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Coscione F, Zineddu S, Vitali V, Fondi M, Messori L, Perrin E. The Many Lives of Auranofin: How an Old Anti-Rheumatic Agent May Become a Promising Antimicrobial Drug. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:652. [PMID: 39061334 PMCID: PMC11274207 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13070652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Auranofin (AF) is a gold-based compound with a well-known pharmacological and toxicological profile, currently used in the treatment of some severe forms of rheumatoid arthritis. Over the last twenty years, AF has also been repurposed as antiviral, antitumor, and antibacterial drug. In this review we focused on the antibacterial properties of AF, specifically researching the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of AF in both mono- and diderm bacteria reported so far in literature. AF proves to be highly effective against monoderm bacteria, while diderm are far less susceptible, probably due to the outer membrane barrier. We also reported the current mechanistic hypotheses concerning the antimicrobial properties of AF, although a conclusive description of its antibacterial mode of action is not yet available. Even if its mechanism of action has not been fully elucidated yet and further studies are required to optimize its delivery strategy, AF deserves additional investigation because of its unique mode of action and high efficacy against a wide range of pathogens, which could lead to potential applications in fighting antimicrobial resistance and improving therapeutic outcomes in infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Coscione
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Via Madonna del Piano 6, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; (F.C.); (M.F.)
| | - Stefano Zineddu
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; (S.Z.); (V.V.)
| | - Valentina Vitali
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; (S.Z.); (V.V.)
| | - Marco Fondi
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Via Madonna del Piano 6, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; (F.C.); (M.F.)
| | - Luigi Messori
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; (S.Z.); (V.V.)
| | - Elena Perrin
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Via Madonna del Piano 6, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; (F.C.); (M.F.)
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Zore M, San-Martin-Galindo P, Reigada I, Hanski L, Fallarero A, Yli-Kauhaluoma J, Patel JZ. Design and synthesis of etrasimod derivatives as potent antibacterial agents against Gram-positive bacteria. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 263:115921. [PMID: 37948883 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria along with a declining pipeline of clinically useful antibiotics has led to the urgent need for the development of more effective antibacterial agents. Inspired by our recent report on the antibacterial activity of etrasimod, an immunomodulating drug candidate, we prepared a series of etrasimod derivatives by varying substituents on the phenyl ring, altering the central tricyclic aromatic ring, and modifying the carboxyl group. From this series of compounds, indole derivative 24f was identified as the most potent antibacterial compound, with the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values between 2.5 and 10 μM against various Gram-positive bacteria, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), S. epidermidis and enterococci. Moreover, 24f exhibited rapid bactericidal activity against S. aureus, low toxicity and hemolytic activity, and a synergistic effect with gentamicin against S. aureus, MRSA, and Enterococcus faecalis. Furthermore, it was shown that neither etrasimod nor 24f affects S. aureus cell membranes. Importantly, 24f did not induce resistance in S. aureus, representing a significant improvement compared to etrasimod. Finally, the antibacterial activity of etrasimod and 24f against S. aureus and MRSA was confirmed in vivo in a Caenorhabditis elegans infection model. Taken together, our study highlights the value of etrasimod and its derivatives as potential antibacterial candidates for combating infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matej Zore
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5 E, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Paola San-Martin-Galindo
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5 E, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Inés Reigada
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5 E, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Leena Hanski
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5 E, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Adyary Fallarero
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5 E, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jari Yli-Kauhaluoma
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5 E, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jayendra Z Patel
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5 E, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland.
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Shearer HL, Pace PE, Smith LM, Fineran PC, Matthews AJ, Camilli A, Dickerhof N, Hampton MB. Identification of Streptococcus pneumoniae genes associated with hypothiocyanous acid tolerance through genome-wide screening. J Bacteriol 2023; 205:e0020823. [PMID: 37791755 PMCID: PMC10601753 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00208-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a commensal bacterium and invasive pathogen that causes millions of deaths worldwide. The pneumococcal vaccine offers limited protection, and the rise of antimicrobial resistance will make treatment increasingly challenging, emphasizing the need for new antipneumococcal strategies. One possibility is to target antioxidant defenses to render S. pneumoniae more susceptible to oxidants produced by the immune system. Human peroxidase enzymes will convert bacterial-derived hydrogen peroxide to hypothiocyanous acid (HOSCN) at sites of colonization and infection. Here, we used saturation transposon mutagenesis and deep sequencing to identify genes that enable S. pneumoniae to tolerate HOSCN. We identified 37 genes associated with S. pneumoniae HOSCN tolerance, including genes involved in metabolism, membrane transport, DNA repair, and oxidant detoxification. Single-gene deletion mutants of the identified antioxidant defense genes sodA, spxB, trxA, and ahpD were generated and their ability to survive HOSCN was assessed. With the exception of ΔahpD, all deletion mutants showed significantly greater sensitivity to HOSCN, validating the result of the genome-wide screen. The activity of hypothiocyanous acid reductase or glutathione reductase, known to be important for S. pneumoniae tolerance of HOSCN, was increased in three of the mutants, highlighting the compensatory potential of antioxidant systems. Double deletion of the gene encoding glutathione reductase and sodA sensitized the bacteria significantly more than single deletion. The HOSCN defense systems identified in this study may be viable targets for novel therapeutics against this deadly pathogen. IMPORTANCE Streptococcus pneumoniae is a human pathogen that causes pneumonia, bacteremia, and meningitis. Vaccination provides protection only against a quarter of the known S. pneumoniae serotypes, and the bacterium is rapidly becoming resistant to antibiotics. As such, new treatments are required. One strategy is to sensitize the bacteria to killing by the immune system. In this study, we performed a genome-wide screen to identify genes that help this bacterium resist oxidative stress exerted by the host at sites of colonization and infection. By identifying a number of critical pneumococcal defense mechanisms, our work provides novel targets for antimicrobial therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather L. Shearer
- Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, Mātai Hāora - Centre for Redox Biology and Medicine, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Otago, Otago, New Zealand
| | - Paul E. Pace
- Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, Mātai Hāora - Centre for Redox Biology and Medicine, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Leah M. Smith
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Genetics Otago, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Peter C. Fineran
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Otago, Otago, New Zealand
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Genetics Otago, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Bioprotection Aotearoa, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Allison J. Matthews
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andrew Camilli
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nina Dickerhof
- Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, Mātai Hāora - Centre for Redox Biology and Medicine, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Otago, Otago, New Zealand
| | - Mark B. Hampton
- Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, Mātai Hāora - Centre for Redox Biology and Medicine, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Otago, Otago, New Zealand
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4
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Ferrando R, Mitchell SG, Atrián-Blasco E, Cerrada E. Antibacterial properties of phosphine gold(I) complexes with 5-fluorouracil. Dalton Trans 2023. [PMID: 37448318 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt01159c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
New gold(I) complexes with coordination to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), an anticancer drug with antibacterial properties, have been synthesised and characterised, and are the first reported examples of 5-FU-Au compounds. These new complexes show high solution stability, even in the presence of a cysteine derivative, and so were evaluated as antibacterial compounds against model Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. All the complexes show excellent antibacterial activity against Gram-positive B. subtilis, most of them improving the activity of 5-FU alone. Furthermore, these new complexes are also active against Gram-negative E. coli, where [Au(5-FU)(PTA)], the complex with the smallest phosphane, is the most bactericidal, 32 times more active than 5-FU on its own.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Ferrando
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea-ISQCH, Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain.
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50009, Spain.
| | - Scott G Mitchell
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50009, Spain.
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Atrián-Blasco
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50009, Spain.
| | - Elena Cerrada
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea-ISQCH, Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain.
