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Apetroaei MM, Velescu BȘ, Nedea MI(I, Dinu-Pîrvu CE, Drăgănescu D, Fâcă AI, Udeanu DI, Arsene AL. The Phenomenon of Antiretroviral Drug Resistance in the Context of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Treatment: Dynamic and Ever Evolving Subject Matter. Biomedicines 2024; 12:915. [PMID: 38672269 PMCID: PMC11048092 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12040915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a significant global health issue that affects a substantial number of individuals across the globe, with a total of 39 million individuals living with HIV/AIDS. ART has resulted in a reduction in HIV-related mortality. Nevertheless, the issue of medication resistance is a significant obstacle in the management of HIV/AIDS. The unique genetic composition of HIV enables it to undergo rapid mutations and adapt, leading to the emergence of drug-resistant forms. The development of drug resistance can be attributed to various circumstances, including noncompliance with treatment regimens, insufficient dosage, interactions between drugs, viral mutations, preexposure prophylactics, and transmission from mother to child. It is therefore essential to comprehend the molecular components of HIV and the mechanisms of antiretroviral medications to devise efficacious treatment options for HIV/AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miruna-Maria Apetroaei
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia Street, 020956 Bucharest, Romania; (M.-M.A.); (M.I.N.); (C.E.D.-P.); (D.D.); (A.I.F.); (D.I.U.); (A.L.A.)
| | - Bruno Ștefan Velescu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia Street, 020956 Bucharest, Romania; (M.-M.A.); (M.I.N.); (C.E.D.-P.); (D.D.); (A.I.F.); (D.I.U.); (A.L.A.)
| | - Marina Ionela (Ilie) Nedea
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia Street, 020956 Bucharest, Romania; (M.-M.A.); (M.I.N.); (C.E.D.-P.); (D.D.); (A.I.F.); (D.I.U.); (A.L.A.)
| | - Cristina Elena Dinu-Pîrvu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia Street, 020956 Bucharest, Romania; (M.-M.A.); (M.I.N.); (C.E.D.-P.); (D.D.); (A.I.F.); (D.I.U.); (A.L.A.)
| | - Doina Drăgănescu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia Street, 020956 Bucharest, Romania; (M.-M.A.); (M.I.N.); (C.E.D.-P.); (D.D.); (A.I.F.); (D.I.U.); (A.L.A.)
| | - Anca Ionela Fâcă
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia Street, 020956 Bucharest, Romania; (M.-M.A.); (M.I.N.); (C.E.D.-P.); (D.D.); (A.I.F.); (D.I.U.); (A.L.A.)
- Marius Nasta Institute of Pneumophthisiology, 90 Viilor Street, 050159 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Denisa Ioana Udeanu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia Street, 020956 Bucharest, Romania; (M.-M.A.); (M.I.N.); (C.E.D.-P.); (D.D.); (A.I.F.); (D.I.U.); (A.L.A.)
- Marius Nasta Institute of Pneumophthisiology, 90 Viilor Street, 050159 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Andreea Letiția Arsene
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia Street, 020956 Bucharest, Romania; (M.-M.A.); (M.I.N.); (C.E.D.-P.); (D.D.); (A.I.F.); (D.I.U.); (A.L.A.)
- Marius Nasta Institute of Pneumophthisiology, 90 Viilor Street, 050159 Bucharest, Romania
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2
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Heidary M, Shariati S, Nourigheimasi S, Khorami M, Moradi M, Motahar M, Bahrami P, Akrami S, Kaviar VH. Mechanism of action, resistance, interaction, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of fostemsavir. BMC Infect Dis 2024; 24:250. [PMID: 38395761 PMCID: PMC10885622 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-024-09122-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has licensed many antiretroviral medications to treat human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), however, treatment options for people with multi-drug resistant HIV remain limited. Medication resistance, undesirable effects, prior tolerance, and previous interlacement incapacity to deliver new drug classes all lead to the requirement for new medication classes and drug combination therapy. Fostemsavir (FTR) is a new CD-4 attachment inhibitor medicine that was recently authorized by the United States FDA to treat HIV-1. In individuals with multidrug-resistant (MDR) HIV-1, FTR is well tolerated and virologically active. According to recent investigations, drug combination therapy can positively affect MDR-HIV. The mechanism of action, resistance, interaction, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of FTR has been highlighted in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Heidary
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Paramedical Sciences, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Saeedeh Shariati
- Toxicology Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | | | - Mona Khorami
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Melika Moradi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Moloudsadat Motahar
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Parisa Bahrami
- Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Sousan Akrami
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
- Students' Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Vahab Hassan Kaviar
- Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran.
