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Okamoto M, Takahashi-Nakaguchi A, Tejima K, Sasamoto K, Yamaguchi M, Aoyama T, Nagi M, Tanabe K, Miyazaki Y, Nakayama H, Sasakawa C, Kajiwara S, Brown AJP, Teixeira MC, Chibana H. Erg25 Controls Host-Cholesterol Uptake Mediated by Aus1p-Associated Sterol-Rich Membrane Domains in Candida glabrata. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:820675. [PMID: 35399500 PMCID: PMC8988197 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.820675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The uptake of cholesterol from the host is closely linked to the proliferation of pathogenic fungi and protozoa during infection. For some pathogenic fungi, cholesterol uptake is an important strategy for decreasing susceptibility to antifungals that inhibit ergosterol biosynthesis. In this study, we show that Candida glabrata ERG25, which encodes an enzyme that demethylates 4,4-dimethylzymosterol, is required for cholesterol uptake from host serum. Based on the screening of C. glabrata conditional knockdown mutants for each gene involved in ergosterol biosynthesis, ERG25 knockdown was found to decrease lethality of infected mice. ERG25 knockdown impairs the plasma membrane localization of the sterol importer Aus1p, suggesting that the accumulated 4,4-dimethylzymosterol destabilizes the lipid domain with which Aus1p functionally associates. ERG25 knockdown further influences the structure of the membrane compartment of Can1p (MCC)/eisosomes (ergosterol-rich lipid domains), but not the localization of the membrane proteins Pma1p and Hxt1p, which localize to sterol-poor domains. In the sterol-rich lipid domain, Aus1p-contining domain was mostly independent of MCC/eisosomes, and the nature of these domains was also different: Ausp1-contining domain was a dynamic network-like domain, whereas the MCC/eisosomes was a static dot-like domain. However, deletion of MCC/eisosomes was observed to influence the localization of Aus1p after Aus1p was transported from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) through the Golgi apparatus to the plasma membrane. These findings suggest that ERG25 plays a key role in stabilizing sterol-rich lipid domains, constituting a promising candidate target for antifungal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiyo Okamoto
- Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | | | - Kengo Tejima
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kaname Sasamoto
- Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | | | - Toshihiro Aoyama
- Department of Electronic and Information Engineering, Suzuka National College of Technology, Suzuka, Japan
| | - Minoru Nagi
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kohichi Tanabe
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Ryukoku University, Otsu, Japan
| | | | - Hironobu Nakayama
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka, Japan
| | - Chihiro Sasakawa
- Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Susumu Kajiwara
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | | | - Miguel C. Teixeira
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Hiroji Chibana
- Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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2
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Fraser M, Borman AM, Thorn R, Lawrance LM. Resistance to echinocandin antifungal agents in the United Kingdom in clinical isolates of Candida glabrata: Fifteen years of interpretation and assessment. Med Mycol 2020; 58:219-226. [PMID: 31111912 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myz053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Candidemia is widely reported as the fourth most common form of bloodstream infection worldwide. Reports of breakthrough cases of candidemia are increasing, especially in the context of a move away from azole antifungals as prophylactic or first line treatment toward the use of echinocandin agents. The global evaluation of echinocandin antifungal susceptibility since 2003 has included switches in testing methodologies and the move to a sentinel echinocandin approach for classification reporting. This study compiles previously unpublished data from echinocandin susceptibility testing of UK clinical isolates of C. glabrata received at the Public Health England Mycology Reference Laboratory from 2003 to 2016 and reevaluates the prevalence of resistance in light of currently accepted testing protocols. From 2015 onward, FKS gene mutation detection using a novel Pyrosequencing® assay was assessed as a predictor of echinocandin resistance alongside conventional susceptibility testing. Overall, our data show that echinocandin resistance in UK isolates of C. glabrata is a rare phenomenon and prevalence has not appreciably increased in the last 14 years. The pyrosequencing assay was able to successfully detect hot spot mutations in FKS1 and FKS2, although not all isolates that exhibited phenotypic resistance demonstrated detectable hot spot mutations. We propose that a rapid genomic based detection method for FKS mutations, as part of a multifactorial approach to susceptibility testing, could help provide accurate and timely management decisions especially in regions where echinocandin resistance has been reported to be emerging in this important pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Fraser
