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Li P, Zhan L, Wang H, Yan Y, Jia M, Gao L, Sun Y, Zhu G, Chen Z. Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance Diversity of Salmonella Isolates in Jiaxing City, China. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:443. [PMID: 38786171 PMCID: PMC11117378 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13050443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) is a cause of foodborne diarrheal diseases worldwide. Important emerging NTS serotypes that have spread as multidrug-resistant high-risk clones include S. Typhimurium monophasic variant and S. Kentucky. In this study, we isolated Salmonella in 5019 stool samples collected from patients with clinical diarrhea and 484 food samples. Antibiotic susceptibility testing and whole-genome sequencing were performed on positive strains. The detection rates of Salmonella among patients with diarrhea and food samples were 4.0% (200/5019) and 3.1% (15/484), respectively. These 215 Salmonella isolates comprised five main serotypes, namely S. Typhimurium monophasic variant, S. Typhimurium, S. London, S. Enteritidis, and S. Rissen, and were mainly resistant to ampicillin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. The MDR rates of five major serotypes were 77.4%, 56.0%, 66.7%, 53.3%, and 80.0%, respectively. The most commonly acquired extended-spectrum β-lactamase-encoding genes were blaTEM-1B, blaOXA-10, and blaCTX-M-65. The S. Typhimurium monophasic variant strains from Jiaxing City belonged to a unique clone with broad antibiotic resistance. S. Kentucky isolates showed the highest drug resistance, and all were MDR strains. The discovery of high antibiotic resistance rates in this common foodborne pathogen is a growing concern; therefore, ongoing surveillance is crucial to effectively monitor this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Li
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiaxing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiaxing 314050, China; (P.L.)
| | - Li Zhan
- Institute of Microbiology, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China;
| | - Henghui Wang
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiaxing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiaxing 314050, China; (P.L.)
| | - Yong Yan
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiaxing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiaxing 314050, China; (P.L.)
| | - Miaomiao Jia
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiaxing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiaxing 314050, China; (P.L.)
| | - Lei Gao
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiaxing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiaxing 314050, China; (P.L.)
| | - Yangming Sun
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiaxing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiaxing 314050, China; (P.L.)
| | - Guoying Zhu
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiaxing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiaxing 314050, China; (P.L.)
| | - Zhongwen Chen
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiaxing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiaxing 314050, China; (P.L.)
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2
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Zhao QY, Zhang L, Yang JT, Wei HJ, Zhang YH, Wang JY, Liu WZ, Jiang HX. Diversity of evolution in MDR monophasic S. Typhimurium among food animals and food products in Southern China from 2011 to 2018. Int J Food Microbiol 2024; 412:110572. [PMID: 38237416 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2024.110572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
The monophasic variant of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium with the antigenic formula 1,4,[5],12:i:- is one of the most common pathogenic bacteria causing global food-borne outbreaks. However, the research on molecular characteristics and evolution of monophasic S. typhimurium in China is still lacking. In the current study, 59 monophasic S. typhimurium strains were isolated from food animals and food products in South China between 2011 and 2018. A total of 87.5 % of monophasic S. typhimurium isolates were grouped into one independent clade with other monophasic S. typhimurium strains in China distinct from other countries by phylogenomic analysis. These isolates possess variable genotypes, including multiple ARGs on plasmid IncHI2, diverse evolutions at the fljAB locus, and virulence factors. Our results suggest that the monophasic S. typhimurium isolates currently circulating in China might be an independent epidemic subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu-Yun Zhao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine of Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jin-Tao Yang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Hai-Jing Wei
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yu-Hua Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jiang-Yang Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Wen-Zi Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Hong-Xia Jiang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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3
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Grudlewska-Buda K, Bauza-Kaszewska J, Wiktorczyk-Kapischke N, Budzyńska A, Gospodarek-Komkowska E, Skowron K. Antibiotic Resistance in Selected Emerging Bacterial Foodborne Pathogens-An Issue of Concern? Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12050880. [PMID: 37237783 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12050880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance (AR) and multidrug resistance (MDR) have been confirmed for all major foodborne pathogens: Campylobacter spp., Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli and Listeria monocytogenes. Of great concern to scientists and physicians are also reports of antibiotic-resistant emerging food pathogens-microorganisms that have not previously been linked to food contamination or were considered epidemiologically insignificant. Since the properties of foodborne pathogens are not always sufficiently recognized, the consequences of the infections are often not easily predictable, and the control of their activity is difficult. The bacteria most commonly identified as emerging foodborne pathogens include Aliarcobacter spp., Aeromonas spp., Cronobacter spp., Vibrio spp., Clostridioides difficile, Escherichia coli, Mycobacterium paratuberculosis, Salmonella enterica, Streptocccus suis, Campylobacter jejuni, Helicobacter pylori, Listeria monocytogenes and Yersinia enterocolitica. The results of our analysis confirm antibiotic resistance and multidrug resistance among the mentioned species. Among the antibiotics whose effectiveness is steadily declining due to expanding resistance among bacteria isolated from food are β-lactams, sulfonamides, tetracyclines and fluoroquinolones. Continuous and thorough monitoring of strains isolated from food is necessary to characterize the existing mechanisms of resistance. In our opinion, this review shows the scale of the problem of microbes related to health, which should not be underestimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Grudlewska-Buda
- Department of Microbiology, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Justyna Bauza-Kaszewska
- Department of Microbiology and Food Technology, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, 85-029 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Natalia Wiktorczyk-Kapischke
- Department of Microbiology, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Anna Budzyńska
- Department of Microbiology, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Eugenia Gospodarek-Komkowska
- Department of Microbiology, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Skowron
- Department of Microbiology, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland
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4
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Plumb ID, Brown AC, Stokes EK, Chen JC, Carleton H, Tolar B, Sundararaman P, Saupe A, Payne DC, Shah HJ, Folster JP, Friedman CR. Increased Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella enterica I Serotype 4,[5],12:i:- Infections Associated with Pork, United States, 2009-2018. Emerg Infect Dis 2023; 29. [PMID: 36692335 PMCID: PMC9881761 DOI: 10.3201/eid2902.220950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Reports of Salmonella enterica I serotype 4,[5],12:i:- infections resistant to ampicillin, streptomycin, sulphamethoxazole, and tetracycline (ASSuT) have been increasing. We analyzed data from 5 national surveillance systems to describe the epidemiology, resistance traits, and genetics of infections with this Salmonella strain in the United States. We found ASSuT-resistant Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:- increased from 1.1% of Salmonella infections during 2009-2013 to 2.6% during 2014-2018; the proportion of Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:- isolates without this resistance pattern declined from 3.1% to 2.4% during the same timeframe. Among isolates sequenced during 2015-2018, a total of 69% were in the same phylogenetic clade. Within that clade, 77% of isolates had genetic determinants of ASSuT resistance, and 16% had genetic determinants of decreased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone, or azithromycin. Among outbreaks related to the multidrug-resistant clade, 63% were associated with pork consumption or contact with swine. Preventing Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:- carriage in swine would likely avert human infections with this strain.