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3
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Zuze BJL, Radibe BT, Choga WT, Bareng OT, Moraka NO, Maruapula D, Seru K, Mokgethi P, Mokaleng B, Ndlovu N, Kelentse N, Pretorius-Holme M, Shapiro R, Lockman S, Makhema J, Novitsky V, Seatla KK, Moyo S, Gaseitsiwe S. Fostemsavir resistance-associated polymorphisms in HIV-1 subtype C in a large cohort of treatment-naïve and treatment-experienced individuals in Botswana. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0125123. [PMID: 37823653 PMCID: PMC10714836 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01251-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Fostemsavir (FTR) is a newly licensed antiretroviral drug that has been shown to have activity against HIV-1. The mechanism of action of FTR is different from all currently available antiretrovirals (ARVs), and as such, it offers hope for HIV-1 suppression in those people with HIV (PWH) who harbor HIV-1 variants with drug resistance mutations to currently used ARVs. Using 6,030 HIV-1 sequences covering the HIV-1 envelope from PWH in Botswana who are antiretroviral therapy (ART) naïve as well as those who are failing ART, we explored the sequences for FTR resistance-associated polymorphisms. We found the prevalence of FTR polymorphisms to be similar in both ART-naïve and ART-experienced individuals with VF in this setting, with no prior FTR exposure. Further studies on the phenotypic impact of these polymorphisms are warranted to guide how to monitor for FTR resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wonderful T. Choga
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana
- Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Professions, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Ontlametse T. Bareng
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana
- Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Professions, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Natasha O. Moraka
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana
- Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Professions, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Dorcas Maruapula
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Kedumetse Seru
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Patrick Mokgethi
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Baitshepi Mokaleng
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana
- Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Professions, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
| | | | - Nametso Kelentse
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana
- Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Professions, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Molly Pretorius-Holme
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Roger Shapiro
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shahin Lockman
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joseph Makhema
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Vlad Novitsky
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kaelo K. Seatla
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Sikhulile Moyo
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Simani Gaseitsiwe
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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4
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Prévost J, Chen Y, Zhou F, Tolbert WD, Gasser R, Medjahed H, Nayrac M, Nguyen DN, Gottumukkala S, Hessell AJ, Rao VB, Pozharski E, Huang RK, Matthies D, Finzi A, Pazgier M. Structure-function analyses reveal key molecular determinants of HIV-1 CRF01_AE resistance to the entry inhibitor temsavir. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6710. [PMID: 37872202 PMCID: PMC10593844 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42500-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The HIV-1 entry inhibitor temsavir prevents the viral receptor CD4 (cluster of differentiation 4) from interacting with the envelope glycoprotein (Env) and blocks its conformational changes. To do this, temsavir relies on the presence of a residue with small side chain at position 375 in Env and is unable to neutralize viral strains like CRF01_AE carrying His375. Here we investigate the mechanism of temsavir resistance and show that residue 375 is not the sole determinant of resistance. At least six additional residues within the gp120 inner domain layers, including five distant from the drug-binding pocket, contribute to resistance. A detailed structure-function analysis using engineered viruses and soluble trimer variants reveals that the molecular basis of resistance is mediated by crosstalk between His375 and the inner domain layers. Furthermore, our data confirm that temsavir can adjust its binding mode to accommodate changes in Env conformation, a property that likely contributes to its broad antiviral activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémie Prévost
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Yaozong Chen
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Fei Zhou
- Unit on Structural Biology, Division of Basic and Translational Biophysics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - William D Tolbert
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Romain Gasser
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Manon Nayrac
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Dung N Nguyen
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Suneetha Gottumukkala
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ann J Hessell
- Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Venigalla B Rao
- Department of Biology, the Catholic University of America, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Edwin Pozharski
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Rick K Huang
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
| | - Doreen Matthies
- Unit on Structural Biology, Division of Basic and Translational Biophysics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC, Canada.
