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Sheng X, Lu W, Li A, Lu J, Song C, Xu J, Dong Y, Fu C, Lin X, Zhu M, Bao Q, Li K. ANT(9)-Ic, a Novel Chromosomally Encoded Aminoglycoside Nucleotidyltransferase from Brucella intermedia. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0062023. [PMID: 37039640 PMCID: PMC10269693 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00620-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes are among the most important mechanisms of resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics, typically conferring high-level resistance by enzymatic drug inactivation. Previously, we isolated a multidrug-resistant Brucella intermedia strain ZJ499 from a cancer patient, and whole-genome sequencing revealed several putative novel aminoglycoside-modifying enzyme genes in this strain. Here, we report the characterization of one of them that encodes an intrinsic, chromosomal aminoglycoside nucleotidyltransferase designated ANT(9)-Ic, which shares only 33.05% to 47.44% amino acid identity with the most closely related ANT(9)-I enzymes. When expressed in Escherichia coli, ANT(9)-Ic conferred resistance only to spectinomycin and not to any other aminoglycosides tested, indicating a substrate profile typical of ANT(9)-I enzymes. Consistent with this, deletion of ant(9)-Ic in ZJ499 resulted in a specific and significant decrease in MIC of spectinomycin. Furthermore, the purified ANT(9)-Ic protein showed stringent substrate specificity for spectinomycin with a Km value of 44.83 μM and a kcat/Km of 2.8 × 104 M-1 s-1, echoing the above observations of susceptibility testing. In addition, comparative genomic analysis revealed that the genetic context of ant(9)-Ic was conserved in Brucella, with no mobile genetic elements found within its 20-kb surrounding region. Overall, our results demonstrate that ANT(9)-Ic is a novel member of the ANT(9)-I lineage, contributing to the intrinsic spectinomycin resistance of ZJ499. IMPORTANCE The emergence, evolution, and worldwide spread of antibiotic resistance present a significant global public health crisis. For aminoglycoside antibiotics, enzymatic drug modification is the most common mechanism of resistance. We identify a novel chromosomal aminoglycoside nucleotidyltransferase from B. intermedia, called ANT(9)-Ic, which shares the highest identity (47.44%) with the previously known ANT(9)-Ia and plays an important role in spectinomycin resistance of the host strain. Analysis of the genetic environment and origin of ant(9)-Ic shows that the gene and its surrounding region are widely conserved in Brucella, and no mobile elements are detected, indicating that ANT(9)-Ic may be broadly important in the natural resistance to spectinomycin of Brucella species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiusheng Sheng
- Medical Molecular Biology Laboratory, School of Medicine, Jinhua Polytechnic, Jinhua, China
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wei Lu
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Aifang Li
- Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
| | - Junwan Lu
- Medical Molecular Biology Laboratory, School of Medicine, Jinhua Polytechnic, Jinhua, China
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Chunhan Song
- Medical Molecular Biology Laboratory, School of Medicine, Jinhua Polytechnic, Jinhua, China
| | - Jiefeng Xu
- Medical Molecular Biology Laboratory, School of Medicine, Jinhua Polytechnic, Jinhua, China
| | - Youming Dong
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Chunqing Fu
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xi Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Mei Zhu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qiyu Bao
- Medical Molecular Biology Laboratory, School of Medicine, Jinhua Polytechnic, Jinhua, China
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Kewei Li
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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Yu M, Zhao Y. Spectinomycin resistance in Lysobacter enzymogenes is due to its rRNA target but also relies on cell-wall recycling and purine biosynthesis. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:988110. [PMID: 36118211 PMCID: PMC9471086 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.988110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance to spectinomycin emerged after widely used for treatment of gonorrhea. Previous studies revealed that Lysobacter enzymogenes strain C3 (LeC3) exhibited elevated level of intrinsic resistance to spectinomycin. In this study, we screened a Tn5 transposon mutant library of LeC3 to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms of spectinomycin resistance. Insertion sites in 15 out of 19 mutants recovered with decreased spectinomycin resistance were located on two ribosomal RNA operons at different loci, indicating the pivotal role of ribosomal RNAs in conferring spectinomycin resistance in L. enzymogenes. The other mutants harbored mutations in the tuf, rpoD, mltB, and purB genes. Among them, the tuf and rpoD genes, respectively, encode a translation elongation factor Tu and an RNA polymerase primary sigma factor. They both contribute to protein biosynthesis, where ribosomal RNAs play essential roles. The mltB gene, whose product is involved in cell-wall recycling, was not only associated with resistance against spectinomycin, but also conferred resistance to osmotic stress and ampicillin. In addition, mutation of the purB gene, for which its product is involved in the biosynthesis of inosine and adenosine monophosphates, led to decreased spectinomycin resistance. Addition of exogenous adenine at lower concentration in medium restored the growth deficiency in the purB mutant and increased bacterial resistance to spectinomycin. These results suggest that while cell-wall recycling and purine biosynthesis might contribute to spectinomycin resistance, target rRNAs play critical role in spectinomycin resistance in L. enzymogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menghao Yu
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Synthetic Genomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Genomics, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Youfu Zhao
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- Department of Plant Pathology, WSU-IAREC, Prosser, WA, United States
- *Correspondence: Youfu Zhao,
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Zhou Y, Zhao S, Gao X, Jiang S, Ma J, Wang R, Li Q, Qin L, Tong Z, Wu J, Zhao J. Staphylococcus aureus Induces IFN-β Production via a CARMA3-Independent Mechanism. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10030300. [PMID: 33806598 PMCID: PMC8000617 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10030300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I interferon (IFN) induction is a critical component of innate immune response to viral and bacterial infection, including S. aureus, but whether it activates the signaling in macrophages and the regulation mechanisms is less well understood. Here we show that S. aureus infection promoted the IFN-β mRNA expression and stimulator of IFN genes (STING)/TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1)/interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3)-dependent production of IFN-β. Infection with S. aureus induced caspase recruitment domain and membrane-associated guanylate kinase-like domain protein 3 (CARMA3) expression at both the mRNA and protein levels. The heat-killed bacteria failed to trigger IRF3 phosphorylation and upregulation of CARMA3 expression. However, overexpression of CARMA3 did not affect phosphorylation of TBK1 or IRF3 in RAW264.7 cells, J774A.1 macrophages, and mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cells. In conclusion, S. aureus infection induces STING/TBK1/IRF3-mediated IFN-β production in a CARMA3-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 402460, China; (S.Z.); (X.G.); (S.J.); (J.M.); (R.W.); (L.Q.); (Z.T.); (J.W.)
- Immunology Research Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 402460, China
- Correspondence: (Y.Z.); (J.Z.)
| | - Shasha Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 402460, China; (S.Z.); (X.G.); (S.J.); (J.M.); (R.W.); (L.Q.); (Z.T.); (J.W.)
| | - Xiao Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 402460, China; (S.Z.); (X.G.); (S.J.); (J.M.); (R.W.); (L.Q.); (Z.T.); (J.W.)
| | - Songhong Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 402460, China; (S.Z.); (X.G.); (S.J.); (J.M.); (R.W.); (L.Q.); (Z.T.); (J.W.)
| | - Jialu Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 402460, China; (S.Z.); (X.G.); (S.J.); (J.M.); (R.W.); (L.Q.); (Z.T.); (J.W.)
| | - Rui Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 402460, China; (S.Z.); (X.G.); (S.J.); (J.M.); (R.W.); (L.Q.); (Z.T.); (J.W.)
| | - Qing Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 402460, China;
| | - Leiying Qin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 402460, China; (S.Z.); (X.G.); (S.J.); (J.M.); (R.W.); (L.Q.); (Z.T.); (J.W.)
| | - Zhizi Tong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 402460, China; (S.Z.); (X.G.); (S.J.); (J.M.); (R.W.); (L.Q.); (Z.T.); (J.W.)
| | - Junwei Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 402460, China; (S.Z.); (X.G.); (S.J.); (J.M.); (R.W.); (L.Q.); (Z.T.); (J.W.)
| | - Jianjun Zhao
- Immunology Research Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 402460, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 402460, China;
- Correspondence: (Y.Z.); (J.Z.)