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5
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Souza SSR, Turcotte MR, Li J, Zhang X, Wolfe KL, Gao F, Benton CS, Andam CP. Population analysis of heavy metal and biocide resistance genes in Salmonella enterica from human clinical cases in New Hampshire, United States. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:983083. [PMID: 36338064 PMCID: PMC9626534 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.983083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbes frequently encounter heavy metals and other toxic compounds generated from natural biogeochemical processes and anthropogenic activities. Here, we analyzed the prevalence and association of genes conferring resistance to heavy metals, biocides, and antimicrobial compounds in 394 genome sequences of clinical human-derived S. enterica from New Hampshire, USA. The most prevalent was the gold operon (gesABC-golTSB), which was present in 99.2% of the genomes. In contrast, the other five heavy metal operons (arsenic, copper, mercury, silver, tellurite) were present in 0.76% (3/394)–5.58% (22/394) of the total population. The heavy metal operons and three biocide resistance genes were differentially distributed across 15 sequence types (STs) and 16 serotypes. The number of heavy metal operons and biocide resistance genes per genome was significantly associated with high number of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes per genome. Notable is the mercury operon which exhibited significant association with genes conferring resistance to aminoglycosides, cephalosporins, diaminopyrimidine, sulfonamide, and fosfomycin. The mercury operon was co-located with the AMR genes aac(3)-IV, ant(3”)-IIa, aph(3’)-Ia, and aph(4)-Ia, CTX-M-65, dfrA14, sul1, and fosA3 genes within the same plasmid types. Lastly, we found evidence for negative selection of individual genes of each heavy metal operon and the biocide resistance genes (dN/dS < 1). Our study highlights the need for continued surveillance of S. enterica serotypes that carry those genes that confer resistance to heavy metals and biocides that are often associated with mobile AMR genes. The selective pressures imposed by heavy metals and biocides on S. enterica may contribute to the co-selection and spread of AMR in human infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie S. R. Souza
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Stephanie S. R. Souza, ; orcid.org/0000-0002-4207-8231
| | - Madison R. Turcotte
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Jinfeng Li
- New Hampshire Department of Health and Human Services, Concord, NH, United States
| | - Xinglu Zhang
- New Hampshire Department of Health and Human Services, Concord, NH, United States
| | - Kristin L. Wolfe
- New Hampshire Department of Health and Human Services, Concord, NH, United States
| | - Fengxiang Gao
- New Hampshire Department of Health and Human Services, Concord, NH, United States
| | | | - Cheryl P. Andam
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, United States
- Cheryl P. Andam, ; orcid.org/0000-0003-4428-0924
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6
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Qin X, Yang M, Cai H, Liu Y, Gorris L, Aslam MZ, Jia K, Sun T, Wang X, Dong Q. Antibiotic Resistance of Salmonella Typhimurium Monophasic Variant 1,4,[5],12:i:- in China: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11040532. [PMID: 35453283 PMCID: PMC9031511 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11040532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance in Salmonella is a global public health problem. Salmonella enterica serovar 1,4,[5],12:i:- (S. 1,4,[5],12:i:-), a monophasic variant of Salmonella Typhmurium, is one of the leading Salmonella serovars in several countries. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of antibiotic resistance to this serovar in China through a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nineteen eligible studies during 2011–2021 were included. A total of 4514 isolates from humans, animals, foods, and the environment were reported, which mainly concerned isolates found in Guangdong, Guangxi, Jiangsu, and Shanghai. A random-effects model was used to estimate the pooled resistance rate of S. 1,4,[5],12:i:-. Rates were found to be very high (values ≥ 75%) for tetracycline, ampicillin, sulfisoxazole, and streptomycin; high (50–75%) for nalidixic acid, amoxicillin–clavulanic acid, and chloramphenicol; and moderate (25–50%) for trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole, kanamycin, trimethoprim, and gentamicin. The rates of resistance to ciprofloxacin, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, cefepime, ceftazidime, and colistin were low (values ≤ 25%), but of great concern in terms of their current clinical importance. Furthermore, a high multidrug resistance rate (86%, 95% CI: 78–92%) was present in S. 1,4,[5],12:i:-, with the ASSuT pattern largely dominating. Subgroup analysis results showed that the high heterogeneity of resistance rates was not entirely dependent on isolated sources. Taken together, the severity of antibiotic resistance in S. 1,4,[5],12:i:- urgently requires the rational use of antibiotics in future infection control and antibiotic stewardship programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Qin
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; (X.Q.); (M.Y.); (Y.L.); (M.Z.A.); (K.J.); (T.S.); (X.W.)
| | - Mingzhe Yang
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; (X.Q.); (M.Y.); (Y.L.); (M.Z.A.); (K.J.); (T.S.); (X.W.)
| | - Hua Cai
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200336, China;
| | - Yangtai Liu
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; (X.Q.); (M.Y.); (Y.L.); (M.Z.A.); (K.J.); (T.S.); (X.W.)
| | - Leon Gorris
- Food Safety Futures, 6524 BS Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
| | - Muhammad Zohaib Aslam
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; (X.Q.); (M.Y.); (Y.L.); (M.Z.A.); (K.J.); (T.S.); (X.W.)
| | - Kai Jia
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; (X.Q.); (M.Y.); (Y.L.); (M.Z.A.); (K.J.); (T.S.); (X.W.)
| | - Tianmei Sun
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; (X.Q.); (M.Y.); (Y.L.); (M.Z.A.); (K.J.); (T.S.); (X.W.)
| | - Xiang Wang
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; (X.Q.); (M.Y.); (Y.L.); (M.Z.A.); (K.J.); (T.S.); (X.W.)
| | - Qingli Dong
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; (X.Q.); (M.Y.); (Y.L.); (M.Z.A.); (K.J.); (T.S.); (X.W.)