- UK National Mycology Reference Laboratory, Public Health England, Bristol, UK.,Centre for Research in Bioscience, University of the West of England, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol, UK
| | - Andrew M Borman
- UK National Mycology Reference Laboratory, Public Health England, Bristol, UK
| | - Robin Thorn
- Centre for Research in Bioscience, University of the West of England, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol, UK
| | - Lynne M Lawrance
- Centre for Research in Bioscience, University of the West of England, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol, UK
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3
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Efficacy and mechanism of actions of natural antimicrobial drugs. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 216:107671. [PMID: 32916205 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Microbial infections have significantly increased over the last decades, and the mortality rates remain unacceptably high. The emergence of new resistance patterns and the spread of new viruses challenge the eradication of infectious diseases. The declining efficacy of antimicrobial drugs has become a global public health problem. Natural products derived from natural sources, such as plants, animals, and microorganisms, have significant efficacy for the treatment of infectious diseases accompanied by less adverse effects, synergy, and ability to overcome drug resistance. As the Chinese female scientist Youyou Tu received the Nobel Prize for the antimalarial drug artemisinin, antimicrobial drugs developed from Traditional Chinese Medicine are expected to receive increasing attention again. This review summarizes the antimicrobial agents derived from natural products approved for nearly 20 years and describes their efficacy and mode of action. The aim of this unit is to review the current status of antimicrobial drugs from natural products in order to increase the value of natural products as a source of novel drug candidates for infectious diseases.
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Healey KR, Paderu P, Hou X, Jimenez Ortigosa C, Bagley N, Patel B, Zhao Y, Perlin DS. Differential Regulation of Echinocandin Targets Fks1 and Fks2 in Candida glabrata by the Post-Transcriptional Regulator Ssd1. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6030143. [PMID: 32825653 PMCID: PMC7558938 DOI: 10.3390/jof6030143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive infections caused by the opportunistic pathogen Candida glabrata are treated with echinocandin antifungals that target β-1,3-glucan synthase, an enzyme critical for fungal cell wall biosynthesis. Echinocandin resistance develops upon mutation of genes (FKS1 or FKS2) that encode the glucan synthase catalytic subunits. We have analyzed cellular factors that influence echinocandin susceptibility and here describe effects of the post-transcriptional regulator Ssd1, which in S. cerevisiae, can bind cell wall related gene transcripts. The SSD1 homolog in C. glabrata was disrupted in isogenic wild type and equivalent FKS1 and FKS2 mutant strains that demonstrate echinocandin resistance (MICs ˃ 0.5 µg/mL). A reversal of resistance (8- to 128-fold decrease in MICs) was observed in FKS1 mutants, but not in FKS2 mutants, following SSD1 deletion. Additionally, this phenotype was complemented upon expression of SSD1 from plasmid (pSSD1). All SSD1 disruptants displayed susceptibility to the calcineurin inhibitor FK506, similar to fks1∆. Decreases in relative gene expression ratios of FKS1 to FKS2 (2.6- to 4.5-fold) and in protein ratios of Fks1 to Fks2 (2.7- and 8.4-fold) were observed in FKS mutants upon SSD1 disruption. Additionally, a complementary increase in protein ratio was observed in the pSSD1 expressing strain. Overall, we describe a cellular factor that influences Fks1-specific mediated resistance and demonstrates further differential regulation of FKS1 and FKS2 in C. glabrata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelley R. Healey
- Department of Biology, William Paterson University, 300 Pompton Road, Wayne, NJ 07470, USA; (N.B.); (B.P.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Padmaja Paderu
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, 111 Ideation Way, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA; (P.P.); (X.H.); (C.J.O.); (Y.Z.); (D.S.P.)
| | - Xin Hou
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, 111 Ideation Way, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA; (P.P.); (X.H.); (C.J.O.); (Y.Z.); (D.S.P.)