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Kaur M, Thakare R, Bhattacherya A, Murugan PA, Kaul G, Shukla M, Singh AK, Matheshwaran S, Chopra S, Bera JK. Antimicrobial efficacy of a hemilabile Pt(II)-NHC compound against drug-resistant S. aureus and Enterococcus. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:1876-1884. [PMID: 36648294 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt03365h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Three platinum(II)-N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) compounds [Pt(L1)Cl](PF6) (1), [Pt(L2)(COD)](PF6)2 (2) and [Pt(L2)Cl2] (3) were synthesized bearing pyridyl-functionalized butenyl-tethered (L1H) and n-butyl tethered (L2H) NHC ligands, and their antibacterial activity against clinically relevant human pathogens was evaluated. Complex 1 was designed to have one of its metal coordination sites masked with a hemilabile butenyl group. The antibacterial activity spectrum against the ESKAPE panel of pathogens shows superior activity of 1 compared to 2 and 3 against the Gram-positive S. aureus pathogen. Complex 1 showed equipotent activity against clinical drug-resistant S. aureus and Enterococcus isolates. Furthermore, 1 demonstrated concentration-dependent bactericidal activity with a long post-antibiotic effect, eradicated preformed S. aureus biofilm and synergized with gentamicin and minocycline for combinatorial antimicrobial therapy. Under in vivo conditions, 1 displayed potent activity in reducing bacterial load in a murine thigh infection model, similar to vancomycin, albeit at 2.5× less dosage. An array of experiments reveals key characteristics for the hemilabile complex 1 as a potential anti-staphylococcal drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandeep Kaur
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India.
| | - Ritesh Thakare
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow-226031, India.
| | - Arindom Bhattacherya
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India.
| | - Prem Anand Murugan
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Centre for Environmental Sciences and Engineering, and Mehta Family Centre for Engineering in Medicine, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India.
| | - Grace Kaul
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow-226031, India. .,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Manjulika Shukla
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow-226031, India.
| | - Alok Kr Singh
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow-226031, India. .,Current Affiliation: Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Noida Campus, Sector-125, Noida - 201313, U.P., India
| | - Saravanan Matheshwaran
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Centre for Environmental Sciences and Engineering, and Mehta Family Centre for Engineering in Medicine, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India.
| | - Sidharth Chopra
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow-226031, India. .,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Jitendra K Bera
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India.
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Yang F, Liu J, Gu Y, Jiao R, Yan J, Gao S, Lin X, van der Veen S. Antimicrobial Activity of Auranofin, Cannabidivarin, and Tolfenamic Acid against Multidrug-Resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0395222. [PMID: 36350125 PMCID: PMC9769797 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03952-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative antimicrobial therapies are urgently required for the multidrug-resistant bacterial pathogen Neisseria gonorrhoeae, for which currently ceftriaxone is the only remaining recommended first-line therapy. Repurposing of drugs that are approved for other clinical applications offers an efficient approach for development of alternative antimicrobial therapies. Auranofin, cannabidivarin, and tolfenamic acid were recently identified to display antimicrobial activity against N. gonorrhoeae. Here, we investigated their activity against a collection of 575 multidrug-resistant clinical isolates. All three compounds displayed consistent antimicrobial activity against all isolates, including against strains associated with the high-level ceftriaxone-resistant FC428 clone, with both the mode and MIC90 for auranofin of 0.5 mg/L, while both the mode and MIC90 for cannabidivarin and tolfenamic acid were 8 mg/L. Correlations between MICs of ceftriaxone and auranofin, cannabidivarin or tolfenamic acid were low, indicating that development of cross-resistance is unlikely. Furthermore, antimicrobial synergy analysis between ceftriaxone and auranofin, cannabidivarin, or tolfenamic acid by determination of the fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) resulted in an interpretation of indifference. Finally, time-kill analyses showed that all three compounds are bactericidal against both the N. gonorrhoeae ATCC 49226 reference strain and an FC428-associated clinical isolate, with particularly cannabidivarin displaying rapid bactericidal activity. Overall, auranofin, cannabidivarin, and tolfenamic acid displayed consistent antimicrobial activity against multidrug-resistant N. gonorrhoeae, warranting further exploration of their suitability as alternative antimicrobials for treatment of gonococcal infections. IMPORTANCE Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a major public health concern because of the high incidence of gonorrhea and the increasingly limited options for antimicrobial therapy. Strains associated with the FC428 clone are a particular concern because they have shown global dissemination and they display high-level resistance against the currently recommended ceftriaxone therapy. Therefore, development of alternative antimicrobial therapies is urgently required to ensure treatment of gonorrhea remains available in the future. Repurposing of clinically approved drugs could be a rapid approach for the development of such alternative antimicrobials. In this study, we showed that repurposing of auranofin, cannabidivarin, and tolfenamic acid for antimicrobial therapy of gonorrhea deserves further clinical explorations because these compounds displayed consistent antimicrobial activity against a large collection of contemporary multidrug-resistant gonococcal isolates that included strains associated with the FC428 clone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- Department of Microbiology, and Department of Dermatology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jin Liu
- Department of Microbiology, and Department of Dermatology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuhua Gu
- Department of Microbiology, and Department of Dermatology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ruilin Jiao
- Department of Microbiology, and Department of Dermatology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Yan
- Department of Microbiology, and Department of Dermatology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuai Gao
- Department of Microbiology, and Department of Dermatology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xu’ai Lin
- Department of Microbiology, and Department of Dermatology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Stijn van der Veen
- Department of Microbiology, and Department of Dermatology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Microbial Biochemistry and Metabolic Engineering, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
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Mármol I, Quero J, Azcárate P, Atrián-Blasco E, Ramos C, Santos J, Gimeno MC, Rodríguez-Yoldi MJ, Cerrada E. Biological Activity of NHC-Gold-Alkynyl Complexes Derived from 3-Hydroxyflavones. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14102064. [PMID: 36297498 PMCID: PMC9612383 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14102064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper we describe the synthesis of new N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) gold(I) derivatives with flavone-derived ligands with a propargyl ether group. The compounds were screened for their antimicrobial and anticancer activities, showing greater activity against bacteria than against colon cancer cells (Caco-2). Complexes [Au(L2b)(IMe)] (1b) and [Au(L2b)(IPr)] (2b) were found to be active against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains. The mechanism of action of 1b was evaluated by measurement of thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) and dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) activity, besides scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Inhibition of the enzyme thioredoxin reductase is not observed in either Escherichia Coli or Caco-2 cells; however, DHFR activity is compromised after incubation of E. coli cells with complex 1b. Moreover, loss of structural integrity and change in bacterial shape is observed in the images obtained from scanning electron microscopy (SEM) after treatment E. coli cells with complex 1b.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inés Mármol
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea-ISQCH, Universidad de Zaragoza-C.S.I.C., Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Departamento de Farmacología y Fisiología, Medicina Legal y Forense, Unidad de Fisiología, Universidad de Zaragoza, CIBERobn, IIS Aragón, IA2, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Javier Quero
- Departamento de Farmacología y Fisiología, Medicina Legal y Forense, Unidad de Fisiología, Universidad de Zaragoza, CIBERobn, IIS Aragón, IA2, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Paula Azcárate
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea-ISQCH, Universidad de Zaragoza-C.S.I.C., Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Elena Atrián-Blasco
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Carla Ramos
- Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Gestão, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Avenida do Atlântico No. 644, 4900-348 Viana do Castelo, Portugal
| | - Joana Santos
- Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Gestão, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Avenida do Atlântico No. 644, 4900-348 Viana do Castelo, Portugal
| | - María Concepción Gimeno
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea-ISQCH, Universidad de Zaragoza-C.S.I.C., Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - María Jesús Rodríguez-Yoldi
- Departamento de Farmacología y Fisiología, Medicina Legal y Forense, Unidad de Fisiología, Universidad de Zaragoza, CIBERobn, IIS Aragón, IA2, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
- Correspondence: (M.J.R.-Y.); (E.C.)
| | - Elena Cerrada
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea-ISQCH, Universidad de Zaragoza-C.S.I.C., Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Correspondence: (M.J.R.-Y.); (E.C.)