- Correspondence:
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7
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Vázquez X, García V, Fernández J, Bances M, de Toro M, Ladero V, Rodicio R, Rodicio MR. Colistin Resistance in Monophasic Isolates of Salmonella enterica ST34 Collected From Meat-Derived Products in Spain, With or Without CMY-2 Co-production. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:735364. [PMID: 35069462 PMCID: PMC8770973 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.735364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Colistin is a last-resort antibiotic in fighting severe infections caused by multidrug resistant Gram negative pathogens in hospitals. Zoonotic bacteria acquire colistin resistance in animal reservoirs and mediate its spread along the food chain. This is the case of non-typhoid serovars of Salmonella enterica. Colistin-resistant S. enterica in foods represents a threat to human health. Here, we assessed the prevalence of colistin-resistance in food-borne isolates of S. enterica (2014–2019; Asturias, Spain), and established the genetic basis and transferability of this resistance. Five out of 231 isolates tested (2.2%) were resistant to colistin. Four of them, belonging to the European monophasic ST34 clone of S. Typhimurium, were characterized in the present study. They were collected from pork or pork and beef meat-derived products, either in 2015 (three isolates) or 2019 (one isolate). Molecular typing with XbaI-PFGE and plasmid profiling revealed distinct patterns for each isolate, even though two of the 2015 isolates derived from the same sample. The MICs of colistin ranged from 8 to 16 mg/L. All isolates carried the mcr-1.1 gene located on conjugative plasmids of the incompatibility groups IncX4 (2015 isolates) or IncHI2 (2019 isolate). Apart from colistin resistance, the four isolates carried chromosomal genes conferring resistance to ampicillin, streptomycin, sulfonamides and tetracycline [blaTEM–1, strA-strB, sul2, and tet(B)] and heavy metals, including copper and silver (silESRCFBAGP and pcoGE1ABCDRSE2), arsenic (arsRSD2A2BCA1D1) ± mercury (merEDACPTR), which are characteristically associated with the European ST34 monophasic clone. The 2019 isolate was also resistant to other antibiotics, comprising third generation cephalosporins and cephamycins. The latter phenotype was conferred by the blaCMY–2 gene located on an IncI1-I(α)-ST2 plasmid. Results in the present study identified meat-derived products as a reservoir of a highly successful clone harboring transferable plasmids which confer resistance to colistin and other clinically important antibiotics. An important reduction in the number of food-borne S. enterica detected during the period of the study, together with the low frequency of colistin resistance, underlines the success of One Health initiatives, such as those implemented at the UE, to control zoonotic bacteria along the food chain and to halt the spread of antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xenia Vázquez
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Biología Funcional, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.,Grupo de Microbiología Traslacional, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Vanesa García
- Laboratorio de Referencia de Escherichia coli (LREC), Departamento de Microbioloxía e Parasitoloxía, Facultade de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (USC), Lugo, Spain
| | - Javier Fernández
- Grupo de Microbiología Traslacional, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain.,Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Margarita Bances
- Laboratorio de Salud Pública (LSP), Consejería de Sanidad del Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - María de Toro
- Plataforma de Genómica y Bioinformática, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de La Rioja (CIBIR), Logroño, Spain
| | - Víctor Ladero
- Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPLA-CSIC), Villaviciosa, Spain.,Grupo de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Rosaura Rodicio
- Grupo de Microbiología Traslacional, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain.,Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - M Rosario Rodicio
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Biología Funcional, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.,Grupo de Microbiología Traslacional, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
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8
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Lee S, Park N, Yun S, Hur E, Song J, Lee H, Kim Y, Ryu S. Presence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes in non-typhoidal Salmonella strains with reduced susceptibility to fluoroquinolones isolated from human salmonellosis in Gyeonggi-do, South Korea from 2016 to 2019. Gut Pathog 2021; 13:35. [PMID: 34074336 PMCID: PMC8167944 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-021-00431-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-typhoidal salmonellosis remains a pressing public health problem worldwide. Quinolones, particularly fluoroquinolones, are widely used to treat various infections, including non-typhoidal salmonellosis, which can be a serious illness. The emergence of fluoroquinolone-resistant Salmonella has resulted in treatment failure and high mortality rates. In this study, we estimated the presence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes in Salmonella enterica isolated from human salmonellosis patients in South Korea from 2016 to 2019. We evaluated the association of these genes with fluoroquinolone susceptibility. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests for Salmonella isolates were performed using the Vitek II system, and the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin were determined using the E-test method. Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes were detected by PCR amplification and quinolone resistance-determining regions (QRDRs) of the gyrA and parC genes were analyzed following Sanger sequencing of the PCR products. Thirty-four Salmonella strains with reduced susceptibility to fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin MIC ≥ 0.125 µg/mL and levofloxacin MIC ≥ 0.25 µg/mL) were selected from 208 human clinical Salmonella isolates. Among them, 22 Salmonella strains harbored one PMQR gene (qnrA, qnrB, or qnrS), and three Salmonella strains carried two PMQR genes (qnrS and aac(6′)-Ib-cr or qnrA and qnrB). qnrS was the most common PMQR gene. Serotyping revealed that Salmonella 4,[5]12:i:- (32.4%, 11/34) and Salmonella Typhimurium (29.4%, 10/34) were the two most predominant serovars, and Multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) showed that ST19 and ST34 were the most frequent sequence types. In conclusion, qnr gene-positive Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:- and Salmonella Typhimurium were the main serovars responsible for reduced susceptibility to fluoroquinolones. Therefore, our findings suggest that PMQR-positive Salmonella strains, which can be isolated from various samples including human, food, and the environment, should be carefully monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohyun Lee
- Gyeonggi-do Research Institute of Health & Environment, Suwon, 16381, South Korea
| | - Nanjoo Park
- Gyeonggi-do Research Institute of Health & Environment, Suwon, 16381, South Korea.,Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Sujung Yun
- Gyeonggi-do Research Institute of Health & Environment, Suwon, 16381, South Korea
| | - Eunseon Hur
- Gyeonggi-do Research Institute of Health & Environment, Suwon, 16381, South Korea
| | - Jiwon Song
- Gyeonggi-do Research Institute of Health & Environment, Suwon, 16381, South Korea
| | - Hanna Lee
- Gyeonggi-do Research Institute of Health & Environment, Suwon, 16381, South Korea
| | - Yongsug Kim
- Gyeonggi-do Research Institute of Health & Environment, Suwon, 16381, South Korea
| | - Sangryeol Ryu
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea.