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van Duijkeren E, Schwarz C, Bouchard D, Catry B, Pomba C, Baptiste KE, Moreno MA, Rantala M, Ružauskas M, Sanders P, Teale C, Wester AL, Ignate K, Kunsagi Z, Jukes H. The use of aminoglycosides in animals within the EU: development of resistance in animals and possible impact on human and animal health: a review. J Antimicrob Chemother 2020; 74:2480-2496. [PMID: 31002332 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkz161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Aminoglycosides (AGs) are important antibacterial agents for the treatment of various infections in humans and animals. Following extensive use of AGs in humans, food-producing animals and companion animals, acquired resistance among human and animal pathogens and commensal bacteria has emerged. Acquired resistance occurs through several mechanisms, but enzymatic inactivation of AGs is the most common one. Resistance genes are often located on mobile genetic elements, facilitating their spread between different bacterial species and between animals and humans. AG resistance has been found in many different bacterial species, including those with zoonotic potential such as Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp. and livestock-associated MRSA. The highest risk is anticipated from transfer of resistant enterococci or coliforms (Escherichia coli) since infections with these pathogens in humans would potentially be treated with AGs. There is evidence that the use of AGs in human and veterinary medicine is associated with the increased prevalence of resistance. The same resistance genes have been found in isolates from humans and animals. Evaluation of risk factors indicates that the probability of transmission of AG resistance from animals to humans through transfer of zoonotic or commensal foodborne bacteria and/or their mobile genetic elements can be regarded as high, although there are no quantitative data on the actual contribution of animals to AG resistance in human pathogens. Responsible use of AGs is of great importance in order to safeguard their clinical efficacy for human and veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christine Schwarz
- Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety, Berlin, Germany
| | - Damien Bouchard
- French Agency for Food, Environmental, and Occupational Safety, National Agency for Veterinary Medicinal Products, Fougères, France
| | - Boudewijn Catry
- Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
- Faculty of Medicine, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Constança Pomba
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Miguel A Moreno
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Merja Rantala
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Pascal Sanders
- French Agency for Food, Environmental, and Occupational Safety, Fougères Laboratory, Fougères, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Helen Jukes
- Veterinary Medicines Directorate, Addlestone, UK
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Kittler S, Seinige D, Meemken D, Müller A, Wendlandt S, Ehricht R, Monecke S, Kehrenberg C. Characteristics of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from broiler farms in Germany are rather lineage- than source-specific. Poult Sci 2020; 98:6903-6913. [PMID: 31376346 PMCID: PMC8913956 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) are a major concern for public health, and broiler farms are a potential source of MRSA isolates. In this study, a total of 56 MRSA isolates from 15 broiler farms from 4 different counties in Germany were characterised phenotypically and genotypically. Spa types, dru types, SCCmec types, and virulence genes as well as resistance genes were determined by using a DNA microarray or specific PCR assays. In addition, PFGE profiles of isolates were used for analysis of their epidemiological relatedness. While half of the isolates belonged to spa type t011, the other half was of spa types t1430 and t034. On 3 farms, more than 1 spa type was found. The most common dru type was dt10a (n = 19), followed by dt11a (n = 17). Susceptibility testing of all isolates by broth microdilution revealed 21 different resistance phenotypes and a wide range of resistance genes was present among the isolates. Up to 10 different resistance phenotypes were found on individual farms. Resistance to tetracyclines (n = 53), MLSB antibiotics (n = 49), trimethoprim (n = 38), and elevated MICs of tiamulin (n = 29) were most commonly observed. Microarray analysis detected genes for leucocidin (lukF/S), haemolysin gamma (hlgA), and other haemolysines in all isolates. In all t1430 isolates, the egc cluster comprising of genes encoding enterotoxin G, I, M, N, O, U, and/or Y was found. The splitstree analysis based on microarray and PCR gene profiles revealed that all CC9/SCCmec IV/t1430/dt10a isolates clustered apart from the other isolates. These findings confirm that genotypic patterns were specific for clonal lineages rather than for the origin of isolates from individual farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Kittler
- Institute for Food Quality and Food Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Diana Seinige
- Institute for Food Quality and Food Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Diana Meemken
- Institute of Food Safety and Food Hygiene, Section Meat Hygiene, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Königsweg 67, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja Müller
- Institute for Food Quality and Food Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Sarah Wendlandt
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Medical Care Centre SYNLAB Leverkusen GmbH, Paracelsusstraße 13, 51375 Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Ralf Ehricht
- Leibniz-Institute of Photonic Technology (Leibniz-IPHT), Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Stefan Monecke
- Leibniz-Institute of Photonic Technology (Leibniz-IPHT), Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Technical University of Dresden, Fiedlerstr. 42, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Corinna Kehrenberg
- Institute for Veterinary Food Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, Frankfurter Str. 92, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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Abstract
During the past decades resistance to virtually all antimicrobial agents has been observed in bacteria of animal origin. This chapter describes in detail the mechanisms so far encountered for the various classes of antimicrobial agents. The main mechanisms include enzymatic inactivation by either disintegration or chemical modification of antimicrobial agents, reduced intracellular accumulation by either decreased influx or increased efflux of antimicrobial agents, and modifications at the cellular target sites (i.e., mutational changes, chemical modification, protection, or even replacement of the target sites). Often several mechanisms interact to enhance bacterial resistance to antimicrobial agents. This is a completely revised version of the corresponding chapter in the book Antimicrobial Resistance in Bacteria of Animal Origin published in 2006. New sections have been added for oxazolidinones, polypeptides, mupirocin, ansamycins, fosfomycin, fusidic acid, and streptomycins, and the chapters for the remaining classes of antimicrobial agents have been completely updated to cover the advances in knowledge gained since 2006.
