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Zhao Y, Chen D, Chen K, Xie M, Guo J, Chan EWC, Xie L, Wang J, Chen E, Chen S, Chen W, Jelsbak L. Epidemiological and Genetic Characteristics of Clinical Carbapenem-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa Strains in Guangdong Province, China. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0426122. [PMID: 37078855 PMCID: PMC10269565 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04261-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (CRPA) is a bacterial pathogen that may cause serious drug-resistant infections that are potentially fatal. To investigate the genetic characteristics of these organisms, we tested 416 P. aeruginosa strains recovered from 12 types of clinical samples collected in 29 different hospital wards in 10 hospitals in Guangdong Province, China, from 2017 to 2020. These strains were found to belong to 149 known sequence types (STs) and 72 novel STs, indicating that transmission of these strains involved multiple routes. A high rate of resistance to imipenem (89.4%) and meropenem (79.4%) and a high prevalence of pathogenic serotypes (76.4%) were observed among these strains. Six STs of global high-risk clones (HiRiCs) and a novel HiRiC strains, ST1971, which exhibited extensive drug resistance, were identified. Importantly, ST1971 HiRiC, which was unique in China, also exhibited high virulence, which alarmed the further surveillance on this highly virulent and highly resistant clone. Inactivation of the oprD gene and overexpression of efflux systems were found to be mainly responsible for carbapenem resistance in these strains; carriage of metallo-β-lactamase (MBL)-encoding genes was less common. Interestingly, frameshift mutations (49.0%) and introduction of a stop codon (22.4%) into the oprD genes were the major mechanisms of imipenem resistance. On the other hand, expression of the MexAB-OprM efflux pump and MBL-encoding genes were mechanisms of resistance in >70% of meropenem-resistant strains. The findings presented here provide insights into the development of effective strategies for control of worldwide dissemination of CRPA. IMPORTANCE Carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (CRPA) is a major concern in clinical settings worldwide, yet few genetic and epidemiological studies on CRPA strains have been performed in China. Here, we sequence and analyze the genomes of 416 P. aeruginosa strains from hospitals in China to elucidate the genetic, phenotypic, and transmission characteristics of CRPA strains and to identify the molecular signatures responsible for the observed increase in the prevalence of CRPA infections in China. These findings may provide new insight into the development of effective strategies for worldwide control of CRPA and minimize the occurrence of untreatable infections in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonggang Zhao
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Dingqiang Chen
- Microbiome Medicine Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kaichao Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, People’s Republic of China
| | - Miaomiao Xie
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiubiao Guo
- College of Pharmacy-Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Edward Wai Chi Chan
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lu Xie
- Research Center for Micro-Ecological Agent Engineering and Technology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingbo Wang
- College of Pharmacy-Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Enqi Chen
- College of Pharmacy-Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sheng Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weijun Chen
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lars Jelsbak
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
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Lynch JP, Zhanel GG. Pseudomonas aeruginosa Pneumonia: Evolution of Antimicrobial Resistance and Implications for Therapy. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2022; 43:191-218. [PMID: 35062038 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1740109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA), a non-lactose-fermenting gram-negative bacillus, is a common cause of nosocomial infections in critically ill or debilitated patients, particularly ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), and infections of urinary tract, intra-abdominal, wounds, skin/soft tissue, and bloodstream. PA rarely affects healthy individuals, but may cause serious infections in patients with chronic structural lung disease, comorbidities, advanced age, impaired immune defenses, or with medical devices (e.g., urinary or intravascular catheters, foreign bodies). Treatment of pseudomonal infections is difficult, as PA is intrinsically resistant to multiple antimicrobials, and may acquire new resistance determinants even while on antimicrobial therapy. Mortality associated with pseudomonal VAP or bacteremias is high (> 35%) and optimal therapy is controversial. Over the past three decades, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among PA has escalated globally, via dissemination of several international multidrug resistant "epidemic" clones. We discuss the importance of PA as a cause of pneumonia including health care-associated pneumonia, hospital-acquired pneumonia, VAP, the emergence of AMR to this pathogen, and approaches to therapy (both empirical and definitive).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P Lynch
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - George G Zhanel
- Department of Medical Microbiology/Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Max Rady College of Medicine, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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Virulence factors of Proteus mirabilis clinical isolates carrying bla KPC-2 and bla NDM-1 and first report bla OXA-10 in Brazil. J Infect Chemother 2021; 28:363-372. [PMID: 34815168 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2021.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Proteus mirabilis is one of the main pathogens that cause urinary tract infections. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze and compare the genetic profile of 36 clinical isolates of P. mirabilis that carry and do not carry the blaKPC and blaNDM gene with respect to virulence factors (mrpG, pmfA, ucaA, nrpG and pbtA) and antimicrobial resistance (blaVIM,blaIMP, blaSPM, blaGES,blaOXA-23-like, blaOXA-48-like, blaOXA-58-like and blaOXA-10-like). METHODS The virulence and resistance genes were investigated by using PCR and sequencing. RESULTS ERIC-PCR typing showed that the isolates showed multiclonal dissemination and high genetic variability. The gene that was most found blaOXA-10-like (n = 18), followed by blaKPC (n = 10) and blaNDM (n = 8). To our knowledge, this is the first report of blaOXA-10 in P. mirabilis in Brazil, as well as the first report of the occurrence of P. mirabilis co-carrying blaOXA-10/blaKPC and blaOXA-10/blaNDM. The blaNDM or blaKPC carrier isolates showed important virulence genes, such as ucaA (n = 8/44.4%), pbtA (n = 10/55.5%) and nrpG (n = 2/11.1%). However, in general, the non-carrier isolates of blaKPC and blaNDM showed a greater number of virulence genes when compared to the carrier group. CONCLUSION Clinical isolates of P. mirabilis, in addition to being multi-drug resistant, presented efficient virulence factors that can establish infection outside the gastrointestinal tract.
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Moffat J, Chalmers G, Reid-Smith R, Mulvey MR, Agunos A, Calvert J, Cormier A, Ricker N, Weese JS, Boerlin P. Resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins in Escherichia coli and other Enterobacterales from Canadian turkeys. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236442. [PMID: 32925914 PMCID: PMC7489564 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of this study was to determine the frequency of resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins (ESCs) in Escherichia coli and other Enterobacterales from turkeys in Canada and characterize the associated resistance determinants. Pooled fecal samples were collected in 77 turkey farms across British Columbia, Québec, and Ontario. Isolates were obtained with and without selective enrichment cultures and compared to isolates from diagnostic submissions of suspected colibacillosis cases in Ontario. Isolates were identified using MALDI-TOF and susceptibility to ESCs was assessed by disk diffusion. The presence of blaCMY, blaCTX-M, blaTEM, and blaSHV was tested by PCR. Transformation experiments were used to characterize blaCMY plasmids. Genome sequencing with short and long reads was performed on a representative sample of blaCTX-M-positive isolates to assess isolates relatedness and characterize blaCTX-M plasmids. For the positive enrichment cultures (67% of total samples), 93% (587/610) were identified as E. coli, with only a few other Enterobacterales species identified. The frequency of ESC resistance was low in E. coli isolates from diagnostic submission (4%) and fecal samples without selective enrichment (5%). Of the ESC-resistant Enterobacterales isolates from selective enrichments, 71%, 18%, 14%, and 8% were positive for blaCMY, blaTEM, blaCTX-M, and blaSHV, respectively. IncI1 followed by IncK were the main incompatibility groups identified for blaCMY plasmids. The blaCTX-M-1 gene was found repeatedly on IncI1 plasmids of the pMLST type 3, while blaCTX-M-15, blaCTX-M-55, and blaCTX-M-65 were associated with a variety of IncF plasmids. Clonal spread of strains carrying blaCTX-M genes between turkey farms was observed, as well as the presence of an epidemic blaCTX-M-1 plasmid in unrelated E. coli strains. In conclusion, Enterobacterales resistant to ESCs were still widespread at low concentration in turkey feces two years after the cessation of ceftiofur use. Although blaCMY-2 is the main ESC resistance determinant in E. coli from Canadian turkeys, blaCTX-M genes also occur which are often carried by multidrug resistance plasmids. Both clonal spread and horizontal gene transfer are involved in parallel in the spread of blaCTX-M genes in Enterobacterales from Canadian turkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Moffat
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gabhan Chalmers
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Richard Reid-Smith
- Centre for Foodborne, Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael R. Mulvey
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Agnes Agunos
- Centre for Foodborne, Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Julie Calvert
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ashley Cormier
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nicole Ricker
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - J. Scott Weese
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Patrick Boerlin
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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McCracken MG, Adam HJ, Blondeau JM, Walkty AJ, Karlowsky JA, Hoban DJ, Zhanel GG, Mulvey MR. Characterization of carbapenem-resistant and XDR Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Canada: results of the CANWARD 2007-16 study. J Antimicrob Chemother 2020; 74:iv32-iv38. [PMID: 31505643 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkz285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa are emerging worldwide with increasing reports of carbapenemase-producing isolates. Carbapenem-resistant isolates may also be XDR. This study characterized carbapenem-resistant and XDR P. aeruginosa isolated from patients receiving care at Canadian hospitals from 2007 to 2016. METHODS Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using CLSI broth microdilution methods. PCR was used to detect carbapenemases (GES, KPC, NDM, IMP, VIM, OXA-48) and other resistance markers; specific carbapenemase gene variants were identified by DNA sequencing. Genetic relatedness was assessed by MLST and PFGE. RESULTS From 2007 to 2016, 3864 isolates of P. aeruginosa were collected; 466 (12.1%) isolates were carbapenem resistant. The prevalence of carbapenem-resistant P. aeruginosa reached a peak of 17.3% in 2014. Colistin (94% susceptible) and ceftolozane/tazobactam (92.5%) were the most active agents against carbapenem-resistant P. aeruginosa. XDR P. aeruginosa comprised 4.5% of isolates; they were found to be genetically diverse and remained susceptible to colistin and ceftolozane/tazobactam. Only 4.3% (n = 20) of carbapenem-resistant P. aeruginosa harboured a carbapenemase; most were blaGES-5 (35%, n = 7). Wide genetic diversity was observed among carbapenem-resistant P. aeruginosa with >200 different sequence types identified. CONCLUSIONS Although the prevalence of carbapenem-resistant P. aeruginosa in Canada spiked in 2014 and 2015, carbapenemase-producing P. aeruginosa remain rare with only 20 (4.3%) isolates identified over a 10 year period. Broad genetic diversity was observed among both carbapenem-resistant and XDR phenotypes of P. aeruginosa. Pan-drug-resistant P. aeruginosa have not yet been identified in Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa G McCracken
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Heather J Adam
- Department of Medical Microbiology/Infectious Diseases, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Room 543-745 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Clinical Microbiology, Diagnostic Services Manitoba, MS673-820 Sherbrook Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Joseph M Blondeau
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Royal University Hospital and the Saskatoon Health Region and Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Pathology, and Ophthalmology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Andrew J Walkty
- Department of Medical Microbiology/Infectious Diseases, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Room 543-745 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Clinical Microbiology, Diagnostic Services Manitoba, MS673-820 Sherbrook Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - James A Karlowsky
- Department of Medical Microbiology/Infectious Diseases, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Room 543-745 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Clinical Microbiology, Diagnostic Services Manitoba, MS673-820 Sherbrook Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Daryl J Hoban
- Department of Medical Microbiology/Infectious Diseases, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Room 543-745 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Clinical Microbiology, Diagnostic Services Manitoba, MS673-820 Sherbrook Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - George G Zhanel
- Department of Medical Microbiology/Infectious Diseases, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Room 543-745 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Michael R Mulvey