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9
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Clark CG, Kearney AK, Tschetter L, Robertson J, Pollari F, Parker S, Arya G, Ziebell K, Johnson R, Nash J, Nadon C. Population structure, case clusters, and genetic lesions associated with Canadian Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:- isolates. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249079. [PMID: 33822792 PMCID: PMC8049487 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Monophasic Salmonella 4,[5]:12:i:- are a major public health problem because they are one of the top five Salmonella serotypes isolated from clinical cases globally and because they can carry resistance to multiple antibiotics. A total of 811 Salmonella 4,[5]:12:i:- and S. Typhimurium whole genome sequences (WGS) were generated. The various genetic lesions causing the Salmonella 4,[5]:12:i:- genotype were identified and assessed with regards to their distribution in the population of 811 Salmonella 4,[5]:12:i:- and S. Typhimurium isolates, their geographical and temporal distribution, and their association with non-human sources. Several clades were identified in the population structure, and the largest two were associated almost exclusively with a short prophage insertion and insertion of a mobile element carrying loci encoding antibiotic and mercury resistance. IS26-mediated deletions and fljB point mutants appeared to spread clonally. 'Inconsistent' Salmonella 4,[5]:12:i:- isolates associated with specific, single amino acid changes in fljA and hin were found in a single clade composed of water, shellfish, and avian isolates. Inclusion of isolates from different case clusters identified previously by PFGE validated some of the clusters and invalidated others. Some wgMLST clusters of clinical isolates composed of very closely related isolates contained an isolate(s) with a different genetic lesion, suggesting continuing mobility of the implicated element responsible. Such cases may need to be left out of epidemiological investigations until sufficient numbers of isolates are included that statistical significance of association with sources is not impaired. Non-human sources were frequently found in or near clinical case clusters. Prospective surveillance and WGS of non-human sources and retrospective analysis by WGS of isolates from existing culture collections provides data critical for epidemiological investigations of food- and waterborne outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clifford G. Clark
- Division of Enteric Diseases, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Ashley K. Kearney
- Division of Enteric Diseases, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Lorelee Tschetter
- Division of Enteric Diseases, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - James Robertson
- Division of Enteric Diseases, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Frank Pollari
- FoodNet Canada, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen Parker
- FoodNet Canada, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gitanjali Arya
- Division of Enteric Diseases, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kim Ziebell
- Division of Enteric Diseases, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Roger Johnson
- Division of Enteric Diseases, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - John Nash
- Division of Enteric Diseases, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Celine Nadon
- Division of Enteric Diseases, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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10
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Cuenca-Arias P, Montaño LA, Villarreal JM, Wiesner M. Molecular and phenotypic characterization of Salmonella Typhimurium monophasic variant (1,4,[5],12:i:-) from Colombian clinical isolates. BIOMEDICA : REVISTA DEL INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE SALUD 2020; 40:722-733. [PMID: 33275350 PMCID: PMC7808771 DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.5417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Introduction. The Salmonella Typhimurium monophasic variant (1,4,[5],12:i:-) is currently the most commonly detected variant in Salmonella surveillance programs worldwide. In Colombia, the Salmonella enterica monophasic variant is the fourth most common clinical isolate recovered through the laboratory surveillance of the Grupo de Microbiología from the Instituto Nacional de Salud; however, it is unknown whether these isolates are closely related to the monophasic Typhimurium variant, which circulates globally, and their genetic and phenotypic characteristics have not been reported. Objective. To characterize monophasic Salmonella enterica isolates identified in Colombia from 2015 to 2018 by the Instituto Nacional de Salud. Materials and methods. Two hundred eighty-six clinical isolates of the monophasic Salmonella enterica variant were analyzed by PCR or whole-genome sequencing to confirm whether they corresponded to the Salmonella Typhimurium monophasic variant while the genetic structure of the operon encoding the second flagellar phase was determined in 54 isolates. Motility, growth, and expression of the outer membrane proteins were evaluated in 23 isolates. Results. During the study period in Colombia, 61% (n=174) of Salmonella monophasic isolates belonged to Salmonella Typhimurium serovar monophasic (1,4,[5],12:i-). Of these, 64.8% (n=35/54) were related to the European/Spanish clone and 13% (n=7/54) to the U.S. clone. Two isolates recovered from urine samples showed differences in motility, growth, and the absence of the OmpD porin in M9 minimal medium. Conclusions. Most of the monophasic Salmonella Typhimurium variants that have circulated in Colombia since 2015 lacked the second phase of operon fljAB, which is related to the European/Spanish clone. The results evidenced phenotypic changes in urine samples suggesting bacterial adaptation in the case of these invasive samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma Cuenca-Arias
- Grupo de Microbiología, Subdirección de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, Dirección de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia.
| | - Lucy Angeline Montaño
- Grupo de Microbiología, Dirección de Redes en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogotá, D. C., Colombia.
| | - José Miguel Villarreal
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, D. C., Colombia; Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Biológicas y Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Antonio Nariño, Bogotá, D. C., Colombia.
| | - Magdalena Wiesner
- Grupo de Microbiología, Subdirección de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, Dirección de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia.