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8
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Chen H, Yang N, Yu L, Li J, Zhang H, Zheng Y, Xu M, Liu Y, Yang Y, Li J. Synergistic Microbicidal Effect of AUR and PEITC Against Staphylococcus aureus Skin Infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:927289. [PMID: 35774400 PMCID: PMC9237442 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.927289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the increasing prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus antibiotic resistance, there is an urgent need to repurpose approved drugs with known pharmacology and toxicology as an alternative therapeutic strategy. We have reported that the sustained monotherapy of auranofin (AUR) inevitably resulted in reduced susceptibility or even the emergence of resistance to AUR in S. aureus. However, whether drug combination could increase antibacterial activity while preventing AUR resistance is still unknown. Here, we focused on the important role of AUR combined with phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC) in skin infection and determined the synergistic antimicrobial effect on S. aureus by using checkerboard assays and time-kill kinetics analysis. This synergistic antimicrobial activity correlated with increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, disruption of bacterial cell structure, and inhibition of biofilm formation. We also showed that AUR synergized with PEITC effectively restored the susceptibility to AUR via regulating thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) and rescued mice from subcutaneous abscesses through eliminating S. aureus pathogens, including methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). Collectively, our study indicated that the AUR and PEITC combination had a synergistic antimicrobial impact on S. aureus in vitro and in vivo. These results suggest that AUR and PEITC treatment may be a promising option for S. aureus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Chen
- Department of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Ning Yang
- Department of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Liang Yu
- Department of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Center for Surveillance of Bacterial Resistance, Hefei, China
- Institute of Bacterial Resistance, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jiajia Li
- The Center for Scientific Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yahong Zheng
- Department of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Mengran Xu
- Department of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yanyan Liu
- Department of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Center for Surveillance of Bacterial Resistance, Hefei, China
- Institute of Bacterial Resistance, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Yi Yang, ; Jiabin Li,
| | - Jiabin Li
- Department of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Center for Surveillance of Bacterial Resistance, Hefei, China
- Institute of Bacterial Resistance, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Yi Yang, ; Jiabin Li,
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9
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Elhassanny AEM, Abutaleb NS, Seleem MN. Auranofin exerts antibacterial activity against Neisseria gonorrhoeae in a female mouse model of genital tract infection. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0266764. [PMID: 35446884 PMCID: PMC9022871 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0266764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neisseria gonorrhoeae has been classified by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention as an urgent threat due to the rapid development of antibiotic resistance to currently available antibiotics. Therefore, there is an urgent need to find new antibiotics to treat gonococcal infections. In our previous study, the gold-containing drug auranofin demonstrated potent in vitro activity against clinical isolates of N. gonorrhoeae, including multidrug-resistant strains. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the in vivo activity of auranofin against N. gonorrhoeae using a murine model of vaginal infection. A significant reduction in N. gonorrhoeae recovered from the vagina was observed for infected mice treated with auranofin compared to the vehicle over the course of treatment. Relative to the vehicle, after three and five days of treatment with auranofin, a 1.04 (91%) and 1.40 (96%) average log10-reduction of recovered N. gonorrhoeae was observed. In conclusion, auranofin has the potential to be further investigated as a novel, safe anti-gonococcal agent to help meet the urgent need for new antimicrobial agents for N. gonorrhoeae infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed E. M. Elhassanny
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Nader S. Abutaleb
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Mohamed N. Seleem
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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10
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Repurposing Non-antibiotic Drugs Auranofin and Pentamidine in Combination to Combat Multidrug-resistant Gram-negative Bacteria. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2022; 59:106582. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2022.106582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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11
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Liu Y, Lu Y, Xu Z, Ma X, Chen X, Liu W. Repurposing of the gold drug auranofin and a review of its derivatives as antibacterial therapeutics. Drug Discov Today 2022; 27:1961-1973. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2022.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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12
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Delavari M, Olya MM, Arbabi M, Rasti S, Hooshyar H, Salimian M. Antileishmanial activity of auranofin against Leishmania major in vitro. INTERNATIONAL ARCHIVES OF HEALTH SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/iahs.iahs_77_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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13
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Overcoming the Prokaryote/Eukaryote Barrier in Tuberculosis Treatment: A Prospect for the Repurposing and Use of Antiparasitic Drugs. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9112335. [PMID: 34835459 PMCID: PMC8622410 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9112335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance, the so-called silent pandemic, is pushing industry and academia to find novel antimicrobial agents with new mechanisms of action in order to be active against susceptible and drug-resistant microorganisms. In the case of tuberculosis, the need of novel anti-tuberculosis drugs is specially challenging because of the intricate biology of its causative agent, Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The repurposing of medicines has arisen in recent years as a fast, low-cost, and efficient strategy to identify novel biomedical applications for already approved drugs. This review is focused on anti-parasitic drugs that have additionally demonstrated certain levels of anti-tuberculosis activity; along with this, natural products with a dual activity against parasites and against M. tuberculosis are discussed. A few clinical trials have tested antiparasitic drugs in tuberculosis patients, and have revealed effective dose and toxicity issues, which is consistent with the natural differences between tuberculosis and parasitic infections. However, through medicinal chemistry approaches, derivatives of drugs with anti-parasitic activity have become successful drugs for use in tuberculosis therapy. In summary, even when the repurposing of anti-parasitic drugs for tuberculosis treatment does not seem to be an easy job, it deserves attention as a potential contributor to fuel the anti-tuberculosis drug pipeline.
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14
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Pant N, Eisen DP. Non-Antimicrobial Adjuvant Strategies to Tackle Biofilm-Related Staphylococcus aureus Prosthetic Joint Infections. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10091060. [PMID: 34572641 PMCID: PMC8465242 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10091060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus frequently causes community- and hospital-acquired infections. S. aureus attachment followed by biofilm formation on tissues and medical devices plays a significant role in the establishment of chronic infections. Staphylococcal biofilms encase bacteria in a matrix and protect the cells from antimicrobials and the immune system, resulting in infections that are highly resistant to treatment. The biology of biofilms is complex and varies between organisms. In this review, we focus our discussion on S. aureus biofilms and describe the stages of their formation. We particularly emphasize genetic and biochemical processes that may be vulnerable to novel treatment approaches. Against this background, we discuss treatment strategies that have been successful in animal models of S. aureus biofilm-related infection and consider their possible use for the prevention and eradication of biofilm-related S. aureus prosthetic joint infection.
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15
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Fontinha D, Sousa SA, Morais TS, Prudêncio M, Leitão JH, Le Gal Y, Lorcy D, Silva RAL, Velho MFG, Belo D, Almeida M, Guerreiro JF, Pinheiro T, Marques F. Gold(iii) bis(dithiolene) complexes: from molecular conductors to prospective anticancer, antimicrobial and antiplasmodial agents. Metallomics 2021; 12:974-987. [PMID: 32391537 DOI: 10.1039/d0mt00064g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The anticancer, antimicrobial and antiplasmodial activities of six gold(iii) bis(dithiolene) complexes were studied. Complexes 1-6 showed relevant anticancer properties against A2780/A2780cisR ovarian cancer cells (IC50 values of 0.08-2 μM), also being able to overcome cisplatin resistance in A2780cisR cells. Complex 1 also exhibited significant antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 12.1 ± 3.9 μg mL-1) and both Candida glabrata and Candida albicans (MICs of 9.7 ± 2.7 and 19.9 ± 2.4 μg mL-1, respectively). In addition, all complexes displayed antiplasmodial activity against the Plasmodium berghei parasite liver stages, even exhibiting better results than the ones obtained using primaquine, an anti-malarial drug. Mechanistic studies support the idea that thioredoxin reductase, but not DNA, is a possible target of these complexes. Complex 1 is stable under biological conditions, which would be important if this compound is ever to be considered as a drug. Overall, the results obtained evidenced the promising biological activity of complex 1, which might have potential as a novel anticancer, antimicrobial and antiplasmodial agent to be used as an alternative to current therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Fontinha
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sílvia A Sousa
- iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Departmento de Bioengenharia, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Tânia S Morais
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Miguel Prudêncio
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Jorge H Leitão
- iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Departmento de Bioengenharia, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Yann Le Gal
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) - UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Dominique Lorcy
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) - UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Rafaela A L Silva
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10 (km 139,7), 2695-066 Bobadela LRS, Portugal.
| | - Mariana F G Velho
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10 (km 139,7), 2695-066 Bobadela LRS, Portugal. and Instituto de Telecomunicações, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Dulce Belo
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10 (km 139,7), 2695-066 Bobadela LRS, Portugal.
| | - M Almeida
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10 (km 139,7), 2695-066 Bobadela LRS, Portugal.
| | - Joana F Guerreiro
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10 (km 139,7), 2695-066 Bobadela LRS, Portugal.
| | - Teresa Pinheiro
- iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Departamento de Engenharia e Ciências Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Fernanda Marques
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10 (km 139,7), 2695-066 Bobadela LRS, Portugal.