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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Chan WW, Campbell L, Doyle D, Pitout JD. Rapid detection of Enterobacterales that produce carbapenemases. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 98:115120. [PMID: 32688297 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2020.115120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The rapid detection of carbapenemases among Enterobacterales in clinical laboratories is critical for management of patients, and infection prevention and control efforts. METHODS A study was designed to evaluate the performances of the RAPIDEC CARBA NP®, β-CARBA®, NG-Test CARBA 5®, modified carbapenem-inactivation method, and EDTA version (eCIM) assays against a global collection of Enterobacterales (n = 216) with diverse carbapenemases. RESULTS The RAPIDEC CARBA NP® assay had a sensitivity of 98.6% and specificity of 19.6% and β-CARBA® a sensitivity of 94% and specificity of 97.8%, but showed low sensitivity with Klebsiella Pneumoniae Carbapenemase (KPC)-containing isolates. The NG-Test CARBA 5® had an overall sensitivity of 96.3% and specificity of 100% and failed to detect isolates with blaIMP-13, blaIMP-14. The eCIM gave false- positive results with Oxacillinase (OXA)-48-like enzymes. CONCLUSION The NG-Test CARBA 5® assay was technically simple and provided rapid accurate results on the types of carbapenemases. Such information has potential treatment benefits for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilson W Chan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Clinical section of Microbiology, Calgary Laboratory Services, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Lorraine Campbell
- Clinical section of Microbiology, Calgary Laboratory Services, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Diana Doyle
- Clinical section of Microbiology, Calgary Laboratory Services, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Johann Dd Pitout
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Clinical section of Microbiology, Calgary Laboratory Services, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
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Evaluation of the EDTA-Modified Carbapenem Inactivation Method for Detecting Metallo-β-Lactamase-Producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Clin Microbiol 2020; 58:JCM.02015-19. [PMID: 32238433 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02015-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa is increasing. Identification of carbapenemase-producing P. aeruginosa will have therapeutic, epidemiological, and infection control implications. This study evaluated the performance of the EDTA-modified carbapenem inactivation method (eCIM) in tandem with the modified carbapenem inactivation method (mCIM) against a large collection of clinical P. aeruginosa isolates (n = 103) to provide clinicians a phenotypic test that not only identifies carbapenemase production but also distinguishes between metallo-β-lactamase and serine-carbapenemase production in P. aeruginosa The mCIM test was performed according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines, while the eCIM was conducted as previously described for Enterobacteriaceae Test performance was compared to the genotypic profile as the reference. mCIM testing successfully categorized 91% (112/123) of P. aeruginosa isolates as carbapenemases or non-carbapenemase producers, with discordant isolates being primarily Guiana extended-spectrum (GES)-type producers. To increase the sensitivity of the mCIM for GES-harboring isolates, a double inoculum, prolonged incubation, or both was evaluated, with each modification improving sensitivity to 100% (12/12). Upon eCIM testing, all Verona integrin-encoded metallo-β-lactamases (VIM; n = 27) and New Delhi metallo-β-lactamases (NDM; n = 13) tested had 100% concordance to their genotypic profiles, whereas all Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC; n = 8) and GES (n = 12) isolates tested negative, as expected, in the presence of EDTA. The eCIM failed to identify all imipenemase (IMP)-producing (n = 22) and Sao Paulo metallo-β-lactamase (SPM)-producing (n = 14) isolates. KPC-, VIM-, and NDM-producing P. aeruginosa were well defined by the conventional mCIM and eCIM testing methods; additional modifications appear required to differentiate GES-, IMP-, and SPM-producing isolates.
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Denisuik AJ, Garbutt LA, Golden AR, Adam HJ, Baxter M, Nichol KA, Lagacé-Wiens P, Walkty AJ, Karlowsky JA, Hoban DJ, Mulvey MR, Zhanel GG. Antimicrobial-resistant pathogens in Canadian ICUs: results of the CANWARD 2007 to 2016 study. J Antimicrob Chemother 2020; 74:645-653. [PMID: 30500898 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dky477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe the microbiology and antimicrobial resistance patterns of cultured samples acquired from Canadian ICUs. METHODS From 2007 to 2016, tertiary care centres from across Canada submitted 42938 bacterial/fungal isolates as part of the CANWARD surveillance study. Of these, 8130 (18.9%) were from patients on ICUs. Susceptibility testing guidelines and MIC interpretive criteria were defined by CLSI. RESULTS Of the 8130 pathogens collected in this study, 58.2%, 36.3%, 3.1% and 2.4% were from respiratory, blood, wound and urine specimens, respectively. The top five organisms collected from Canadian ICUs accounted for 55.4% of all isolates and included Staphylococcus aureus (21.5%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (10.6%), Escherichia coli (10.4%), Streptococcus pneumoniae (6.5%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (6.4%). MRSA accounted for 20.7% of S. aureus collected, with community-associated (CA) MRSA genotypes increasing in prevalence over time (P < 0.001). The highest susceptibility rates among MRSA were 100% for vancomycin, 100% for ceftobiprole, 100% for linezolid, 99.7% for ceftaroline, 99.7% for daptomycin and 99.7% for tigecycline. The highest susceptibility rates among E. coli were 100% for tigecycline, 99.9% for meropenem, 99.7% for colistin and 94.2% for piperacillin/tazobactam. MDR was identified in 26.3% of E. coli isolates, with 10.1% producing an ESBL. The highest susceptibility rates among P. aeruginosa were 97.5% for ceftolozane/tazobactam, 96.1% for amikacin, 94.7% for colistin and 93.3% for tobramycin. CONCLUSIONS The most active agents against Gram-negative bacilli were the carbapenems, tigecycline and piperacillin/tazobactam. Against Gram-positive cocci, the most active agents were vancomycin, daptomycin and linezolid. The prevalence of CA-MRSA genotypes and ESBL-producing E. coli collected from ICUs increased significantly over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Denisuik
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Lauren A Garbutt
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Alyssa R Golden
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Heather J Adam
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Clinical Microbiology, Shared Health Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Melanie Baxter
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Kimberly A Nichol
- Clinical Microbiology, Shared Health Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Philippe Lagacé-Wiens
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Clinical Microbiology, Shared Health Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Andrew J Walkty
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Clinical Microbiology, Shared Health Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - James A Karlowsky
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Clinical Microbiology, Shared Health Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Daryl J Hoban
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Michael R Mulvey
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Antimicrobial Resistance Branch, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - George G Zhanel
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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Boyd DA, Mataseje LF, Pelude L, Mitchell R, Bryce E, Roscoe D, Embree J, Katz K, Kibsey P, Lavallee C, Simor AE, Taylor G, Turgeon N, Langley JM, Amaratunga K, Mulvey MR. Results from the Canadian Nosocomial Infection Surveillance Program for detection of carbapenemase-producing Acinetobacter spp. in Canadian hospitals, 2010-16. J Antimicrob Chemother 2020; 74:315-320. [PMID: 30312401 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dky416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Globally there is an increased prevalence of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter spp. (CRAs) and carbapenemase-producing Acinetobacter spp. (CPAs) in the hospital setting. This increase prompted the Canadian Nosocomial Infection Surveillance Program (CNISP) to conduct surveillance of CRA colonizations and infections identified from patients in CNISP-participating hospitals between 2010 and 2016. Methods Participating acute care facilities across Canada submitted CRAs from 1 January 2010 to 31 December 2016. Patient data were collected from medical records using a standardized questionnaire. WGS was conducted on all CRAs and data underwent single nucleotide variant analysis, resistance gene detection and MLST. Results The 7 year incidence rate of CRA was 0.02 per 10 000 patient days and 0.015 per 1000 admissions, with no significant increase observed over the surveillance period (P > 0.73). Ninety-four CRA isolates were collected from 58 hospitals, of which 93 (98.9%) were CPA. Carbapenemase OXA-235 group (48.4%) was the most common due to two separate clusters, followed by the OXA-23 group (41.9%). Patients with a travel history were associated with 38.8% of CRA cases. The all-cause 30 day mortality rate for infected cases was 24.4 per 100 CRA cases. Colistin was the most active antimicrobial agent (95.8% susceptibility). Conclusions CRA remains uncommon in Canadian hospitals and the incidence did not increase from 2010 to 2016. Almost half of the cases were from two clusters harbouring OXA-235-group enzymes. Previous medical treatment during travel outside of Canada was common.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Boyd
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Nosocomial Infections, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Laura F Mataseje
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Nosocomial Infections, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Linda Pelude
- Centre for Communicable Diseases and Infection Control, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Robyn Mitchell
- Centre for Communicable Diseases and Infection Control, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Bryce
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Diane Roscoe
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Joanne Embree
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Kevin Katz
- Department of Infection Prevention and Control, North York General Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Pamela Kibsey
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Victoria General Hospital, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | | | - Andrew E Simor
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Geoffrey Taylor
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Nathalie Turgeon
- Department of Médicale Microbiologie, Hôtel-Dieu de Quebec du CHUQ, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Joanne M Langley
- Department of Pediatrics, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Kanchana Amaratunga
- Centre for Communicable Diseases and Infection Control, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Michael R Mulvey
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Nosocomial Infections, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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Prevalence and Characteristics of Extended-Spectrum-β-Lactamase-Producing and Carbapenemase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae from Freshwater Fish and Pork in Wet Markets of Hong Kong. mSphere 2020; 5:5/2/e00107-20. [PMID: 32295872 PMCID: PMC7160683 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00107-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Extended-spectrum-β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-E) and carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) are of global health importance, yet there is a paucity of surveillance studies on food animals in Hong Kong. Here, we report a high prevalence of ESBL-E (ranging from 0.5% to 52.4%) and CPE (0% to 9.9%) from various food animal samples procured from wet markets across Hong Kong. All CPE strains were characterized by whole-genome sequencing and possessed NDM-1 and -5 genes and other resistance determinants. Given the increased resistance profile of these strains, this study highlights the emerging threat of ESBL-E and CPE disseminated in farmed animals. Furthermore, our data enriched our understanding of antibiotic resistance reservoirs from a One Health perspective that can widely spread across various niches, beyond health care settings. This study identified and characterized extended-spectrum-β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-E) and carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) from farmed freshwater fish and pig offal procured from the wet markets across Hong Kong. During March 2018 to January 2019, 730 food animal samples, namely, 213 snakehead fish, 198 black carp, and 339 pig organs, were examined. ESBL-E and CPE were isolated from the homogenized samples plated on selective media and identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS). All ESBL-E and CPE strains were tested for antimicrobial susceptibilities. ESBL-E and CPE gene groups were detected by multiplex PCR and blaCTX-M-1/-2/-9 group strains were Sanger sequenced for CTX-M types. All CPE isolates were whole-genome sequenced. Isolation of ESBL-E from pig small (52.4%) and large (50%) intestines and tongues (25.1%) was significantly (P < 0.05) more frequent than from snakehead (0.94%) and black carp (0.5%) fish. ESBL-E isolates (n = 171) revealed resistance rates of 16.3%, 29.8%, 35.6%, 53.2%, 55.0%, and 100% to piperacillin-tazobactam, amoxicillin-clavulanate, cefepime, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, and ampicillin, respectively, whereas CPE (n = 28) were resistant to almost all the antibiotics tested except gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, and fosfomycin. The predominant ESBL gene groups in fishes and pig offals were blaCTX, where blaCTX-M-55 was the major subtype in the blaCTX-M-1 group (64.4% of isolates in the group). blaCTX-M-14/-17 was the major genotype in the blaCTX-M-9 group (32.2%). All CPE strains possessed blaNDM genes. High rates of ESBL-E and CPE were identified in food animals from wet markets of Hong Kong, which may serve as a potential reservoir of antimicrobial-resistant genes and increase the challenges in tackling antimicrobial resistance beyond health care settings. IMPORTANCE Extended-spectrum-β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-E) and carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) are of global health importance, yet there is a paucity of surveillance studies on food animals in Hong Kong. Here, we report a high prevalence of ESBL-E (ranging from 0.5% to 52.4%) and CPE (0% to 9.9%) from various food animal samples procured from wet markets across Hong Kong. All CPE strains were characterized by whole-genome sequencing and possessed NDM-1 and -5 genes and other resistance determinants. Given the increased resistance profile of these strains, this study highlights the emerging threat of ESBL-E and CPE disseminated in farmed animals. Furthermore, our data enriched our understanding of antibiotic resistance reservoirs from a One Health perspective that can widely spread across various niches, beyond health care settings.
