatterjee M. Berberine chloride mediates its anti-leishmanial activity via differential regulation of the mitogen activated protein kinase pathway in macrophages. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18467. [PMID: 21483684 PMCID: PMC3071726 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2010] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A complex interplay between Leishmania and macrophages influences parasite survival and necessitates disruption of signaling molecules, eventually resulting in impairment of macrophage function. In this study, we demonstrate the immunomodulatory activity of Berberine chloride in Leishmania infected macrophages. Principal Findings The IC50 of Berberine chloride, a quaternary isoquinoline alkaloid was tested in an amastigote macrophage model and its safety index measured by a cell viability assay. It eliminated intracellular amastigotes, the IC50 being 2.8 fold lower than its IC50 in promastigotes (7.10 µM vs. 2.54 µM) and showed a safety index >16. Levels of intracellular and extracellular nitric oxide (NO) as measured by flow cytometry and Griess assay respectively showed that Berberine chloride in Leishmania infected macrophages increased production of NO. Measurement of the mRNA expression of iNOS, IL-12 and IL-10 by RT-PCR along with levels of IL-12p40 and IL-10 by ELISA showed that in infected macrophages, Berberine chloride enhanced expression of iNOS and IL-12p40, concomitant with a downregulation of IL-10. The phosphorylation status of extracellular signal related kinase (ERK1/2) and p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) was studied by western blotting. In infected macrophages, Berberine chloride caused a time dependent activation of p38 MAPK along with deactivation of ERK1/2; addition of a p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580 inhibited the increased generation of NO and IL-12p40 by Berberine chloride as also prevented its decrease of IL-10. Conclusions Berberine chloride modulated macrophage effector responses via the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, highlighting the importance of MAPKs as an antiparasite target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piu Saha
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, India
| | | | - Avijit Sarkar
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Alak Manna
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, India
| | | | - Mitali Chatterjee
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, India
- * E-mail:
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Soares DC, Andrade AL, Delorenzi JC, Silva JR, Freire-de-Lima L, Falcão CA, Pinto AC, Rossi-Bergmann B, Saraiva EM. Leishmanicidal activity of Himatanthus sucuuba latex against Leishmania amazonensis. Parasitol Int 2010; 59:173-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2010.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2009] [Revised: 12/23/2009] [Accepted: 01/12/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Gupta S, Raychaudhuri B, Banerjee S, Das B, Mukhopadhaya S, Datta SC. Momordicatin purified from fruits of Momordica charantia is effective to act as a potent antileishmania agent. Parasitol Int 2010; 59:192-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2010.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2009] [Revised: 01/15/2010] [Accepted: 01/24/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Sen R, Ganguly S, Saha P, Chatterjee M. Efficacy of artemisinin in experimental visceral leishmaniasis. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2010; 36:43-9. [PMID: 20403680 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2010.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2009] [Revised: 02/05/2010] [Accepted: 03/03/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), caused by the protozoan Leishmania sp., affects 500000 people annually, with the Indian subcontinent contributing a significant proportion of these cases. Emerging refractoriness to conventional antimony therapy has emphasised the need for safer yet effective antileishmanial drugs. Artemisinin, a widely used antimalarial, demonstrated anti-promastigote activity and the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC(50)) ranged from 100 microM to 120 microM irrespective of Leishmania species studied. Leishmania donovani-infected macrophages demonstrated decreased production of nitrite as well as mRNA expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase, which was normalised by artemisinin, indicating that it exerted both a direct parasiticidal activity as well as inducing a host protective response. Furthermore, in a BALB/c model of VL, orally administered artemisinin (10mg/kg and 25mg/kg body weight) effectively reduced both splenic weight and parasite burden, which was accompanied by a restoration of Th1 cytokines (interferon-gamma and interleukin-2). Taken together, these findings have delineated the therapeutic potential of artemisinin in experimental VL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupashree Sen
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, 244 B, Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose Road, Kolkata 700 020, West Bengal, India
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Mishra K, Chakraborty D, Pal A, Dey N. Plasmodium falciparum: in vitro interaction of quassin and neo-quassin with artesunate, a hemisuccinate derivative of artemisinin. Exp Parasitol 2009; 124:421-7. [PMID: 20036657 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2009.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2009] [Revised: 12/16/2009] [Accepted: 12/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Quassia amara L. (Family Simaroubaceae) is known to have several medicinal properties including the activity against malaria. An HPLC method was employed for purification of the biologically active quassinoids; quassin (Q) and neo-quassin (NQ), further characterized by MALDI-TOF analyses. Purified Q, NQ and the crude bark extract (S1) along with artesunate (AS) were studied for their in vitro anti-plasmodial activity. The in vivo toxicity studies at intraperitoneal doses with higher concentrations of the crude bark extract (S1) in Balb/C mice ruled out the apprehension of toxicity. Interaction studies between the test compounds among themselves (Q+NQ) and individually with artesunate (AS+Q, AS+NQ), were carried out in vitro at four ratios (1:5, 1:2, 2:1 and 5:1) on chloroquine sensitive (MRC-pf-20) and resistant (MRC-pf-303) strains of Plasmodium falciparum. The crude bark extracts of Q. amara exhibited higher P. falciparum inhibitory activity (IC(50)=0.0025 microg/ml) as compared to that of the isolated compounds, quassin (IC(50)=0.06 microg/ml, 0.15 microM), neo-quassin (IC(50)=0.04 microg/ml, 0.1 microM) and also to the positive control, artesunate (IC(50)=0.02 microg/ml, 0.05 microM). The in vitro drug interaction study revealed the compounds, quassin and neo-quassin to be additive to each other. At lower ratios, artesunate was found to be a potential combination partner with both the compounds. It was interesting to note that none of the combinations exhibited antagonistic interactions. This phenomenon offers the opportunity for further exploration of novel therapeutic concentrations and combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirti Mishra
- Institute of Life Sciences, Nalco Square, Chandrasekhar Pur, Bhubaneswar 751 023, Orissa, India.
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