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16
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Feng X, Liu S, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Sun L, Li H, Wang C, Liu Y, Cao B. Synergistic Activity of Colistin Combined With Auranofin Against Colistin-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:676414. [PMID: 34248888 PMCID: PMC8267823 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.676414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Colistin-resistant (Col-R) bacteria are steadily increasing, and are extremely difficult to treat. New drugs or therapies are urgently needed to treat infections caused by these pathogens. Combination therapy with colistin and other old drugs, is an important way to restore the activity of colistin. This study aimed to investigate the activity of colistin in combination with the anti-rheumatic drug auranofin against Col-R Gram-negative bacteria. The results of checkerboard analysis demonstrated that auranofin synergized with colistin against Col-R Gram-negative bacteria. Time-kill assays showed significant synergistic antimicrobial activity of colistin combined with auranofin. Electron microscopy revealed that the combination resulted in more cellular structural alterations compared to each drug alone. Auranofin enhanced the therapeutic effectiveness of colistin in mouse peritoneal infection models. These results suggested that the combination of colistin and auranofin might be a potential alternative for the treatment of Col-R Gram-negative bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxuan Feng
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center for Respiratory Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shuai Liu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center for Respiratory Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China.,China-Japan Friendship Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Clinical Center for Pulmonary Infections, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center for Respiratory Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China.,China-Japan Friendship Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Clinical Center for Pulmonary Infections, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yulin Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center for Respiratory Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China.,China-Japan Friendship Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Clinical Center for Pulmonary Infections, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lingxiao Sun
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center for Respiratory Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China.,China-Japan Friendship Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Clinical Center for Pulmonary Infections, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Haibo Li
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center for Respiratory Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China.,China-Japan Friendship Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Clinical Center for Pulmonary Infections, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chunlei Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center for Respiratory Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China.,China-Japan Friendship Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Clinical Center for Pulmonary Infections, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yingmei Liu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center for Respiratory Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China.,China-Japan Friendship Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Clinical Center for Pulmonary Infections, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Cao
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center for Respiratory Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China.,China-Japan Friendship Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Clinical Center for Pulmonary Infections, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China.,Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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17
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Hutton ML, Pehlivanoglu H, Vidor CJ, James ML, Thomson MJ, Lyras D. Repurposing auranofin as a Clostridioides difficile therapeutic. J Antimicrob Chemother 2021; 75:409-417. [PMID: 31642901 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkz430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clostridioides difficile (previously Clostridium difficile) is the leading cause of nosocomial, antibiotic-associated diarrhoea worldwide. Currently, the gold standard of treatment for C. difficile infection (CDI) is vancomycin or metronidazole, although these antibiotics also perturb the protective resident microbiota, often resulting in disease relapse. Thus, an urgent need remains for the development of new treatment strategies. Auranofin is an FDA-approved oral antirheumatic drug that was previously shown to inhibit C. difficile vegetative cell growth, toxin production and spore production in vitro. OBJECTIVES To determine the efficacy of auranofin as a CDI therapeutic by examining the effect of treatment on toxin and spore production in vitro and in vivo, and on disease outcomes in mice. METHODS C. difficile cultures were treated with auranofin and examined for effects on sporulation and toxin production by sporulation assay and ELISA, respectively. Mice were pretreated with auranofin prior to infection with C. difficile and monitored for physiological conditions, survival and gut damage compared with control animals. Faeces from mice were analysed to determine whether auranofin reduces sporulation and toxin production in vivo. RESULTS Auranofin significantly reduces sporulation and toxin production under in vitro conditions and in infected mice in vivo. Mice treated with auranofin lost less weight, displayed a significant increase in survival rates and had significantly less toxin-mediated damage in their colon and caecum compared with control mice. CONCLUSIONS Auranofin shows promise as a prospective therapeutic option for C. difficile infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie L Hutton
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Havva Pehlivanoglu
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Callum J Vidor
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Meagan L James
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Melanie J Thomson
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, 3216, Australia
| | - Dena Lyras
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
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18
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Mohammad H, Abutaleb NS, Dieterly AM, Lyle LT, Seleem MN. Investigating auranofin for the treatment of infected diabetic pressure ulcers in mice and dermal toxicity in pigs. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10935. [PMID: 34035383 PMCID: PMC8149385 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90360-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial infection of pressure ulcers (PUs) are a notable source of hospitalization for individuals with diabetes. This study evaluated the safety profile and efficacy of auranofin to treat diabetic PUs infected with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). PUs were infected with MRSA in diabetic TALLYHO/JngJ mice and then treated with topical auranofin (2%), topical mupirocin (2%), or oral clindamycin (30 mg/kg) for four days. PUs were harvested post-treatment to enumerate bacterial burden and determine expression of cytokines/growth factors. Landrace cross pigs were exposed topically to auranofin (1%, 2%, and 3%) for 4-14 days and evaluated for signs of localized or systemic toxicity. Auranofin eradicated MRSA in PUs within four days (7.92-log10 reduction) in contrast to mupirocin (2.15-log10 reduction) and clindamycin (0.73-log10 reduction). Additionally, auranofin treatment resulted in decreased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and increased expression of biomarkers associated with re-epithelization of wounded tissue, confirmed with histopathologic analysis. No significant histopathologic lesions were present on porcine skin sites exposed to topical auranofin. Additionally, minimal accumulation of plasma gold and no systemic toxicity was observed in pigs exposed to topical auranofin. Auranofin appears to be a potent and safe topical agent to further investigate for treatment of mild-to-moderate MRSA-infected diabetic PUs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haroon Mohammad
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, 625 Harrison St., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Nader S Abutaleb
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, 625 Harrison St., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Center for One Health Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1410 Prices Fork Rd, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Alexandra M Dieterly
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, 625 Harrison St., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - L Tiffany Lyle
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, 625 Harrison St., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Center for Comparative Translational Research, Purdue University, 625 Harrison St., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Mohamed N Seleem
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, 625 Harrison St., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
- Center for One Health Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1410 Prices Fork Rd, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.
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19
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Felix L, Mylonakis E, Fuchs BB. Thioredoxin Reductase Is a Valid Target for Antimicrobial Therapeutic Development Against Gram-Positive Bacteria. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:663481. [PMID: 33936021 PMCID: PMC8085250 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.663481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a drought of new antibacterial compounds that exploit novel targets. Thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) from the Gram-positive bacterial antioxidant thioredoxin system has emerged from multiple screening efforts as a potential target for auranofin, ebselen, shikonin, and allicin. Auranofin serves as the most encouraging proof of concept drug, demonstrating TrxR inhibition can result in bactericidal effects and inhibit Gram-positive bacteria in both planktonic and biofilm states. Minimal inhibitory concentrations are on par or lower than gold standard medications, even among drug resistant isolates. Importantly, existing drug resistance mechanisms that challenge treatment of infections like Staphylococcus aureus do not confer resistance to TrxR targeting compounds. The observed inhibition by multiple compounds and inability to generate a bacterial genetic mutant demonstrate TrxR appears to play an essential role in Gram-positive bacteria. These findings suggest TrxR can be exploited further for drug development. Examining the interaction between TrxR and these proof of concept compounds illustrates that compounds representing a new antimicrobial class can be developed to directly interact and inhibit the validated target.
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Affiliation(s)
- LewisOscar Felix
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School and Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Eleftherios Mylonakis
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School and Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Beth Burgwyn Fuchs
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School and Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
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20
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Cools F, Delputte P, Cos P. The search for novel treatment strategies for Streptococcus pneumoniae infections. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2021; 45:6064299. [PMID: 33399826 PMCID: PMC8371276 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuaa072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This review provides an overview of the most important novel treatment strategies against Streptococcus pneumoniae infections published over the past 10 years. The pneumococcus causes the majority of community-acquired bacterial pneumonia cases, and it is one of the prime pathogens in bacterial meningitis. Over the last 10 years, extensive research has been conducted to prevent severe pneumococcal infections, with a major focus on (i) boosting the host immune system and (ii) discovering novel antibacterials. Boosting the immune system can be done in two ways, either by actively modulating host immunity, mostly through administration of selective antibodies, or by interfering with pneumococcal virulence factors, thereby supporting the host immune system to effectively overcome an infection. While several of such experimental therapies are promising, few have evolved to clinical trials. The discovery of novel antibacterials is hampered by the high research and development costs versus the relatively low revenues for the pharmaceutical industry. Nevertheless, novel enzymatic assays and target-based drug design, allow the identification of targets and the development of novel molecules to effectively treat this life-threatening pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Cools
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - P Delputte
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - P Cos
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
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21
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Gilbert-Girard S, Savijoki K, Yli-Kauhaluoma J, Fallarero A. Screening of FDA-Approved Drugs Using a 384-Well Plate-Based Biofilm Platform: The Case of Fingolimod. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8111834. [PMID: 33233348 PMCID: PMC7700524 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8111834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In an effort to find new repurposed antibacterial compounds, we performed the screening of an FDA-approved compounds library against Staphylococcus aureus American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) 25923. Compounds were evaluated for their capacity to prevent both planktonic growth and biofilm formation as well as to disrupt pre-formed biofilms. One of the identified initial hits was fingolimod (FTY720), an immunomodulator approved for the treatment of multiple sclerosis, which was then selected for follow-up studies. Fingolimod displayed a potent activity against S. aureus and S. epidermidis with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) within the range of 12–15 µM at which concentration killing of all the bacteria was confirmed. A time–kill kinetic study revealed that fingolimod started to drastically reduce the viable bacterial count within two hours and we showed that no resistance developed against this compound for up to 20 days. Fingolimod also displayed a high activity against Acinetobacter baumannii (MIC 25 µM) as well as a modest activity against Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In addition, fingolimod inhibited quorum sensing in Chromobacterium violaceum and might therefore target this signaling pathway in certain Gram-negative bacteria. In conclusion, we present the identification of fingolimod from a compound library and its evaluation as a potential repurposed antibacterial compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shella Gilbert-Girard
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland; (K.S.); (A.F.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Kirsi Savijoki
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland; (K.S.); (A.F.)
| | - Jari Yli-Kauhaluoma
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Adyary Fallarero
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland; (K.S.); (A.F.)