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Marzena Pazgier
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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5
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Prévost J, Chen Y, Zhou F, Tolbert WD, Gasser R, Medjahed H, Gottumukkala S, Hessell AJ, Rao VB, Pozharski E, Huang RK, Matthies D, Finzi A, Pazgier M. Structure-function Analyses Reveal Key Molecular Determinants of HIV-1 CRF01_AE Resistance to the Entry Inhibitor Temsavir. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.17.537181. [PMID: 37131729 PMCID: PMC10153197 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.17.537181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The HIV-1 entry inhibitor temsavir prevents CD4 from interacting with the envelope glycoprotein (Env) and blocks its conformational changes. To do this temsavir relies on the presence of a residue with small side chain at position 375 in Env and is unable to neutralize viral strains like CRF01_AE carrying His375. Here we investigate the mechanism of temsavir-resistance and show that residue 375 is not the sole determinant of resistance. At least six additional residues within the gp120 inner domain layers, including five distant from the drug-binding pocket, contribute to resistance. A detailed structure-function analysis using engineered viruses and soluble trimer variants reveal that the molecular basis of resistance is mediated by crosstalk between His375 and the inner domain layers. Furthermore, our data confirm that temsavir can adjust its binding mode to accommodate changes in Env conformation, a property that likely contributes to its broad-antiviral activity.
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6
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Ndashimye E, Reyes PS, Arts EJ. New antiretroviral inhibitors and HIV-1 drug resistance: more focus on 90% HIV-1 isolates? FEMS Microbiol Rev 2023; 47:fuac040. [PMID: 36130204 PMCID: PMC9841967 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuac040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Combined HIV antiretroviral therapy (cART) has been effective except if drug resistance emerges. As cART has been rolled out in low-income countries, drug resistance has emerged at higher rates than observed in high income countries due to factors including initial use of these less tolerated cART regimens, intermittent disruptions in drug supply, and insufficient treatment monitoring. These socioeconomic factors impacting drug resistance are compounded by viral mechanistic differences by divergent HIV-1 non-B subtypes compared to HIV-1 subtype B that largely infects the high-income countries (just 10% of 37 million infected). This review compares the inhibition and resistance of diverse HIV-1 subtypes and strains to the various approved drugs as well as novel inhibitors in clinical trials. Initial sequence variations and differences in replicative fitness between HIV-1 subtypes pushes strains through different fitness landscapes to escape from drug selective pressure. The discussions here provide insight to patient care givers and policy makers on how best to use currently approved ART options and reduce the emergence of drug resistance in ∼33 million individuals infected with HIV-1 subtype A, C, D, G, and recombinants forms. Unfortunately, over 98% of the literature on cART resistance relates to HIV-1 subtype B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Ndashimye
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, N6A 3K7, London, Ontario, Canada
- Joint Clinical Research Centre, -Center for AIDS Research Laboratories, 256, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Paul S Reyes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, N6A 3K7, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eric J Arts
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, N6A 3K7, London, Ontario, Canada
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The Genesis and Future Prospects of Small Molecule HIV-1 Attachment Inhibitors. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1366:45-64. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-8702-0_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Saladini F, Giannini A, Giammarino F, Maggiolo F, Vichi F, Corbelli GM, Galli A, Bigoloni A, Poli A, Santoro MM, Zazzi M, Castagna A. In vitro susceptibility to fostemsavir is not affected by long-term exposure to antiviral therapy in MDR HIV-1-infected patients. J Antimicrob Chemother 2021; 75:2547-2553. [PMID: 32464638 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkaa178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Fostemsavir is the prodrug of the HIV-1 attachment inhibitor temsavir and is currently under clinical assessment in heavily treatment-experienced patients with limited therapeutic options. We evaluated the genotypic and phenotypic susceptibility to temsavir in a panel of samples collected from patients harbouring MDR strains enrolled in the Italian PRESTIGIO Registry. METHODS Plasma samples from 24 patients were used for HIV-1 gp120 sequencing, while viral tropism and susceptibility to temsavir were assessed through a homemade phenotypic assay with pseudotyped viruses expressing patient-derived Env protein. RESULTS Of the 24 patients enrolled, 18 (75%) were male, median (IQR) age was 55 years (52-61), time since HIV-1 diagnosis was 27 years (24-30), time on ART was 26 years (23-27) and 11 (46%) had a previous AIDS diagnosis. Exposure to entry inhibitors (maraviroc and/or enfuvirtide) had occurred in 19 (79%) patients. Among 23/24 gp120 sequences obtained, temsavir resistance-associated mutations (RAMs) were detected in three cases (two M426L and one S375N). Pseudotyped viruses were obtained from 23/24 samples and viral tropism was CXCR4-tropic, CCR5-tropic and dual/mixed-tropic in six, nine and eight cases, respectively. Phenotypic susceptibility to temsavir was comparable to the reference WT viruses NL4-3 and AD8 in all samples, irrespective of RAMs. Viral tropism and exposure to entry inhibitors did not impact temsavir susceptibility. CONCLUSIONS These data support the use of fostemsavir as a valuable therapy option in patients harbouring MDR virus. The role of laboratory testing in optimal screening of patients eligible for fostemsavir treatment remains to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Saladini