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Boyd DA, Lefebvre B, Mataseje LF, Gagnon S, Roger M, Savard P, Longtin J, Mulvey MR. Enterobacter sp. N18-03635 harbouring blaFRI-6 class A carbapenemase, Canada. J Antimicrob Chemother 2019; 75:486-488. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkz438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David A Boyd
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Nosocomial Infections, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Brigitte Lefebvre
- Laboratoire de santé publique du Québec, Institut national de santé publique du Québec, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec, Canada
| | - Laura F Mataseje
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Nosocomial Infections, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Simon Gagnon
- Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Michel Roger
- Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Patrice Savard
- Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jean Longtin
- Laboratoire de santé publique du Québec, Institut national de santé publique du Québec, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec, Canada
| | - Michael R Mulvey
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Nosocomial Infections, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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Effect of Cessation of Ceftiofur and Substitution with Lincomycin-Spectinomycin on Extended-Spectrum-β-Lactamase/AmpC Genes and Multidrug Resistance in Escherichia coli from a Canadian Broiler Production Pyramid. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:AEM.00037-19. [PMID: 31028030 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00037-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ceftiofur, a third-generation cephalosporin antimicrobial, was used in Canadian hatcheries for many years to prevent early mortality in chicks, leading to a high prevalence of cephalosporin resistance in Escherichia coli in chickens. Preventive use of ceftiofur in hatcheries ceased in 2014. We examined the effect of ceftiofur cessation (n = 40 flocks with ceftiofur and n = 28 flocks without antimicrobial at hatchery) and its replacement with an antimicrobial combination, lincomycin-spectinomycin (n = 32), at the hatchery on the proportion of samples with E. coli positive for extended-spectrum-β-lactamase (ESBL) and AmpC β-lactamase-related genes, and on the multidrug resistance profiles of ESBL/AmpC-positive E. coli in broilers and their associated breeders (n = 46 samples), at 1 year postcessation. For indicator E. coli from nonenriched media, a significant decrease postcessation in the proportion of samples harboring E. coli isolates positive for bla CMY-2 and/or bla CTX-M was observed. In contrast, following enrichment in medium containing ceftriaxone (1 mg/liter) to facilitate recovery of ESBL/AmpC β-lactamase-producing E. coli colonies, both pre- and postcessation, 99% of the samples harbored E. coli positive for bla CMY-2 or bla CTX-M Among the 15 tested antimicrobial agents, flocks receiving lincomycin-spectinomycin after cessation of ceftiofur showed a significantly greater nonsusceptibility to aminoglycosides, folate inhibitors, phenicols, and tetracyclines and a greater proportion of possible extensively drug-resistant E. coli than those receiving ceftiofur or no antimicrobial at hatchery. This study clearly demonstrates an initial decrease in ESBL/AmpC-positive E. coli following the cessation of ceftiofur in the hatchery but an increase in antimicrobial non-β-lactam resistance of ESBL/AmpC-positive E. coli following replacement with lincomycin-spectinomycin.IMPORTANCE Antimicrobial resistance is a global problem. The antimicrobial ceftiofur has been used worldwide for disease prevention in poultry production, resulting in a greatly increased resistance to this antimicrobial important in poultry and human medicine. Our study examined the impact of ceftiofur cessation and its replacement with the antimicrobial combination lincomycin-spectinomycin, a common practice in the industry. Our study demonstrated a decrease in ceftiofur resistance after the cessation of ceftiofur use, although the resistance genes remain ubiquitous in all phases of poultry production, showing that poultry remains a reservoir for ceftiofur resistance and requiring continued vigilance. We also observed a decrease in multidrug resistance involving different antimicrobial classes after cessation of ceftiofur but an increase following use of lincomycin-spectinomycin, indicating that this antimicrobial use should be questioned. Reduced resistance to ceftiofur in poultry may translate to better treatment efficacy, decreased morbidity/mortality, and enhanced food safety for humans.
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Walkty A, Adam H, Baxter M, Lagacé-Wiens P, Karlowsky JA, Hoban DJ, Zhanel GG. In vitro activity of ceftolozane/tazobactam versus antimicrobial non-susceptible Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolates including MDR and XDR isolates obtained from across Canada as part of the CANWARD study, 2008-16. J Antimicrob Chemother 2019; 73:703-708. [PMID: 29244121 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkx468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Ceftolozane/tazobactam is a novel β-lactam β-lactamase inhibitor combination with a broad spectrum of activity that includes Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the in vitro activity of ceftolozane/tazobactam and relevant comparators versus a large collection of antimicrobial non-susceptible P. aeruginosa clinical isolates recovered from patients across Canada (CANWARD, 2008-16). Methods Susceptibility testing was performed on P. aeruginosa clinical isolates obtained from sentinel hospitals across Canada between January 2008 and December 2016 using broth microdilution, as described by the CLSI. MDR P. aeruginosa were defined as isolates that tested non-susceptible to at least one antimicrobial from ≥3 classes. XDR P. aeruginosa were defined as isolates that tested non-susceptible to at least one antimicrobial from ≥5 classes. Results In total, 3229 P. aeruginosa isolates were obtained as a part of CANWARD. Ceftolozane/tazobactam was the most active antimicrobial evaluated, with 98.3% of isolates testing susceptible. The percentage of antimicrobial non-susceptible isolates that remained susceptible to ceftolozane/tazobactam ranged from 85.3% (amikacin non-susceptible subset) to 95.0% (ciprofloxacin non-susceptible subset). Four-hundred and sixty-two P. aeruginosa isolates were MDR (14.3% of all isolates tested) and 84 were XDR (2.6% of all isolates tested). Ceftolozane/tazobactam demonstrated excellent in vitro activity versus the MDR and XDR isolates, with 90.5% and 78.6% remaining susceptible, respectively. Conclusions Ceftolozane/tazobactam demonstrated excellent in vitro activity against antimicrobial non-susceptible P. aeruginosa clinical isolates, including MDR and XDR subsets. It may prove useful in the treatment of infections caused by these organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Walkty
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Diagnostic Services Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Heather Adam
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Diagnostic Services Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Melanie Baxter
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Philippe Lagacé-Wiens
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Diagnostic Services Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - James A Karlowsky
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Diagnostic Services Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Daryl J Hoban
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Diagnostic Services Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - George G Zhanel
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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Kohler PP, Melano RG, Patel SN, Shafinaz S, Faheem A, Coleman BL, Green K, Armstrong I, Almohri H, Borgia S, Borgundvaag E, Johnstone J, Katz K, Lam F, Muller MP, Powis J, Poutanen SM, Richardson D, Rebbapragada A, Sarabia A, Simor A, McGeer A. Emergence of Carbapenemase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae, South-Central Ontario, Canada 1. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 24:1674-1682. [PMID: 30124197 PMCID: PMC6106407 DOI: 10.3201/eid2409.180164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
We analyzed population-based surveillance data from the Toronto Invasive Bacterial Diseases Network to describe carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) infections during 2007–2015 in south-central Ontario, Canada. We reviewed patients’ medical records and travel histories, analyzed microbiologic and clinical characteristics of CPE infections, and calculated incidence. Among 291 cases identified, New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase was the predominant carbapenemase (51%). The proportion of CPE-positive patients with prior admission to a hospital in Canada who had not received healthcare abroad or traveled to high-risk areas was 13% for patients with oxacillinase-48, 24% for patients with New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase, 55% for patients with Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase, and 67% for patients with Verona integron-encoded metallo-β-lactamase. Incidence of CPE infection increased, reaching 0.33 cases/100,000 population in 2015. For a substantial proportion of patients, no healthcare abroad or high-risk travel could be established, suggesting CPE acquisition in Canada. Policy and practice changes are needed to mitigate nosocomial CPE transmission in hospitals in Canada.