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22
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Antibiotics in the clinical pipeline in October 2019. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2020; 73:329-364. [PMID: 32152527 PMCID: PMC7223789 DOI: 10.1038/s41429-020-0291-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The development of new and effective antibacterial drugs to treat multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacteria, especially Gram-negative (G−ve) pathogens, is acknowledged as one of the world’s most pressing health issues; however, the discovery and development of new, nontoxic antibacterials is not a straightforward scientific task, which is compounded by a challenging economic model. This review lists the antibacterials, β-lactamase/β-lactam inhibitor (BLI) combinations, and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) first launched around the world since 2009 and details the seven new antibiotics and two new β-lactam/BLI combinations launched since 2016. The development status, mode of action, spectra of activity, lead source, and administration route for the 44 small molecule antibacterials, eight β-lactamase/BLI combinations, and one antibody drug conjugate (ADC) being evaluated in worldwide clinical trials at the end of October 2019 are described. Compounds discontinued from clinical development since 2016 and new antibacterial pharmacophores are also reviewed. There has been an increase in the number of early stage clinical candidates, which has been fueled by antibiotic-focused funding agencies; however, there is still a significant gap in the pipeline for the development of new antibacterials with activity against β-metallolactamases, orally administered with broad spectrum G−ve activity, and new treatments for MDR Acinetobacter and gonorrhea.
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23
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Foerster S, Gustafsson TN, Brochado AR, Desilvestro V, Typas A, Unemo M. The first wide-scale drug repurposing screen using the Prestwick Chemical Library (1200 bioactive molecules) against Neisseria gonorrhoeae identifies high in vitro activity of auranofin and many additional drugs. APMIS 2020; 128:242-250. [PMID: 31811739 DOI: 10.1111/apm.13014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Treatment options for gonorrhoea are scarce. Drug repurposing of bioactive molecules approved for other conditions might therefore be of value. We developed a method for wide-scale, systematic drug repurposing screen to identify molecules with activity against Neisseria gonorrhoeae and screened the Prestwick Chemical Library (1200 FDA-approved drugs). As a proof-of-concept, we further examined one promising and interesting screening hit (auranofin; antirheumatic agent). Three WHO gonococcal reference strains (WHO F, O, P) were used for the Library screening. The strains were grown in presence of a fixed concentration of the library drugs in 384-well plates for 12 h, and the remaining bacterial respiration, to reflect growth, was then quantitatively measured using optical density (OD) 450 nm and a resazurin assay. The activity of auranofin was further examined using in vitro susceptibility testing (minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC)) against genetically diverse antimicrobial-resistant N. gonorrhoeae strains and time-kill assays. Sixty-eight molecules significantly inhibited bacterial growth of WHO F, O and P. Auranofin showed potent in vitro bactericidal activity (in MIC-, MBC- and time-kill assays) against four WHO reference strains. No cross-resistance between auranofin and any antimicrobial currently or previously used for gonorrhoea treatment was found when examining 51 selected antimicrobial-resistant gonococcal strains. In conclusion, this is the first wide-scale systematic screening effort for repurposing drugs for future treatment of gonorrhoea. Additional studies examining mechanism(s) of action, resistance development, in vivo anti-gonococcal activity and pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics for gonococcal infections of auranofin and several other significant screening hits would be valuable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunniva Foerster
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Gonorrhoea and other STIs, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.,European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Genome Biology Unit, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tomas N Gustafsson
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Sunderby Research Unit, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anna Rita Brochado
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Genome Biology Unit, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Athanasios Typas
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Genome Biology Unit, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Magnus Unemo
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Gonorrhoea and other STIs, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
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24
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Sousa SA, Leitão JH, Silva RA, Belo D, Santos IC, Guerreiro JF, Martins M, Fontinha D, Prudêncio M, Almeida M, Lorcy D, Marques F. On the path to gold: Monoanionic Au bisdithiolate complexes with antimicrobial and antitumor activities. J Inorg Biochem 2020; 202:110904. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2019.110904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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25
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Dennis EK, Kim JH, Parkin S, Awuah SG, Garneau-Tsodikova S. Distorted Gold(I)–Phosphine Complexes as Antifungal Agents. J Med Chem 2019; 63:2455-2469. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Emily K. Dennis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0596, United States
| | - Jong Hyun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Kentucky, 505 Rose Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, United States
| | - Sean Parkin
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Kentucky, 505 Rose Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, United States
| | - Samuel G. Awuah
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Kentucky, 505 Rose Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, United States
| | - Sylvie Garneau-Tsodikova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0596, United States
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26
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She P, Liu Y, Wang Y, Tan F, Luo Z, Wu Y. Antibiofilm efficacy of the gold compound auranofin on dual species biofilms of
Staphylococcus aureus
and
Candida
sp. J Appl Microbiol 2019; 128:88-101. [PMID: 31509623 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei She
- Department of Clinical Laboratory The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University Changsha P.R. China
| | - Yiqing Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University Changsha P.R. China
| | - Yangxia Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou P.R. China
| | - Fang Tan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University Changsha P.R. China
| | - Zhen Luo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University Changsha P.R. China
| | - Yong Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University Changsha P.R. China
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27
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She P, Zhou L, Li S, Liu Y, Xu L, Chen L, Luo Z, Wu Y. Synergistic Microbicidal Effect of Auranofin and Antibiotics Against Planktonic and Biofilm-Encased S. aureus and E. faecalis. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2453. [PMID: 31708908 PMCID: PMC6821689 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant/susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA/MSSA) and Enterococcus faecalis strains are often found in community- and hospital-acquired infections. The single use of conventional antibiotics hardly completely kills the bacterial cells of interest, especially in the form of biofilms. Thus, drug repurposing and antimicrobial combination are promising ways to solve this problem. Antimicrobial susceptibility assays against cocci in a suspension and in a biofilm mode of growth were performed with broth microdilution methods. Checkerboard assays and the cutaneous mouse infection model were used to examine the activity of auranofin and conventional antibiotics alone and in combination. In the present study, auranofin possesses potent antimicrobial activities against both planktonic cells and biofilms with minimum inhibitory concentrations ranging 0.125–0.5 mg/L. Auranofin in combination with linezolid or fosfomycin showed synergistic antimicrobial activities against S. aureus MSSA and MRSA both in vitro and in vivo. Similarly, auranofin also behaved synergistic effect with chloramphenicol against E. faecalis. Additionally, auranofin improved the antibiofilm efficacy of chloramphenicol and linezolid, even on the biofilms grown on a catheter surface. Though, S. epidermidis showed significant susceptibility to AF treatment, no synergistic antimicrobial effects were observed with antibiotics we tested. In all, the use of a combination of auranofin with linezolid, fosfomycin, and chloramphenicol can provide a synergistic microbicidal effect in vitro and in vivo, which rapidly enhances antimicrobial activity and may help prevent or delay the emergence of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei She
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Linying Zhou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shijia Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yiqing Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lanlan Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lihua Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhen Luo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yong Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
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28
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Yu H, Wang Y, Wang X, Guo J, Wang H, Zhang H, Du F. Jatrorrhizine suppresses the antimicrobial resistance of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Exp Ther Med 2019; 18:3715-3722. [PMID: 31616505 PMCID: PMC6781805 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.8034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial resistance to antimicrobial agents, including multidrug resistance, is an increasing problem in the treatment of infectious diseases. The development of resistance-modifying agents represents a potential strategy to alleviate the spread of bacterial resistance to antibiotics. A checkerboard microdilution assay was used to determine the synergy of jatrorrhizine and the antibiotic, norfloxacin (NFX). A bacterial ethidium bromide efflux assay, reverse transcription semi-quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis and molecular docking study were performed. The three-dimensional structure of NorA multidrug efflux pump (NorA) was generated using a multiple threading approach. A murine thigh infection model was used to evaluate the in vivo synergistic effect. As a natural product, jatrorrhizine exhibited little antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) SA1199B with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 64 mg/l. According to the investigations of the mechanism, jatrorrhizine significantly inhibited bacterial drug efflux and the expression of NorA in the mRNA level as it can bind to NorA by hydrogen-bonds, hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions. The in vivo synergistical bactericidal activity of jatrorrhizine and NFX against MRSA was confirmed in a murine thigh infection model. As a novel resistance-modifying agent, jatrorrhizine exhibited in vitro and in vivo synergistic activities against MRSA, and inhibited bacterial drug efflux. The effects were mediated by the suppression of NorA mRNA expression and/or interactions with NorA efflux pump. These data support the hypothesis that jatrorrhizine is a potential agent for therapeutic use in infections caused by MRSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiming Yu
- Department of Cerebral Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang 161000, P.R. China
| | - Yuefei Wang
- Department of Physiology, Physiology Section of Basic Medical Science College, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang 161000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoqing Wang