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Feßler A, Kadlec K, Wang Y, Zhang WJ, Wu C, Shen J, Schwarz S. Small Antimicrobial Resistance Plasmids in Livestock-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus CC398. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2063. [PMID: 30283407 PMCID: PMC6157413 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA) isolates of the clonal complex 398 are often resistant to a number of antimicrobial agents. Studies on the genetic basis of antimicrobial resistance in these bacteria identified SCCmec cassettes, various transposons and plasmids of different sizes that harbor antimicrobial resistance genes. While large plasmids that carry multiple antimicrobial resistance genes – occasionally together with heavy metal resistance genes and/or virulence genes – are frequently seen in LA-MRSA ST398, certain resistance genes are also associated with small plasmids of up to 15 kb in size. These small resistance plasmids usually carry only one, but in rare cases also two or three antimicrobial resistance genes. In the current review, we focus on small plasmids that carry the macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B resistance genes erm(C) or erm(T), the lincosamide resistance gene lnu(A), the pleuromutilin-lincosamide-streptogramin A resistance genes vga(A) or vga(C), the spectinomycin resistance gene spd, the apramycin resistance gene apmA, or the trimethoprim resistance gene dfrK. The detailed analysis of the structure of these plasmids allows comparisons with similar plasmids found in other staphylococci and underlines in many cases an exchange of such plasmids between LA-MRSA ST398 and other staphylococci including also coagulase-negative staphylococci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Feßler
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre for Infection Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kristina Kadlec
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Neustadt, Germany
| | - Yang Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Wan-Jiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Congming Wu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianzhong Shen
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Stefan Schwarz
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre for Infection Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
Antimicrobial resistance among staphylococci of animal origin is based on a wide variety of resistance genes. These genes mediate resistance to many classes of antimicrobial agents approved for use in animals, such as penicillins, cephalosporins, tetracyclines, macrolides, lincosamides, phenicols, aminoglycosides, aminocyclitols, pleuromutilins, and diaminopyrimidines. In addition, numerous mutations have been identified that confer resistance to specific antimicrobial agents, such as ansamycins and fluoroquinolones. The gene products of some of these resistance genes confer resistance to only specific members of a class of antimicrobial agents, whereas others confer resistance to the entire class or even to members of different classes of antimicrobial agents, including agents approved solely for human use. The resistance genes code for all three major resistance mechanisms: enzymatic inactivation, active efflux, and protection/modification/replacement of the cellular target sites of the antimicrobial agents. Mobile genetic elements, in particular plasmids and transposons, play a major role as carriers of antimicrobial resistance genes in animal staphylococci. They facilitate not only the exchange of resistance genes among members of the same and/or different staphylococcal species, but also between staphylococci and other Gram-positive bacteria. The observation that plasmids of staphylococci often harbor more than one resistance gene points toward coselection and persistence of resistance genes even without direct selective pressure by a specific antimicrobial agent. This chapter provides an overview of the resistance genes and resistance-mediating mutations known to occur in staphylococci of animal origin.
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Schwarz S, Enne VI, van Duijkeren E. 40 years of veterinary papers inJAC– what have we learnt? J Antimicrob Chemother 2016; 71:2681-90. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkw363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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Antibiotic resistance profiles of coagulase-negative staphylococci in livestock environments. Vet Microbiol 2016; 200:79-87. [PMID: 27185355 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA) have globally emerged in animal husbandry. In addition to methicillin resistance, LA-MRSA may carry a variety of novel and uncommon antimicrobial resistance genes. Occurrence of the same resistance genes in coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) and S. aureus suggests an ongoing genetic exchange between LA-MRSA and other staphylococci whose driving forces in the ecological niche of the farm environment are, however, still poorly understood. To assess the potential of CoNS as putative reservoirs for antibiotic resistance genes, we analysed the antimicrobial susceptibility of CoNS from dust and manure samples obtained in 41 pig farms in Germany, most of them (36 of 41) with a proven LA-MRSA/MSSA history. Among the 344 isolates analysed, 18 different CoNS species were identified and S. sciuri represented the most prevalent species (46%). High resistance rates were detected for tetracycline (71%), penicillin (65%) and oxacillin (64%) as well as fusidic acid (50%), which was mainly due to reduced susceptibility among S. sciuri isolates. S. sciuri exhibited pronounced multiresistance, and many isolates were characterised by the carriage of a number of uncommon (multi)resistance genes (e.g. cfr, apmA, fexA) and decreased susceptibility towards last resort antibiotics such as linezolid and daptomycin. The combined data suggest that S. sciuri harbours a significant resistance gene pool that requires further attention. We hypothesise that members of this species, due to their flexible lifestyle, might contribute to the spread of such genes in livestock environments.