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15
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de Lagarde M, Larrieu C, Praud K, Schouler C, Doublet B, Sallé G, Fairbrother JM, Arsenault J. Prevalence, risk factors, and characterization of multidrug resistant and extended spectrum β-lactamase/AmpC β-lactamase producing Escherichia coli in healthy horses in France in 2015. J Vet Intern Med 2019; 33:902-911. [PMID: 30648296 PMCID: PMC6430864 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although antimicrobial resistance is increasingly common in equine medicine, molecular and epidemiological data remains scarce. OBJECTIVES We estimated the prevalence of, and risk factors for, shedding of multidrug resistant (MDR), extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing, and AmpC β-lactamase-producing, or some combination of these in Escherichia coli in horses in France. We characterized ESBL/AmpC isolates for antimicrobial susceptibility and the presence of virulence and ESBL/AmpC-associated resistance genes. ANIMALS Fecal samples from healthy adult horses at 41 premises were collected. A questionnaire was completed by each premises manager. A subset of these samples was tested to build 2 bacterial collections. METHODS Indicator (without enrichment) and specific (enrichment with ceftriaxone) E. coli tested for antimicrobial susceptibility. Prevalence of isolates nonsusceptible to antimicrobials was estimated at the horse and the premises level. The ESBL/AmpC and virulence genes were identified by PCR. Multivariable logistic regression was used to investigate risk factors for MDR and ESBL/AmpC isolates at premises. RESULTS Approximately 44% of horses shed MDR E. coli. Resistance most commonly was observed to ampicillin, streptomycin, and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid. Twenty-nine percent of premises housed horses shedding ESBL/AmpC-producing isolates. The ESBL/AmpC gene most commonly identified was blaCTX-M-1 . Virulence gene iutA was identified in 1 ESBL/AmpC-producing isolate. Medical treatment, staff numbers, and activity were identified as risk factors for housing horses shedding ESBL/AmpC-producing E. coli isolates. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Prevalence of healthy horses harboring ESBL/AmpC genes and MDR isolates in their intestinal microbiota is substantial. Risk factors could be used to elaborate guidelines to prevent their dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maud de Lagarde
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Escherichia coli, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversité de MontréalQuebecCanada
| | - Caroline Larrieu
- ISPInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université François Rabelais de ToursNouzillyFrance
| | - Karine Praud
- ISPInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université François Rabelais de ToursNouzillyFrance
| | - Catherine Schouler
- ISPInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université François Rabelais de ToursNouzillyFrance
| | - Benoît Doublet
- ISPInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université François Rabelais de ToursNouzillyFrance
| | - Guillaume Sallé
- ISPInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université François Rabelais de ToursNouzillyFrance
| | - John M. Fairbrother
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Escherichia coli, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversité de MontréalQuebecCanada
| | - Julie Arsenault
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversité de MontréalQuebecCanada
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16
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Boyd DA, Lisboa LF, Rennie R, Zhanel GG, Dingle TC, Mulvey MR. Identification of a novel metallo-β-lactamase, CAM-1, in clinical Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from Canada. J Antimicrob Chemother 2019; 74:1563-1567. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkz066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David A Boyd
- Antimicrobial Resistance & Nosocomial Infections, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Luiz F Lisboa
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Robert Rennie
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - George G Zhanel
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Tanis C Dingle
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Provincial Laboratory for Public Health, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Michael R Mulvey
- Antimicrobial Resistance & Nosocomial Infections, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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17
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Sary K, Fairbrother JM, Arsenault J, de Lagarde M, Boulianne M. Antimicrobial Resistance and Virulence Gene Profiles Among Escherichia coli Isolates from Retail Chicken Carcasses in Vietnam. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2019; 16:298-306. [PMID: 30767657 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2018.2555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated virulence and resistance profiles of Escherichia coli in chicken carcasses from three retail systems in Vietnam. Fresh chicken carcasses from traditional markets and fresh and frozen chicken carcasses from supermarkets were sampled in Vietnam. E. coli isolates from carcass rinses were characterized for extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC) virulence factors (iucD, cnf, papC, tsh, KpsMT II, afa, and sfa) and for phenotypical antimicrobial resistance by Sensititre ARIS® as well as genotypically by polymerase chain reaction. An elevated proportion (30% to 70%) of samples resistant to antimicrobials critically important for human medicine was observed in routine isolates, with no significant differences between the three retail systems. Multidrug-resistant (MDR) ExPEC isolates of phylogroup B1 and, of greater concern, of phylogroup F were detected. Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)- and AmpC β-lactamase-producing E. coli possessing blaCTX-M or blaCMY-2 resistance genes, respectively, were found. The presence of ExPEC with a high level of antimicrobial resistance (more than 50% of isolates) and MDR (91% of isolates) and detection of ESBL-producing E. coli underline the potential health threat for humans associated with mishandled chicken carcasses or consumption of undercooked chicken meat in Vietnam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Sary
- 1 Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Canada
| | - John Morris Fairbrother
- 2 OIE Reference Laboratory for Escherichia coli (EcL), Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Canada
| | - Julie Arsenault
- 3 Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Canada
| | - Maud de Lagarde
- 2 OIE Reference Laboratory for Escherichia coli (EcL), Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Canada
| | - Martine Boulianne
- 1 Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Canada
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Bogaty C, Mataseje L, Gray A, Lefebvre B, Lévesque S, Mulvey M, Longtin Y. Investigation of a Carbapenemase-producing Acinetobacter baumannii outbreak using whole genome sequencing versus a standard epidemiologic investigation. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2018; 7:140. [PMID: 30479753 PMCID: PMC6249735 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-018-0437-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The standard epidemiologic investigation of outbreaks typically relies on spatiotemporal data and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), but whole genome sequencing (WGS) is becoming increasingly used. This investigation aimed to characterize a carbapenemase-producing Acinetobacter baumannii (CPAb) nosocomial outbreak using WGS compared to a standard outbreak investigation. Methods The CPAb outbreak occurred in a single center between 2012 and 2014. The standard investigation used spatiotemporal data and PFGE to generate a chain of transmission. A separate WGS investigation generated a chain of transmission based solely on WGS and date of sampling and was blinded to all other spatiotemporal data and PFGE. Core single nucleotide variant (SNV) phylogenetic analysis was performed on WGS data generated using the Illumina MiSeq platform. The chains of transmission were compared quantitatively and qualitatively to assess the concordance between both methods. Results 28 colonized and infected cases were included. Of the 27 transmission events identified using the standard investigation, 12 (44%) were identical to the transmission events using WGS. WGS identified several transmission events that had not been detected by traditional method, and numerous transmission events that had occurred on different hospital wards than suspected by standard methods. The average number (standard deviation [SD]) of SNVs per transmission events was 1.63 (SD, 1.31) by traditional method and 0.63 (SD, 0.79) by WGS (p = 0.001) All isolates harbored the rare carbapenemase blaOXA-237. Conclusions The traditional and WGS investigations had moderate concordance. When used alongside epidemiologic data and clinical information, WGS could help improve the mapping of transmission events.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Brigitte Lefebvre
- Laboratoire de santé publique du Québec, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC Canada
| | - Simon Lévesque
- Laboratoire de santé publique du Québec, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC Canada
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Bouza E, Muñoz P, Burillo A. Role of the Clinical Microbiology Laboratory in Antimicrobial Stewardship. Med Clin North Am 2018; 102:883-898. [PMID: 30126578 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcna.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
For adequate antimicrobial stewardship, microbiology needs to move from the laboratory to become physically and verbally amenable to the caregivers of an institution. Herein, we describe the contributions of our microbiology department to the antimicrobial stewardship program of a large teaching hospital as 10 main points ranging from the selection of patients deemed likely to benefit from a fast track approach, to their clinical samples, or the rapid reporting of results via a microbiology hotline, to rapid searches for pathogens and susceptibility testing. These points should serve as guidelines for similar programs designed to decrease the unnecessary use of antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Bouza
- Medicine Department, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, Madrid 28040, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Doctor Esquerdo, 46, Madrid 28007, Spain; Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Doctor Esquerdo 46, Madrid 28007, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES CB06/06/0058), Doctor Esquerdo 46, Madrid 28007, Spain.
| | - Patricia Muñoz
- Medicine Department, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, Madrid 28040, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Doctor Esquerdo, 46, Madrid 28007, Spain; Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Doctor Esquerdo 46, Madrid 28007, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES CB06/06/0058), Doctor Esquerdo 46, Madrid 28007, Spain
| | - Almudena Burillo
- Medicine Department, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, Madrid 28040, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Doctor Esquerdo, 46, Madrid 28007, Spain; Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Doctor Esquerdo 46, Madrid 28007, Spain
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20
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Walkty A, Adam H, Tran V, Alexander DC, Boyd D, Bharat A, Karlowsky J. Failure of a multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay to detect IMP-27 in a clinical isolate of Morganella morganii. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2018; 92:194-195. [PMID: 30025967 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2018.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A case of an IMP-27-positive Morganella morganii isolate is reported, where the carbapenemase enzyme was demonstrated by whole genome sequencing. Carbapenemase detection using a multiplex PCR assay was negative due to mutations in the primer binding site. This case serves to illustrate the limitations of multiplex PCR for carbapenemase detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Walkty
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Diagnostic Services Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
| | - Heather Adam
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Diagnostic Services Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Vanessa Tran
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - David C Alexander
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Cadham Provincial Laboratory, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - David Boyd
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Amrita Bharat
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - James Karlowsky
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Diagnostic Services Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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21
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Janecko N, Martz SL, Avery BP, Daignault D, Desruisseau A, Boyd D, Irwin RJ, Mulvey MR, Reid-Smith RJ. Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacter spp. in Retail Seafood Imported from Southeast Asia to Canada. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 22:1675-7. [PMID: 27533255 PMCID: PMC4994362 DOI: 10.3201/eid2209.160305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Canadian recommendations for laboratory interpretation of multiple or extensive drug resistance in clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae, Acinetobacter species and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 44:29-34. [PMID: 29770096 DOI: 10.14745/ccdr.v44i01a07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this document was to provide Canadian laboratories with a framework for consistent reporting and monitoring of multidrug resistant organisms (MDRO) and extensively drug resistant organisms (XDRO) for common gram-negative pathogens. This is the final edition of the interim recommendations, which were modified after one year of broad consultative review. This edition represents a consensus of peer-reviewed information and was co-authored by the Canadian Public Health Laboratory Network and the Canadian Association of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. There are two main recommendations. The first recommendation provides standardized definitions for MDRO and XDRO for gram-negative organisms in clinical specimens. These definitions were limited to antibiotics that are commonly tested clinically and, to reduce ambiguity, resistance (rather than non-susceptibility) was used to calculate drug resistance status. The second recommendation identifies the use of standardized laboratory reporting of organisms identified as MDRO or XDRO. Through the broad consultation, which included public health and infection prevention and control colleagues, these definitions are ready to be applied for policy development. Both authoring organizations intend to review these recommendations regularly as antibiotic resistance testing evolves in Canada.
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Evaluation of a Modified Carbapenem Inactivation Method for Detection of Carbapenemases in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Clin Microbiol 2017; 56:JCM.01234-17. [PMID: 29070655 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01234-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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Codjoe FS, Donkor ES. Carbapenem Resistance: A Review. Med Sci (Basel) 2017; 6:medsci6010001. [PMID: 29267233 PMCID: PMC5872158 DOI: 10.3390/medsci6010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbapenem resistance is a major and an on-going public health problem globally. It occurs mainly among Gram-negative pathogens such as Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii, and may be intrinsic or mediated by transferable carbapenemase-encoding genes. This type of resistance genes are already widespread in certain parts of the world, particularly Europe, Asia and South America, while the situation in other places such as sub-Saharan Africa is not well documented. In this paper, we provide an in-depth review of carbapenem resistance providing up-to-date information on the subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis S Codjoe
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences (Microbiology Division), School of Biomedical & Allied Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Korle Bu KB 143 Accra, Ghana.
- Biomolecular Science Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield S1 1WB, UK.
| | - Eric S Donkor
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical & Allied Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Korle Bu KB 143 Accra, Ghana.