- Central Laboratory, General Hospital of Daqing Oil Field, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163411, P.R. China
| | - Junjie Guo
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Medical Technology College of Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang 161000, P.R. China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Immunology, Medical Technology College of Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang 161000, P.R. China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Medical Technology College of Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang 161000, P.R. China
| | - Fengxia Du
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Medical Technology College of Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang 161000, P.R. China
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29
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Wu B, Yang X, Yan M. Synthesis and Structure-Activity Relationship Study of Antimicrobial Auranofin against ESKAPE Pathogens. J Med Chem 2019; 62:7751-7768. [PMID: 31386365 PMCID: PMC7941214 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Auranofin, an FDA-approved arthritis drug, has recently been repurposed as a potential antimicrobial agent; it performed well against many Gram-positive bacteria, including multidrug resistant strains. It is, however, inactive toward Gram-negative bacteria, for which we are in dire need of new therapies. In this work, 40 auranofin analogues were synthesized by varying the structures of the thiol and phosphine ligands, and their activities were tested against ESKAPE pathogens. The study identified compounds that exhibited bacterial inhibition (MIC) and killing (MBC) activities up to 65 folds higher than that of auranofin, making them effective against Gram-negative pathogens. Both thiol and the phosphine structures influence the activities of the analogues. The trimethylphosphine and triethylphosphine ligands gave the highest activities against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, respectively. Our SAR study revealed that the thiol ligand is also very important, the structure of which can modulate the activities of the AuI complexes for both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Moreover, these analogues had mammalian cell toxicities either similar to or lower than that of auranofin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Massachusetts, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
| | - Xiaojian Yang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Massachusetts, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
| | - Mingdi Yan
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Massachusetts, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
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30
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Jang H, Eom Y. Repurposing auranofin to combat uropathogenic
Escherichia coli
biofilms. J Appl Microbiol 2019; 127:459-471. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.14312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H.‐I. Jang
- Department of Medical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences Soonchunhyang University Asan Republic of Korea
| | - Y.‐B. Eom
- Department of Medical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences Soonchunhyang University Asan Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Sciences Soonchunhyang University Asan Republic of Korea
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31
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Abhishek S, Sivadas S, Satish M, Deeksha W, Rajakumara E. Dynamic Basis for Auranofin Drug Recognition by Thiol-Reductases of Human Pathogens and Intermediate Coordinated Adduct Formation with Catalytic Cysteine Residues. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:9593-9602. [PMID: 31460050 PMCID: PMC6649031 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b00529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
In all the living systems, reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism provides resistance against internal and external oxidative stresses. Auranofin (AF), an FDA-approved gold [Au(I)]-conjugated drug, is known to selectively target thiol-reductases, key enzymes involved in ROS metabolism. AF has been successfully tested for its inhibitory activity through biochemical studies, both in vitro and in vivo, against a diverse range of pathogens including protozoa, nematodes, bacteria, and so forth. Cocrystal structures of thiol-reductases complexed with AF revealed that Au(I) was coordinately linked to catalytic cysteines, but the mechanism of transfer of Au(I) from AF to catalytic cysteines still remains unknown. In this study, we have employed computational approaches to understand the interaction of AF with thiol-reductases of selected human pathogens. A similar network of interactions of AF was observed in all the studied enzymes. Also, we have shown that tailor-made analogues of AF can be designed against selective thiol-reductases for targeted inhibition. Molecular dynamics studies show that the AF-intermediates, tetraacetylthioglucose (TAG)-gold, and triethylphosphine (TP)-gold, coordinately linked to one of catalytic cysteines, remain stable in the binding pocket of thiol-reductases for Leishmania infantum and Plasmodium falciparum (PfTrxR). This suggests that the TP and TAG moieties of AF may be sequentially eliminated during the transfer of Au(I) to catalytic cysteines of the receptor.
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32
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Mazzei L, Wenzel MN, Cianci M, Palombo M, Casini A, Ciurli S. Inhibition Mechanism of Urease by Au(III) Compounds Unveiled by X-ray Diffraction Analysis. ACS Med Chem Lett 2019; 10:564-570. [PMID: 30996797 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.8b00585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The nickel-dependent enzyme urease is a virulence factor for a large number of critical human pathogens, making this enzyme a potential target of therapeutics for the treatment of resistant bacterial infections. In the search for novel urease inhibitors, five selected coordination and organometallic Au(III) compounds containing N∧N or C∧N and C∧N∧N ligands were tested for their inhibitory effects against Canavalia ensiformis (jack bean) urease. The results showed potent inhibition effects with IC50 values in the nanomolar range. The 2.14 Å resolution crystal structure of Sporosarcina pasteurii urease inhibited by the most effective Au(III) compound [Au(PbImMe)Cl2]PF6 (PbImMe = 1-methyl-2-(pyridin-2-yl)-benzimidazole) reveals the presence of two Au ions bound to the conserved triad αCys322/αHis323/αMet367. The binding of the Au ions to these residues blocks the movement of a flap, located at the edge of the active site channel and essential for enzyme catalysis, completely obliterating the catalytic activity of urease. Overall, the obtained results constitute the basis for the design of new gold complexes as selective urease inhibitors with future antibacterial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Mazzei
- Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Viale Giuseppe Fanin 40, I-40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Margot N. Wenzel
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, CF10 3AT Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Michele Cianci
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Via Brecce Bianche, I-60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Marta Palombo
- Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Viale Giuseppe Fanin 40, I-40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Angela Casini
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, CF10 3AT Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Stefano Ciurli
- Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Viale Giuseppe Fanin 40, I-40127 Bologna, Italy
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33
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Prasetyoputri A, Jarrad AM, Cooper MA, Blaskovich MA. The Eagle Effect and Antibiotic-Induced Persistence: Two Sides of the Same Coin? Trends Microbiol 2019; 27:339-354. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2018.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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34
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Miró-Canturri A, Ayerbe-Algaba R, Smani Y. Drug Repurposing for the Treatment of Bacterial and Fungal Infections. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:41. [PMID: 30745898 PMCID: PMC6360151 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens pose a well-recognized global health threat that demands effective solutions; the situation is deemed a global priority by the World Health Organization and the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Therefore, the development of new antimicrobial therapeutic strategies requires immediate attention to avoid the ten million deaths predicted to occur by 2050 as a result of MDR bacteria. The repurposing of drugs as therapeutic alternatives for infections has recently gained renewed interest. As drugs approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration, information about their pharmacological characteristics in preclinical and clinical trials is available. Therefore, the time and economic costs required to evaluate these drugs for other therapeutic applications, such as the treatment of bacterial and fungal infections, are mitigated. The goal of this review is to provide an overview of the scientific evidence on potential non-antimicrobial drugs targeting bacteria and fungi. In particular, we aim to: (i) list the approved drugs identified in drug screens as potential alternative treatments for infections caused by MDR pathogens; (ii) review their mechanisms of action against bacteria and fungi; and (iii) summarize the outcome of preclinical and clinical trials investigating approved drugs that target these pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Miró-Canturri
- Clinical Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), University Hospital Virgen del Rocío, CSIC, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Rafael Ayerbe-Algaba
- Clinical Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), University Hospital Virgen del Rocío, CSIC, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Younes Smani
- Clinical Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), University Hospital Virgen del Rocío, CSIC, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
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35
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Kitamura M, Kimura K, Ido A, Seki T, Banno H, Jin W, Wachino JI, Yamada K, Arakawa Y. Relatively high rates of cefotaxime- and ceftriaxone-non-susceptible isolates among group B streptococci with reduced penicillin susceptibility (PRGBS) in Japan. J Antimicrob Chemother 2019; 74:931-934. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dky542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Kitamura
- Department of Bacteriology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kouji Kimura
- Department of Bacteriology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ayaka Ido
- Department of Bacteriology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tomomi Seki
- Department of Bacteriology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hirotsugu Banno
- Department of Bacteriology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Wanchun Jin
- Department of Bacteriology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Jun-ichi Wachino
- Department of Bacteriology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Keiko Yamada
- Department of Bacteriology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshichika Arakawa
- Department of Bacteriology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
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36
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Suresh MK, Biswas R, Biswas L. An update on recent developments in the prevention and treatment of Staphylococcus aureus biofilms. Int J Med Microbiol 2019; 309:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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37
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de Souza Constantino L, da Rosa Guimarães T, de Oliveira SQ, Bianco ÉM, de Souza Pessoa LG, Michels M, Schenkel EP, Dal Pizzol F, Reginatto FH. TSH fraction from Petromica citrina: A potential marine natural product for the treatment of sepsis by Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Pharmacotherapy 2018; 108:1759-1766. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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38