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Alessia Giannini
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | | | | | - Francesca Vichi
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Santa Maria Annunziata Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Galli
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Alba Bigoloni
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Poli
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria M Santoro
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Zazzi
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Antonella Castagna
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
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Bouba Y, Berno G, Fabeni L, Carioti L, Salpini R, Aquaro S, Svicher V, Perno CF, Ceccherini-Silberstein F, Santoro MM. Identification of gp120 polymorphisms in HIV-1 B subtype potentially associated with resistance to fostemsavir. J Antimicrob Chemother 2021; 75:1778-1786. [PMID: 32160290 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkaa073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We evaluated natural resistance to the new antiretroviral fostemsavir and its potential association with other HIV-1 gp120 polymorphisms. METHODS A total of 1997 HIV-1 B subtype gp120 sequences from the Los Alamos HIV Database were analysed for mutation prevalence at fostemsavir resistance-associated positions and potential association with other gp120 polymorphisms. The role of each fostemsavir resistance-related position and the correlated gp120 mutations, both in protein stability and in reducing the binding affinity between antibody and/or T cell lymphocyte epitopes and the MHC molecules, was estimated. RESULTS The prevalence of fostemsavir resistance mutations was as follows: L116Q (0.05%), S375H/M/T (0.55%/1.35%/17.73%, the latter being far less relevant in determining resistance), M426L (7.56%), M434I (4.21%) and M475I (1.65%). Additionally, the M426R polymorphism had a prevalence of 16.32%. A significantly higher prevalence in X4 viruses versus R5 viruses was found only for S375M (0.69% versus 3.93%, P = 0.009) and S375T (16.60% versus 22.11%, P = 0.030). Some fostemsavirv resistance positions positively and significantly correlated with specific gp120 polymorphisms: S375T with I371V; S375M with L134W, I154V and I323T; M475I with K322A; and M426R with G167N, K192T and S195N. The topology of the dendrogram suggested the existence of three distinct clusters (bootstrap ≥0.98) involving these fostemsavir resistance mutations and gp120 polymorphisms. Interestingly, all clustered mutations are localized in class I/II-restricted T cell/antibody epitopes, suggesting a potential role in immune HIV escape. CONCLUSIONS A low prevalence of known fostemsavir resistance mutations was found in the HIV-1 B subtype. The detection of novel HIV-1 gp120 polymorphisms potentially relevant for fostemsavir resistance deserves new in-depth in vitro investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yagai Bouba
- University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy
- Chantal BIYA International Reference Centre for Research on HIV/AIDS Prevention and Management (CIRCB), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Giulia Berno
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases 'L. Spallanzani', IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Lavinia Fabeni
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases 'L. Spallanzani', IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Stefano Aquaro
- University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza, Italy
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10
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Lepore L, Fabrizio C, Bavaro DF, Milano E, Volpe A, Lagioia A, Angarano G, Saracino A, Monno L. Gp120 substitutions at positions associated with resistance to fostemsavir in treatment-naive HIV-1-positive individuals. J Antimicrob Chemother 2020; 75:1580-1587. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkaa034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Fostemsavir, a novel attachment inhibitor targeting the HIV-1 gp120, has demonstrated wide in vitro activity. However, the high rate of HIV gp120 substitutions could jeopardize its efficacy. We investigated envelope (env) substitutions at positions associated with resistance to fostemsavir in patients with a new HIV-1 diagnosis according to HIV subtype and tropism.
Methods
Gp120 sequences from 409 subjects were retrospectively analysed and the presence of the L116P, A204D, S375H/M/T, M426L, M434I and M475I mutations was evaluated. Other amino acid changes at the same positions were also recorded. The variability at each amino acid position was evaluated using Shannon entropy.
Results
The frequency of mutations was: S375T (13.2%); M426L (6.8%); M434I (2.9%); M475I (2.7%); S375H (1.0%)/M (0.8%) and L116P (0.31%). Statistically significant differences were found at positions 375 (R5/non-R5 strains and B/non-B subtypes) and 426 (B/non-B subtypes); post hoc analysis revealed that significance for position 375 was steered by S375T while for position 426 significance was governed by unusual substitutions, in particular M426R (B/non-B, P < 0.00001). The variability of env constant domains appeared to be more relevant in the non-B virus population.