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Khorvash F, Yazdani M, Shabani S, Soudi A. Pseudomonas aeruginosa-producing Metallo-β-lactamases (VIM, IMP, SME, and AIM) in the Clinical Isolates of Intensive Care Units, a University Hospital in Isfahan, Iran. Adv Biomed Res 2017; 6:147. [PMID: 29285477 PMCID: PMC5735557 DOI: 10.4103/2277-9175.219412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a severe challenge for antimicrobial therapy, due to the chromosomal mutations or exhibition of intrinsic resistance to various antimicrobial agents such as most β-lactams. We undertook this study to evaluate the existence of SME, IMP, AIM, and VIM metallo-β-lactamases (MBL) encoding genes among P. aeruginosa strains isolated from Intensive Care Unit (ICU) patients in Al-Zahra Hospital in Isfahan, Iran. Materials and Methods: In a retrospective cross-sectional study that was conducted between March 2012 and April 2013, a total of 48 strains of P. aeruginosa were collected from clinical specimens of bedridden patients in ICU wards. Susceptibility test was performed by disc diffusion method. All of the meropenem-resistant strains were subjected to modified Hodge test for detection of carbapenemases. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction was performed for detection of blaVIM, blaIMP, blaAIM, and blaSME genes. Results: In disk diffusion method, imipenem and meropenem showed the most and colistin the least resistant antimicrobial agents against P. aeruginosa strains. Of the 48 isolates, 36 (75%) were multidrug resistant (MDR). Amplification of β-lactamase genes showed the presence of blaVIM genes in 7 (%14.6) strains and blaIMP genes in 15 (31.3%) strains. All of the isolates were negative for blaSME and blaAIM genes. We could not find any statistically significant difference among the presence of this gene and MDR positive, age, or source of the specimen. Conclusion: As patients with infections caused by MBL-producing bacteria are at an intensified risk of treatment failure, fast determination of these organisms is necessary. Our findings may provide useful insights in replace of the appropriate antibiotics and may also prevent MBLs mediated resistance problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzin Khorvash
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nosocomial Infection Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Yazdani
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nosocomial Infection Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Shiva Shabani
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Aliasghar Soudi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Zhang PLC, Shen X, Chalmers G, Reid-Smith RJ, Slavic D, Dick H, Boerlin P. Prevalence and mechanisms of extended-spectrum cephalosporin resistance in clinical and fecal Enterobacteriaceae isolates from dogs in Ontario, Canada. Vet Microbiol 2017; 213:82-88. [PMID: 29292008 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
There is little information on the genetic basis of resistance to the critically important extended-spectrum cephalosporins (ESCs) in Enterobacteriaceae from dogs in Canada. This study assessed the frequency of ESC resistance in Enterobacteriaceae isolated from dogs in Ontario and the distribution of major ESC resistance genes in these bacteria. A total of 542 Enterobacteriaceae were isolated from 506 clinical samples from two diagnostic laboratories in Ontario. Eighty-eight ESC-resistant Enterobacteriaceae and 217 Escherichia coli were isolated from 234 fecal samples from dogs collected at leash-free dog parks. These fecal isolates were tested for ESC resistance along with the clinical isolates. Isolates with reduced ESC susceptibility were screened for blaCMY, blaCTX-M, and blaSHV, and all CTX-M-positive isolates underwent whole-genome sequencing. The prevalence of ESC resistance in clinical Enterobacteriaceae was 10.4%. The average frequency of fecal carriage of ESC-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in healthy dogs was 26.5%. The majority of ESC-resistant isolates were E. coli and the other major Enterobacteriaceae carrying ESC resistance genes were Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus mirabilis. The results show that the same ESC resistance genes can be found in clinical and fecal Enterobacteriaceae in dogs. The identified E. coli sequence types (including ST131 and ST648) and CTX-M variants (including CTX-M-14, -15, and -27) support the hypothesis of transfer of resistant bacteria between humans and dogs. CTX-M-1 was frequently found in canine fecal Enterobacteriaceae, while it is still rare in human Enterobacteriaceae in Canada, thus suggesting transfer of resistant bacteria to dogs from food animals or other sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline L C Zhang
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. E, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Xiao Shen
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. E, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Gabhan Chalmers
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. E, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Richard J Reid-Smith
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. E, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada; Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. E, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada; Centre for Food-borne, Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Public Health Agency of Canada, 160 Research Lane, Suite 103, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 5B2, Canada
| | - Durda Slavic
- Animal Health Laboratory, Post Office 3612, Guelph, Ontario, N1H 6R8, Canada
| | - Hani Dick
- IDEXX Laboratories, 1345 Denison St., Markham, Ontario, L3R 5V2, Canada
| | - Patrick Boerlin
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. E, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada.
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Enterobacter cloacae Complex Isolates Harboring blaNMC-A or blaIMI-Type Class A Carbapenemase Genes on Novel Chromosomal Integrative Elements and Plasmids. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017; 61:AAC.02578-16. [PMID: 28223374 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02578-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacter cloacae complex isolates submitted to a reference laboratory from 2010 to 2015 were screened by PCR for seven common carbapenemase gene groups, namely, KPC, NDM, OXA-48, VIM, IMP, GES, and NMC-A/IMI. Nineteen of the submitted isolates (1.7%) were found to harbor Ambler class A blaNMC-A or blaIMI-type carbapenemases. All 19 isolates were resistant to at least one carbapenem but susceptible to aminoglycosides, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, tigecycline, and ciprofloxacin. Most isolates (17/19) gave positive results with the Carba-NP test for phenotypic carbapenemase detection. Isolates were genetically diverse by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis macrorestriction analysis, multilocus sequence typing, and hsp60 gene analysis. The genes were found in various Enterobacter cloacae complex species; however, blaNMC-A was highly associated with Enterobacter ludwigii Whole-genome sequencing and bioinformatics analysis revealed that all NMC-A (n = 10), IMI-1 (n = 5), and IMI-9 (n = 2) producers harbored the carbapenemase gene on EludIMEX-1-like integrative mobile elements (EcloIMEXs) located in the identical chromosomal locus. Two novel genes, blaIMI-5 and blaIMI-6, were harbored on different IncFII-type plasmids. Enterobacter cloacae complex isolates harboring blaNMC-A/IMI-type carbapenemases are relatively rare in Canada. Though mostly found integrated into the chromosome, some variants are located on plasmids that may enhance their mobility potential.
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Mellouk FZ, Bakour S, Meradji S, Al-Bayssari C, Bentakouk MC, Zouyed F, Djahoudi A, Boutefnouchet N, Rolain JM. First Detection of VIM-4-Producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa and OXA-48-Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in Northeastern (Annaba, Skikda) Algeria. Microb Drug Resist 2017; 23:335-344. [DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2016.0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Zohra Mellouk
- Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), UM 63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Aix-Marseille-Université, Marseille, France
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et de Microbiologie Appliquée, Département de Biochimie, Université Badji Mokhtar-Annaba, Annaba, Algérie
| | - Sofiane Bakour
- Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), UM 63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Aix-Marseille-Université, Marseille, France
| | - Sameh Meradji
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et de Microbiologie Appliquée, Département de Biochimie, Université Badji Mokhtar-Annaba, Annaba, Algérie
| | - Charbel Al-Bayssari
- Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), UM 63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Aix-Marseille-Université, Marseille, France
| | | | - Fatiha Zouyed
- Laboratoire central d'EPH EL Hadjar, Annaba, Algérie
| | | | - Nafissa Boutefnouchet
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et de Microbiologie Appliquée, Département de Biochimie, Université Badji Mokhtar-Annaba, Annaba, Algérie
| | - Jean Marc Rolain
- Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), UM 63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Aix-Marseille-Université, Marseille, France
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Results from the Canadian Nosocomial Infection Surveillance Program on Carbapenemase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae, 2010 to 2014. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016; 60:6787-6794. [PMID: 27600052 PMCID: PMC5075087 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01359-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) are increasing globally; here we report on the investigation of CPE in Canada over a 5-year period. Participating acute care facilities across Canada submitted carbapenem-nonsusceptible Enterobacteriaceae from 1 January 2010 to 31 December 2014 to the National Microbiology Laboratory. All CPE were characterized by antimicrobial susceptibilities, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, multilocus sequence typing, and plasmid restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis and had patient data collected using a standard questionnaire. The 5-year incidence rate of CPE was 0.09 per 10,000 patient days and 0.07 per 1,000 admissions. There were a total of 261 CPE isolated from 238 patients in 58 hospitals during the study period. blaKPC-3 (64.8%) and blaNDM-1 (17.6%) represented the highest proportion of carbapenemase genes detected in Canadian isolates. Patients who had a history of medical attention during international travel accounted for 21% of CPE cases. The hospital 30-day all-cause mortality rate for the 5-year surveillance period was 17.1 per 100 CPE cases. No significant increase in the occurrence of CPE was observed from 2010 to 2014. Nosocomial transmission of CPE, as well as international health care, is driving its persistence within Canada.
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Ribeiro LF, Barbosa MMC, Pinto FDR, Maluta RP, Oliveira MC, de Souza V, de Medeiros MIM, Borges LA, do Amaral LA, Fairbrother JM. Antimicrobial Resistance and Virulence Factors ofEscherichia coliin Cheese Made from Unpasteurized Milk in Three Cities in Brazil. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2016; 13:469-76. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2015.2106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Laryssa Freitas Ribeiro
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Reprodução Animal, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | | | | | - Renato Pariz Maluta
- Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Mônica Costa Oliveira
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Reprodução Animal, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | | | | | - Lucimara Antonio Borges
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Reprodução Animal, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Luiz Augusto do Amaral
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Reprodução Animal, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - John Morris Fairbrother
- Département de Pathologie et Microbiologie, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Canada
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Detection of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Source and Drinking Water Samples from a First Nations Community in Canada. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016; 82:4767-4775. [PMID: 27235436 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00798-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Access to safe drinking water is now recognized as a human right by the United Nations. In developed countries like Canada, access to clean water is generally not a matter of concern. However, one in every five First Nations reserves is under a drinking water advisory, often due to unacceptable microbiological quality. In this study, we analyzed source and potable water from a First Nations community for the presence of coliform bacteria as well as various antibiotic resistance genes. Samples, including those from drinking water sources, were found to be positive for various antibiotic resistance genes, namely, ampC, tet(A), mecA, β-lactamase genes (SHV-type, TEM-type, CTX-M-type, OXA-1, and CMY-2-type), and carbapenemase genes (KPC, IMP, VIM, NDM, GES, and OXA-48 genes). Not surprisingly, substantial numbers of total coliforms, including Escherichia coli, were recovered from these samples, and this result was also confirmed using Illumina sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. These findings deserve further attention, as the presence of coliforms and antibiotic resistance genes potentially puts the health of the community members at risk. IMPORTANCE In this study, we highlight the poor microbiological quality of drinking water in a First Nations community in Canada. We examined the coliform load as well as the presence of antibiotic resistance genes in these samples. This study examined the presence of antibiotic-resistant genes in drinking water samples from a First Nations Community in Canada. We believe that our findings are of considerable significance, since the issue of poor water quality in First Nations communities in Canada is often ignored, and our findings will help shed some light on this important issue.