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11
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Clark CG, Landgraff C, Robertson J, Pollari F, Parker S, Nadon C, Gannon VPJ, Johnson R, Nash J. Distribution of heavy metal resistance elements in Canadian Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:- populations and association with the monophasic genotypes and phenotype. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236436. [PMID: 32716946 PMCID: PMC7384650 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:- are monophasic S. Typhimurium variants incapable of producing the second-phase flagellar antigen. They have emerged since the mid-1990s to become one of the most prevalent Salmonella serotypes causing human disease world-wide. Multiple genetic events associated with different genetic elements can result in the monophasic phenotype. Several jurisdictions have reported the emergence of a Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:- clone with SGI-4 and a genetic element (MREL) encoding a mercury resistance operon and antibiotic resistance loci that disrupts the second phase antigen region near the iroB locus in the Salmonella genome. We have sequenced 810 human and animal Canadian Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:- isolates and determined that isolates with SGI-4 and the mercury resistance element (MREL; also known as RR1&RR2) constitute several global clades containing various proportions of Canadian, US, and European isolates. Detailed analysis of the data provides a clearer picture of how these heavy metal elements interact with bacteria within the Salmonella population to produce the monophasic phenotype. Insertion of the MREL near iroB is associated with several deletions and rearrangements of the adjacent flaAB hin region, which may be useful for defining human case clusters that could represent outbreaks. Plasmids carrying genes encoding silver, copper, mercury, and antimicrobial resistance appear to be derived from IS26 mediated acquisition of these genes from genomes carrying SGI-4 and the MREL. Animal isolates with the mercury and As/Cu/Ag resistance elements are strongly associated with porcine sources in Canada as has been shown previously for other jurisdictions. The data acquired in these investigations, as well as from the extensive literature on the subject, may aid source attribution in outbreaks of the organism and interventions to decrease the prevalence of this clone and reduce its impact on human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clifford G Clark
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Chrystal Landgraff
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - James Robertson
- Division of Enteric Diseases, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Frank Pollari
- FoodNet Canada, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen Parker
- FoodNet Canada, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Celine Nadon
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- PulseNet Canada, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Victor P J Gannon
- Division of Enteric Diseases, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Lethbridge, Canada
| | - Roger Johnson
- Division of Enteric Diseases, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - John Nash
- Division of Enteric Diseases, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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12
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He J, Sun F, Sun D, Wang Z, Jin S, Pan Z, Xu Z, Chen X, Jiao X. Multidrug resistance and prevalence of quinolone resistance genes of Salmonella enterica serotypes 4,[5],12:i:- in China. Int J Food Microbiol 2020; 330:108692. [PMID: 32521291 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:- is a monophasic variant of Salmonella Typhimurium, which is responsible for global foodborne disease outbreaks. Here, 255 S. 4,[5],12:i:- strains isolated from humans (11.0%) or food-borne animals (89.0%) between 2010 and 2018 were examined. Tests of susceptibility to 19 antimicrobial agents using the broth micro dilution method showed that 99.2% (n = 253) of the isolates were resistant to at least one compound. Antibiotic susceptibility analysis demonstrated that 91.8% of the isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains with predominant resistance to tetracycline (90.6%), followed by resistance to ampicillin (86.3%), streptomycin (63.5%), chloramphenicol (62.7%), and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (55.3%). The 5 major distinct patterns of multi-resistance were identified as R-type AST, R-type ACTSxt, R-type ACSTSxt, R-type ACGSTSxt and R-type ASTSxt. Among the PMQR genes examined in this study, oqxAB and aac (6')-Ib-cr were the most prevalent resistance genes in the multi-resistant isolates. Our findings highlight the prevalence of the resistance of S. 4,[5],12:i:- in some regions of China, and several common types of multidrug resistance phenotypes, to provide valuable information for epidemiological studies, risk management, and public health strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing He
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Fan Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Dewei Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Shanshan Jin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zhiming Pan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zhengzhong Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Xinan Jiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
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13
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Uddin MJ, Ahn J. Associations between antibiotic resistance and bacteriophage resistance phenotypes in laboratory and clinical strains of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium. Microb Pathog 2020; 143:104159. [PMID: 32198093 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Bacteriophages have received great attention as an alternative over antibiotics due to the host specificity. Therefore, this study was designed to evaluate the associations between bacteriophage-insensitive (BI) and antibiotic-resistant mutants of Salmonella Typhimurium strains. Bacteriophage-sensitive (BS) Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium ATCC 19585 (BSSTWT), ciprofloxacin-induced S. Typhimurium ATCC 19585 (BSSTCIP), S. Typhimurium KCCM 40253 (BSSTLAB), and clinically isolated multidrug-resistant S. Typhimurium CCARM 8009 (BSSTMDR) were used to induce the bacteriophage-insensitive mutants (BISTWT, BISTCIP, BISTLAB, and BISTMDR), which were characterized by measuring mutant frequency lysogenic induction, phage adsorption, antibiotic susceptibility, and differential gene expression. The numbers of BSSTWT, BSSTCIP, and BSSTLAB were reduced by P22 (>3 log), while the least lytic activity was observed for BSSTMDR, suggesting alteration in bacteriophage-binding receptors on the surface of multidrug-resistant strain. BSSTWT treated with P22 showed the large variation in the cell state (CV>40%) and highest mutant frequency (62%), followed by 25% for BSSTCIP. The least similarities between BSSTWT and BISTWT were observed for P22 and PBST-13 (<12%). The relative expression levels of bacteriophage-binding receptor-related genes (btuB, fhuA, fliK, fljB, ompC, ompF, rfaL, and tolC) were decreased in BISTCIP and BISTMDR. These results indicate that the bacteriophage resistance is highly associated with the antibiotic resistance. The findings in this study could pave the way for the application of bacteriophages as an alternative to control antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Jalal Uddin
- Department of Medical Biomaterials Engineering and Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Juhee Ahn
- Department of Medical Biomaterials Engineering and Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, 24341, Republic of Korea.
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14
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Yang J, Zhang Z, Zhou X, Cui Y, Shi C, Shi X. Prevalence and Characterization of Antimicrobial Resistance in Salmonella enterica Isolates from Retail Foods in Shanghai, China. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2020; 17:35-43. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2019.2671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jingxian Yang
- MOST-USDA Joint Research Center for Food Safety, School of Agriculture & Biology, and State Key Lab of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zengfeng Zhang
- MOST-USDA Joint Research Center for Food Safety, School of Agriculture & Biology, and State Key Lab of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiujuan Zhou
- MOST-USDA Joint Research Center for Food Safety, School of Agriculture & Biology, and State Key Lab of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Cui
- MOST-USDA Joint Research Center for Food Safety, School of Agriculture & Biology, and State Key Lab of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunlei Shi
- MOST-USDA Joint Research Center for Food Safety, School of Agriculture & Biology, and State Key Lab of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xianming Shi
- MOST-USDA Joint Research Center for Food Safety, School of Agriculture & Biology, and State Key Lab of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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15
