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Hamasharif M, Smith OEP, Curran CJ, Hemming K. N-Alkylation and Aminohydroxylation of 2-Azidobenzenesulfonamide Gives a Pyrrolobenzothiadiazepine Precursor Whereas Attempted N-Alkylation of 2-Azidobenzamide Gives Benzotriazinones and Quinazolinones. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:1222-1231. [PMID: 31457499 PMCID: PMC6640974 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b00211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
N-Alkylation of 2-azidobenzenesulfonamide with 5-bromopent-1-ene gave an N-pentenyl sulfonamide, which underwent intramolecular aminohydroxylation to give an N-(2-azidoaryl)sulfonyl prolinol, a precursor for the synthesis of a pyrrolobenzothiadiazepine. The attempted N-alkylation of 2-azidobenzamide gave a separable mixture (∼1:1) of a benzotriazinone and a quinazolinone in a 72% combined yield. Other primary alkyl halides (3 examples) gave similar mixtures of benzotriazinones and quinazolinones. Benzylic, allylic, and secondary and tertiary alkyl halides (5 examples) gave only benzotriazinones in moderate yields. The results of mechanistic studies show the likely involvement of nitrene intermediates in the quinazolinone pathway and a second pathway involving a dimethylsulfoxide or dimethylsulfide-mediated conversion of 2-azidobenzamide into benzotriazinones.
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Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Differential Proteins in Response to Aqueous Extract of Quercus infectoria Gall in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PROTEOMICS 2016; 2016:4029172. [PMID: 27688912 PMCID: PMC5027293 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4029172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to analyze the differential proteins in MRSA ATCC 33591 treated with aqueous extract from Q. infectoria gall. Protein extracts were obtained from MRSA cells by sonication and were separated by 2D polyacrylamide gels. Protein spots of interest were extracted from the gels and identified using LC-ESI-QTOF MS. The concentration of Q. infectoria extract used for 2D-gel electrophoresis was subinhibitory concentration. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of the extract against MRSA was 19.50 μg/mL with bacteriostatic action at 1x MIC from time-kill assay. However, the extract exhibited dose-dependent manner and was bactericidal at 4x MIC with more than 3 log10 CFU/mL reduction at 4 h. 2D-GE map showed that 18 protein spots were upregulated and another six were downregulated more than twofold (p < 0.05) after treatment with subinhibitory concentration. Out of six proteins being downregulated, four proteins were identified as ferritin and catalase, branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase subunit E2, and succinyl-CoA ligase [ADP-forming] subunit beta. Seven upregulated proteins which have been successfully identified were 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase, NAD binding domain protein, formate C-acetyltransferase, 3-hydroxyacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] dehydratase FabZ, NAD dependent epimerase/dehydratase family protein, and phosphopantothenoyl cysteine decarboxylase. It is postulated that the main mechanism of aqueous extract from gall of Q. infectoria was most likely involved in energy metabolism and protein stress.
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Hemming K, Chambers CS, Hamasharif MS, João H, Khan MN, Patel N, Airley R, Day S. Azide based routes to tetrazolo and oxadiazolo derivatives of pyrrolobenzodiazepines and pyrrolobenzothiadiazepines. Tetrahedron 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2014.07.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Palacios L, Rosado H, Micol V, Rosato AE, Bernal P, Arroyo R, Grounds H, Anderson JC, Stabler RA, Taylor PW. Staphylococcal phenotypes induced by naturally occurring and synthetic membrane-interactive polyphenolic β-lactam resistance modifiers. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93830. [PMID: 24699700 PMCID: PMC3974817 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Galloyl catechins, in particular (-)-epicatechin gallate (ECg), have the capacity to abrogate β-lactam resistance in methicillin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA); they also prevent biofilm formation, reduce the secretion of a large proportion of the exoproteome and induce profound changes to cell morphology. Current evidence suggests that these reversible phenotypic traits result from their intercalation into the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane. We have endeavoured to potentiate the capacity of ECg to modify the MRSA phenotype by stepwise removal of hydroxyl groups from the B-ring pharmacophore and the A:C fused ring system of the naturally occurring molecule. ECg binds rapidly to the membrane, inducing up-regulation of genes responsible for protection against cell wall stress and maintenance of membrane integrity and function. Studies with artificial membranes modelled on the lipid composition of the staphylococcal bilayer indicated that ECg adopts a position deep within the lipid palisade, eliciting major alterations in the thermotropic behaviour of the bilayer. The non-galloylated homolog (-)-epicatechin enhanced ECg-mediated effects by facilitating entry of ECg molecules into the membrane. ECg analogs with unnatural B-ring hydroxylation patterns induced higher levels of gene expression and more profound changes to MRSA membrane fluidity than ECg but adopted a more superficial location within the bilayer. ECg possessed a high affinity for the positively charged staphylococcal membrane and induced changes to the biophysical properties of the bilayer that are likely to account for its capacity to disperse the cell wall biosynthetic machinery responsible for β-lactam resistance. The ability to enhance these properties by chemical modification of ECg raises the possibility that more potent analogs could be developed for clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Palacios
- School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Helena Rosado
- School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Vicente Micol
- Universidad Miguel Hernández, Elche, Alicante, Spain
| | - Adriana E. Rosato