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Jahanbakhsh S, Smith MG, Kohan-Ghadr HR, Letellier A, Abraham S, Trott DJ, Fairbrother JM. Dynamics of extended-spectrum cephalosporin resistance in pathogenic Escherichia coli isolated from diseased pigs in Quebec, Canada. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2016; 48:194-202. [PMID: 27286922 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the evolution with time of ceftiofur-resistant Escherichia coli clinical isolates from pigs in Québec, Canada, between 1997 and 2012 with respect to pathotypes, clones and antimicrobial resistance. Eighty-five ceftiofur-resistant E. coli isolates were obtained from the OIE (World Organisation for Animal Health) Reference Laboratory for Escherichia coli. The most prevalent pathovirotypes were enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC):F4 (40%), extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC) (16.5%) and Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC):F18 (8.2%). Susceptibility testing to 15 antimicrobial agents revealed a high prevalence of resistance to 13 antimicrobials, with all isolates being multidrug-resistant. blaCMY-2 (96.5%) was the most frequently detected β-lactamase gene, followed by blaTEM (49.4%) and blaCTX-M (3.5%). Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) applied to 45 representative E. coli isolates revealed that resistance to ceftiofur is spread both horizontally and clonally. In addition, the emergence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing E. coli isolates carrying blaCTX-M was observed in 2011 and 2012 in distinct clones. The most predominant plasmid incompatibility (Inc) groups were IncFIB, IncI1, IncA/C and IncFIC. Resistance to gentamicin, kanamycin and chloramphenicol as well as the frequency of blaTEM and IncA/C significantly decreased over the study period, whereas the frequency of IncI1 and multidrug resistance to seven antimicrobial categories significantly increased. These findings reveal that extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant porcine E. coli isolates in Québec belong to several different clones with diverse antimicrobial resistance patterns and plasmids. Furthermore, blaCMY-2 was the major β-lactamase gene in these isolates. From 2011, we report the emergence of blaCTX-M in distinct clones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyedehameneh Jahanbakhsh
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Escherichia coli (EcL), Centre de recherche en infectiologie porcine et aviaire (CRIPA), Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Matthew G Smith
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy Campus, Mudla Wirra Road, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia
| | - Hamid-Reza Kohan-Ghadr
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Escherichia coli (EcL), Centre de recherche en infectiologie porcine et aviaire (CRIPA), Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Ann Letellier
- NSERC Industrial Research Chair in Meat Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Sam Abraham
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Darren J Trott
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy Campus, Mudla Wirra Road, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia
| | - John Morris Fairbrother
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Escherichia coli (EcL), Centre de recherche en infectiologie porcine et aviaire (CRIPA), Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada.
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Healthcare-associated infections due to carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae: Bacteriological profile and risk factors. Med Mal Infect 2016; 46:157-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medmal.2015.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Interim Recommendations for the Reporting of Extensively Drug Resistant and Pan Drug Resistant Isolates of Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter spp. and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 42:96-104. [PMID: 29770011 DOI: 10.14745/ccdr.v42i04a04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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35
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Gray AP, Allard R, Paré R, Tannenbaum T, Lefebvre B, Lévesque S, Mulvey M, Maalouf L, Perna S, Longtin Y. Management of a hospital outbreak of extensively drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii using a multimodal intervention including daily chlorhexidine baths. J Hosp Infect 2016; 93:29-34. [PMID: 26876749 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2015.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extensively drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (XDR-Ab) is an increasingly important cause of healthcare-associated infection. Uncertainties remain concerning optimal control measures for healthcare-associated outbreaks. AIM To describe the epidemiology and control of an XDR-Ab outbreak that involved multiple units of a large hospital from March 2012 to January 2014. METHODS Case-finding included screening of rectum, groin, throat, nose, wounds, iatrogenic portals of entry, and catheterized sites. Antimicrobial susceptibility was evaluated by disc diffusion and E-test. Resistance genes were detected by polymerase chain reaction. Clonality was assessed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Charts of cases were reviewed to identify risk factors for invasive infection. Control measures included isolation and cohorting of cases, hand hygiene reinforcement, environmental decontamination, and source control with daily baths using wipes pre-impregnated with chlorhexidine gluconate. FINDINGS A single clonal strain of XDR-Ab colonized or infected 29 patients. Five patients died of XDR-Ab bacteraemia. Transmission occurred primarily on two wards. Colonization was detected at all anatomical screening sites; only 57% (16/28) of cases were rectal carriers. Advanced malignancy was a risk factor for bacteraemia (relative risk: 5.8; 95% confidence interval: 1.2-27.0). Transmission ended following implementation of the multimodal control strategy. No additional nosocomial cases occurred during the following 20 months. CONCLUSION Our study highlights the need to screen multiple anatomic sites to diagnose carriage and identifies risk factors for XDR-Ab bacteraemia. A multimodal intervention that included daily chlorhexidine baths for cases was rapidly followed by the termination of the outbreak. Hospitals should consider similar interventions when managing future XDR-Ab outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Gray
- Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - R Allard
- Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Montreal Public Health Department, Montreal, Canada
| | - R Paré
- Montreal Public Health Department, Montreal, Canada
| | - T Tannenbaum
- Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Montreal Public Health Department, Montreal, Canada
| | - B Lefebvre
- Laboratoire de santé publique du Québec, Institut national de santé publique du Québec, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec, Canada
| | - S Lévesque
- Laboratoire de santé publique du Québec, Institut national de santé publique du Québec, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec, Canada
| | - M Mulvey
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - L Maalouf
- Infection Prevention and Control Unit, Jewish General Hospital-SMBD, Montreal, Canada
| | - S Perna
- Infection Prevention and Control Unit, Jewish General Hospital-SMBD, Montreal, Canada
| | - Y Longtin
- Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Infection Prevention and Control Unit, Jewish General Hospital-SMBD, Montreal, Canada.
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Colistin-Nonsusceptible Pseudomonas aeruginosa Sequence Type 654 with blaNDM-1 Arrives in North America. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016; 60:1794-800. [PMID: 26824951 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02591-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This study describes 3 different blaNDM-1 genetic platforms in 3 different species obtained from the same patient who was directly transferred to an institution in Calgary, Alberta, Canada, following a prolonged hospital stay in India. The blaNDM-1 in the Escherichia coli isolate was located on a 176-kb IncA/C plasmid contained within an ISCR1 region. The blaNDM-1 in the Providencia rettgeri isolate was located on a 117-kb IncT plasmid contained within Tn3000, while the blaNDM-1 in the Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolate was located on the chromosome within an ISCR3 region. This report highlights the plasticity of the genetic regions and environments associated with blaNDM-1. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of P. aeruginosa with blaNDM-1 identified in North America and the first report of blaOXA-181 in P. rettgeri. The P. aeruginosa isolate belonged to the international high-risk sequence type 654 clone and was nonsusceptible to colistin. This case emphasizes the need for the use of appropriate infection prevention and control measures and vigilant screening for carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria in patients with a history of travel to areas of endemicity, such as the Indian subcontinent.
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Characterization of VCC-1, a Novel Ambler Class A Carbapenemase from Vibrio cholerae Isolated from Imported Retail Shrimp Sold in Canada. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016; 60:1819-25. [PMID: 26824956 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02812-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the core goals of the Canadian Integrated Program for Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance (CIPARS) is to monitor major meat commodities for antimicrobial resistance. Targeted studies with methodologies based on core surveillance protocols are used to examine other foods, e.g., seafood, for antimicrobial resistance to detect resistances of concern to public health. Here we report the discovery of a novel Ambler class A carbapenemase that was identified in a nontoxigenic strain of Vibrio cholerae (N14-02106) isolated from shrimp that was sold for human consumption in Canada. V. cholerae N14-02106 was resistant to penicillins, carbapenems, and monobactam antibiotics; however, PCR did not detect common β-lactamases. Bioinformatic analysis of the whole-genome sequence of V. cholerae N14-02106 revealed on the large chromosome a novel carbapenemase (referred to here as VCC-1, for Vibrio cholerae carbapenemase 1) with sequence similarity to class A enzymes. Two copies of blaVCC-1 separated and flanked by ISVch9 (i.e., 3 copies of ISVch9) were found in an acquired 8.5-kb region inserted into a VrgG family protein gene. Cloned blaVCC-1 conferred a β-lactam resistance profile similar to that in V. cholerae N14-02106 when it was transformed into a susceptible laboratory strain of Escherichia coli. Purified VCC-1 was found to hydrolyze penicillins, 1st-generation cephalosporins, aztreonam, and carbapenems, whereas 2nd- and 3rd-generation cephalosporins were poor substrates. Using nitrocefin as a reporter substrate, VCC-1 was moderately inhibited by clavulanic acid and tazobactam but not EDTA. In this report, we present the discovery of a novel class A carbapenemase from the food supply.