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Sun H, Wan Y, Du P, Bai L. The Epidemiology of Monophasic Salmonella Typhimurium. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2019; 17:87-97. [PMID: 31532231 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2019.2676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica remains an important foodborne pathogen in all regions of the world, with Typhimurium as one of the most frequent serotypes causing foodborne disease. However, the past two decades have seen a rapid worldwide emergence of a new Salmonella serotype, namely monophasic variant of S. Typhimurium, whose antigenic formula is 1,4,[5],12:i:-. It has become one of the 2-5 most common Salmonella serotypes responsible for animal and human infections in different regions. The global epidemic of monophasic S. 1,4,[5],12:i:- has mainly been characterized by an increase in multidrug-resistant S. 1,4,[5],12:i:- isolated in Europe since 1997. The unexpected link to swine has escalated monophasic S. Typhimurium infections to the status of a global public health emergency. The large-scale application of whole genome sequencing (WGS) in the last 10 years has revealed the phylogenetic associations of the bacterium and its antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes. Local and global transmission reconstructed by WGS have shown that different clones have emerged following multiple independent events worldwide, and have elucidated the role of this zoonotic pathogen in the spread of AMR. This article discusses our current knowledge of the global ecology, epidemiology, transmission, bacterial adaptation, and evolution of this emerging Salmonella serotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China.,Chengdu Institute for Food and Drug Control, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuping Wan
- Chengdu Institute for Food and Drug Control, Chengdu, China
| | - Pengcheng Du
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Li Bai
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
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16
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Biswas S, Li Y, Elbediwi M, Yue M. Emergence and Dissemination of mcr-Carrying Clinically Relevant Salmonella Typhimurium Monophasic Clone ST34. Microorganisms 2019; 7:E298. [PMID: 31466338 PMCID: PMC6780495 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7090298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance in bacteria is one of the urgent threats to both public and global health. The Salmonella Typhimurium monophasic sequence type 34 (ST34) clone, with its rapid dissemination and resistance to numerous critical antimicrobials, has raised global concerns. Here, we present an updated overview on the emerging infections caused by mobile colistin resistance (mcr)-carrying colistin-resistant ST34 isolates, covering their global dissemination and virulence-associated efficacy. The higher rates of mcr-1-positive ST34 in children in China highlights the increasing threat caused by this pathogen. Most of the ST34 isolates carrying the mcr-1 gene were isolated from animals and food products, indicating the role of foodborne transmission of mcr-1. The emergence of multidrug resistance genes along with various virulence factors and many heavy metal resistance genes on the chromosome and plasmid from ST34 isolates will challenge available therapeutic options. The presence of the colistin resistance gene (mcr-1, mcr-3, and mcr-5) with the multidrug-resistant phenotype in ST34 has spread across different countries, and most of the mcr-1 genes in ST34 isolates were detected in plasmid type IncHI2 followed by IncI2, and IncX4. Together, mcr-carrying S. Typhimurium ST34 may become a new pandemic clone. The fast detection and active surveillance in community, hospital, animal herds, food products and environment are urgently warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silpak Biswas
- CATG Microbiology & Food Safety Laboratory, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yan Li
- CATG Microbiology & Food Safety Laboratory, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Mohammed Elbediwi
- CATG Microbiology & Food Safety Laboratory, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Min Yue
- CATG Microbiology & Food Safety Laboratory, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou 310058, China.
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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17
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White PL, Green AL, Holt KG, Hale KR. Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella enterica Subspecies I Serovar 4,[5],12:i:- Isolates Recovered from Food Safety and Inspection Service-Regulated Products and Food Animal Ceca, 2007-2016. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2019; 16:679-686. [PMID: 31140871 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2018.2573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica subspecies I serovar 4,[5],12:i:- (Salmonella I 4,[5],12:i:-) is among the five most common serovars associated with human salmonellosis in the United States. In 2010, human infections with Salmonella I 4,[5],12:i:- which exhibited resistance to ampicillin, streptomycin, sulfonamides, and tetracycline (ASSuT) emerged as a public health concern. Outbreak investigations identified live animal settings, meat and poultry, and pets as confirmed and suspect sources of infection. To shed further light on possible sources of ASSuT-resistant Salmonella I 4,[5],12:i:- infections, we described isolates recovered from meat and poultry products regulated by the Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) and from food animal ceca collected at FSIS-regulated slaughter establishments during 2007-2016. During the time period of interest, ASSuT-resistant Salmonella I 4,[5],12:i:- was found at low levels in multiple FSIS product classes including swine, turkey, cattle and chicken, which suggests this pathogen has a relatively wide host range. Monitoring trends in the various FSIS production classes over time and developing commodity profiles may help focus preventative strategies.
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18
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Arnott A, Wang Q, Bachmann N, Sadsad R, Biswas C, Sotomayor C, Howard P, Rockett R, Wiklendt A, Iredell JR, Sintchenko V. Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella enterica 4,[5],12:i:- Sequence Type 34, New South Wales, Australia, 2016-2017. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 24:751-753. [PMID: 29553318 PMCID: PMC5875280 DOI: 10.3201/eid2404.171619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidrug- and colistin-resistant Salmonella enterica serotype 4,[5],12:i:- sequence type 34 is present in Europe and Asia. Using genomic surveillance, we determined that this sequence type is also endemic to Australia. Our findings highlight the public health benefits of genome sequencing–guided surveillance for monitoring the spread of multidrug-resistant mobile genes and isolates.
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19
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Campos J, Mourão J, Peixe L, Antunes P. Non-typhoidal Salmonella in the Pig Production Chain: A Comprehensive Analysis of Its Impact on Human Health. Pathogens 2019; 8:E19. [PMID: 30700039 PMCID: PMC6470815 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonellosis remains one of the most frequent foodborne zoonosis, constituting a worldwide major public health concern. The most frequent sources of human infections are food products of animal origin, being pork meat one of the most relevant. Currently, particular pig food production well-adapted and persistent Salmonella enterica serotypes (e.g., Salmonella Typhimurium, Salmonella 1,4,[5],12:i:-, Salmonella Derby and Salmonella Rissen) are frequently reported associated with human infections in diverse industrialized countries. The dissemination of those clinically-relevant Salmonella serotypes/clones has been related to the intensification of pig production chain and to an increase in the international trade of pigs and pork meat. Those changes that occurred over the years along the food chain may act as food chain drivers leading to new problems and challenges, compromising the successful control of Salmonella. Among those, the emergence of antibiotic resistance in non-typhoidal Salmonella associated with antimicrobials use in the pig production chain is of special concern for public health. The transmission of pig-related multidrug-resistant Salmonella serotypes, clones and/or genetic elements carrying clinically-relevant antibiotic resistance genes, frequently associated with metal tolerance genes, from pigs and pork meat to humans, has been reported and highlights the contribution of different drivers to the antibiotic resistance burden. Gathered data strengthen the need for global mandatory interventions and strategies for effective Salmonella control and surveillance across the pig production chain. The purpose of this review was to provide an overview of the role of pig and pork meat in human salmonellosis at a global scale, highlighting the main factors contributing to the persistence and dissemination of clinically-relevant pig-related Salmonella serotypes and clones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Campos
- UCIBIO@REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Microbiologia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Portugal; Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira nº 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Joana Mourão
- UCIBIO@REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Microbiologia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Portugal; Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira nº 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Luísa Peixe
- UCIBIO@REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Microbiologia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Portugal; Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira nº 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Patrícia Antunes
- UCIBIO@REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Microbiologia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Portugal; Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira nº 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
- Faculdade de Ciências da Nutrição e Alimentação, Universidade do Porto, Portugal; Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200 Porto, Portugal.