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Abstract
In staphylococci and other Firmicutes, resistance to numerous classes of antimicrobial agents, which are commonly used in human and veterinary medicine, is mediated by genes that are associated with mobile genetic elements. The gene products of some of these antimicrobial resistance genes confer resistance to only specific members of a certain class of antimicrobial agents, whereas others confer resistance to the entire class or even to members of different classes of antimicrobial agents. The resistance mechanisms specified by the resistance genes fall into any of three major categories: active efflux, enzymatic inactivation, and modification/replacement/protection of the target sites of the antimicrobial agents. Among the mobile genetic elements that carry such resistance genes, plasmids play an important role as carriers of primarily plasmid-borne resistance genes, but also as vectors for nonconjugative and conjugative transposons that harbor resistance genes. Plasmids can be exchanged by horizontal gene transfer between members of the same species but also between bacteria belonging to different species and genera. Plasmids are highly flexible elements, and various mechanisms exist by which plasmids can recombine, form cointegrates, or become integrated in part or in toto into the chromosomal DNA or into other plasmids. As such, plasmids play a key role in the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance genes within the gene pool to which staphylococci and other Firmicutes have access. This chapter is intended to provide an overview of the current knowledge of plasmid-mediated antimicrobial resistance in staphylococci and other Firmicutes.
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Michael GB, Freitag C, Wendlandt S, Eidam C, Feßler AT, Lopes GV, Kadlec K, Schwarz S. Emerging issues in antimicrobial resistance of bacteria from food-producing animals. Future Microbiol 2016; 10:427-43. [PMID: 25812464 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.14.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last decade, antimicrobial resistance in bacteria from food-producing animals has become a major research topic. In this review, different emerging resistance properties related to bacteria of food-producing animals are highlighted. These include: extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae; carbapenemase-producing bacteria; bovine respiratory tract pathogens, such as Pasteurella multocida and Mannheimia haemolytica, which harbor the multiresistance mediating integrative and conjugative element ICEPmu1; Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria that carry the multiresistance gene cfr; and the occurrence of numerous novel antimicrobial resistance genes in livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. The emergence of the aforementioned resistance properties is mainly based on the exchange of mobile genetic elements that carry the respective resistance genes.
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Identification of multiresistance gene cfr in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from pigs: plasmid location and integration into a staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec complex. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59:3641-4. [PMID: 25824234 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00500-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The multiresistance gene cfr was found in 8/231 porcine methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates. They were characterized by multilocus sequence typing, spa typing, dru typing, and staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) typing as ST627-t002-dt12w-IVb, ST6-t304-dt12w-IVb, ST9-t899-dt12w-IVb, ST9-t899-dt12ae-IVb, or ST63-t899-dt12v-IVb. Different cfr gene regions were detected on plasmids of ca. 35 kb in seven isolates. For the first time, an ISEnfa4-cfr-IS256 fragment was found to be inserted upstream of the ccr genes in a chromosomal SCCmec IVb element of the remaining isolate.
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Wendlandt S, Kadlec K, Schwarz S. Four novel plasmids from Staphylococcus hyicus and CoNS that carry a variant of the spectinomycin resistance gene spd. J Antimicrob Chemother 2014; 70:948-9. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dku461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Wendlandt S, Feßler AT, Kadlec K, van Duijkeren E, Schwarz S. Identification of the novel spectinomycin resistance gene spd in a different plasmid background among methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus CC398 and methicillin-susceptible S. aureus ST433. J Antimicrob Chemother 2014; 69:2000-3. [PMID: 24648508 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dku067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Wendlandt
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Neustadt-Mariensee, Germany
| | - Andrea T Feßler
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Neustadt-Mariensee, Germany
| | - Kristina Kadlec
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Neustadt-Mariensee, Germany
| | - Engeline van Duijkeren
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control Netherlands (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Schwarz
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Neustadt-Mariensee, Germany
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