Conclusions
In conclusion, gp120 substitutions were detected in different subtypes and in both R5 and non-R5 variants. Despite the great variability of gp120, the frequency of mutations was low overall and the predominant substitution was S375T, the role of which in reducing fostemsavir efficacy is less substantial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Lepore
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Claudia Fabrizio
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
- Malattie Infettive e Tropicali, Ospedale Oncologico San Giuseppe Moscati, Taranto, Italy
| | - Davide Fiore Bavaro
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Eugenio Milano
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Anna Volpe
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Antonella Lagioia
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Gioacchino Angarano
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Annalisa Saracino
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Laura Monno
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
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11
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Alessandri-Gradt E, Charpentier C, Leoz M, Mourez T, Descamps D, Plantier JC. Impact of natural polymorphisms of HIV-1 non-group M on genotypic susceptibility to the attachment inhibitor fostemsavir. J Antimicrob Chemother 2019; 73:2716-2720. [PMID: 30032194 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dky271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fostemsavir belongs to the new class of attachment inhibitors (AIs); it inhibits the entry of HIV into CD4+ T-lymphocytes by blocking conformational changes in gp120. This is a promising AI, but previous phenotypic data showed that genetically divergent HIV-1 group O could present natural resistance to this drug. These data were obtained from only two strains, which are not representative of the high intra-group genetic diversity. Moreover, no data are available concerning the other divergent HIV-1 groups (N and P). Objectives To further investigate the natural genotypic susceptibility of HIV-1 groups O, N and P (HIV-1 non-M) to fostemsavir, using a large set of sequences. Methods The frequency of eight substitutions associated with decreased susceptibility to fostemsavir (L116P, A204D, S375M/H, M426L, M434I, M475I and V506M), was investigated in 111 gp120 sequences from groups O (n = 100), N (n = 9) and P (n = 2). Results All HIV-1 group N sequences harboured the three substitutions S375M, M426L and M434I, whereas only 1% and 10% of HIV-1 group O sequences harboured the S375H + M426L and S375H + M434I patterns, respectively. The main genetic profile of HIV-1 groups P and O combined S375H with two atypical substitutions (M426S and M434L). Five group O sequences did not display any of the eight substitutions, but had atypical residues with unknown impact. Conclusions The genetic polymorphisms in the gp120 of HIV-1 non-M viruses support the hypothesis that these viruses could largely be resistant to inhibition by fostemsavir. Only 5% of group O strains could display full genetic susceptibility. Extensive phenotypic studies are now required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Alessandri-Gradt
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, EA2656, GRAM, CHU de Rouen, Laboratoire de Virologie associé au CNR du VIH, Rouen, France
| | - Charlotte Charpentier
- IAME, UMR 1137, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, AP-HP, Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpital Bichat, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Marie Leoz
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, EA2656, GRAM, CHU de Rouen, Laboratoire de Virologie associé au CNR du VIH, Rouen, France
| | - Thomas Mourez
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, EA2656, GRAM, CHU de Rouen, Laboratoire de Virologie associé au CNR du VIH, Rouen, France
| | - Diane Descamps
- IAME, UMR 1137, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, AP-HP, Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpital Bichat, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Plantier
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, EA2656, GRAM, CHU de Rouen, Laboratoire de Virologie associé au CNR du VIH, Rouen, France
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12
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Perrier M, Bertine M, Le Hingrat Q, Joly V, Visseaux B, Collin G, Landman R, Yazdanpanah Y, Descamps D, Charpentier C. Prevalence of gag mutations associated with in vitro resistance to capsid inhibitor GS-CA1 in HIV-1 antiretroviral-naive patients. J Antimicrob Chemother 2018; 72:2954-2955. [PMID: 29091184 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkx208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marine Perrier
- IAME, UMR 1137, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, AP-HP, Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpital Bichat, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Mélanie Bertine
- IAME, UMR 1137, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, AP-HP, Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpital Bichat, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Quentin Le Hingrat
- IAME, UMR 1137, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, AP-HP, Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpital Bichat, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Véronique Joly
- IAME, UMR 1137, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, AP-HP, Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Hôpital Bichat, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Benoit Visseaux
- IAME, UMR 1137, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, AP-HP, Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpital Bichat, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Gilles Collin
- IAME, UMR 1137, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, AP-HP, Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpital Bichat, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Roland Landman