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Marzo T, Cirri D, Pollini S, Prato M, Fallani S, Cassetta MI, Novelli A, Rossolini GM, Messori L. Auranofin and its Analogues Show Potent Antimicrobial Activity against Multidrug-Resistant Pathogens: Structure-Activity Relationships. ChemMedChem 2018; 13:2448-2454. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201800498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tiziano Marzo
- Laboratory of Metals in Medicine (MetMed), Department of Chemistry “U. Schiff”; University of Florence; Via della Lastruccia 3 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Italy
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry (DCCI); University of Pisa; Via Moruzzi 13 56124 Pisa Italy
| | - Damiano Cirri
- Laboratory of Metals in Medicine (MetMed), Department of Chemistry “U. Schiff”; University of Florence; Via della Lastruccia 3 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Italy
| | - Simona Pollini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine (DMSC); University of Florence; Largo Brambilla 3 50134 Firenze Italy
- Microbiology and Virology Unit; Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi (AOUC); Largo Brambilla 3 50134 Firenze Italy
| | - Marco Prato
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine (DMSC); University of Florence; Largo Brambilla 3 50134 Firenze Italy
| | - Stefania Fallani
- Department of Health Sciences (DSS); University of Florence; Viale Pieraccini 6 50139 Florence Italy
| | - Maria Iris Cassetta
- Department of Health Sciences (DSS); University of Florence; Viale Pieraccini 6 50139 Florence Italy
| | - Andrea Novelli
- Department of Health Sciences (DSS); University of Florence; Viale Pieraccini 6 50139 Florence Italy
| | - Gian Maria Rossolini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine (DMSC); University of Florence; Largo Brambilla 3 50134 Firenze Italy
- Microbiology and Virology Unit; Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi (AOUC); Largo Brambilla 3 50134 Firenze Italy
| | - Luigi Messori
- Laboratory of Metals in Medicine (MetMed), Department of Chemistry “U. Schiff”; University of Florence; Via della Lastruccia 3 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Italy
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Torres NS, Montelongo-Jauregui D, Abercrombie JJ, Srinivasan A, Lopez-Ribot JL, Ramasubramanian AK, Leung KP. Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Activity of Synergistic Combinations of a Commercially Available Small Compound Library With Colistin Against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2541. [PMID: 30410476 PMCID: PMC6209680 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Biofilm-associated Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections remain a significant clinical challenge since the conventional antibiotic treatment or combination therapies are largely ineffective; and new approaches are needed. To circumvent the major challenges associated with discovery of new antimicrobials, we have screened a library of compounds that are commercially available and approved by the FDA (Prestwick Chemical Library) against P. aeruginosa for effective antimicrobial and anti-biofilm activity. A preliminary screen of the Prestwick Chemical Library alone did not yield any repositionable candidates, but in a screen of combinations with a fixed sub-inhibitory concentration of the antibiotic colistin we observed 10 drugs whose bacterial inhibiting activity was reproducibly enhanced, seven of which were enhanced by more than 50%. We performed checkerboard assays of these seven drugs in combination with colistin against planktonic cells, and analysis of their interactions over the complete combination matrix using the Zero Interaction Potency (ZIP) model revealed interactions that varied from highly synergistic to completely antagonistic. Of these, five combinations that showed synergism were down-selected and tested against preformed biofilms of P. aeruginosa. Two of the five combinations were active against preformed biofilms of both laboratory and clinical strain of P. aeruginosa, resulting in a 2-log reduction in culturable cells. In summary, we have identified synergistic combinations of five commercially available, FDA-approved drugs and colistin that show antimicrobial activity against planktonic P. aeruginosa (Clomiphene Citrate, Mitoxantrone Dihydrochloride, Methyl Benzethonium Chloride, Benzethonium Chloride, and Auranofin) as well as two combinations (Auranofin and Clomiphene Citrate) with colistin that show antibiofilm activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson S Torres
- Dental and Craniofacial Trauma Research and Tissue Regeneration Directorate, Institute of Surgical Research, San Antonio, TX, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Daniel Montelongo-Jauregui
- Department of Biology, South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Johnathan J Abercrombie
- Dental and Craniofacial Trauma Research and Tissue Regeneration Directorate, Institute of Surgical Research, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Anand Srinivasan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States.,Department of Biology, South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Jose L Lopez-Ribot
- Department of Biology, South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Anand K Ramasubramanian
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, San José State University, San José, CA, United States
| | - Kai P Leung
- Dental and Craniofacial Trauma Research and Tissue Regeneration Directorate, Institute of Surgical Research, San Antonio, TX, United States
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40
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Medicinal Applications of Gold(I/III)-Based Complexes Bearing N-Heterocyclic Carbene and Phosphine Ligands. J Organomet Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2018.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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41
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Ross BN, Myers JN, Muruato LA, Tapia D, Torres AG. Evaluating New Compounds to Treat Burkholderia pseudomallei Infections. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:210. [PMID: 30013953 PMCID: PMC6036294 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei is the causative agent of melioidosis, a disease that requires long-term treatment regimens with no assurance of bacterial clearance. Clinical isolates are intrinsically resistant to most antibiotics and in recent years, isolates have been collected that display resistance to frontline drugs. With the expanding global burden of B. pseudomallei, there is a need to identify new compounds or improve current treatments to reduce risk of relapse. Using the Pathogen Box generated by Medicines for Malaria Venture, we screened a library of 400 compounds for bacteriostatic or bactericidal activity against B. pseudomallei K96243 and identified seven compounds that exhibited inhibitory effects. New compounds found to have function against B. pseudomallei were auranofin, rifampicin, miltefosine, MMV688179, and MMV688271. An additional two compounds currently used to treat melioidosis, doxycycline and levofloxacin, were also identified in the screen. We determined that the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) for levofloxacin, doxycycline, and MMV688271 were below 12 μg/ml for 5 strains of B. pseudomallei. To assess persister frequency, bacteria were exposed to 100x MIC of each compound. Auranofin, MMV688179, and MMV688271 reduced the bacterial population to an average of 4.53 × 10−6% compared to ceftazidime, which corresponds to 25.1% survival. Overall, our data demonstrates that auranofin, MMV688197, and MMV688271 have the potential to become repurposed drugs for treating melioidosis infections and the first evidence that alternative therapeutics can reduce B. pseudomallei persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany N Ross
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Julia N Myers
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Laura A Muruato
- Institute for Translational Science, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Daniel Tapia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Alfredo G Torres
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States.,Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
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May HC, Yu JJ, Guentzel MN, Chambers JP, Cap AP, Arulanandam BP. Repurposing Auranofin, Ebselen, and PX-12 as Antimicrobial Agents Targeting the Thioredoxin System. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:336. [PMID: 29556223 PMCID: PMC5844926 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
As microbial resistance to drugs continues to rise at an alarming rate, finding new ways to combat pathogens is an issue of utmost importance. Development of novel and specific antimicrobial drugs is a time-consuming and expensive process. However, the re-purposing of previously tested and/or approved drugs could be a feasible way to circumvent this long and costly process. In this review, we evaluate the U.S. Food and Drug Administration tested drugs auranofin, ebselen, and PX-12 as antimicrobial agents targeting the thioredoxin system. These drugs have been shown to act on bacterial, fungal, protozoan, and helminth pathogens without significant toxicity to the host. We propose that the thioredoxin system could serve as a useful therapeutic target with broad spectrum antimicrobial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly C. May
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Disease, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
- Center for Excellence in Infection Genomics, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Jieh-Juen Yu
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Disease, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
- Center for Excellence in Infection Genomics, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - M. N. Guentzel
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Disease, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
- Center for Excellence in Infection Genomics, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - James P. Chambers
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Disease, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
- Center for Excellence in Infection Genomics, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Andrew P. Cap
- United States Army Institute for Surgical Research, San Antonio Military Medical Center, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Bernard P. Arulanandam
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Disease, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
- Center for Excellence in Infection Genomics, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
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43
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Coussens NP, Molinaro AL, Culbertson KJ, Peryea T, Zahoránszky-Köhalmi G, Hall MD, Daines DA. Better living through chemistry: Addressing emerging antibiotic resistance. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2018; 243:538-553. [PMID: 29409348 PMCID: PMC5882019 DOI: 10.1177/1535370218755659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria is recognized as a major threat to human health worldwide. While the use of small molecule antibiotics has enabled many modern medical advances, it has also facilitated the development of resistant organisms. This minireview provides an overview of current small molecule drugs approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in humans, the unintended consequences of antibiotic use, and the mechanisms that underlie the development of drug resistance. Promising new approaches and strategies to counter antibiotic-resistant bacteria with small molecules are highlighted. However, continued public investment in this area is critical to maintain an edge in our evolutionary "arms race" against antibiotic-resistant microorganisms. Impact statement The alarming increase in antibiotic-resistant microorganisms is a rapidly emerging threat to human health throughout the world. Historically, small molecule drugs have played a major role in controlling bacterial infections and they continue to offer tremendous potential in countering resistant organisms. This minireview provides a broad overview of the relevant issues, including the diversity of FDA-approved small molecule drugs and mechanisms of drug resistance, unintended consequences of antibiotic use, the current state of development for small molecule antibacterials and financial challenges that impact progress towards novel therapies. The content will be informative to diverse stakeholders, including clinicians, basic scientists, translational scientists and policy makers, and may be used as a bridge between these key players to advance the development of much-needed therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan P Coussens