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Fortin E, Quach C, Fontela PS, Buckeridge DL, Platt RW. A Simulation Study to Assess Indicators of Antimicrobial Use as Predictors of Resistance: Does It Matter Which Indicator Is Used? PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145761. [PMID: 26700185 PMCID: PMC4689584 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Indicators of antimicrobial use have been described previously, but few studies have compared their accuracy in prediction of antimicrobial resistance in hospital settings. This study aimed to identify conditions under which significant differences would be observed in the predictive accuracy of indicators in the context of surveillance of intensive care units (ICUs). METHODS Ten resistance / antimicrobial use combinations were studied. We used simulation to determine if Québec's network of 81 ICUs or the National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) of 2952 ICUs are large enough to allow the detection of predetermined differences between the most accurate and 1) the second most accurate indicator, and 2) the least accurate indicator, in more than 80% of simulations. For each indicator, we simulated absolute errors in prediction for each ICU and each 4-week period, for surveillance lasting up to 5 years. Absolute errors were generated following a binomial distribution, using mean absolute errors (MAEs) observed in 9 ICUs as the average proportion; simulated MAEs were compared using t-tests. This was repeated 1000 times per scenario. RESULTS When comparing the two most accurate indicators, 80% power was reached less often with the Québec network versus the NHSN (0/20 versus 2/20 scenarios, with 5 years of surveillance data), a finding reinforced when comparing the most and least accurate indicators (3/20 versus 20/20 scenarios). When simulating 1 year of data, scenarios reaching an 80% power dropped to 0/20, comparing the two most accurate indicators with the larger network, and to 1/20, comparing the most and least accurate indicators with the smaller network. CONCLUSION Most of the time (72%), identifying an indicator of antimicrobial use predicting antimicrobial resistance with a better accuracy was not possible. The choice of an indicator for an eventual surveillance system should rely on criteria other that predictive accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Fortin
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Direction des risques biologiques et de la santé au travail, Institut national de santé publique du Québec, Québec and Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Caroline Quach
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Direction des risques biologiques et de la santé au travail, Institut national de santé publique du Québec, Québec and Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, The Montréal Children's Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Patricia S. Fontela
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, The Montréal Children's Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - David L. Buckeridge
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Robert W. Platt
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Epidemiologic and Genotypic Review of Carbapenemase-Producing Organisms in British Columbia, Canada, between 2008 and 2014. J Clin Microbiol 2015; 54:317-27. [PMID: 26607987 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02289-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbapenemase-producing organisms (CPOs) are a serious emerging problem for health care facilities worldwide. Owing to their resistance to most antimicrobial therapies, CPOs are difficult to treat and pose a challenge for infection prevention and control. Since 2010, lab-based surveillance for CPOs and PCR-based testing were implemented in British Columbia (BC), Canada. A review of CPOs in BC from 2008 to March 2014 was done to characterize the resistance mechanisms and possible clonal strain transmission and to compare pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), multilocus sequence typing (MLST), and plasmid restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) as molecular typing tools. During this study period, a total of 177 CPO cases were identified. Patient demographics and travel history were reviewed, and a descriptive analysis was carried out. PFGE profiles, MLST, and plasmid RFLP analysis for a subset of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Enterobacter species isolates were obtained and analyzed. Our findings demonstrate that CPOs have been increasing in number in BC over time, from 1 isolate/year retrospectively identified in 2008 and 2009 to 82 isolates in 2013 and 30 isolates in the first quarter of 2014. Overall, K. pneumoniae isolates lack clonality, although some seemingly related clusters have been found. Plasmid analysis showed evidence of the spread of plasmids carrying carbapenemase-encoding genes between the examined isolates. Analysis of Enterobacter cloacae isolates revealed a more clonal nature of these CPOs in BC. The presence of related clusters provides evidence of interpatient organism transmission both within and between institutions. Although in our study, NDM-harboring E. cloacae isolates appeared to spread clonally, the spread of carbapenem resistance in K. pneumoniae seems to be plasmid mediated.
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Sun Y, Li M, Chen L, Chen H, Yu X, Ye J, Zhang Y, Ma C, Zhou T. Prevalence and molecular characterization of carbapenemase-producing gram-negative bacteria from a university hospital in China. Infect Dis (Lond) 2015; 48:138-46. [DOI: 10.3109/23744235.2015.1094822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Sun
- From the Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou and
| | - Meimei Li
- From the Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou and
| | - Lijiang Chen
- From the Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou and
| | - Huale Chen
- From the Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou and
| | - Xiao Yu
- From the School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jianzhong Ye
- From the Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou and
| | - Yapei Zhang
- From the Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou and
| | - Chuanling Ma
- From the Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou and
| | - Tieli Zhou
- From the Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou and
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Hong DJ, Bae IK, Jang IH, Jeong SH, Kang HK, Lee K. Epidemiology and Characteristics of Metallo-β-Lactamase-Producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Infect Chemother 2015; 47:81-97. [PMID: 26157586 PMCID: PMC4495280 DOI: 10.3947/ic.2015.47.2.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Metallo-β-lactamase-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MPPA) is an important nosocomial pathogen that shows resistance to all β-lactam antibiotics except monobactams. There are various types of metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs) in carbapenem-resistant P. aeruginosa including Imipenemase (IMP), Verona integron-encoded metallo-β-lactamase (VIM), Sao Paulo metallo-β-lactamase (SPM), Germany imipenemase (GIM), New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase (NDM), Florence imipenemase (FIM). Each MBL gene is located on specific genetic elements including integrons, transposons, plasmids, or on the chromosome, in which they carry genes encoding determinants of resistance to carbapenems and other antibiotics, conferring multidrug resistance to P. aeruginosa. In addition, these genetic elements are transferable to other Gram-negative species, increasing the antimicrobial resistance rate and complicating the treatment of infected patients. Therefore, it is essential to understand the epidemiology, resistance mechanism, and molecular characteristics of MPPA for infection control and prevention of a possible global health crisis. Here, we highlight the characteristics of MPPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duck Jin Hong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Research Institute of Bacterial Resistance, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Il Kwon Bae
- Department of Dental Hygiene, Silla University, Busan, Korea
| | - In-Ho Jang
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Sangji University, Wonju, Korea
| | - Seok Hoon Jeong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Research Institute of Bacterial Resistance, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun-Kyung Kang
- Department of Dental Hygiene, Silla University, Busan, Korea
| | - Kyungwon Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Research Institute of Bacterial Resistance, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Rapid Detection of KPC, NDM, and OXA-48-Like Carbapenemases by Real-Time PCR from Rectal Swab Surveillance Samples. J Clin Microbiol 2015; 53:2731-3. [PMID: 26019195 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01237-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe a multiplex real-time PCR assay for use on the ABI 7500 Fast TaqMan platform to detect all currently described Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemases (KPC), New Delhi metallo-β-lactamases (NDM), and the OXA-48-like family of carbapenemases from bacterial culture lysates or sample enrichment broth lysates.
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PREVALENCE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF ESCHERICHIA COLI AND SALMONELLA SPP. IN THE FECES OF WILD URBAN NORWAY AND BLACK RATS (RATTUS NORVEGICUS AND RATTUS RATTUS) FROM AN INNER-CITY NEIGHBORHOOD OF VANCOUVER, CANADA. J Wildl Dis 2015; 51:589-600. [PMID: 25932669 DOI: 10.7589/2014-09-242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Although rat feces are widely suspected to be a source of pathogenic bacteria, few investigators have studied fecal pathogens in rats. We investigated the prevalence and characteristics of Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. in Norway and black rats (Rattus norvegicus and Rattus rattus, respectively) from an urban neighborhood of Vancouver, Canada, collected September 2011-August 2012. Colon content was cultured for E. coli and Salmonella spp. and screened for the seven most-common enteropathogenic Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) serotypes by PCR. Isolates were tested for antimicrobial resistance and Salmonella isolates were serotyped. We detected E. coli in 397/633 (62.7%) urban rats. Forty-one of 397 (6.5%) E. coli isolates were resistant to ≥ 1 antimicrobial while 17 (4.3%) were multidrug resistant (including two isolates demonstrating extended-spectrum β-lactamase resistance). Ten of 633 (1.6%) urban rats were carrying STEC serotypes including O145, O103, O26, and O45. Norway rats were more likely to be carrying E. coli compared to black rats, and there was geographic clustering of specific resistance patterns and STEC serotypes. Salmonella spp. were detected in 3/633 (0.5%) rats including serotypes Derby, Indiana, and Enteritidis. In contrast to zoonotic pathogens for which rats are the natural reservoir (e.g., Leptospira interrogans, Rickettsia typhi, Seoul virus), rats likely acquired E. coli and Salmonella spp. from their environment. The ability of rats to be a 'sponge' for environmental pathogens has received little consideration, and the ecology and public health significance of these organisms in rats requires further investigation.
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Lefebvre B, Lévesque S, Bourgault AM, Mulvey MR, Mataseje L, Boyd D, Doualla-Bell F, Tremblay C. Carbapenem non-susceptible enterobacteriaceae in Quebec, Canada: results of a laboratory surveillance program (2010-2012). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125076. [PMID: 25910041 PMCID: PMC4409364 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence and spread of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) represent a major public health concern because these bacteria are usually extensively resistant to most antibiotics. In order to evaluate their dissemination in Quebec, a surveillance program was introduced in 2010. We report the molecular and epidemiological profiles of CPE isolates collected. Between August 2010 and December 2012, a total of 742 non-duplicate isolates non-susceptible to carbapenems were analysed. AmpC β-lactamase and metallo-β-lactamase production were detected by Etest and carbapenemase production by the modified Hodge test (MHT). Antibiotic susceptibility profiles were determined using broth microdilution or Etest. Clonality of Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC) strains was analyzed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). The presence of genes encoding carbapenemases as well as other β-lactamases was detected using PCR. Of the 742 isolates tested, 169 (22.8%) were CPE. Of these 169 isolates, 151 (89.3%) harboured a blaKPC gene while the remaining isolates carried blaSME (n = 9), blaOXA-48 (n = 5), blaNDM (n = 3), and blaNMC (n = 1) genes. Among the 93 KPC strains presenting with a unique pattern (unique PFGE pattern and/or unique antibiotics susceptibility profile), 99% were resistant to ertapenem, 95% to imipenem, 87% to meropenem, 97% to aztreonam, 31% to colistin and 2% to tigecycline. In 19 patients, 2 to 5 KPC strains from different species or with a different PFGE pattern were isolated. CPE strains were present in the province of Quebec with the majority of strains harbouring KPC. Alternately, SME, OXA-48 and NMC containing strains were rarely found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte Lefebvre
- Laboratoire de santé publique du Québec, Institut national de santé publique du Québec, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Simon Lévesque
- Laboratoire de santé publique du Québec, Institut national de santé publique du Québec, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec, Canada
| | - Anne-Marie Bourgault
- McGill University Health Centre and Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Michael R. Mulvey
- Bacteriology and Enteric Diseases Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Laura Mataseje
- Bacteriology and Enteric Diseases Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - David Boyd
- Bacteriology and Enteric Diseases Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Florence Doualla-Bell
- Laboratoire de santé publique du Québec, Institut national de santé publique du Québec, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec, Canada
| | - Cécile Tremblay
- Laboratoire de santé publique du Québec, Institut national de santé publique du Québec, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec, Canada