- The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Patricia Bernal
- School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Raquel Arroyo
- School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Grounds
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - James C. Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Peter W. Taylor
- School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Sianglum W, Srimanote P, Taylor PW, Rosado H, Voravuthikunchai SP. Transcriptome analysis of responses to rhodomyrtone in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45744. [PMID: 23029218 PMCID: PMC3459976 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhodomyrtone, purified from Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Aiton) Hassk, exhibits a high degree of potency against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). We recently demonstrated that exposure of MRSA to a subinhibitory concentration (0.174 µg/ml) of rhodomyrtone resulted in the alteration of expression of several functional classes of bacterial proteins. To provide further insight into the antibacterial mode of action of this compound, we determined the impact of exposure to rhodomyrtone on the gene transcriptional profile of MRSA using microarray analysis. Exposure of MRSA to subinhibitory concentrations (0.5MIC; 0.5 µg/ml) of rhodomyrtone revealed significant modulation of gene expression, with induction of 64 genes and repression of 35 genes. Prominent changes in response to exposure to rhodomyrtone involved genes encoding proteins essential to metabolic pathways and processes such as amino acid metabolism, membrane function, ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transportation and lipoprotein and nucleotide metabolism. Genes involved in the synthesis of the aspartate family of amino acids, in particular proteins encoded by the dap operon were prominent. The diaminopimelate (DAP) biosynthetic pathway is the precursor of lysine synthesis and is essential for peptidoglycan biosynthesis. However, phenotypic analysis of the peptidoglycan amino acid content of rhodomyrtone-treated MRSA did not differ significantly from that extracted from control cells. Genes involved in the biosynthesis of amino acids and peptidoglycan, and a high affinity ATP-driven K ((+)) transport system, were investigated by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR) using EMRSA-16 1, 4, or 18 h after exposure to rhodomyrtone and in general the data concurred with that obtained by microarray, highlighting the relevance of the DAP biosynthetic pathway to the mode of action of rhodomyrtone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wipawadee Sianglum
- Department of Microbiology and Natural Products Research Center, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkla, Thailand
| | - Potjanee Srimanote
- Graduate Study, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Thammasat University, Pathumtanee, Thailand
| | - Peter W. Taylor
- School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Helena Rosado
- School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Supayang P. Voravuthikunchai
- Department of Microbiology and Natural Products Research Center, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkla, Thailand
- * E-mail:
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Dale AG, Hinds J, Mann J, Taylor PW, Neidle S. Symmetric Bis-benzimidazoles Are Potent Anti-Staphylococcal Agents with Dual Inhibitory Mechanisms against DNA Gyrase. Biochemistry 2012; 51:5860-71. [DOI: 10.1021/bi300645n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron G. Dale
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square,
London WC1N 1AX, U.K
| | - Jason Hinds
- Bacterial
Microarray Group,
Division of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, St. George’s, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17
0RE, U.K
| | - John Mann
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square,
London WC1N 1AX, U.K
| | - Peter W. Taylor
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square,
London WC1N 1AX, U.K
| | - Stephen Neidle
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square,
London WC1N 1AX, U.K
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Rahman KM, Rosado H, Moreira JB, Feuerbaum EA, Fox KR, Stecher E, Howard PW, Gregson SJ, James CH, de la Fuente M, Waldron DE, Thurston DE, Taylor PW. Antistaphylococcal activity of DNA-interactive pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD) dimers and PBD-biaryl conjugates. J Antimicrob Chemother 2012; 67:1683-96. [PMID: 22547662 PMCID: PMC3370821 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dks127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD) dimers, tethered through inert propyldioxy or pentyldioxy linkers, possess potent bactericidal activity against a range of Gram-positive bacteria by virtue of their capacity to cross-link duplex DNA in sequence-selective fashion. Here we attempt to improve the antibacterial activity and cytotoxicity profile of PBD-containing conjugates by extension of dimer linkers and replacement of one PBD unit with phenyl-substituted or benzo-fused heterocycles that facilitate non-covalent interactions with duplex DNA. Methods DNase I footprinting was used to identify high-affinity DNA binding sites. A staphylococcal gene microarray was used to assess epidemic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus 16 phenotypes induced by PBD conjugates. Molecular dynamics simulations were employed to investigate the accommodation of compounds within the DNA helix. Results Increasing the length of the linker in PBD dimers led to a progressive reduction in antibacterial activity, but not in their cytotoxic capacity. Complex patterns of DNA binding were noted for extended PBD dimers. Modelling of DNA strand cross-linking by PBD dimers indicated distortion of the helix. A majority (26 of 43) of PBD-biaryl conjugates possessed potent antibacterial activity with little or no helical distortion and a more favourable cytotoxicity profile. Bactericidal activity of PBD-biaryl conjugates was determined by inability to excise covalently bound drug molecules from bacterial duplex DNA. Conclusions PBD-biaryl conjugates have a superior antibacterial profile compared with PBD dimers such as ELB-21. We have identified six PBD-biaryl conjugates as potential drug development candidates.