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory for Mechanisms Research and Precision Diagnosis of Invasive Fungal Diseases (BZ0447), Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Cristina Jimenez Ortigosa
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, 111 Ideation Way, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA; (P.P.); (X.H.); (C.J.O.); (Y.Z.); (D.S.P.)
| | - Nicole Bagley
- Department of Biology, William Paterson University, 300 Pompton Road, Wayne, NJ 07470, USA; (N.B.); (B.P.)
| | - Biren Patel
- Department of Biology, William Paterson University, 300 Pompton Road, Wayne, NJ 07470, USA; (N.B.); (B.P.)
| | - Yanan Zhao
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, 111 Ideation Way, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA; (P.P.); (X.H.); (C.J.O.); (Y.Z.); (D.S.P.)
- Department of Medical Sciences, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, 340 Kingsland Street, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA
| | - David S. Perlin
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, 111 Ideation Way, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA; (P.P.); (X.H.); (C.J.O.); (Y.Z.); (D.S.P.)
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5
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Accoceberry I, Couzigou C, Fitton-Ouhabi V, Biteau N, Noël T. Challenging SNP impact on caspofungin resistance by full-length FKS1 allele replacement in Candida lusitaniae. J Antimicrob Chemother 2020; 74:618-624. [PMID: 30517635 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dky475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A strain of the opportunistic pathogenic yeast Candida lusitaniae was genetically engineered for full-length replacement of the FKS1 gene encoding the target of echinocandin antifungals in order to assess the impact of FKS mutations on echinocandin resistance and reduced echinocandin susceptibility (RES). METHODS FKS1 allelic exchange was achieved by transforming C. lusitaniae with two DNA fragments covering the entire FKS1 ORF. Both fragments overlap a 40 bp region where SNPs or small indels of interest were inserted. To target integration at the FKS1 locus, each DNA fragment was fused with split auxotrophic markers of which complementary truncated parts were previously inserted into the chromosomal regions flanking FKS1, allowing selection on minimal medium. RESULTS Three SNPs described in the FKS1 hotspot (HS) regions HS1 or HS2 of clinical isolates of Candida albicans were expressed at an equivalent position in C. lusitaniae and were confirmed to confer either reduced susceptibility (F641V) or full resistance (S645P and R1361G) to caspofungin. The F659 deletion reported in an FKS2 allele of Candida glabrata and the naturally occurring P660A substitution in FKS1 of Candida parapsilosis were shown to confer a 256-fold and 6-fold increase in caspofungin MIC, respectively, when introduced into an FKS1 allele of C. lusitaniae. CONCLUSIONS We have successfully developed a C. lusitaniae strain for the expression of full-length FKS1 alleles harbouring known mutations contributing to reduced susceptibility or resistance to caspofungin, thus opening the way for the screening of other FKS1/FKS2 mutations potentially involved in RES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Accoceberry
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, Bordeaux, France.,Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, CHU Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Célia Couzigou
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, Bordeaux, France.,Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, CHU Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Valérie Fitton-Ouhabi
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, Bordeaux, France
| | - Nicolas Biteau
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, Bordeaux, France
| | - Thierry Noël
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, Bordeaux, France
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6
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Hou X, Healey KR, Shor E, Kordalewska M, Ortigosa CJ, Paderu P, Xiao M, Wang H, Zhao Y, Lin LY, Zhang YH, Li YZ, Xu YC, Perlin DS, Zhao Y. Novel FKS1 and FKS2 modifications in a high-level echinocandin resistant clinical isolate of Candida glabrata. Emerg Microbes Infect 2020; 8:1619-1625. [PMID: 31711370 PMCID: PMC6853239 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2019.1684209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Echinocandin resistance in Candida glabrata poses a serious clinical challenge. The underlying resistance mechanism of a pan-echinocandin-resistant C. glabrata isolate (strain L74) was investigated in this study. FKS mutants carrying specific mutations found in L74 were reconstructed by the Alt-R CRISPR-Cas9 system (Fks1 WT/Fks2-E655K, strain CRISPR 31) and site-directed mutagenesis (strain fks1Δ/Fks2-E655K). Sequence analysis of strain L74 revealed a premature stop codon W508stop in FKS1 and an E655K mutation preceding the hotspot 1 region in FKS2. Introduction of the Fks2-E655K mutation in ATCC 2001 (strain CRISPR 31) conferred a modest reduction in susceptibility. However, the same FKS2 mutation in the fks1Δ background (strain fks1Δ/Fks2-E655K) resulted in high levels of resistance to echinocandins. Glucan synthase isolated from L74 was dramatically less sensitive to micafungin (MCF) relative to ATCC 2001. Both FKS1/FKS2 transcript ratios and Fks1/Fks2 protein ratios were significantly lower in L74 and fks1Δ/Fks2-E655K compared to ATCC 2001 and CRISPR 31 (P <0.05). Mice challenged with CRISPR 31 and fks1Δ/Fks2-E655K mutants failed to respond to MCF. In conclusion, the high-level of echinocandin resistance in the clinical isolate of C. glabrata L74 was concluded to result from the combination of null function of Fks1 and the point mutation E655K in Fks2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Hou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Graduate School, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Mechanisms Research and Precision Diagnosis of Invasive Fungal Diseases (BZ0447), Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ, USA
| | - Kelley R Healey
- Department of Biology, William Paterson University, Wayne, NJ, USA
| | - Erika Shor
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ, USA
| | - Milena Kordalewska
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ, USA
| | | | - Padmaja Paderu
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ, USA
| | - Meng Xiao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Mechanisms Research and Precision Diagnosis of Invasive Fungal Diseases (BZ0447), Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - He Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Mechanisms Research and Precision Diagnosis of Invasive Fungal Diseases (BZ0447), Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Zhao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Mechanisms Research and Precision Diagnosis of Invasive Fungal Diseases (BZ0447), Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Yan Lin
- School of Medicine, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Hai Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Hebei Yanda Hospital, Langfang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Zhe Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Graduate School, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Chun Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Graduate School, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Mechanisms Research and Precision Diagnosis of Invasive Fungal Diseases (BZ0447), Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - David S Perlin
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ, USA
| | - Yanan Zhao
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ, USA.,Department of Medical Sciences, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine at Seton Hall University, Nutley, NJ, USA
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7
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Sakagami T, Kawano T, Yamashita K, Yamada E, Fujino N, Kaeriyama M, Fukuda Y, Nomura N, Mitsuyama J, Suematsu H, Watanabe H, Asai N, Koizumi Y, Yamagishi Y, Mikamo H. Antifungal susceptibility trend and analysis of resistance mechanism for Candida species isolated from bloodstream at a Japanese university hospital. J Infect Chemother 2018; 25:34-40. [PMID: 30401513 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2018.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We compared the susceptibility of six commercially available antifungal agents (fluconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole, caspofungin, micafungin, and amphotericin B) against 133 Candida bloodstream isolates between 2008 and 2013 at Aichi Medical University Hospital. C. albicans was the most common isolate, followed by C. parapsilosis, C. glabrata, and C. tropicalis. MIC90s of voriconazole against C. albicans, C. parapsilosis, and C. tropicalis were the lowest and that of micafungin against C. glabrata was the lowest among the agents tested. Of the 133 isolates, two strains were identified as drug-resistant. One was a fluconazole-resistant C. glabrata strain, in which the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter gene expression was upregulated. The other was a micafungin-resistant C. glabrata strain, that had 13 amino acid substitutions in FKS1 and FKS2, including a novel substitution V1342I in FKS1 hotspot 2. We also evaluated the susceptibility of T-2307, a novel class of antifungal agents used in clinical trials, against the fluconazole- and micafungin-resistant C. glabrata strain; the MICs of T-2307 were 0.0039 and 0.0078 μg/mL, respectively. In conclusion, the incidence of bloodstream infection caused by drug-resistant Candida spp. was rare from 2008 to 2013 at our hospital. Of 133 isolates, only two strains of C. glabrata were resistant to azoles or echinocandins, that upregulated the ABC transporter genes or had novel FKS mutations, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Sakagami
- Department of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Aichi Medical University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Yazakokarimata, Nagakute, Aichi, 480-1195, Japan; Pharmaceutical & Healthcare Research Laboratories Research & Development Management Headquarters, FUJIFILM Corporation, 577 Ushijima, Kaisei-Machi, Ashigarakami-Gun, Kanagawa, 258-8577, Japan.