- IAME, UMR 1137, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, AP-HP, Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Hôpital Bichat, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Yazdan Yazdanpanah
- IAME, UMR 1137, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, AP-HP, Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Hôpital Bichat, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Diane Descamps
- IAME, UMR 1137, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, AP-HP, Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpital Bichat, AP-HP, Paris, France
- Centre National de Référence du VIH, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Charlotte Charpentier
- IAME, UMR 1137, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, AP-HP, Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpital Bichat, AP-HP, Paris, France
- Centre National de Référence du VIH, AP-HP, Paris, France
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13
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Lu L, Yu F, Cai L, Debnath AK, Jiang S. Development of Small-molecule HIV Entry Inhibitors Specifically Targeting gp120 or gp41. Curr Top Med Chem 2016; 16:1074-90. [PMID: 26324044 PMCID: PMC4775441 DOI: 10.2174/1568026615666150901114527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Revised: 05/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope (Env) glycoprotein surface subunit gp120 and transmembrane subunit gp41 play important roles in HIV-1 entry, thus serving as key targets for the development of HIV-1 entry inhibitors. T20 peptide (enfuvirtide) is the first U.S. FDA-approved HIV entry inhibitor; however, its clinical application is limited by the lack of oral availability. Here, we have described the structure and function of the HIV-1 gp120 and gp41 subunits and reviewed advancements in the development of small-molecule HIV entry inhibitors specifically targeting these two Env glycoproteins. We then compared the advantages and disadvantages of different categories of HIV entry inhibitor candidates and further predicted the future trend of HIV entry inhibitor development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Shibo Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 130 Dong An Road, Building #13, Shanghai 200032, China.
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14
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Discovery and optimization of novel small-molecule HIV-1 entry inhibitors using field-based virtual screening and bioisosteric replacement. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 24:5439-45. [PMID: 25454268 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
With the emergence of drug-resistant strains and the cumulative toxicities associated with current therapies, demand remains for new inhibitors of HIV-1 replication. The inhibition of HIV-1 entry is an attractive, yet underexploited therapeutic approach with implications for salvage and preexposure prophylactic regimens, as well as topical microbicides. Using the combination of a field-derived bioactive conformation template to perform virtual screening and iterative bioisosteric replacements, coupled with in silico predictions of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion, we have identified new leads for HIV-1 entry inhibitors.
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15
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Abstract
ABSTRACT HIV resistance against currently approved entry inhibitors, the chemokine receptor-5 (CCR5) antagonist maraviroc and the fusion inhibitor enfuvirtide (T-20), manifests in a complex manner that is distinct from the resistance patterns against other classes of antiretroviral drugs. Several attachment and fusion inhibitors are currently under various stages of development. Whereas CCR5 co-receptor antagonists have been widely studied until now, because patients who lack CCR5 are healthy and protected to some extent from HIV-infection, CXCR4-antagonist development has been slower, due to limited antiviral activity and potential toxicity given that CXCR4 may have essential cellular functions. Novel fusion inhibitor development is focusing on orally available small-molecule inhibitors that might replace T-20, which needs to be administered by subcutaneous injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor G Kramer
- McGill AIDS Centre, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Mark A Wainberg
- McGill AIDS Centre, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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16
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Impact of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 sequence diversity on antiretroviral therapy outcomes. Viruses 2014; 6:3855-72. [PMID: 25333465 PMCID: PMC4213566 DOI: 10.3390/v6103855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Worldwide circulating HIV-1 genomes show extensive variation represented by different subtypes, polymorphisms and drug-resistant strains. Reports on the impact of sequence variation on antiretroviral therapy (ART) outcomes are mixed. In this review, we summarize relevant published data from both resource-rich and resource-limited countries in the last 10 years on the impact of HIV-1 sequence diversity on treatment outcomes. The prevalence of transmission of drug resistant mutations (DRMs) varies considerably, ranging from 0% to 27% worldwide. Factors such as geographic location, access and availability to ART, duration since inception of treatment programs, quality of care, risk-taking behaviors, mode of transmission, and viral subtype all dictate the prevalence in a particular geographical region. Although HIV-1 subtype may not be a good predictor of treatment outcome, review of emerging evidence supports the fact that HIV-1 genome sequence-resulting from natural polymorphisms or drug-associated mutations-matters when it comes to treatment outcomes. Therefore, continued surveillance of drug resistant variants in both treatment-naïve and treatment-experienced populations is needed to reduce the transmission of DRMs and to optimize the efficacy of the current ART armamentarium.