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Wecke T, Mascher T. Antibiotic research in the age of omics: from expression profiles to interspecies communication. J Antimicrob Chemother 2011; 66:2689-704. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkr373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
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Rosado H, Rahman KM, Feuerbaum EA, Hinds J, Thurston DE, Taylor PW. The minor groove-binding agent ELB-21 forms multiple interstrand and intrastrand covalent cross-links with duplex DNA and displays potent bactericidal activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Antimicrob Chemother 2011; 66:985-96. [PMID: 21393142 PMCID: PMC3073633 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkr044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The antistaphylococcal pyrrolobenzodiazepine dimer ELB-21 forms multiple adducts with duplex DNA through covalent interactions with appropriately spaced guanine residues; it is now known to form interstrand and intrastrand adducts with oligonucleotide sequences of variable length. We determined the DNA sequence preferences of ELB-21 in relation to its capacity to exert a bactericidal effect by damaging DNA. Methods Formation of adducts by ELB-21 and 12- to 14-mer DNA duplexes was investigated using ion-pair reversed phase liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Drug-induced changes in gene expression were measured in prophage-free Staphylococcus aureus RN4220 by microarray analysis. Results ELB-21 preferentially formed intrastrand adducts with guanines separated by three nucleotide base pairs. Interstrand and intrastrand adducts were formed with duplexes both longer and shorter than the preferred target sequences. ELB-21 elicited rapid bactericidal effects against prophage-carrying and prophage-free S. aureus strains; cell lysis occurred following activation and release of resident prophages. Killing appeared to be due to irreparable damage to bacterial DNA and susceptibility to ELB-21 was governed by the capacity of staphylococci to repair DNA lesions through induction of the SOS DNA damage response mediated by the RecA-LexA pathway. Conclusions The data support the contention that ELB-21 arrests DNA replication, eliciting formation of ssDNA-RecA filaments that inactivate LexA, the SOS repressor, and phage repressors such as Cl, resulting in activation of the DNA damage response and de-repression of resident prophages. Above the MIC threshold, DNA repair is ineffective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Rosado
- School of Pharmacy, University of London, London, UK
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Sianglum W, Srimanote P, Wonglumsom W, Kittiniyom K, Voravuthikunchai SP. Proteome analyses of cellular proteins in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus treated with rhodomyrtone, a novel antibiotic candidate. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16628. [PMID: 21326597 PMCID: PMC3033880 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2010] [Accepted: 01/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The ethanolic extract from Rhodomyrtus tomentosa leaf exhibited good antibacterial activities against both methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and S. aureus ATCC 29213. Its minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranged from 31.25–62.5 µg/ml, and the minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) was 250 µg/ml. Rhodomyrtone, an acylphloroglucinol derivative, was 62.5–125 times more potent at inhibiting the bacteria than the ethanolic extract, the MIC and MBC values were 0.5 µg/ml and 2 µg/ml, respectively. To provide insights into antibacterial mechanisms involved, the effects of rhodomyrtone on cellular protein expression of MRSA have been investigated using proteomic approaches. Proteome analyses revealed that rhodomyrtone at subinhibitory concentration (0.174 µg/ml) affected the expression of several major functional classes of whole cell proteins in MRSA. The identified proteins involve in cell wall biosynthesis and cell division, protein degradation, stress response and oxidative stress, cell surface antigen and virulence factor, and various metabolic pathways such as amino acid, carbohydrate, energy, lipid, and nucleotide metabolism. Transmission electron micrographs confirmed the effects of rhodomyrtone on morphological and ultrastructural alterations in the treated bacterial cells. Biological processes in cell wall biosynthesis and cell division were interrupted. Prominent changes including alterations in cell wall, abnormal septum formation, cellular disintegration, and cell lysis were observed. Unusual size and shape of staphylococcal cells were obviously noted in the treated MRSA. These pioneer findings on proteomic profiling and phenotypic features of rhodomyrtone-treated MRSA may resolve its antimicrobial mechanisms which could lead to the development of a new effective regimen for the treatment of MRSA infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wipawadee Sianglum