| | - Takaki Kawano
- Pharmaceutical & Healthcare Research Laboratories Research & Development Management Headquarters, FUJIFILM Corporation, 577 Ushijima, Kaisei-Machi, Ashigarakami-Gun, Kanagawa, 258-8577, Japan
| | - Kohei Yamashita
- Pharmaceutical & Healthcare Research Laboratories Research & Development Management Headquarters, FUJIFILM Corporation, 577 Ushijima, Kaisei-Machi, Ashigarakami-Gun, Kanagawa, 258-8577, Japan
| | - Eio Yamada
- Development Division, Toyama Chemical Co., Ltd., 3-2-5 Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-0023, Japan
| | - Noritomo Fujino
- Development Division, Toyama Chemical Co., Ltd., 3-2-5 Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-0023, Japan
| | - Makoto Kaeriyama
- Development Division, Toyama Chemical Co., Ltd., 3-2-5 Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-0023, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Fukuda
- Product Planning Division, Toyama Chemical Co., Ltd., 2-4-1 Shimookui, Toyama, 930-8508, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Nomura
- Product Planning Division, Toyama Chemical Co., Ltd., 2-4-1 Shimookui, Toyama, 930-8508, Japan
| | - Junichi Mitsuyama
- Quality Assurance Division, Toyama Chemical Co., Ltd., 3-2-5 Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-0023, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Suematsu
- Department of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Aichi Medical University Hospital, 1-1 Yazakokarimata, Nagakute, Aichi, 480-1195, Japan
| | - Hiroki Watanabe
- Department of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Aichi Medical University Hospital, 1-1 Yazakokarimata, Nagakute, Aichi, 480-1195, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Asai
- Department of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Aichi Medical University Hospital, 1-1 Yazakokarimata, Nagakute, Aichi, 480-1195, Japan
| | - Yusuke Koizumi
- Department of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Aichi Medical University Hospital, 1-1 Yazakokarimata, Nagakute, Aichi, 480-1195, Japan
| | - Yuka Yamagishi
- Department of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Aichi Medical University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Yazakokarimata, Nagakute, Aichi, 480-1195, Japan; Department of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Aichi Medical University Hospital, 1-1 Yazakokarimata, Nagakute, Aichi, 480-1195, Japan
| | - Hiroshige Mikamo
- Department of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Aichi Medical University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Yazakokarimata, Nagakute, Aichi, 480-1195, Japan; Department of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Aichi Medical University Hospital, 1-1 Yazakokarimata, Nagakute, Aichi, 480-1195, Japan
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8
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Sequencing of FKS Hot Spot 1 from Saprochaete capitata To Search for a Relationship to Reduced Echinocandin Susceptibility. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018; 62:AAC.01246-17. [PMID: 29229638 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01246-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Saprochaete capitata, formerly known as Geotrichum capitatum, is an emerging fungal pathogen with low susceptibility to echinocandins. Here, we report the nucleotide sequence of the S. capitata hot spot 1 region of the FKS gene (FKS HS1), which codifies for the catalytic subunit of β-1,3-d-glucan synthase, the target of echinocandins. For that purpose, we first designed degenerated oligonucleotide primers derived from conserved flanking regions of the FKS1 HS1 segment of 12 different fungal species. Interestingly, analysis of the translated FKS HS1 sequences of 12 isolates of S. capitata revealed that all of them exhibited the same F-to-L substitution in a position that is highly related to reduced echinocandin susceptibility.