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17
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Fofana DB, Charpentier C, Maïga AI, Lambert-Niclot S, Sayon S, Désiré N, Simon A, Yazdanpanah Y, Katlama C, Descamps D, Calvez V, Marcelin AG, Soulié C. Genetic barrier for attachment inhibitor BMS-626529 resistance in HIV-1 B and non-B subtypes. J Antimicrob Chemother 2014; 70:130-5. [PMID: 25270328 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dku360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The genetic barrier (defined as the number of genetic transitions/transversions needed to produce a resistance mutation) can differ between HIV-1 subtypes. The genetic barrier for the new attachment inhibitor BMS-626529 was evaluated in five HIV-1 subtypes. METHODS Nine substitutions associated with BMS-626529 resistance at seven amino acid positions (116, 204, 375, 426, 434, 475 and 506) were analysed in 300 nucleotide sequences of the env gene encoding the gp120 protein from antiretroviral-naive patients (60 for each subtype and recombinant: B, C, D, CRF01_AE and CRF02_AG). RESULTS Differently from the B subtype, some resistance mutations were found as natural polymorphisms in the C and D subtypes and the CRF02_AG and CRF01_AE recombinants for four positions of the env gene encoding the gp120 protein (375, 426, 434 and 475). The majority (five out of seven) of amino acid positions studied (116, 426, 434, 475 and 506) were relatively conserved (>63%) between the five HIV-1 subtypes, leading to a similar genetic barrier to mutations associated with resistance to BMS-626529. However, at positions 116 and 506 a minority of C and CRF02_AG subtypes had codons leading to a higher genetic barrier. Different predominant codons were observed at two out of seven positions (204 and 375) between the subtypes, with no effect on the calculated genetic barrier. However, for position 375, a minority of CRF02_AG sequences showed a lower genetic barrier to S375M/T resistance mutations. CONCLUSIONS In non-B HIV-1 subtypes, four out of seven studied positions presented mutations implicated in BMS-626529 resistance. Despite great variability of the HIV-1 envelope, there was no major impact of polymorphisms on the genetic barrier to acquisition of BMS-626529 resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Djeneba B Fofana
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 1136, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, F-75013 Paris, France INSERM, UMR_S 1136, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, F-75013 Paris, France AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service de Virologie, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Charlotte Charpentier
- IAME, UMR 1137, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75018 Paris, France IAME, UMR 1137, INSERM, F-75018 Paris, France AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, laboratoire de Virologie, F-75018 Paris, France
| | - Almoustapha I Maïga
- Unité d'Epidémiologie Moléculaire de la Résistance du VIH, SEREFO-FMOS/FAPH, Université des Sciences Techniques et des Technologies, Bamako, Mali Service de Laboratoire, CHU Gabriel Toure, Université des Sciences Techniques et des Technologies, Bamako, Mali
| | - Sidonie Lambert-Niclot
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 1136, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, F-75013 Paris, France INSERM, UMR_S 1136, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, F-75013 Paris, France AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service de Virologie, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Sophie Sayon
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 1136, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, F-75013 Paris, France INSERM, UMR_S 1136, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, F-75013 Paris, France AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service de Virologie, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Désiré
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 1136, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, F-75013 Paris, France INSERM, UMR_S 1136, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, F-75013 Paris, France AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service de Virologie, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Anne Simon
- AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service de médecine interne, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Yazdan Yazdanpanah
- IAME, UMR 1137, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75018 Paris, France IAME, UMR 1137, INSERM, F-75018 Paris, France AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Service de maladies infectieuses, F-75018 Paris, France
| | - Christine Katlama
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 1136, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, F-75013 Paris, France INSERM, UMR_S 1136, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, F-75013 Paris, France AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service de maladies infectieuses, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Diane Descamps
- IAME, UMR 1137, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75018 Paris, France IAME, UMR 1137, INSERM, F-75018 Paris, France AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, laboratoire de Virologie, F-75018 Paris, France
| | - Vincent Calvez
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 1136, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, F-75013 Paris, France INSERM, UMR_S 1136, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, F-75013 Paris, France AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service de Virologie, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Anne-Geneviève Marcelin
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 1136, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, F-75013 Paris, France INSERM, UMR_S 1136, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, F-75013 Paris, France AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service de Virologie, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Cathia Soulié