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Division of Pre-Clinical Innovation, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Ashley L Molinaro
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA
| | - Kayla J Culbertson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA
| | - Tyler Peryea
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Division of Pre-Clinical Innovation, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Gergely Zahoránszky-Köhalmi
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Division of Pre-Clinical Innovation, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Matthew D Hall
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Division of Pre-Clinical Innovation, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Dayle A Daines
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA
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Combatting Bacterial Persister cell infections by auranofin? Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 96:1565-1566. [PMID: 28716566 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 07/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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45
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Thangamani S, Maland M, Mohammad H, Pascuzzi PE, Avramova L, Koehler CM, Hazbun TR, Seleem MN. Repurposing Approach Identifies Auranofin with Broad Spectrum Antifungal Activity That Targets Mia40-Erv1 Pathway. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:4. [PMID: 28149831 PMCID: PMC5241286 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Current antifungal therapies have limited effectiveness in treating invasive fungal infections. Furthermore, the development of new antifungal is currently unable to keep pace with the urgent demand for safe and effective new drugs. Auranofin, an FDA-approved drug for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, inhibits growth of a diverse array of clinical isolates of fungi and represents a new antifungal agent with a previously unexploited mechanism of action. In addition to auranofin's potent antifungal activity against planktonic fungi, this drug significantly reduces the metabolic activity of Candida cells encased in a biofilm. Unbiased chemogenomic profiling, using heterozygous S. cerevisiae deletion strains, combined with growth assays revealed three probable targets for auranofin's antifungal activity—mia40, acn9, and coa4. Mia40 is of particular interest given its essential role in oxidation of cysteine rich proteins imported into the mitochondria. Biochemical analysis confirmed auranofin targets the Mia40-Erv1 pathway as the drug inhibited Mia40 from interacting with its substrate, Cmc1, in a dose-dependent manner similar to the control, MB-7. Furthermore, yeast mitochondria overexpressing Erv1 were shown to exhibit resistance to auranofin as an increase in Cmc1 import was observed compared to wild-type yeast. Further in vivo antifungal activity of auranofin was examined in a Caenorhabditis elegans animal model of Cryptococcus neoformans infection. Auranofin significantly reduced the fungal load in infected C. elegans. Collectively, the present study provides valuable evidence that auranofin has significant promise to be repurposed as a novel antifungal agent and may offer a safe, effective, and quick supplement to current approaches for treating fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shankar Thangamani
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Matthew Maland
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Haroon Mohammad
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Pete E Pascuzzi
- Purdue University Libraries, Purdue UniversityWest Lafayette, IN, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Purdue UniversityWest Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Larisa Avramova
- Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Carla M Koehler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Tony R Hazbun
- Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue UniversityWest Lafayette, IN, USA; Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue UniversityWest Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Mohamed N Seleem
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue UniversityWest Lafayette, IN, USA; Purdue Institute for Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious DiseasesWest Lafayette, IN, USA
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46
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Rapid antimicrobial susceptibility test for identification of new therapeutics and drug combinations against multidrug-resistant bacteria. Emerg Microbes Infect 2016; 5:e116. [PMID: 27826141 PMCID: PMC5148025 DOI: 10.1038/emi.2016.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 08/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Current antimicrobial susceptibility testing has limited screening capability for identifying empirical antibiotic combinations to treat severe bacterial infections with multidrug-resistant (MDR) organisms. We developed a new antimicrobial susceptibility assay using automated ultra-high-throughput screen technology in combination with a simple bacterial growth assay. A rapid screening of 5170 approved drugs and other compounds identified 25 compounds with activities against MDR Klebsiella pneumoniae. To further improve the efficacy and reduce the effective drug concentrations, we applied a targeted drug combination approach that integrates drugs' clinical antimicrobial susceptibility breakpoints, achievable plasma concentrations, clinical toxicities and mechanisms of action to identify optimal drug combinations. Three sets of three-drug combinations were identified with broad-spectrum activities against 10 MDR clinical isolates including K. pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Citrobacter freundii, Enterobacter cloacae and Escherichia coli. Colistin–auranofin–ceftazidime and colistin–auranofin–rifabutin suppressed >80% growth of all 10 MDR strains; while rifabutin–colistin–imipenem inhibited >75% of these strains except two Acinetobacter baumannii isolates. The results demonstrate this new assay has potential as a real-time method to identify new drugs and effective drug combinations to combat severe clinical infections with MDR organisms.
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47
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Das S, Dasgupta A, Chopra S. Drug repurposing: a new front in the war against Staphylococcus aureus. Future Microbiol 2016; 11:1091-9. [PMID: 27494302 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2016-0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus continues its domination of worldwide bacterial infection rates, thereby remaining a pathogen of significant public health interest. A major reason for its continued success is its ability to acquire and maintain diverse drug resistance mechanisms, leading to a paucity of antimicrobials active against it, concomitantly leading to a continuous search for new antimicrobial agents. However, with the withdrawal of the major pharmaceutical firms from the anti-infective area, drug repurposing has provided a potential boost to the drug pipeline. In this review, we provide an overview of the currently approved drugs with repurposing potential against Staphylococcus aureus, thus augmenting the classical drug discovery pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swetarka Das
- Department of Microbiology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Arunava Dasgupta
- Department of Microbiology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sidharth Chopra
- Department of Microbiology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
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48
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Antibacterial activity and mechanism of action of auranofin against multi-drug resistant bacterial pathogens. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22571. [PMID: 26936660 PMCID: PMC4776257 DOI: 10.1038/srep22571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional methods employed to discover new antibiotics are both a time-consuming and financially-taxing venture. This has led researchers to mine existing libraries of clinical molecules in order to repurpose old drugs for new applications (as antimicrobials). Such an effort led to the discovery of auranofin, a drug initially approved as an anti-rheumatic agent, which also possesses potent antibacterial activity in a clinically achievable range. The present study demonstrates auranofin’s antibacterial activity is a complex process that involves inhibition of multiple biosynthetic pathways including cell wall, DNA, and bacterial protein synthesis. We also confirmed that the lack of activity of auranofin observed against Gram-negative bacteria is due to the permeability barrier conferred by the outer membrane. Auranofin’s ability to suppress bacterial protein synthesis leads to significant reduction in the production of key methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) toxins. Additionally, auranofin is capable of eradicating intracellular MRSA present inside infected macrophage cells. Furthermore, auranofin is efficacious in a mouse model of MRSA systemic infection and significantly reduces the bacterial load in murine organs including the spleen and liver. Collectively, this study provides valuable evidence that auranofin has significant promise to be repurposed as a novel antibacterial for treatment of invasive bacterial infections.
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49
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Thangamani S, Mohammad H, Abushahba MFN, Sobreira TJP, Seleem MN. Repurposing auranofin for the treatment of cutaneous staphylococcal infections. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2016; 47:195-201. [PMID: 26895605 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2015.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The scourge of multidrug-resistant bacterial infections necessitates the urgent development of novel antimicrobials to address this public health challenge. Drug repurposing is a proven strategy to discover new antimicrobial agents; given that these agents have undergone extensive toxicological and pharmacological analysis, repurposing is an effective method to reduce the time, cost and risk associated with traditional antibiotic innovation. In this study, the in vitro and in vivo antibacterial activities of an antirheumatic drug, auranofin, was investigated against multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. The results indicated that auranofin possesses potent antibacterial activity against all tested strains of S. aureus, including meticillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus (VISA) and vancomycin-resistant S. aureus (VRSA), with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranging from 0.0625μg/mL to 0.125μg/mL. In vivo, topical auranofin proved superior to conventional antimicrobials, including fusidic acid and mupirocin, in reducing the mean bacterial load in infected wounds in a murine model of MRSA skin infection. In addition to reducing the bacterial load, topical treatment of auranofin greatly reduced the production of inflammatory cytokines, including tumour necrosis factor-α (TNFα), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), in infected skin lesions. Moreover, auranofin significantly disrupted established in vitro biofilms of S. aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis, more so than the traditional antimicrobials linezolid and vancomycin. Taken together, these results support that auranofin has potential to be repurposed as a topical antimicrobial agent for the treatment of staphylococcal skin and wound infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shankar Thangamani
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Haroon Mohammad
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Mostafa F N Abushahba
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, IN, USA; Department of Animal Hygiene and Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | | | - Mohamed N Seleem
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
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