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Ngoi ST, Yap KP, Thong KL. Genomic characterization of endemic Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and Salmonella enterica serovar I 4,[5],12:i:- isolated in Malaysia. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2018; 62:109-121. [PMID: 29684710 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) and the monophasic variant Salmonella I 4,[5],12:i:- are two clinically-important non-typhoidal Salmonella serovars worldwide. However, the genomic information of these two organisms, especially the monophasic variant, is still lacking in Malaysia. The objective of the study was to compare the genomic features of a monophasic variant and two endemic S. Typhimurium strains isolated from humans. All three strains were subjected to whole genome sequencing followed by comparative genomic and phylogenetic analyses. Extensive genomic deletion in the fljAB operon (from STM2757 to iroB) is responsible for the monophasic phenotype of STM032/04. The two S. Typhimurium genomes (STM001/70 and STM057/05) were essentially identical, despite being isolated 35 years apart. All three strains were of sequence type ST19. Both S. Typhimurium genomes shared unique prophage regions not identified in the monophasic STM032/04 genome. Core genome phylogenetic analyses showed that the monophasic STM032/04 was closely-related to the S. Typhimurium LT2, forming a distinctive clade separated from the two endemic S. Typhimurium strains in Malaysia. The presence of serovar Typhimurium-specific mdh gene, conserved Gifsy and Fels-1 prophages, and the close genomic resemblance with S. Typhimurium LT2 suggested that the monophasic STM032/04 was originated from an LT2-like S. Typhimurium ancestor in Malaysia, following an evolutionary path different from the S. Typhimurium strains. In conclusion, the monophasic Salmonella I 4,[5],12:i:- and the S. Typhimurium strains isolated in Malaysia descended from different phylogenetic lineages. The high genomic resemblance between the two S. Typhimurium strains isolated for at least 35 years apart indicated their successful evolutionary lineage. The identification of multiple virulence and antimicrobial resistance determinants in the Salmonella I 4,[5],12:i:- and S. Typhimurium genomes explained the pathogenic nature of the organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Tein Ngoi
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kien-Pong Yap
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kwai Lin Thong
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Yi L, Wang J, Gao Y, Liu Y, Doi Y, Wu R, Zeng Z, Liang Z, Liu JH. mcr-1-Harboring Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Sequence Type 34 in Pigs, China. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 23:291-295. [PMID: 28098547 PMCID: PMC5324782 DOI: 10.3201/eid2302.161543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We detected the mcr-1 gene in 21 (14.8%) Salmonella isolates from pigs at slaughter; 19 were serovar Typhimurium sequence type 34. The gene was located on IncHI2-like plasmids that also harbored IncF replicons and lacked a conjugative transfer region. These findings highlight the need to prevent further spread of colistin resistance in animals and humans.
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Jung LS, Ding T, Ahn J. Evaluation of lytic bacteriophages for control of multidrug-resistant Salmonella Typhimurium. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2017; 16:66. [PMID: 28938899 PMCID: PMC5610459 DOI: 10.1186/s12941-017-0237-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria can cause serious clinical and public health problems. This study describes the possibility of using bacteriophages as an alternative agent to control multidrug-resistant Salmonella Typhimurium. Methods The potential lytic bacteriophages (P22-B1, P22, PBST10, PBST13, PBST32, and PBST 35) were characterized by morphological property, heat and pH stability, optimum multiplicity of infection (MOI), and lytic activity against S. Typhimurium KCCM 40253, S. Typhimurium ATCC 19585, ciprofloxacin-induced antibiotic-resistant S. Typhimurium ATCC 19585, and S. Typhimurium CCARM 8009. Results P22-B1 and P22 belong to Podoviridae family and PBST10, PBST13, PBST32, and PBST 35 show a typical structure with polyhedral head and long tail, belonging to Siphoviridae family. Salmonella bacteriophages were highly stable at the temperatures (< 60 °C) and pHs (5.0–11.0). The reduction rates of host cells were increased at the MOI-dependent manner, showing the highest reduction rate at MOI of 10. The host cells were most effectively reduced by P22, while P22-B1 showed the least lytic activity. The ciprofloxacin-induced antibiotic-resistant S. Typhimurium ATCC 19585, and clinically isolated antibiotic-resistant S. Typhimurium CCARM 8009 were resistant to ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, norfloxacin, and tetracycline. P22 showed the highest lytic activity against S. Typhimurium KCCM 40253 (> 5 log reduction), followed by S. Typhimurium ATCC 19585 (4 log reduction) and ciprofloxacin-induced antibiotic-resistant S. Typhimurium ATCC 19585 (4 log reduction). Conclusion The results would provide vital insights into the application of lytic bacteriophages as an alternative therapeutics for the control of multidrug-resistant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lae-Seung Jung
- Department of Medical Biomaterials Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Tian Ding
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Juhee Ahn
- Department of Medical Biomaterials Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, 24341, Republic of Korea. .,Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, 24341, Republic of Korea.