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Taylor G, Gravel D, Saxinger L, Bush K, Simmonds K, Matlow A, Embree J, Le Saux N, Johnston L, Suh KN, Embil J, Henderson E, John M, Roth V, Wong A. Prevalence of antimicrobial use in a network of Canadian hospitals in 2002 and 2009. THE CANADIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES & MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY = JOURNAL CANADIEN DES MALADIES INFECTIEUSES ET DE LA MICROBIOLOGIE MEDICALE 2015; 26:85-9. [PMID: 26015790 PMCID: PMC4419819 DOI: 10.1155/2015/468987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing antimicrobial resistance has been identified as an important global health threat. Antimicrobial use is a major driver of resistance, especially in the hospital sector. Understanding the extent and type of antimicrobial use in Canadian hospitals will aid in developing national antimicrobial stewardship priorities. METHODS In 2002 and 2009, as part of one-day prevalence surveys to quantify hospital-acquired infections in Canadian Nosocomial Infection Surveillance Program hospitals, data were collected on the use of systemic antimicrobial agents in all patients in participating hospitals. Specific agents in use (other than antiviral and antiparasitic agents) on the survey day and patient demographic information were collected. RESULTS In 2002, 2460 of 6747 patients (36.5%) in 28 hospitals were receiving antimicrobial therapy. In 2009, 3989 of 9953 (40.1%) patients in 44 hospitals were receiving antimicrobial therapy (P<0.001). Significantly increased use was observed in central Canada (37.4% to 40.8%) and western Canada (36.9% to 41.1%) but not in eastern Canada (32.9% to 34.1%). In 2009, antimicrobial use was most common on solid organ transplant units (71.0% of patients), intensive care units (68.3%) and hematology/oncology units (65.9%). Compared with 2002, there was a significant decrease in use of first-and second-generation cephalosporins, and significant increases in use of carbapenems, antifungal agents and vancomycin in 2009. Piperacillin-tazobactam, as a proportion of all penicillins, increased from 20% in 2002 to 42.8% in 2009 (P<0.001). There was a significant increase in simultaneous use of >1 agent, from 12.0% of patients in 2002 to 37.7% in 2009. CONCLUSION From 2002 to 2009, the prevalence of antimicrobial agent use in Canadian Nosocomial Infection Surveillance Program hospitals significantly increased; additionally, increased use of broad-spectrum agents and a marked increase in simultaneous use of multiple agents were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Denise Gravel
- Centre for Communicable Diseases and Infection Control, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario
| | | | | | | | - Anne Matlow
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario
| | | | - Nicole Le Saux
- The Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Ontario
| | - Lynn Johnston
- Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia
| | | | - John Embil
- Health Sciences Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba
| | | | | | | | - Alice Wong
- Royal University Hospital, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan
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46
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Williams V, Simor AE, Kiss A, McGeer A, Hirji Z, Larios OE, Moore C, Weiss K. Is the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms changing in Canadian hospitals? Comparison of point-prevalence survey results in 2010 and 2012. Clin Microbiol Infect 2015; 21:553-9. [PMID: 25677630 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2015.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A national point-prevalence survey for infection or colonization with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE), and for Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) was done in Canadian hospitals in 2010. A follow-up survey was done in November 2012 to determine whether there were any changes in the prevalence of these organisms; we also determined the prevalence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae, and carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CREs). Associations between prevalence and infection prevention and control policies were evaluated in logistic regression models. A total of 143 (67% of eligible facilities) hospitals with 29 042 adult inpatients participated in the survey, with representation from all 10 provinces; 132 hospitals participated in 2010 and 2012. There were no significant changes in the median prevalence of MRSA in 2010 (4.3%) compared to 2012 (3.9%), or of CDI in 2010 (0.8%) compared to 2012 (0.9%). A higher median prevalence of VRE was identified in 2012 (1.3%) compared to 2010 (0.5%) (p 0.04), despite decreased VRE screening in 2012. The median prevalence of ESBLs was 0.7% and was 0 for CREs; CREs were reported from only 10 hospitals (7.0%). A policy of routinely caring for patients with MRSA or VRE in a private isolation room was associated with lower prevalence of these organisms. Targeted screening of high-risk patients at admission was associated with lower MRSA prevalence; better hand hygiene compliance was associated with lower VRE prevalence. These data provide national prevalence rates for antibiotic-resistant organisms among adults hospitalized in Canadian hospitals. Certain infection prevention and control policies were associated with prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Williams
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - A E Simor
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - A Kiss
- Institute of Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - A McGeer
- Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Z Hirji
- The Scarborough Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - O E Larios
- University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - C Moore
- Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - K Weiss
- Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Walkty A, Gilmour M, Simner P, Embil JM, Boyd D, Mulvey M, Karlowsky J. Isolation of multiple carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative bacilli from a patient recently hospitalized in Nigeria. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2015; 81:296-8. [PMID: 25676712 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2015.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A 29-year-old female transferred to a tertiary care hospital in Winnipeg, Canada, after a prolonged period of hospitalization in Nigeria was found to be colonized with a VIM-2-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a NDM-1-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae, and an OXA-181-producing Escherichia coli. Detection of carbapenemase-producing organisms from a rectal swab was accomplished by screening with chromogenic media, followed by confirmation with the Rapid CARB Screen kit (Rosco Diagnostica, Taastrup, Denmark). This case illustrates the need for clinical microbiology laboratories to have a protocol in place to screen patients for carbapenemase producers, even in countries where these organisms are rarely encountered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Walkty
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Diagnostic Services Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
| | - Matthew Gilmour
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Diagnostic Services Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Patricia Simner
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Diagnostic Services Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - John M Embil
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - David Boyd
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Michael Mulvey
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; National Microbiology Laboratory, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - James Karlowsky
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Diagnostic Services Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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48
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Lowe CF, Kus JV, Salt N, Callery S, Louie L, Khan MA, Vearncombe M, Simor AE. Nosocomial Transmission of New Delhi Metallo-β-Lactamase-1-Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in Toronto, Canada. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2015; 34:49-55. [DOI: 10.1086/668778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Design.An analysis of a cluster of New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase-l-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae (NDMl-Kp) and a retrospective case-cohort analysis of risk factors for acquisition in contacts of NDM1-Kp-positive patients.Setting.A 1,100-bed Canadian academic tertiary care center.Patients.Two index patients positive for NDMl-Kp as well as 45 contacts (roommates, ward mates, or environmental contacts) were investigated.Methods.Retrospective chart reviews of all patients colonized or infected with NDM1-Kp as well as contacts of these patients were performed in order to describe the epidemiology and impact of infection prevention and control measures. A case-cohort analysis was conducted investigating 45 contacts of NDM1-Kp-positive patients to determine risk factors for acquisition of NDM1-Kp. Rectal swabs were screened for NDMl-Kp using chromogenic agar. Presence of blaNDM-1 was confirmed by multiplex polymerase chain reaction. Clonality was assessed with pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) using restriction enzyme XbaI.Results.Two index cases carrying NDM1-Kp with different PFGE patterns were identified. Nosocomial transmission to 7 patients (4 roommates, 2 ward mates, and 1 environmental contact) was subsequenüy identified. Risk factors for acquisition of NDM1-Kp were a history of prior receipt of certain antibiotics (fluoroquinolones [odds ratio (OR), 16.8 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.30-58.8); P = .005], trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole [OR, 11.3 (95% CI, 1.84-70.0); P = .01], and carbapenems [OR, 16.8 (95% CI, 1.79-157.3); P = .04]) and duration of exposure to NDM1-Kp-positive roommates (26.5 vs 6.7 days; P< .001).Conclusion.Two distinct clones of NDM1-Kp were transmitted to 7 inpatient contacts over several months. Implementation of contact precautions, screening of contacts for NDM1-Kp carriage, and attention to environmental disinfection contributed to the interruption of subsequent spread of the organism. The appropriate duration and frequency of screening contacts of NDMl-Kp-positive patients require further study.
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Tijet N, Sheth PM, Lastovetska O, Chung C, Patel SN, Melano RG. Molecular characterization of Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC)-producing Enterobacteriaceae in Ontario, Canada, 2008-2011. PLoS One 2014; 9:e116421. [PMID: 25549365 PMCID: PMC4280202 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the lack of detailed reports of Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC)-producing enterobacteria in Ontario, Canada, we perform a molecular characterization of KPC-producing Enterobacteriaceae submitted to the provincial reference laboratory from 2008 to 2011. Susceptibility profiles were accessed by E-test. Molecular types of isolates were determined by pulse-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multilocus sequence typing. Screening of ß-lactamase genes was performed by multiplex PCR and alleles were identified by DNA sequencing. The genetic platform of blaKPC gene was analyzed by PCR. Plasmid replicons were typed using PCR-based typing approach. KPC-plasmids were also evaluated by S1 nuclease-PFGE and Southern blot. Thirty unique clinical isolates (26 Klebsiella pneumoniae, 2 Enterobacter cloacae, 1 Citrobacter freundii and 1 Raoultella ornithinolytica) were identified as blaKPC positive: 4 in 2008, 3 in 2009, 10 in 2010 and 13 in 2011. The majority exhibited resistance to carbapenems, cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones and two isolates were also resistant to colistin. The isolates harbored blaKPC-2 (n = 23) or blaKPC-3 (n = 7). blaTEM-1 (n = 27) was commonly detected and occasionally blaOXA-1 (n = 3) and blaCTX-M-15 (n = 1). As expected, all K. pneumoniae isolates carried blaSHV-11. blaKPC genes were identified on Tn4401a (n = 20) or b (n = 10) isoforms, on plasmids of different sizes belonging to the incompatibility groups IncFIIA (n = 19), IncN (n = 3), IncI2 (n = 3), IncFrep (n = 2) and IncA/C (n = 1). The occurrence of KPC ß-lactamase in Ontario was mainly associated with the spread of the K. pneumoniae clone ST258.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Tijet
- Public Health Ontario Laboratories, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Prameet M. Sheth
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Catherine Chung
- Public Health Ontario Laboratories, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Samir N. Patel
- Public Health Ontario Laboratories, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Roberto G. Melano
- Public Health Ontario Laboratories, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Mt Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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50
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Boyd D, Taylor G, Fuller J, Bryce E, Embree J, Gravel D, Katz K, Kibsey P, Kuhn M, Langley J, Mataseje L, Mitchell R, Roscoe D, Simor A, Thomas E, Turgeon N, Mulvey M. Complete Sequence of Four Multidrug-Resistant MOBQ1 Plasmids Harboring blaGES-5 Isolated from Escherichia coli and Serratia marcescens Persisting in a Hospital in Canada. Microb Drug Resist 2014; 21:253-60. [PMID: 25545311 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2014.0205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The usefulness of carbapenems for gram-negative infections is becoming compromised by organisms harboring carbapenemases, enzymes which can hydrolyze the drug. Currently KPC (class A), NDM (class B), and OXA-48 types (class D) are the most globally widespread carbapenemases. However, among the GES-type class A extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) there are variants that hydrolyze carbapenems, with blaGES-5 being the most common. Two Escherichia coli and two Serratia marcescens harboring blaGES-5 on plasmids were isolated by the Canadian Nosocomial Infection Surveillance Program (CNISP) from four different patients in a single hospital over a 2-year period. Complete sequencing of the blaGES-5 plasmids indicated that all four had nearly identical backbones consisting of genes for replication, partitioning, and stability, but contained variant accessory regions consisting of mobile elements and antimicrobial resistance genes. The plasmids were of a novel replicon type, but belonged to the MOBQ1 group based on relaxase sequences, and appeared to be mobilizable, but not self-transmissible. Considering the time periods of bacterial isolation, it would appear the blaGES-5 plasmid has persisted in an environmental niche for at least 2 years in the hospital. This has implications for infection control and clinical care when it is transferred to clinically relevant gram-negative organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Boyd
- 1National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Geoffrey Taylor
- 2Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Jeff Fuller
- 2Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | | | - Joanne Embree
- 4Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Denise Gravel
- 5Centre for Communicable Disease and Infection Control, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Kevin Katz
- 6Infection Prevention and Control, North York General Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Pamela Kibsey
- 7Department of Laboratory Medicine, Victoria General Hospital, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | | | | | - Laura Mataseje
- 1National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Robyn Mitchell
- 5Centre for Communicable Disease and Infection Control, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Diane Roscoe
- 3Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Andrew Simor
- 10Infectious Diseases Division, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Eva Thomas
- 11Children's and Women's Health Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Michael Mulvey
- 1National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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