- Department of Microbiology and Natural Products Research Center, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkla, Thailand
| | - Potjanee Srimanote
- Graduate Study, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Thammasat University, Pathumtanee, Thailand
| | - Wijit Wonglumsom
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Kanokwan Kittiniyom
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Supayang P. Voravuthikunchai
- Department of Microbiology and Natural Products Research Center, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkla, Thailand
- * E-mail:
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Antonow D, Thurston DE. Synthesis of DNA-Interactive Pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]benzodiazepines (PBDs). Chem Rev 2010; 111:2815-64. [DOI: 10.1021/cr100120f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dyeison Antonow
- Gene Targeting Drug Design Research Group, The School of Pharmacy, University of London, 29/39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, U.K
| | - David E. Thurston
- Gene Targeting Drug Design Research Group, The School of Pharmacy, University of London, 29/39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, U.K
- Spirogen Ltd., 29/39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, U.K
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Mode-of-action studies of the novel bisquaternary bisnaphthalimide MT02 against Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010; 55:311-20. [PMID: 20937782 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00586-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Screening of various bisquaternary bisnaphthalimides against a variety of human pathogens revealed one compound, designated MT02, with strong inhibitory effects against Gram-positive bacteria. The MICs ranged from 0.31 μg/ml against community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) lineage USA300 to 20 μg/ml against Streptococcus pneumoniae. Radioactive whole-cell labeling experiments indicated a strong impact of MT02 on bacterial DNA replication. DNA microarray studies generated a transcriptional signature characterized by stronger expression of genes involved in DNA metabolism, DNA replication, SOS response, and transport of positively charged compounds. Furthermore, surface plasmon resonance and gel retardation experiments demonstrated direct binding of MT02 to DNA in a concentration-dependent, reversible, and non-sequence-specific manner. The data presented suggest that the bisquaternary bisnaphthalimide MT02 exerts anti-Gram-positive activity by binding to DNA and thereby preventing appropriate DNA replication.
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Bernal P, Lemaire S, Pinho MG, Mobashery S, Hinds J, Taylor PW. Insertion of epicatechin gallate into the cytoplasmic membrane of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus disrupts penicillin-binding protein (PBP) 2a-mediated beta-lactam resistance by delocalizing PBP2. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:24055-65. [PMID: 20516078 PMCID: PMC2911331 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.114793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Epicatechin gallate (ECg) sensitizes methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) to oxacillin and other beta-lactam agents; it also reduces the secretion of virulence-associated proteins, prevents biofilm formation, and induces gross morphological changes in MRSA cells without compromising the growth rate. MRSA is resistant to oxacillin because of the presence of penicillin-binding protein 2a (PBP2a), which allows peptidoglycan synthesis to continue after oxacillin-mediated acylation of native PBPs. We show that ECg binds predominantly to the cytoplasmic membrane (CM), initially decreasing the fluidity of the bilayer, and induces changes in gene expression indicative of an attempt to preserve and repair a compromised cell wall. On further incubation, the CM is reorganized; the amount of lysylphosphatidylglycerol is markedly reduced, with a concomitant increase in phosphatidylglycerol, and the proportion of branched chain fatty acids increases, resulting in a more fluid structure. We found no evidence that ECg modulates the enzymatic activity of PBP2a through direct binding to the protein but determined that PBP2 is delocalized from the FtsZ-anchored cell wall biosynthetic machinery at the septal division site following intercalation into the CM. We argue that many features of the ECg-induced phenotype can be explained by changes in the fluid dynamics of the CM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Bernal
- School of Pharmacy, University of London, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
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