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9
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Tanaka Y, Sasaki M, Ito F, Aoyama T, Sato-Okamoto M, Takahashi-Nakaguchi A, Chibana H, Shibata N. Cooperation between ER stress and calcineurin signaling contributes to the maintenance of cell wall integrity in Candida glabrata. Fungal Biol 2017; 122:19-33. [PMID: 29248112 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2017.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Candida glabrata is the second most common source of Candida infections in humans. In this pathogen, the maintenance of cell wall integrity (CWI) frequently precludes effective pharmacological treatment by antifungal agents. In numerous fungi, cell wall modulation is reported to be controlled by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, but how the latter affects CWI maintenance in C. glabrata is not clearly understood. Here, we characterized a C. glabrata strain harboring a mutation in the CNE1 gene, which encodes a molecular chaperone associated with nascent glycoprotein maturation in the ER. Disruption of cne1 induced ER stress and caused changes in the normal cell wall structure, specifically a reduction in the β-1,6-glucan content and accumulation of chitin. Conversely, a treatment with the typical ER stress inducer tunicamycin up-regulated the production of cell wall chitin but did not affect β-1,6-glucan content. Our results also indicated that C. glabrata features a uniquely evolved ER stress-mediated CWI pathway, which differs from that in the closely related species Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Furthermore, we demonstrated that ER stress-mediated CWI pathway in C. glabrata is also induced by the disruption of other genes encoding proteins that function in a correlated manner in the quality control of N-linked glycoproteins in the ER. These results suggest that calcineurin and ER quality control system act as a platform for maintaining CWI in C. glabrata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Tanaka
- Department of Infection and Host Defense, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-8558, Japan
| | - Masato Sasaki
- Department of Infection and Host Defense, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-8558, Japan
| | - Fumie Ito
- Department of Infection and Host Defense, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-8558, Japan
| | - Toshio Aoyama
- Department of Electronic and Information Engineering, Suzuka National College of Technology, Shirako-tyo, Suzuka, Mie 510-0294, Japan
| | - Michiyo Sato-Okamoto
- Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8673, Japan
| | | | - Hiroji Chibana
- Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8673, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Shibata
- Department of Infection and Host Defense, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-8558, Japan.
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10
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Activity of Combined Antifungal Agents Against Multidrug-Resistant Candida glabrata Strains. Mycopathologia 2017; 182:819-828. [PMID: 28493006 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-017-0141-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we evaluated the in vitro activity of echinocandins, azoles, and amphotericin B alone and in combination against echinocandin/azole-sensitive and echinocandin/azole-resistant Candida glabrata isolates. Susceptibility tests were performed using the broth microdilution method in accordance with the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute document M27-A3. The checkerboard method was used to evaluate the fractional inhibitory concentration index of the interactions. Cross-resistance was observed among echinocandins; 15% of the isolates resistant to caspofungin were also resistant to anidulafungin and micafungin. Synergistic activity was observed in 70% of resistant C. glabrata when anidulafungin was combined with voriconazole or posaconazole. Higher (85%) synergism was found in the combination of caspofungin and voriconazole. The combinations of caspofungin with fluconazole, posaconazole and amphotericin B, micafungin with fluconazole, posaconazole and voriconazole, and anidulafungin with amphotericin B showed indifferent activities for the majority of the isolates. Anidulafungin combined with fluconazole showed the same percentage of synergism and indifference (45%). Antagonism was detected in 50% of isolates when micafungin was combined with amphotericin B. Combinations of echinocandins and antifungal azoles have great potential for in vivo assays which are required to evaluate the efficacy of these combinations against multidrug-resistant C. glabrata strains.
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11
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Locke JB, Almaguer AL, Zuill DE, Bartizal K. Characterization of In Vitro Resistance Development to the Novel Echinocandin CD101 in Candida Species. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016; 60:6100-7. [PMID: 27480852 PMCID: PMC5038289 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00620-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