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Seixas R, Santos TR, Machado J, Tavares L, Bernardo F, Semedo-Lemsaddek T, Oliveira M. Phenotypic and Molecular Characterization of Salmonella 1,4,[5],12:i:- R-Type ASSuT Isolates from Humans, Animals, and Environment in Portugal, 2006-2011. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2016; 13:633-641. [PMID: 27768382 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2016.2156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The increase in prevalence of Salmonella 1,4,[5],12:i:- related infections over the last few years has been considered a public health issue in many European countries, especially as this serovar may be associated with tetraresistance to ampicillin, streptomycin, sulfonamides, and tetracyclines (R-type ASSuT). Salmonella 1,4,[5],12:i:- isolates (n = 187) obtained by the Portuguese National Laboratory from different sources, including human clinical cases (n = 170), veterinary (n = 10), environmental (n = 6), and food samples (n = 1), were collected from 15 districts between 2006 and 2011. All isolates were serotyped using the slide agglutination method and results were confirmed by multiplex PCR for the monophasic variant. From the confirmed Salmonella 1,4,[5],12:i:-, R-type ASSuT isolates were selected by disc diffusion and minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination for further characterization by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis restriction with XbaI, virulence genes determination by PCR, additional antimicrobial resistance profiling by disc diffusion, and epidemiological distribution evaluation. Out of the 187 serotyped isolates, 133 were confirmed as Salmonella 1,4,[5],12:i:- with a R-type ASSuT occurrence of 61.7%. Distribution among Portuguese districts showed a higher percentage of reported cases in coastal areas, in particular, in Porto (24.8%), Setúbal (13.5%), and Aveiro (12.8%), probably due to the higher population density. Clonality analysis revealed a high diversity of pulsotypes with the majority of human salmonellosis cases being attributed to sporadic events. All isolates harbored 14 out of the 18 virulence genes evaluated and 87.8% of the isolates showed all the resistance genes frequently associated with the European clone, blaTEM+sul2+straA-straB+tetB+. This study shows that Salmonella 1,4,[5],12:i:- resistant isolates are widely distributed in Portugal. This may be related to a selective advantage offered by R-type ASSuT profile, the presence of multiple virulent features, including the ability to form biofilms, which along with a high diversity of pulsotypes may be responsible for the dissemination through the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Seixas
- 1 CIISA/Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon , Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Tânia Raquel Santos
- 1 CIISA/Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon , Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Jorge Machado
- 2 National Reference Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Infections, National Health Institute Doutor Ricardo Jorge , Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Luís Tavares
- 1 CIISA/Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon , Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Fernando Bernardo
- 1 CIISA/Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon , Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Manuela Oliveira
- 1 CIISA/Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon , Lisbon, Portugal
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Identification of Salmonella enterica Typhimurium and variants using a novel multiplex PCR assay. Food Control 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Yang X, Wu Q, Zhang J, Huang J, Guo W, Cai S. Prevalence and Characterization of Monophasic Salmonella Serovar 1,4,[5],12:i:- of Food Origin in China. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137967. [PMID: 26360603 PMCID: PMC4567320 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar 1,4,[5],12:i:- is a monophasic variant of Salmonella Typhimurium, which has recently been recognized as an emerging cause of infection worldwide. This bacterium has also ranked among the four most frequent serovars causing human salmonellosis in China. However, there are no reports on its contamination in Chinese food. Serotyping, polymerase chain reaction, antibiotic resistance, virulotyping, and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) assays were used to investigate the prevalence of this serological variant in food products in China, and to determine phenotypic and genotypic difference of monophasic isolates and Salmonella Typhimurium isolated over the same period. Salmonella 1,4,[5],12:i:- was prevalent in various food sources, including beef, pork, chicken, and pigeon. The study also confirmed the high prevalence (53.8%) of resistance to ampicillin, streptomycin, sulfonamides, and tetracycline in Salmonella 1,4,[5],12:i:-, which was higher than that in Salmonella Typhimurium. Moreover, Salmonella 1,4,[5],12:i:- isolates in our study were different from Salmonella Typhimurium isolates by the absence of three plasmid-borne genes (spvC, pefA, and rck) and the presence of gipA in all isolates. All Salmonella 1,4,[5],12:i:- isolates demonstrated MLST pattern ST34. Genomic deletions within the fljBA operon and surrounding genes were only found in Salmonella 1,4,[5],12:i:- isolates, with all isolates containing a deletion of fljB. However, hin and iroB were identified in all Salmonella 1,4,[5],12:i:- isolates. Three different deletion profiles were observed and two of them were different from the reported Salmonella 1,4,[5],12:i:- clones from Spain, America, and Italy, which provided some new evidence on the independent evolution of the multiple successful monophasic clones from Salmonella Typhimurium ancestors. This study is the first report of Salmonella 1,4,[5],12:i:- in food products from China. The data are more comprehensive and representative, providing valuable information for epidemiological studies, risk management, and public health strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Yang
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingping Wu
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Jumei Zhang
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiahui Huang
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weipeng Guo
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuzhen Cai
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
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Gomes-Neves E, Manageiro V, Ferreira E, Correia da Costa JM, Caniça M. First description of food-borne Salmonella enterica resistance regions R1 and R3 associated with IS26 elements. Res Microbiol 2015; 166:570-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Mourão J, Machado J, Novais C, Antunes P, Peixe L. Characterization of the emerging clinically-relevant multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serotype 4,[5],12:i:- (monophasic variant of S. Typhimurium) clones. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2014; 33:2249-57. [PMID: 25022446 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-014-2180-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To better understand the recent success/emergence of Salmonella enterica serotype 4,[5],12:i:- we characterized the population diversity, fljAB deletion patterns, antibiotic resistance features and associated genetic elements of a comprehensive collection obtained in the last decade from Portugal (2002-2010). One hundred thirty-one isolates from human clinical specimens, food, environment and piggeries, verified by PCR as S. 4,[5],12:i:-, were studied for clonality (Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis and Multilocus Sequence Typing), antibiotic resistance by phenotypic (disk diffusion and/or agar dilution) and genotypic (PCR/Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism and sequencing, genomic location) methods and fljAB-deletions (PCR). Plasmid analysis included determination of size, content and characterization of the incompatibility group (PCR-Based Replicon Typing and I-CeuI/S1-hybridization). Results showed three multidrug-resistant (MDR) clones circulating and causing infections, associated with particular phenotypic and genotypic features. Most of the isolates belonged to the widespread European (ASSuT phenotype, RR1-RR2 resistance regions, ST34) and Spanish (carrying a sul3-type III integron within IncA/C plasmids, ST19) clones circulating in Europe. A third clone, here designated Southern European clone (carrying a sul3-type I integron within IncR plasmids, ST19), presents a fljAB region different from the previous clones and similar to the US strains, despite differences in the MDR mobile genetic platforms. The success of S. 4,[5],12:i:- might be related to the selective advantage offered by MDR profiles associated with stable genetic elements, also carrying virulence features, along with well adapted clones to the animal food production and causing human infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mourão
- REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Microbiologia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Duffy B, Holliger E, Walsh F. Streptomycin use in apple orchards did not increase abundance of mobile resistance genes. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2013; 350:180-9. [PMID: 24164283 DOI: 10.1111/1574-6968.12313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptomycin is used as a first-line defense and tetracycline as a second-line defense, in the fight against fire blight disease in apple and pear orchards. We have performed the first study to quantitatively analyze the influence of streptomycin use in agriculture on the abundance of streptomycin and tetracycline resistance genes in apple orchards. Flowers, leaves, and soil were collected from three orchard sites in 2010, 2011, and 2012. Gene abundance distribution was analyzed using two-way anova and principal component analysis to investigate relationships between gene abundance data over time and treatment. The mobile antibiotic resistance genes, strA, strB, tetB, tetM, tetW, and the insertion sequence IS1133, were detected prior to streptomycin treatment in almost all samples, indicating the natural presence of these resistance genes in nature. Statistically significant increases in the resistance gene abundances were occasional, inconsistent, and not reproducible from one year to the next. We conclude that the application of streptomycin in these orchards was not associated with sustained increases in streptomycin or tetracycline resistance gene abundances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brion Duffy
- Federal Department of Economic Affairs, Education and Research EAER, Research Station Agroscope Changins-Wädenswil ACW, Wädenswil, Switzerland
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