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 1136, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, F-75013 Paris, France INSERM, UMR_S 1136, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, F-75013 Paris, France AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service de Virologie, F-75013 Paris, France
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Activity of the HIV-1 attachment inhibitor BMS-626529, the active component of the prodrug BMS-663068, against CD4-independent viruses and HIV-1 envelopes resistant to other entry inhibitors. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013; 57:4172-80. [PMID: 23774428 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00513-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BMS-626529 is a novel small-molecule HIV-1 attachment inhibitor active against both CCR5- and CXCR4-tropic viruses. BMS-626529 functions by preventing gp120 from binding to CD4. A prodrug of this compound, BMS-663068, is currently in clinical development. As a theoretical resistance pathway to BMS-663068 could be the development of a CD4-independent phenotype, we examined the activity of BMS-626529 against CD4-independent viruses and investigated whether resistance to BMS-626529 could be associated with a CD4-independent phenotype. Finally, we evaluated whether cross-resistance exists between BMS-626529 and other HIV-1 entry inhibitors. Two laboratory-derived envelopes with a CD4-independent phenotype (one CXCR4 tropic and one CCR5 tropic), five envelopes from clinical isolates with preexisting BMS-626529 resistance, and several site-specific mutant BMS-626529-resistant envelopes were examined for their dependence on CD4 for infectivity or susceptibility to BMS-626529. Viruses resistant to other entry inhibitors (enfuvirtide, maraviroc, and ibalizumab) were also examined for susceptibility to BMS-626529. Both CD4-independent laboratory isolates retained sensitivity to BMS-626529 in CD4(-) cells, while HIV-1 envelopes from viruses resistant to BMS-626529 exhibited no evidence of a CD4-independent phenotype. BMS-626529 also exhibited inhibitory activity against ibalizumab- and enfuvirtide-resistant envelopes. While there appeared to be some association between maraviroc resistance and reduced susceptibility to BMS-626529, an absolute correlation cannot be presumed, since some CCR5-tropic maraviroc-resistant envelopes remained sensitive to BMS-626529. Clinical use of the prodrug BMS-663068 is unlikely to promote resistance via generation of CD4-independent virus. No cross-resistance between BMS-626529 and other HIV entry inhibitors was observed, which could allow for sequential or concurrent use with different classes of entry inhibitors.
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Haqqani AA, Tilton JC. Entry inhibitors and their use in the treatment of HIV-1 infection. Antiviral Res 2013; 98:158-70. [PMID: 23541872 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Entry of HIV into target cells is a complex, multi-stage process involving sequential attachment and CD4 binding, coreceptor binding, and membrane fusion. HIV entry inhibitors are a complex group of drugs with multiple mechanisms of action depending on the stage of the viral entry process they target. Two entry inhibitors are currently approved for the treatment of HIV-infected patients. Maraviroc, a CCR5 antagonist, blocks interactions between the viral envelope proteins and the CCR5 coreceptor. Enfuvirtide, a fusion inhibitor, disrupts conformational changes in gp41 that drive membrane fusion. A wide array of additional agents are in various stages of development. This review covers the entry inhibitors and their use in the treatment of HIV-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiman A Haqqani
- Case Center for Proteomics and Bioinformatics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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20
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Frequency of amino acid changes associated with resistance to attachment inhibitor BMS-626529 in R5- and X4-tropic HIV-1 subtype B. J Antimicrob Chemother 2013; 68:1243-5. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkt018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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HIV gp120 H375 is unique to HIV-1 subtype CRF01_AE and confers strong resistance to the entry inhibitor BMS-599793, a candidate microbicide drug. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012; 56:4257-67. [PMID: 22615295 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00639-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BMS-599793 is a small molecule entry inhibitor that binds to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) gp120, resulting in the inhibition of CD4-dependent entry into cells. Since BMS-599793 is currently considered a candidate microbicide drug, we evaluated its efficacy against a number of primary patient HIV isolates from different subtypes and circulating recombinant forms (CRFs) and showed that activity varied between ∼3 ρM and 7 μM at 50% effective concentrations (EC(50)s). Interestingly, CRF01_AE HIV-1 isolates consistently demonstrated natural resistance against this compound. Genotypic analysis of >1,600 sequences (Los Alamos HIV sequence database) indicated that a single amino acid polymorphism in Env, H375, may account for the observed BMS-599793 resistance in CRF01_AE HIV-1. Results of site-directed mutagenesis experiments confirmed this hypothesis, and in silico drug docking simulations identified a drug resistance mechanism at the molecular level. In addition, CRF01_AE viruses were shown to be resistant to multiple broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies. Thus, our results not only provide insight into how Env polymorphisms may contribute to entry inhibitor resistance but also may help to elucidate how HIV can evade some broadly neutralizing antibodies. Furthermore, the high frequency of H375 in CRF01_AE HIV-1, and its apparent nonoccurrence in other subtypes, could serve as a means for rapid identification of CRF01_AE infections.
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