CD101 is a novel echinocandin with a long half-life undergoing clinical development for treatment of candidemia/invasive candidiasis and vulvovaginal candidiasis. The potential for and mechanisms underlying the development of resistance to CD101 in Candida species were investigated by using spontaneous resistance and serial passage selection methodologies. Four Candida spp. (C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. parapsilosis, and C. krusei) were chosen for resistance characterization with CD101, anidulafungin, and caspofungin. The frequency of spontaneous, single-step mutations conferring reduced susceptibility to CD101 at 1× the agar growth inhibition concentration was low across all species, with median frequencies ranging from 1.35 × 10(-8) to 3.86 × 10(-9), similar to ranges generated for anidulafungin and caspofungin. Serial passage of Candida spp. on agar plates containing drug gradients demonstrated a low potential for resistance development, with passage 20 CD101-selected strains possessing increases in MICs equivalent to or lower than those for the majority of strains generated under selection with anidulafungin and caspofungin. A total of 12 fks "hot spot" mutations were identified, typically in strains with the highest MIC shifts. Cross-resistance was broadly observed among the 3 echinocandins evaluated, with no CD101-selected mutants (with or without fks hot spot mutations) exhibiting reduced susceptibility to CD101 but not also to anidulafungin and/or caspofungin. Consistent with currently approved echinocandins, CD101 demonstrates a low potential for resistance development, which could be further enhanced in vivo by the high maximum concentration of drug in serum (Cmax)/area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) plasma drug exposure achieved with once-weekly dosing of CD101.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ken Bartizal
- Cidara Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, California, USA
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12
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Tanaka Y, Sasaki M, Ito F, Aoyama T, Sato-Okamoto M, Takahashi-Nakaguchi A, Chibana H, Shibata N. KRE5 Suppression Induces Cell Wall Stress and Alternative ER Stress Response Required for Maintaining Cell Wall Integrity in Candida glabrata. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161371. [PMID: 27548283 PMCID: PMC4993462 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The maintenance of cell wall integrity in fungi is required for normal cell growth, division, hyphae formation, and antifungal tolerance. We observed that endoplasmic reticulum stress regulated cell wall integrity in Candida glabrata, which possesses uniquely evolved mechanisms for unfolded protein response mechanisms. Tetracycline-mediated suppression of KRE5, which encodes a predicted UDP-glucose:glycoprotein glucosyltransferase localized in the endoplasmic reticulum, significantly increased cell wall chitin content and decreased cell wall β-1,6-glucan content. KRE5 repression induced endoplasmic reticulum stress-related gene expression and MAP kinase pathway activation, including Slt2p and Hog1p phosphorylation, through the cell wall integrity signaling pathway. Moreover, the calcineurin pathway negatively regulated cell wall integrity, but not the reduction of β-1,6-glucan content. These results indicate that KRE5 is required for maintaining both endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis and cell wall integrity, and that the calcineurin pathway acts as a regulator of chitin-glucan balance in the cell wall and as an alternative mediator of endoplasmic reticulum stress in C. glabrata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Tanaka
- Department of Infection and Host Defense, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Masato Sasaki
- Department of Infection and Host Defense, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Fumie Ito
- Department of Infection and Host Defense, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Toshio Aoyama
- Department of Electronic and Information Engineering, Suzuka National College of Technology, Suzuka, Japan
| | | | | | - Hiroji Chibana
- Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Shibata
- Department of Infection and Host Defense, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
- * E-mail:
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13
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Denardi LB, Mario DAN, Loreto ÉS, Santurio JM, Alves SH. Synergistic effects of tacrolimus and azole antifungal compounds in fluconazole-susceptible and fluconazole-resistant Candida glabrata isolates. Braz J Microbiol 2015. [PMID: 26221097 PMCID: PMC4512076 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-838246120120442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro
interaction between tacrolimus (FK506) and four azoles (fluconazole, ketoconazole, itraconazole and voriconazole) against thirty clinical isolates of both fluconazole susceptible and -resistant Candida glabrata
were evaluated by the checkerboard microdilution method. Synergistic, indifferent or antagonism interactions were found for combinations of the antifungal agents and FK506. A larger synergistic effect was observed for the combinations of FK506 with itraconazole and voriconazole (43%), followed by that of the combination with ketoconazole (37%), against fluconazole-susceptible isolates. For fluconazole-resistant C. glabrata
, a higher synergistic effect was obtained from FK506 combined with ketoconazole (77%), itraconazole (73%), voriconazole (63%) and fluconazole (60%). The synergisms that we observed in vitro
, notably against fluconazole-resistant C. glabrata
isolates, are promising and warrant further analysis of their applications in experimental in vivo
studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bedin Denardi
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
| | - Débora Alves Nunes Mario
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
| | - Érico Silva Loreto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
| | - Janio Morais Santurio
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
| | - Sydney Hartz Alves
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
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14
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Breakthrough invasive Candida glabrata in patients on micafungin: a novel FKS gene conversion correlated with sequential elevation of MIC. J Clin Microbiol 2014; 52:2709-12. [PMID: 24789192 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.03593-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida glabrata strains sequentially isolated from blood developed resistance to micafungin (MICs from <0.015 to 4 μg/ml). A novel mutation identified in micafungin-resistant strains at bp 262 of FKS2 (containing a deletion of F659 [F659del]) was inserted into the homologous region in FKS1.
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